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TIDBITS® STUDIES

THE ELEMENTS by Janet Spencer

In 1773 French chemist Antoine Lavoisier was the first person to define an element as a substance which could not be broken down into simpler components. Russian scientist Dmitri Mendeleev was the first to arrange the elements into the periodic table. Come along with Tidbits as we consider the elements!

THE PERIODIC TABLE

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• Elements on the periodic table are listed in order of the number of protons they have, known as the atomic number. There are currently 118 elements listed on the periodic table. Of these, about 98 are found in nature. The rest are manmade, usually involving either a nuclear reactor or a particle accelerator. • In the periodic table, the names of the elements are abbreviated using one or two letters. Some abbreviations make sense: hydrogen is H, oxygen is O, and carbon is C, and cobalt is Co. Copper, which might sensibly be abbreviated “Co” is instead “Cu.” Why? Because elements that had Latin names were abbreviated according to those names: copper in Latin is “cuprum”; gold is “aurum” (Au) and iron is “ferrum” (Fe). • “Oxygen” comes from the Greek words “oxys” meaning “acid” and “genes” meaning “producer” in the mistaken belief that oxygen was a component of all acids. turn the page for more!

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ELEMENTAL NAMES

• The planet Uranus was discovered in 1781, and in 1789 a scientist named uranium (U) after the planet in spite of the fact that there is no uranium on Uranus. Neptunium (Np) was named after Neptune and plutonium (Pu) was named after Pluto. Polonium (Po), a radioctive element, was named for Marie Curie’s native Poland. Radium (Ra) was named for the fact that it radiates and glows. • In 1949 when scientists working at the University of California Radiation Laboratory in Berkeley, California discovered a new element, they named it “berkelium” after the city. They hoped that the chemical symbol would be “Bm” because the element had been such a “stinker” to find. However, the symbol for the new element became “Bk” instead. Berkelium is a radioactive metal which can only be produced inside nuclear reactors. Only a single gram of this element has been produced in the U.S. since 1967.

BUILDING BLOCKS

Look for puzzle answers on page 8.

STRANGE BUT TRUE by Samantha Weaver

• Our bodies are largely composed of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen. Phosphorus is needed in bones and in DNA. Sulphur is needed for proteins to form. Iron transports oxygen in the blood stream. Calcium is required for bones and teeth. Sodium and potassium carry electrical pulses in the nerves. Magnesium governs over 300 chemical reactions in the body. These elements form the basic building blocks of life; about fifteen others are required in trace amounts for life to continue. • Carbon is named after the Latin word “carbo” meaning coal. It’s the fourth most abundant element in the Universe after hydrogen, helium, and oxygen. Carbon atoms are able to form very long, very stable chains with more types of other atoms than any other substance. This is why life on earth is “carbon-based.” (Continued next page)

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● In the 1960s, American spies in

the Soviet Union had a novel way to eavesdrop on conversations: They used cats. The CIA agents placed listening devices on the felines in order to hear conversations that might take place on a park bench or near an open window. (I wonder if Putin has ways of using mice for eaves dropping?)

● Polar bears and grizzly bears

are similar enough genetically to successfully mate. Any offspring produced from such a union is known as a “pizzly.”

● It’s common knowledge that the

ostrich is a flightless bird, but many people don’t realize that, even confined to land, the ostrich can outrun a racehorse.

● If you use rats or mice to tell the

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CHEMICAL WEIRDNESS

• Chlorine is a poisonous and corrosive gas but when you combine it with sodium it turns into salt which is essential for life. Carbon and oxygen are also essential for life, but when you combine the two you get carbon monoxide which is deadly. Carbon and nitrogen combine to form basic building blocks of all organic matter, but the two can also be combined to form cyanide, a fatal poison. Hydrogen is extremely flammable and oxygen is required for burning, but when you combine them you have water which puts out fires. Uranium is one of the heaviest elements, but when it decays, it produces helium, which is one of the lightest elements. • The simplest element in the universe, hydrogen, happens to be the most abundant. The second simplest element, helium, is the second most abundant. But the streak ends there. The third simplest element is lithium (the lightest metal), which is not the third most abundant element in the Universe. The third-place spot belongs to oxygen, which is the 8th simplest element.

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Ga IS FOR GALLIUM

• A French scientist named Lecoq de Boisbaudran discovered a new element in 1875, which he named gallium. He claimed the name sprang from the Latin name for France, which is “Gallia” but others accused him of naming it after himself, since his first name “Lecoq” meaning “rooster” is “gallus” in Latin. Gallium is a metal that is solid at room temperature but which melts at 84 degrees F, meaning you’ll be holding a puddle of silver-colored liquid if you hold it in your hand. As a practical joke, scientists would mold spoons out of gallium and hand them to unsuspecting people when serving tea. The spoon would dissolve into a puddle in the bottom of their teacup. (continued on next page)

On Earth, sulfuric acid does not exist in its natural form but must be manufactured. However, on Venus, there’s lots of it. Lakes of sulfuric acid evaporate to form clouds of vaporized sulfuric acid, which rain sulfuric acid on the surface. The USSR’s Venera-3 spacecraft landed on Venus on March 1, 1966 and was corroded in minutes.

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Sb IS FOR ANTIMONY

is what people are doing all across town

• Antimony is a silvery grey metallic element. Today it’s used as an alloy with lead and tin to make lead-acid batteries, solder, bullets, and cable. Long ago it was used as a laxative. Antimony pills cause violent digestive purging, but the pills pass through the digestive tract unchanged and could therefore be recovered and reused over and over again, giving it the name “the everlasting pill.” Some people conjecture that Mozart died as a result of taking too much antimony to combat a fever. King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon painted his palace walls yellow using paint pigmented with a mixture of antimony and lead. Perhaps as a result of this toxic mixture, he soon went mad. When antimony is mixed with hydrofluoric acid, the combination produces an acid that is billions of times stronger than stomach acid and will eat through everything except the Teflonlined containers it’s stored in.

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N IS FOR NITROGEN

• Fritz Haber was a German scientist who researched nitrogen prior to World War I. He discovered how to “fix” nitrogen so that it can be used as a fertilizer in soil, resulting in vastly improved harvests. For his work he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1918. The irony, however, is that Haber wasn’t interested in improving the human condition when he made his discoveries. He was actually working on figuring out an easy way to gas people to death in warfare.

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● Direct deposit WORDS (electronic transfer) “NATIONAL” (continued): into your bank on the • French: Chefsaccount know what it day means to you’re supposed to get is your “french” a food item. It’sit.a This verb that means to cut into thin strips, like, well, french fries. best bet because it’s free. This is not to yes, that’s the finger-friendly po-is be (And confused withhow an ETA account that tato dish took its name.) Green beans are only for electronic transfers. Ask at your another item commonly prepared in this bank to be sure which one you have. manner. ●• Money applied to your Direct Express Maltese: These tiny spaniels are easy to Debit card. While it’s long, supposedly free identify thanks to their silky coats. The to handle money this way, it often Americanyour Kennel Club groups them “Toy isn’t. Youwith get other one free withdrawal each Dogs” like Pugs and month, can check your balances and Terriers. canYorkshire use the card wherever debit cards Feline aficionados arealso accepted. not to pay your use the(Probably term landlord, Maltese though.) to describeAfter that, you’ll start dinged catsgetting that have a si- for small amounts, milarly silky, graydepending on what services you ask for. blue coat. Additionally, you won’t receive your • Colombian: This month term means differentyour things money until the following to different people, depending on how birthday -- unless you file at age 62 you and get your “jones.” Narcotics dealers may refer your birthday is the 1st or 2nd of the to their products as Colombian, although the month. actual source is often unknown. Luckily, the Meanwhile thea details before majority of usread prefer bit of legal Colomas in coffeeSecurity grown insothe South youbian, apply forthe Social you American nation. The prevalence of coffee know what to expect. To view the 2017 shops throughout is proof enough payment schedule,America go online to www. that many of us just can’t get along in the ssa.gov/pubs/EN-05-10031-2017.pdf. morning without a hot cup of Colombian. (c) King Features Inc. • 2017 Chinese: TheSynd., generic

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CASTOR BEAN

• The castor bean is not actually a true bean. True legumes are in the family of Fabaceae but castor beans are in the family Euphorbiaceae. The Latin name of the species is Ricinus communis. “Ricinus” comes from the Greek word meaning “tick” because the bean resembles a bloodengorged tick. “Communis” simply means “common.” • The plant is native to eastern Africa, India, and the Mediterranean, but now grows in tropical environments worldwide. In the southwestern U.S. it is considered a weed. In warm climates it grows as a perennial and looks like a shrubby tree. • The castor bean is not eaten as a food crop, but is instead grown because the bean yields versatile and valuable oil called castor oil. Most people are familiar with castor oil due to its laxative properties, yet castor oil has a wide number of other uses as well. • Castor beans have been found in Egyptian tombs dating back to 4000 B.C. The oil from the bean was used thousands of years ago in facial oils and in oil lamps for lighting. • Millions of pounds of castor oil are used each year to make lubricants, soap, paints and dyes, ink, waxes, brake and hydraulic fluid, nylon, pharmaceuticals, perfumes, polishes, plastics, and more. It’s used widely in the food industry as flavorings and to inhibit mold. It is the basic ingredient of Castrol-R racing motor oil for high speed engines. In terms of total production, castor oil is one of the world’s most important industrial vegetable oils. • Castor beans are a little bigger than pinto beans. The beans are shiny and covered with intricate designs. Like fingerprints, no two beans are ever the same. Despite their beauty, castor beans are among the most deadly seeds on the planet. • Castor beans contain a substance called ricin. Ricin is one of the most toxic poisons known. Weight for weight, it’s 6,000 times more poisonous than cyanide. A dose the size of a grain of table salt is enough to kill a man. • The poison is contained in the shell of the bean and it is water-soluble. It can be extracted and concentrated using the same methods that are used to extract cyanide from almonds. If a bean is chewed and then swallowed, water in the intestinal tract absorbs the poison. As few as four to six beans can be fatal. If the bean is swallowed whole, the poison is not absorbed. Because ricin is water-soluble and not oil-soluble, castor oil does not contain ricin. • Ricin kills by disrupting the ability of cells to synthesize protein, so the most basic level of cell metabolism is interrupted. • During World War II, the U.S. and Canada tried to use ricin in cluster bombs. • Ricin poisoning can be survived with supportive medical care, and a vaccination is also effective. • Bulgarian dissident Georgi Markov was killed by a ricin pellet as he waited for a bus in London in 1978. He was injected with a pellet embedded on the tip of an umbrella. He died days later, and the autopsy found a tiny sphere embedded in his thigh.

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CHLORINE TRIFLUORIDE

• One of the deadliest chemicals ever discovered was developed by German scientists who were looking for chemical weapons for use in World War II. Chlorine trifluoride is a colorless, corrosive, poisonous, explosively reactive gas which seeks to replace hydrogen atoms with fluorine atoms. This chemical reaction rips atoms apart and generates excessive heat. Therefore, any substance that contains hydrogen, which is one of the most common elements on the planet, will burn when it comes into contact with chlorine trifouride, generating what is called a fluorine fire. • Keep in mind that fluorine is one of the most reactive elements in the periodic table, and will react with nearly every other element in the periodic table. It exists naturally as a toxic pale yellow gas but it is excessively difficult to isolate due to its explosive properties. Many early scientists were injured or killed while trying to work with fluorine. Its name comes from the Latin word “fluo” meaning “flow.” • If you put chlorine and fluorine together in a vat made of nickel and heat the mixture to 536° F the result is chlorine trifluoride. • When chlorine trifluoride is exposed to air, it boils. When exposed to water, it explodes. When it decomposes, it gives off deadly corrosive gasses. Things not normally thought of as flammable will burn explosively when in contact with chlorine trifluoride, even without any kind of ignition source, including glass, Teflon, asbestos, sand, rocks, bricks, and concrete. There are no effective methods of putting out the fire. • A chlorine trifluoride fire will continue to burn even without oxygen, and pouring water on the flames will result in explosions and toxic gasses. In chemistry books listing its properties, you’ll find this entry: “Suitable extinguishing media: None.” • The only way to transport chlorine trifluoride is inside airtight drums made of steel, iron, copper, or nickel which have been coated with fluoride. If the fluoride coating of the container should become damaged, even by a mere scratch, explosions result. Containers made of platinum, titanium, or tungsten, which are some of the hardest minerals on Earth, will burst into flames immediately upon contact with chlorine trifluoride. • During World War II, the Nazis wanted to use it in flame throwers but it burned up any part of the flame thrower not made of steel. They tried to load it into artillery shells so they could launch it against the ramparts of concrete fortifications but found the artillery shells explosively dangerous. The Nazis abandoned the substance because it was too dangerous to manufacture, store, and ship. • In the 1950s U.S. scientists tried to ship the substance in bulk for the first time ever. Unfortunately, a tank holding nearly a ton of the stuff accidentally ruptured and spilled. It burned through a foot of solid concrete and then three feet of gravel underneath a warehouse, all while releasing toxic gasses that corroded everything they touched. No one could put out the fire and many people had to evacuate the area. • Today chlorine trifluoride is produced in small quantities and used to clean superconductors. It is also used to make semiconductor chips for computer circuitry, and it’s used in nuclear reactors to reprocess nuclear fuel rods.

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January 18th, 2017

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Our readers are always looking for something new and different. But they may not want to go through your door without knowing more about you. Call us so that we can help let them know: Who you are... Where you are... What you have Call NOW for details Rena 930-0084 OR Rick 981-3335

are 3 kinds of people in this world….those can count and those who can’t. 1. What name was given to the 1959 Cadillac driven by the Ghostbusters? A dog with three legs walks into a saloon in 2. What three inalienable rights are mentioned in the Old West. He hobbles up to the bar and the U.S. Declaration of Independence? announces: 3. Name Columbus’ three vessels that sailed to the “I’m looking for the man who shot my paw.” MOMENTS IN TIME The History Channel New World in 1492. 4. Name the three good fairies in Disney’s 1959 ● On Jan. 19, 1809, author Edgar Allan film SleepingBy Beauty.the time he Poe is born in Boston. ● On Jan. 18, 1912, after a two-month 5. What are the occupations the Three Men in a was 3 years old, Tub? Poe’s parents had died, ordeal, the expedition of British explorer

leaving him in the care of his godfather, Name Peter Rabbit’s three siblings. John Allan. What animals attempted to cross a Allan eventually disowned dge guarded by Poe a troll? for gambling debts. (c) 2016 King Features Synd., Inc.

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937, Disney Studios debuted Donald uck’s three nephews, Huey, Dewey, Ashton Kutcher 2/7/78 nd Louie. The young ducklings Quiz Bits Nick Nolte 2/8/41 Answers Travis Tritt ere named for Huey Long, Thomas 2/9/63 1. Louis The only letter that doesn't ewey, and a Disney animator, Emma Roberts 2/10/91 table is 2/11/79 J. chmitt. Can you tell them apart?appear on the periodic Brandy 2. About 65% of the mass of the uey’s shirt and baseball cap are red, Josh Brolin 2/12/68 human body is madeKimofNovak oxygen.2/13/33 ewey’s are blue, and Louie wears een.

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1. Mercury is the only metal that Ectomobileat room temperature. is1.liquid 2. Life,metal liberty, andwith the pursuit happiness 2. The theofhighest 3. The Nina,point The Pintaisandtungsten, the Santa Maria at melting 4. Flora, Fauna, and Merryweather 6,170F. 3. Liquid is blue. 5. Butcher,oxygen baker, and candlestick maker 4. Oxygen is the most abundant element on Earth. 5. Krypton is a colorless odorless gas found in the atmosphere.

Would you like to get the most of your stovetop? Use copperbottomed pots and pans because they use heat more efficiently. Use tight-fitting covers to shorten the cooking time and save energy. Match your pot size to the burner -heat is lost when small pots are used

1st Quarter 2016 Week 7