Tidbits of Northern Johnson County, Ia by Russ Swart

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IRRIGATION

by Patricia L. Cook Flying over land, whether foreign or domestic, is quite an adventure. Observing the checkerboard designs, circles, curves, lines and the greens, browns, blues and other color variations from above tells a lot about the land and water below. Irrigation causes many of the variations. • Irrigation is defined as “artificial application of water to land to assist in the production of crops.” Some of the oldest civilizations on earth relied on irrigation to keep their populations alive. • In many climates there is sufficient rainfall to grow crops, however in dry climates farmers must work out a way to get needed water to their fields. Irrigation has been a significant technology underlying the major developments of the world. Early uses of irrigation can be traced back to 6000 BC in Egypt and Mesopotamia (present day Iraq and Iran). • Flooding occurs along the Nile River in Egypt and the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Mesopotamia annually from July through December. Early farmers learned to divert the water to fields for 40-60 days and then drain it back into the river at just the right time in the growing season. turn the page for more!

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IRRIGATION(continued):

A Nilometer was most likely the first device used for measuring a river’s rise and fall. It consisted of a water chamber with a graduated pillar to measure the depth of the river’s water and predict when floods would occur. One of the oldest structures in Cairo, Egypt is a unique historical Nilometer on Roda (Rawda) Island. While it has been rebuilt and restored numerous times, the basics of the structure date back to 715 AD.

• Many Nilometers were used in ancient times along the Nile and several others have also been preserved but the Roda Island building is one of the most picturesque. The use of Nilometers subsided when the first major irrigation project was undertaken around 3100 BC. This project included dams and canals to make the water accessible to the people. • Other old methods of getting water where it was needed were used as well. An irrigation shaduf is a device used by early Egyptians. It was a container made of clay or animal skins that was attached to a lever and counterbalanced by stones. The container was dipped into the river and then usually dumped into a canal that flowed to where it could be used.

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• Egyptians also used water wheels with clay pots or buckets (called Noria) attached along the circumference. The river’s current turned the wheel. As the buckets or pots were filled they turned around the wheel until they were emptied by gravity into an aqueduct that took the water where it needed to go. • Noria were the first non-human operated lifting devices. While Egyptians developed Noria water wheels there is a lot of historical evidence that the Chinese were using similar methods to move water in their country as well.

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Tidbits® - It is OK to take this paper home with you to share with others when there are plenty available-

Hawkeye Publishing, L.L.C. www.tidbitpapers.com For Advertising E-mail: sales@tidbitpapers.com or Call (319) 390-3564 STRANGE BUT TRUE by Samantha Weaver ● You might be surprised to learn that John Denver -- best known for singing “Take Me Home, Country Roads,” an ode to West Virginia -- was not actually from the Mountain State. He didn’t write the song, either. Interestingly, the two people who did write the song, Bill Danoff and Taffy Nivert, had never been there at the time that they wrote it. They were on their way to Maryland when Danoff started writing a tune about the lovely countryside they were driving through. West Virginia was put in because Danoff had been sent several postcards from the state and was impressed. ● Politics has always been a dirty business, with candidates through the years saying whatever was necessary to get elected. Take the 1950 senatorial campaign in Florida, for example. In the Democratic primary, incumbent Claude Pepper was being challenged by George Smathers, a sitting congressman. Taking unfair advantage of the lack of education in some parts of the state, Smathers sent campaign materials to rural areas accusing Pepper of, among other things, having a brother who was a “practicing Homosapien” and a sister who was a “thespian.” The charge against Pepper himself was that he had “matriculated” with young women. In a victory for sleazy politics, Smathers did, in fact, win the primary. ● Some species of penguin can jump as high as 6 feet in the air. (c) 2013 King Features Synd., Inc.

Look for puzzle answers on page 8.

IRRIGATION(continued):

• There were other ancient devices that were used to help get water where it was needed for consumption as well as irrigation for crops. Windmills and canals played a great part in the early years. Canals and dams on rivers are the most important “big” introductions to irrigation from the ancient days that are still used today.

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• There are also regions that “overwater” using irrigation in order to grow crops that need lots of water. The two crops that use the most water are cotton and rice; two of the most essential crops for many lesser developed countries. In southern China, over 70% of the acres being cultivated are for rice. • In the arid western U.S., where dry weather is persistent, water rights and water regulations are big issues for landowners and anyone involved in growing crops. The first water regulations date back to King Hammurabi of Babylon in 1792 BC. The regulations then and now include: 1) distribution of water proportional to acres farmed; 2) the farmer’s responsibilities in maintaining canals that cut through his property; and 3) the administrative responsibility of the canal for all users in its path. • Many patents related to sprinklers for residential watering were issued starting in the late 1800s. As more homeowners, farmers and ranchers moved west and the need for irrigation of lawns, gardens and fields grew, more needs were seen and more inventors got busy. • Most sprinkling and irrigation is used for agriculture. In fact, 70% of all water use is for agriculture; land with irrigation grows 40% of the world’s food.

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April 10th 2013

www.tidbitpapers.com For Distribution E-mail: russ@tidbitpapers.com or Call (319) 360-3936 • Aquifers are the main source for water for irrigation in North America. An aquifer is “an underground bed or layer of permeable rock, sediment or soil that yields water.” • The High Plains aquifer is one of the largest aquifers in the world. It is under approximately 175,000 square miles of eight states: Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, Texas, Wyoming, Oklahoma, and New Mexico. The area, considered the High Plains region, uses this important resource for irrigation and supplies about one-fourth of the agricultural production for the nation. • A recent discovery (2012) in Namibia, the driest country in Africa, may prove to be the most significant discovery in that country’s history. The Ohangwena II aquifer flows under the boundary Namibia shares with Angola. The aquifer’s area under Namibia covers approximately 43 miles by 25 miles. If the water from the aquifer is managed properly, the country should see a huge increase in sustainable agriculture to help the residents survive. Researchers from Germany and other European countries are helping to set up proper well usage for the locals.

• When you hear the “click, click, click” or the swishing noises of modern center pivot irrigation systems or see the canals opened and fields “flood irrigated,” be thankful that people have studied and invented these items to have sufficient food to eat and crops that help to provide us with many other products we use daily.

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GENERAL/FAMILY TEAM CO-CHAIRS Margalea Warner

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“NATIONAL” WORDS (continued): • French: Chefs know what it means to “french” a food item. It’s a verb that means to cut into thin strips, like, well, french fries. Page(And 6 E n t that’s e r t h ehow w e the e k l finger-friendly y d r a w i n g s apot w w w. t i d b i t papers. c o m for a chance to win free gift certificates! yes, tato dish took its name.) Green beans are Hawkeye Publishing, L.L.C. www.tidbitpapers.com For Distribution E-mail: russ@tidbitpapers.com another item commonly prepared in this manner. • Maltese: These tiny spaniels are easy to identify thanks to their long, silky coats. The American Kennel Club groups them with other “Toy Dogs” like Pugs and Yorkshire Terriers. Feline aficionados also use the term Maltese to describe cats that have a similarly silky, grayblue coat. • Colombian: This term means different things to different people, depending on how you get your “jones.” Narcotics dealers may refer to their products as Colombian, although the actual source is often unknown. Luckily, the majority of us prefer a bit of legal Colombian, as in the coffee grown in the South American prevalence coffee Despite the nation. cost of The living, have youofnoticed shops throughout America is proof enough how it remains so popular? that many of us just can’t get along in the morning without a hot cup of Colombian. • Chinese: The generic term “chinese” now represents types of food that are very different from the meals that are (or ever were) served in China. That said, the same argument could be made about what we consider “American” food. Hamburgers? Ice cream? Hot dogs? Pizza? Our national favorites seem to have originated everywhere except in the United States! Information in the Tidbits® Paper is gathered from sources considered to be reliable, but the accuracy of all information cannot be guaranteed.

Can’t Get Enough

TRILOGY III

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Start Planning Now for Warmer Weather It was a bad winter in many parts of the country. Flooding, snow, storms -- we’ve had it all. But spring and summer are coming! We need to start planning now to take advantage of all the warmer weather we’ll get. Are you a gardener? Whether you plant flowers in pots outside your door, or have a full garden in the yard, or grow vegetables in the community garden, now is the time to start planning. Check your local area for gardening classes, even if your efforts are going to be on the small scale. If you have a plot in a community garden, it often will have classes to let you know the condition of the soil this year and what additives you’ll need to apply. Those classes are where you’ll find willing volunteers to help with weeding as the season goes on, if you can’t do it all yourself. If you’re going to want to join a walking group, investigate now. In some areas, senior centers host walking tours around town or through the woods. For daily exercise, talk with neighbors and friends to see what you can put together. Check your gear: Are your walking shoes good for another year? Do you have a hat and sunglasses? Once you get a group together, brainstorm for additional activities you can do. Once-a-week croquet in the park? Bowling? Berry picking? Painting birdhouses for the land trust? Baking pies for the food bank? If you live in a college town, all those students will go home for the summer and leave many of their volunteer tasks undone. Where can you pitch in? Enjoy your planning! Matilda Charles regrets that she cannot personally answer reader questions, but will incorporate them into her column whenever possible. Write to her in care of King Features Weekly Service, P.O. Box 536475, Orlando, FL 32853-6475, or send e-mail to columnreply@gmail.com. (c) 2013 King Features Synd., Inc.

April 10th 2013

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Many types of bugs and animals hop. There are also hoppers of other sorts: hopper cars on trains, hoppers that are used on farms and people who hop (or maybe they jump) on trampolines! • Usually when we think of insect “hoppers,” grasshoppers and crickets come to mind. These insects from the order Orthoptera have powerful hind legs that allow them to propel themselves long distances. Also noteworthy about the order Orthoptera (sounds a little like opera, right?) is that these insects “sing” by performing “stridulation,” which is the action of rubbing parts of their bodies together. • National Geographic named the weird froghopper bug the “World’s Greatest Leaper” in 2003. The froghopper is a “sap-sucker” that coats plants with foamy spittle – yuk! Froghoppers are about 1/5 of an inch long and can leap an amazing 28 inches. That equals 140 times their body length. For a human to leap this distance, in comparison, would mean a long-jump record of 840 feet! • According to neurobiologist, Malcolm Burrows, of the University of Cambridge, in the United Kingdom, the secret to the long jumps of some insects is a “specialized catapult mechanism” that allows the insects to store and then release energy. • Kangaroos, the largest hopping animal, can cover a lot of ground with their hops. When kangaroos need to go faster, they don’t increase the frequency of their hops, instead they increase the distance for each hop. Kangaroos can bound 25 feet or more forward and 6 feet high in a single hop. • The back legs of kangaroos always move in tandem except when swimming! • The greater the range of a kangaroo’s hop, the more energy harnessed in their muscles and tendons when they touch down. Kangaroos have tremendous endurance with hearts twice the size of comparable animals and very efficient respiratory systems. • Wallabies are members of the kangaroo family, just in a smaller package. They, like their kangaroo cousins are only found naturally in Australia and Papua New Guinea. • Besides their size, the biggest difference between wallabies and kangaroos is in their mouths. Wallabies live in bushy forests and mostly dine on leaves; kangaroos live in more open treeless areas and mostly eat grasses. Kangaroos have high crowns of teeth that are curved in their mouths while wallabies have flat teeth with a single cutting tooth on the top front of their mouths. • Rabbits are also fast hoppers, but kangaroos can go about twice as fast as a cottontail. An Australian red kangaroo can leap at about 35 miles per hour ; a rabbit would be left in the dust! • Rabbits, hares, and kangaroo rats are hoppers that can be found in the dry desert regions of the western and southwestern United States. Kangaroo rats are native to the desert southwest of the United States. • There are more than 20 species of kangaroo rats that hop on their hind legs and use their tails for balance like kangaroos. They are not related to kangaroos though; in fact kangaroo rats are rodents that have more in common with camels than kangaroos. Camels and kangaroo rats are the only mammals that can survive with virtually no water to drink.

April 10th 2013

Page 7

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MOTORCYCLES / 4x4

TRAILERS SALE

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WANT TO BUY

Buyers of Timber ♦ Buying Walnut, Soft Maple, White Oak and other native species ♦ Free Estimates ♦ Pay before cutting ♦ 30 years in Business For more information call Todd @ 319-986-5524 CASH PAID for antique Harley Davidson, Indian or other motorcycles and related parts from 1900 through 1965. Any condition. Midwest collector will pick up anywhere. Phone 309-645-4623 (MCN)

PAINTING

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Electrical work, small jobs welcome, 45yrs Exp, master license, contractor license, bonded & insured.

15 mile radius for free estimates. Call: 319-622-3238

VERN’S CONCRETE

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Space available, over 20,000 local readers every week!

Send your content and payment to: Hawkeye Publishing 162 Collins Rd. NE PMB 321 Cedar Rapids, IA 52402

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APPLIANCE PARTS

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We do accept classified’s by US mail and phone.

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MISCELLANEOUS

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CONSTRUCTION

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For more info, call Russ 319-360-3936 Hawkeye Publishing L.L.C. considers it’s advertisers reliable and veriﬁes as much data as possible. Consequently, readers using this information do so at their own risk. It is suggested that the investors contact the appropriate consumer agency before sending payment. Although persons and companies ® mentioned herein are believed to be reputable, neither Tidbits of Linn county publication, Hawkeye Publishing L.L.C., The Nations Online Listings nor any of it’s employees accept any responsibility whatsoever for their actions. For more information about credit scams and advanced fee loans write: FTS Washington, DC 20580

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Page 8

-Tidbits® The paper that readers of all ages can enjoy-

April 10th 2013

Hawkeye Publishing, L.L.C. www.tidbitpapers.com For Advertising E-mail: kevin@tidbitpapers.com or Call (319) 270-2961

or the High High Plains

crops hargation? at allows for out soil? rgest sprin-

when your a thousand eld.” ower

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Rocker Recliners! .

An Australian farmer showed a visiting Texan his wheat ﬁeld. The Texan’s response: “We have wheat ﬁelds twice as large.” Next the Aussie bragged about his cattle herd. The Texan reacted: “We have longhorn cows twice the size of these.” The two farmers quietly continue walking around the farm. The Texan spots a herd of kangaroos hopping in the distance. He asks, “What are those?” The Aussie quips cker Swivel Ro proudly, “Why, those are our grasshoppers!”

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RTOHDGU

This word means: A long period of abnormally low rainfall, especially one that adversely affects growing or living conditions.

Don’t forget our Furniture 4/7/1964 4/8/1960 d 4/9/1939 4/10/1984 1. Ogallala Q: Why did the farmer stand in his ﬁeldAquifer every 4/11/1947 2. day? Over 978 trillion gallons /1957 3. Corn, wheat, and cotton 4/13/1970 Flexible financing available

While Supplies Last

store : 303

2 shops 1 stop

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Cedar Rapids, IA 52401 319-363-5010

4.Nobel Hydroponics A: He heard that the Prize is awarded for 1. What is another name for the High An Australian farmer showed a visiting Texan Plains aquifer? Green urban park in Houston, TX people who are5.out Discovery standing in their field! his wheat field. The Texan’s response: “We 2. How much water does the High Plains have wheat fields twice as large.” Next the MOMENTS IN TIME aquifer hold? Aussie bragged about his cattle herd. The Texan The History Channel On 1939, the heavy cruiser USS have April longhorn cows13, twice the size 3. What are the three top crops har- reacted:●“We Astoria arrives in Japan under the comof these.” The two farmers quietly continue vested using High Plains irrigation? walkingmand around the farm. The Texan spots a ● On April 14, 1865, John Wilkes Booth, of Capt. Richmond Turner in an at4. What is the technique that allows for herd of kangaroos hopping in the distance. an actor and Confederate tempt to photograph the Japanese battleplants to growsympathizer, in water without soil? fa-He asks, “What are those?” The Aussie quips tally shoots President Abraham Lincoln Yamato 5. Where was the “world’s largest sprin- proudly,ships “Why, those are our grasshoppers!”and Musash in a pre-war at a play at Ford’s in Washing- reconnaissance. The Astoria was sunk durkler”Theater experience in 2011? 1. If you leave footprints when walking across your

D.C. The attack came only five days lawn it iston, a sign that your lawn (needs/doesn’t need) water. plants in your after Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee sur-

ip: when you rendered his army at Appomattox Court 2. Deep watering for a lawn helps to develop deeper 1st Quarter 2013 water you are_____. House in Virginia. he dirty ﬁsh Week 15 orus which is ● On April 8, 1916, at the Boulevard Race

ing Operation Watchtower in the Solomon Islands in August 1942.

● On April 12, 1945, U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt dies of a cerebral hemorrhage in his home at Warm Springs, Ga. in Corona, Calif., an “Farming early racing car caThe only man to be elected to four terms as looks mighty easy when your plow is a pencil, and you’re a thousand reens into a crowd of spectators, killing the president of the United States, Roosevelt miles fromfatal the corn ﬁeld.” driver and two others. The accident is remembered for his New Deal social pol– Dwight D. Eisenhower word means: A long period ofhis leadership during wartime. helped encourage organizers to begin hold- This icies and abnormally low rainfall, especially one ing races on specially built tracks instead that adversely affects growing or living conditions. of regular streets.

RTOHDGU

ANSWERS

The Bureau of Reclamation, which is a part of the U.S. Department of the Interior, was started in 1902 as an organization to help with water issues in the western states. 1. Needs The ﬁrst large project using federal money 2. Roots that the bureau undertook was building the Hoover Dam in 1928.

Russell Crowe 4/7/1964 John Schneider 4/8/1960 Michael Learned 4/9/1939 Mandy Moore 4/10/1984 Meshach Taylor 4/11/1947 Vince Gill 4/12/1957 Rick Schroder 4/13/1970

HOCUS-FOCUS

REMOTE START!

TEXT : 319-530-36948 FOR If you have an aquarium and live plants in yourCURRENT DEALS! home or offi ce consider this green tip: when you www.atdnorthliberty.com clean the fish tank, use the dirty water you are removing to water your plants. The dirty fish water is rich in nitrogen and phosphorus which is a nice fertilizer mix for the plants.

● On April 9, 1962, President John F. Kennedy throws out the ceremonial first pitch in Washington D.C.’s new stadium. He continued a long-standing tradition that began in 1910 when President William H. Taft threw out Major League Baseball’s first opening-day pitch in Washington D.C.’s old Griffith Stadium.

1. Ogallala Aquifer 2. Over 978 trillion gallons 3. Corn, wheat, and cotton 4. Hydroponics 5. Discovery Green urban park in Houston, TX

.M. when demand for water is low. Night sprinkling is great e lawn diseases to develop. Also, sprinkle before 10 A.M. re climbing.

4/7 World Health Day 4/8 Ponce de Leon Day 4/9 Winston Churchill Day 4/10 National Sibling Day 4/11 Barbershop Quartet Day 4/12 Big Wind Day 4/13 Scrabble Day

● On April 10, 1953, the horror film “The House of Wax,” starring Vincent Price, opens at New York’s Paramount Theater. It was the first feature from a major motion-picture studio to be shot using the three-dimensional, or stereoscopic, film process, and one of the first horror films to be shot in color.

1st Quarter 2013 Week 15

Use your phone as your remote! “unlimited range”