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The cerebral cortex is the part of the brain that thinks, imagines, and plans. The larger it is, the more intelligent the animal. A dolphin’s cerebral cortex is larger than a human’s. Dolphins also have more folds in their brains than humans do. Let’s take a look at what dolphins can do. • Like bats, dolphins navigate perfectly, even when unable to see, by using sonar. In the forehead of each dolphin is a pocket of oil or fat called the melon. This is used to focus the sound of the sonar blasts into a beam, like a magnifying lens focuses light. The sound bounces off an object and returns to the dolphin as an echo, containing information on the size, texture, and movement of the object. The dolphin receives the echo through fat deposits in its jaw.
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• A dolphin can identify objects up to half a mile away, detecting an item as small as a vitamin pill at the far end of a large pool. They also have manners when sounding their echolocation and avoid ‘spraying’ others with sound, focusing their sonar through a narrow window between other dolphins.
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• It is difficult to study the language of dolphins because when there are two or more dolphins present, it is impossible to tell which animal is making which sounds. However, a scientist developed a microcomputer that’s fastened by suction cups to each dolphin’s head. It records each sound and the time it was made, which can be matched up to videos made of the dolphin to see what the animal was doing at the time. • Dolphins identify themselves and each other with “signature whistles” that act as a name. They express emotions by repeating their “name” in different “tones of voice.” Researchers have recorded and identified signature whistles of individual dolphins. When those dolphins are taken into separate tanks for medical care, they repeat their names with variations that scientists interpret as fear or apprehension, communicating their state of mind to other dolphins. • Dr. Jarvis Bastian, a University of California psychologist, taught two dolphins named Doris and Buzz a game. They were taught to press the lever on the left when they saw a flashing light and the lever on the right when they saw a steady light. Then he taught them a new twist: when the light came on, Doris had to wait until Buzz pressed his lever first, then she was to press her lever. When they had this down pat, Dr. Bastian then placed a barricade between the two dolphins so that they couldn’t see each other. Only Doris could see the light. When the light was flashed, Doris waited for Buzz to press his lever. Buzz, not knowing the light was on, did nothing. Doris then gave off a burst of whistles and clicks, and Buzz immediately pulled the correct lever. He pulled the correct lever every time the test was repeated.
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Hawkeye Publishing, L.L.C. www.tidbitpapers.com For Advertising E-mail: updates@tidbitpapers.com or Call (319) 360-3936 STRANGE BUT TRUE by Samantha Weaver ● It was Simon Cameron, who served as secretary of war under President Abraham Lincoln, who made the following sage observation: “An honest politician is one who, when he is bought, will stay bought.” ● You might not be surprised to learn that some people who play video games can become rather obsessed. In 2007, one such person, a 45-year-old gamer, used a Japanese sword to rob a lingerie shop. He was apprehended, and when he was put on trial, he told the judge that at the time of the robbery he believed he was a female elf. ● It’s common knowledge that methane, a greenhouse gas, contributes to the rise in global temperatures. It’s less wellknown, however, that 20 percent of the world’s methane emissions comes from livestock and their, well ... emissions. ● The average human walks approximately 100,000 miles in the course of a lifetime. If that walking were done in a straight line on the equator, you would circle the Earth four times. ● In the early 1990s, a couple in Milwaukee was curious about the value of a painting they had displayed in their home, so they invited an art expert to evaluate the piece. The painting in question turned out to be of little relative value, but the expert noticed another work, a still life with flowers, that the owners believed to be a reproduction of a Van Gogh. Imagine this couple’s surprise when the work turned out to be an original 1886 painting, which later sold at auction for $1.4 million.
(continued): • Dolphins in the oceanarium in San Francisco were taught to “clean house.” They received a reward of fish for each piece of trash they brought to their trainer. A dolphin named Mr. Spock kept on bringing a steady stream of soggy bits of paper. Finally, the trainer discovered that the dolphin had hidden a big brown paper bag in a corner of the pool, and was tearing off a tiny piece at time. • At the Kewalo Basin Marine Mammal Lab in Hawaii, trainers were working with two bottlenose dolphins. Together the two trainers tapped two fingers of each hand together, making the symbol for “in tandem.” Then they both threw their arms in the air in the sign language gesture that meant “creative.” The instruction was, “Do something creative together.” The two dolphins broke away and began swimming around the tank together. Then in perfect choreography they leapt high into the air while simultaneously spitting water out of their mouths. Because dolphins don’t normally carry water in their mouths, it was obviously a move that had to be planned and synchronized before they left the water, proving that this was not a matter of two dolphins playing Follow the Leader. When more games of “Tandem Creative” were played, the dolphins did such things and backpedalling and then waving their tail flukes, or doing simultaneous back flips. The trainers were always surprised. • Off the shores of a town called Laguna in Brazil, dolphins and men have teamed up for generations. Fishermen line up in the shallow water off the shore with their nets. When the dolphins locate a school of mullet, they “herd” the fish towards the fishermen. While the fishermen fill their nets, the dolphins feast on the leftovers. A PROBLEM Dolphins frequently hang out with schools of tuna. Fishing for tuna used to entail only poles and lines, but in the 1960s, the tuna fleets switched to mile-long nets called purse seines that are wrapped around an entire school and closed like a draw-string purse. Unable to reach the surface, dolphins drown. When one member of their pod becomes entangled in a net, the other dolphins stay to help it rather than fleeing. This causes many more to die. The population of spinner dolphins decreased by 80 percent in the 1970s due to tuna fishing. Most major tuna companies now purchase “dolphin-safe” tuna. The price was raised by a few cents to cover the cost of new nets which would allow dolphins to escape. Unfortunately, some foreign tuna companies still use the old methods. Furthermore, many people in the world consider dolphin meat a delicacy.
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Hawkeye Publishing, L.L.C. www.tidbitpapers.com For Advertising E-mail: updates@tidbitpapers.com or Call (319) 360-3936 OVERCOMING THE ODDS: • Jeannette Rankin was born on a ranch
in the Montana Territory in 1880, nine years before Montana became a state. As a young woman, she worked in poverty stricken areas of New York, trying to improve conditions for immigrants. This experience led her to become deeply humanitarian. She wanted to devote her life to progressive reform.
• As she worked for women’s rights, she correctly concluded that a lot of the ills of society were caused by women’s inability to vote, which she claimed amounted to nothing short of “taxation without representation.” Hired as a field secretary for the National American Woman Suffrage Association, she was instrumental in getting women the right to vote in North Dakota in 1913.
Most dolphins live long lives. The bottlenose dolphin can live over 40 years, and the orca can live to be 70 or 80!
In 1890 The National Women Suffrage Association and the American Women Suffrage Association merge to form the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA). As the movement's mainstream organization, NAWSA wages state-bystate campaigns to obtain voting rights for women. Look for puzzle answers on page 8.
• In 1916, she ran for congress in her home state of Montana, and was elected to the House of Representatives, becoming the first female member of congress. It was another four years before the 19th Amendment guaranteed all women in the U.S. the right to vote. In congress, she worked tirelessly on behalf of social issues such as women’s rights, child protection, and prohibition. • As the first woman in congress, she got a lot of attention. When congress voted on whether or not to enter World War I, she was one of 50 people who voted against it. This action brought a lot of ridicule her way, but she defended her vote saying, “I felt the first time the first woman had a chance to say no to war she should say it.” • She failed in her bid to be re-elected, and went to work instead as a lobbyist, pressing for reforms to reduce the nation’s infant mortality rate. In 1939 she ran for congress again, basing her campaign on an anti-war platform. •
Her brother, who was wealthy and wellconnected, financed and organized her second campaign for Congress. Largely due to his assistance, she won another term. She unseated Jacob Thorkelson, who had been been using his single term to advocate a Nazi agenda.
•
Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, Jeannette Rankin was the only member of congress to staunchly vote against entering World War II, saying, “As a woman, I can’t go to war and I refuse to send anyone else.” She is now remembered as the only person in congress to vote against entering into both World War I and World War II.
• When her term ended in 1943, she returned to her home in Montana and spent several decades out of the political spotlight. However, with the social turmoil caused by Civil Rights, Viet Nam, and the fight for women’s equality, she returned to social agitation, and worked to organize marches, mobilize the downtrodden, and set up foundations. • She considered another run for Congress in the 1970s in order to vote against U.S. involvement in Viet Nam. By then she was in her 80s. She continued to write about issues of social importance until she died in 1973 at the age of 92. Although some people consider her to have been outrageously unrealistic, others praise her as an inspiration. Even to this day, the Jeannette Rankin Scholarship fund she set up continues to provide for the education of low income women across the United States. • “I may be the first woman member of Congress,” she observed upon her election in 1916. “But I won’t be the last.” And upon her election in 1940, she said, “No one will pay any attention to me this time,” the victor predicted. “There is nothing unusual about a woman being elected.”
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Matilda Charles regrets that she cannot personally answer reader questions, but will incorporate them into her column whenever possible. Write to her in care of King Features Weekly Service, P.O. Box 536475, Orlando, FL 32853-6475, or send e-mail to columnreply@gmail.com. (c) 2012 King Features Synd., Inc.
Look for puzzle answers on page 8.
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So you’re not interested in eating bugs? Well, you better start reading the ingredients labels a bit more closely… • The cochineal beetle lives on prickly pear cactus plants in places such as Peru and the Canary Islands, sucking their sap. The eggs of the beetle, wrapped inside a cocoon, are bright red. In fact, the eggs are so red that a pregnant female cochineal beetle whose body harbors unlaid eggs will, if squashed, yield a bright red pulp. Long ago the Mixtec Indians collected the female cochineal beetles and crushed them to a powder. The dried bug dust was used to create a color-fast red dye for fabrics that is still used today. It’s consid-ered to be superior to all synthetic dyes. But these red bugs color more than just clothing. • Dye made from cochineal beetles is called carmine. In the 1800s food manufacturers began to use carmine to dye sausages, candy, jam, shrimp, maraschino cherries, and other things. The cosmetic industry used it to color lipstick and rouge. The pharmaceutical industry used it to color pills. Carmine was a very common until a red dye made from coal tar became more popular in the 1870s. However, when coal tar dyes were found to be carcinogenic, carmine came back on the scene. Look at the ingredients of red foods and beverages in your supermarket today for either “carmine” or “cochineal extract.” Many kinds of juice, yogurt, ice cream, cough syrup, gelatin, and candy may contain beetle powder for coloring. The advertising for such products may legitimately claim, “All natural ingredients!” because, after all, what’s unnatural about a beetle? If you don’t want to eat crushed beetles, look for ‘artificial coloring’ on the ingredients label. • In 1996, some 640 metric tons of cochineal was harvested in Peru. That accounts for 85 percent of the world’s production. • Now let’s take a look at candy, especially chocolate candy such as chocolate covered raisins, chocolate mints, chocolate coated peanuts and so forth. Anything that tends to get sticky is covered with shellac. • What exactly is shellac? Shellac comes from the poop produced by the scale beetle Laccifer lacca, which lives in India and South Asia. The beetle makes a living eating tree sap, particularly of several species of soapberry, acacia, and fig tree. It then excretes digested sap and covers itself with a hardened shell of this resinous matter to protect itself from predators while it goes through its larval stage. • Twigs covered with these bugs are then scraped off, and the scrapings are ground up, washed, melted, filtered, dried, and dissolved in denatured alcohol to form a varnish for furniture. • Food grade varnish, a type of confectioner’s glaze, can also be produced from Laccifer lacca which is very popular with food manufacturers because it maintains its gloss even in high humidity; it doesn’t get sticky or dull; and it adheres easily to many food surfaces. • Of course, the label is not going to list bug poop as an ingredient. No, it’s usually got a sugar coated name such as ‘confectioner’s glaze or ‘resinous glaze.’ • “Lac” from which we get our word shellac, comes from the Persian word meaning “hundred thousand” because it takes so many of these tiny bugs to produce lac in any quantity: 100,000 bugs, each the size of the head of a pin, can yield perhaps a pound of shel-lac.
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tell the difds made of
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Make your Tax Dollar S T R E T C H further ! Why did the dolphin commit suicide? He had no porpoise in life.
suckle from ned? ? for a group
arine land, an begin to sea. And no se aquariums s can be ” au
STEBEDAI This word means: A disease common to humans that dolphins also suffer from, in which blood sugar is poorly regulated.
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Don’t forget our Clearance corner : 0/67 n 2/11/69 12/55 ng 2/12/44 1. Dolphins were able to tell the difference between rods of Where do dolphins go to borrowand money? aluminum copper. eller 2/14/48 2. loan Dolphins were able to tell the difference between The shark! identical balls that were barely different in size. 2/15/51 3. Dolphin calves aren’t fully weaned from their mothers until the age of 18 months. When tested, dolphinswas tell the1,968 dif4. The deepest dive ever 1.recorded bycould a dolphin Why did the dolphin commit ference between identical rods made of feet deep. had no porpoise in life. 5. The collective word for a group dolphins is a pod. aluminum andofcopper? MOMENTS IN were TIME 2. When tested, dolphins able to tell the difference between identical balls that The History Channel
were barely different in size? 3. How long do dolphin calves suckle from ● On Feb. 14, 278 A.D., Valentine, a holy their mothers before being weaned? priest in Rome in the Emperor 4. Howdays deep can of a dolphin dive? 5. What is the collective term forthe a group Claudius II, is executed. Claudius of dolphins? Cruel had banned all marriages and en-
1. How long can a dolphin hold its breath? gagements. Valentine defied Claudius and ed motor oil continued to perform marriages for young 2. How deep can a dolphin About 62 % lovers indive? secret.
S. is caused oil and is the (over 40%) of motor oil r and 1 acre d cheaper to l from crude. ce the same f
1st Quarter 2013 7 ● On Feb. 17, Week 1904, Giacomo Puccini’s
suicide? He
● On Feb. 11, 1916, Emma Goldman, a crusader for women’s rights and social justice, is arrested in New York City for lecturing and distributing materials about birth control. She was accused of violating the Comstock Act of 1873, which made it a federal offense to disseminate contraceptive devices and information through the mail or across state lines.
● On Feb. 13, 1920, The League of Naopera “Madame Butterfly” premieres at tions, the international organization aquarium, no tankItaly. in a marine land,Set the La Scala theater in“NoMilan, formed at the peace conference at Verhowever spacious it may be, can begin to in Nagasaki, Japan, “Madame sailles in the wake of World War I, recduplicate the conditionsButterfly” of the sea. And no told the story of an American sailor, B.F. ognizes the perpetual neutrality of Switdolphin who inhabits one of those aquariums This word means: A disease common to or one of those marine lands can be Pinkerton, who marries and then aban- humanszerland. that dolphins also sufferThe from, in League also established its considered normal.” dons a young Japanese geisha, Cio-Cioheadquarters in the Swiss city of Geneva. which blood sugar is poorly regulated. -Jacques Yves Cousteau San, or Madame Butterfly.
STEBEDAI
ANSWERS
Dolphins and anteaters are the only mammals who do not have REM sleep. Laura Dern 2/10/67 However, with dolphins, one half of the Jennifer Anniston 2/11/69 brain will show a typical sleep EEG, 1. Awhile dolphin can hold itsArsenio breath for Hall 2/12/55 the other half has a normal wakingabout EEG. seven minutes. Stockard Channing 2/12/44 During the next sleep cycle, the brain of Penn & Teller 2/14/48 2. A dolphin can dive toTeller 1,700 halves will be reversed. Jane Seymour 2/15/51 feet. Ice T 2/16/59
HOCUS-FOCUS
by improper disposal of used motor oil and is the single largest source of oil pollution (over 40%) in our nation’s waterways. A quart of motor oil can pollute 250,000 gallons of water and 1 acre of land 1 inch deep. It is easier and cheaper to
● On Feb. 15, 1965, in accordance with a formal proclamation by Queen Elizabeth II of England, a new Canadian national flag is raised above Parliament Hill in Ottawa, the capital of Canada. Canada’s national flag was to be red and white with a stylized 11-point red maple leaf in its center. (c) 2012 King Features Synd., Inc.
REMOTE START!
Americans throw away enough usedFOR motor oilCURRENT DEALS! TEXT : 319-530-36948 every year to fi ll 120 supertankers. About 62 % 2/10 Leadership Success Daywww.atdnorthliberty.com 1st Quarter 2013 of all oil-related pollution in the U.S. is caused Be Electrific Day Darwin Day Blame Someone Else Day Ferris Wheel Day Heart Failure Awareness Week Live to Give Week
● On Feb. 16, 1959, Fidel Castro is sworn in as prime minister of Cuba after leading a guerrilla campaign that forced right-wing dictator Fulgencio Batista into exile. The United States initially recognized the new Cuban dictator but withdrew its support after Castro nationalized U.S. assets on the island.
1. Dolphins were able to tell the difference between rods of aluminum and copper. 2. Dolphins were able to tell the difference between identical balls that were barely different in size. 3. Dolphin calves aren’t fully weaned from their mothers until the age of 18 months. 4. The deepest dive ever recorded by a dolphin was 1,968 feet deep. 5. The collective word for a group of dolphins is a pod.
more about them. He was the first person to discover that dolphins asily live to 30 years in age, sometimes exceeding 40.
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Week 7
Use your phone as your remote! “unlimited range”
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