Tidbits Grand Forks - January 18 , 2018 by Tidbits of Grand Forks - East Grand Forks

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LES • PUZZ A I V I R S •T FACT • FUN January 18, 2018

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Of Grand Forks • East Grand Forks Published by: Wick Publications 701-740-0968 wickpub@yahoo.com ® TIDBITS WASHES WITH

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SOAP

by Janet Spencer

Come along with Tidbits as we scrub up!

HOW DOES SOAP WORK?

• Oil and water don't mix. They repel each other like opposite ends of a magnet. Your skin se. Get to a better State cretes oil called sebum. Splash water on your Get to a better State State Get StateFarm. Farm.through premium Grand Forks, ND 58201 GetGet Get State Farm. State Farm. CALL ME TODAY. CALL ME TODAY. Drive Safe & Save . CALLME METODAY. TODAY. 701-746-0495 skin, and the oil repels the water and nothing CALL Get to a better State . sharonopdahl.com gets very clean. That’s where soap comes in. Get State Farm. CALL ME TODAY. But before we discuss why soap works, let us discuss what soap is. • Basically speaking, soap is oil plus alkali. For centuries, that meant fat plus lye. ColoState Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company 1301900 State Farm Indemnity Company, Bloomington, IL State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company 1301900 State Farm Indemnity Company, Bloomington, IL nists and pioneers saved fat scraps from their butcher blocks and dinner tables. They also saved the ashes from their fireplace, which they placed in a barrel with a spigot at the Carpet Cleaning bottom. Water, poured over the ashes and www.elitecarpetsgf.com left to soak, would form lye which was then Carpet Cleaning • Carpet drained off from the bottom. The fat scraps Cleaning SPECIAL! would be rendered in a vat over a fire, then • Upholstery $99 the lye would be added. After much stirring Cleaning 2 Rooms & and cooking, a chemical reaction would take Hallway • Water Not valid with any other offer. place and soap was the result. Too much lye, Extraction Expires 2-28-18 and the soap would be harsh on the skin. Too Residential & Commercial much fat, and the soap would be greasy. • The newly formed soap would then be poured into boxes to harden and cure for several 701-775-8500 months. But why does a combination of fat and ash carry off dirt? Let us get out our miHouse of Turn the page for more! croscopes. Sharon Opdahl, Agent Get a discount up to 50%. Sharon Opdahl, AgentF 2534 17th Avenue South, Suite Sharon Opdahl, Agent GetGet aaa discount upup to to 50%. a discount Get discount Sharon Opdahl Sharon Opdahl, Agent discount to 50%. 50%. 2534 17th Avenue South, SuiteFF I canGet help lower yourup premium Grand Forks, ND 58201 2534 17th Avenue South, Suite 2534 17th Avenue South, Suite F help your premium Grand Forks, ND 58201 tolower 50%. ™ Agent Bus: 701-746-0495 II can can lower your premium Grand Forks, ND ND 58201 I up canhelp help lower your premium Grand Forks, 58201 through Drive Safe & Save ™ . Bus: 701-746-0495 through Drive Safe & Save . sharon@sharonopdahl.com ™ Bus: 701-746-0495 Bus: 701-746-0495 ®& through Drive Safe Save sharon@sharonopdahl.com through DriveState Safe Save™.. ®& to a abetter I tocan help lower sharon@sharonopdahl.com sharon@sharonopdahl.com better State .. ® your 2534 17th Ave. S. • Suite FGetGet ®

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SOAP (continued):

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Quiz Bits 1. 2. 3. 4.

5. What was the name of the monkey in the Disney movie “Aladdin”? The average human body 6. What is the smallest U.S. state contains enough fat to make in land area? how many bars of soap? 7. What was the manufacturer How many loads of laundry of the Viper car model? does the average household 8. What two singers covered do every week? the song “Put a Little Love in What percent of women will Your Heart” in 1988 for the wash their hands in a public restfilm “Scrooged”? room if no one else is present? TRIVIA Whose portrait is on a U.S. dime? SPONSORED BY:

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• Water is a molecule composed of hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen end of the molecule has a positive charge, and the oxygen end is negatively charged. Oil, however, has neither a positive or negative charge, but carries a uniform electrical distribution. That's why water and oil repel each other. Soap is actually a compound called sodium stearate. Sodium stearate has the properties of both oil and water: partly polar, partly non-polar. That is how it brings oil and water together. • A molecule of soap is shaped like a snake, with the head being the water-loving sodium compound, and the tail being the water-hating stearates. Add soap to water, and the tail end tries to get away from the water. Add something greasy to the water, and the tail end of the soap molecules rush to cling to the compatible polar charge of the grease molecules. The grease molecule bonds with the stearate tail, and floats away led by the water-loving sodium head.

SOAP HISTORY

• Around 1000 B.C., Romans performed animal sacrifices to the gods on Mount Sapo. The fat from the animals mixed with the ashes of the sacrificial fires. This mix of fat and alkali flowed down to the Tiber River and accumulated in the clay soils. Women washing clothing there found the clay seemed helped get things cleaner.

FAST FACT

• Individually wrapped cakes of soap were first manufactured in New York in 1830 by a soapmaking company called Colgate, now known for its toothpaste. Previously the merchant merely hacked a chunk off a huge block of soap.

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SOAP HISTORY

• The manufacture of soap actually pre-dates Mount Sapo by some number of centuries. A recipe for soapmaking was discovered on Sumerian clay tablets dating back to 2500 B.C. And during excavations of ancient Babylon, archaeologists uncovered clay cylinders containing a soap-like substance which were around 5,000 years old. A complete soap factory was found in the ruins of Pompeii, which was destroyed by the explosion of Mount Vesuvius in A.D. 79. • Soapmaking did not become an established business until about the 7th century, in Spain and Italy. However, soap remained an expensive luxury item because it was difficult to manufacture. Soap was often so heavily taxed that it was beyond the budgets of most people. Bathing was out of fashion for many centuries, being considered sinful. When Louis Pasteur proved that cleanliness cuts down on disease, bathing began to become an accepted practice and the use of soap began to rise. • In 1837, a candle maker named William Procter teamed up with a soap maker named James Gamble. Procter and Gamble discovered how to produce soap in massive quantities and soon they were also selling it in massive quantities. Finally, soap - and bathing - were common.

ADVANCES IN SOAP

• The science of soap continues to march forward. When animal fats were in short supply during World War II, German scientists learned how to make soap using synthetic compounds and petroleum by-products. These are called detergents. Many soaps are made from vegetable oils such as cocoa butter or palm oil. The town of Castile in Spain makes soap using olive oil. ...continued

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• On Jan. 26, 1788, the first 736 convicts banished from England to Australia land in Botany Bay. With the American victory in the Revolutionary War, transgressors could no longer be shipped across the Atlantic. Over the next 60 years, some 50,000 criminals were sent to Australia. • On Jan. 25, 1905, at the Premier Mine in South Africa, the largest diamond ever found is discovered. The 3,106-carat "Cullinan" weighed 1.33 pounds. Stonecutter Joseph Asscher studied the stone for six months before attempting the cut. Afterward, he fainted from nervous exhaustion. • On Jan. 24, 1935, canned beer makes its debut as the Gottfried Krueger Brewing Company delivers 2,000 cans of its beer. In 1933, after two years of research, American Can had developed a pressurized can that had a special coating to prevent the fizzy beer from chemically reacting with the tin. • On Jan. 23, 1957, the Wham-O toy company roll out the first batch of aerodynamic plastic discs now known as Frisbees. The Frisbee began in Connecticut in 1871 when university students would toss empty Frisbie Pie Company tins to each other. • On Jan. 27, 1967, a launch pad fire during tests at Cape Canaveral, Florida, kills astronauts Gus Grissom, Ed White and Roger Chaffee inside the Apollo 1 command module. They were the first Americans to die in a spacecraft. • On Jan. 28, 1985, forty-five music stars begin laying down the chorus and solos for "We Are the World," a record that would raise over $60 million for African famine relief. Producer Quincy Jones told the pop stars to "Check your egos at the door." • On Jan. 22, 1998, Theodore Kaczynski pleads guilty to 17 years of package bombings attributed to the "Unabomber." He was identified when his brother recognized his anti-technology manifesto published in a newspaper. © 2018 King Features Synd., Inc.

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Snap-down lids should be secured with strong tape or placed into a larger sealable bag, like a zipper-seal plastic baggie. • Freeze cool whip in a thick layer and use cookie cutters to make shapes for hot chocolate ... perfect for these cold winter nights! • "Use squeeze bottles to do cookie decorating or cake piping. They also can be used to color pancake batter and make designs. It's so much fun for the kiddos (and the parents too!)" -- L.I. in Montana • Fog proof that bathroom mirror by simply cleaning as usual, then coating the mirror with car wax. Use a lint-free cloth to buff it off, revealing a layer of steamproof protection that lasts about a month. So good when you need a mirror to get ready in the morning. • When transporting any type of bottle or jar that could leak, simply place a small piece of plastic wrap over the open end, then close the bottle tightly. This will work for most screw-top containers to make them leak-proof.

• "I toss my daughter's hoodie sweatshirt into the dryer about 20 minutes before she needs to leave for the bus stop in the morning. Just as she's leaving, I grab it and she puts it on. It keeps her toasty all the way to the stop, and it make her feel special." -- M.R. in South Carolina • Before you go out shopping, take a minute on your phone while on the WIFI at home to search your email and websites for sales and coupons. Screenshot coupons so that the barcodes are clearly visible. This will save you downloading time while you are out and about, as well as serving as a reminder of the sale items you want to look at. Send your tips to Now Here's a Tip, 628 Virginia Drive, Orlando, FL 32803. 2018 King Features Synd., Inc.

ADVANCES IN SOAP (cont'd):

• Soaps and detergents are widely used in industry. Soap prevents hot rubber tires from sticking to their molds. Motor oil contains detergents that break down soot and dust particles, preventing them damaging the engine. Soap polishes jewelry and softens leather. Today Americans spend $2.2 billion on soaps and detergents annually, averaging 59.5 lbs. per person.

BEATING IT UP

• Ivory soap was first invented in 1879 by Procter and Gamble. At that time, the soap was named White Soap and it sank in the bathtub water just like every other soap. However, a worker one day went to lunch and forgot to turn off the soapmixing machine. When he returned, he found the vat of soap frothy and bubbling. Mr. Procter came to look over the situation, and decided the soap had not been harmed. The soap was processed and sent out on the market. • Not long afterward, Procter and Gamble started receiving letters from consumers asking for more of the “floating soap.” Once the company realized what had happened, they decided to beat extra air into all their soap, making it lighter than water. Although it results in giving the consumer less soap for their money, the move proved to be popular. White Soap was renamed Ivory, and the world’s first “soap that floats” was born.

FAST FACTS

• Ivory soap is advertised as being 99.44% pure. What is the other 56/100% made of? Uncombined alkali, carbonates, and mineral matter. • A single bar of soap produced by a family-run business in Lebanon and sold in Qatar will run you $2800. Each bar is infused with gold and diamond powder.

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Fabulous Food:

SNACK FOODS

• In the mid-1960s a researcher for Procter & Gamble came up with an idea for a potato snack that was made of potato dough which was rolled, pressed, and cooked. A food storage technician named Fredric Baur invented a unique method of packaging the curved snacks by stacking them in a canister with a re-sealable lid rather than loose in a bag like most potato chips. By 1968 the new potato product was ready for the market, but it still needed a name. • Rather than hire an advertising firm to think of a name, officials at Procter & Gamble pulled out the local phone book for Cincinnati, Ohio, which is where the factory was located. They went through the names of the streets, looking through the ones that started with a ‘P’ because they wanted a name that would match the ‘P’ in potato. In a suburb named Finneytown, they found the perfect ‘P’ they were looking for, and thus the name of the new potato snack was born. • It was argued in a court of law that that the snack isn’t really potato chips because they only have a potato content of 42%. They were dubbed “potato crisps” instead. • By the mid-1970s the product was being sold everywhere. Fredric Baur was so proud of his inventive packaging method that when he died in 2008, his will stipulated that he be buried in one. His children honored his request by having him cremated and placing some of his ashes in one of the potato crisp cans he had designed. • This popular potato snack is now sold in over 100 countries and 45 different flavors have been introduced over the years, forever memorializing the Ohio street it was named after: Pringle Avenue.

• Amedeo Obici was born in Italy. His father died when he was seven, leaving his mother with three children. Amedeo’s uncle lived in Scranton, Pennsylvania, where he ran a general store. He asked Amedeo to join him. Amedeo sailed to America at the age of 12. • He spoke no English, so his destination was written on a tag tied to his coat. When he arrived in the U.S., he was misdirected, put aboard the wrong train, and ended up in Wilkes-Barre instead of Scranton. A kindly stranger took the crying child to a store run by Italians who could translate for him. He stayed with them while his uncle was contacted, and he noticed the shopkeeper’s daughter was pretty. Later he returned to this family, eventually marrying their daughter and helping run the shop. • At this shop they sold peanuts, roasting them on the premises and using a large fan to blow the scent into the street as an advertisement. Amedeo built a push-cart to sell peanuts on the street, and soon had enough money to send for the rest of his family. He constructed his own peanut roaster out of junkyard components and later invented a method of shelling and skinning peanuts. • In 1906 he opened a peanut plant, choosing a random name for his company that he thought sounded dignified: Planters. • The iconic Mr. Peanut logo was drawn in 1916 by a 14-year-old who won a contest sponsored by the company. Amedeo was so taken with the youngster he ended up paying his way through college and medical school. • To celebrate the company’s 100th birthday in 2014, nine young adults drove three 27-foot-long Nutmobiles around the country appearing along the way at stores, sporting events, and concerts.

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When You Drop, Swap & Go!

by Samantha Weaver

• It was Margaret Chase Smith, the first woman to serve in both houses of the U.S. Congress, who made the following sage observation: "Those of us who shout the loudest about Americanism in making character assassinations are all too frequently those who, by our own words and acts, ignore some of the basic principles of Americanism: The right to criticize; The right to hold unpopular beliefs; The right to protest; The right of independent thought." • According to historians, British Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill slept on silk sheets and wore silk underwear. It seems he had very sensitive skin, and rough fabric made him break out in a rash. • It probably won't surprise you to learn that members of the Sampit tribe in Borneo eat bananas. What is surprising, though, is that they don't remove the peels first. • In the 1979 gubernatorial election in Louisiana, a man named Luther Knox was fed up with the candidates on the ballot. In order to give likeminded Louisianans an option, he ran for the office himself -- after legally changing his name to "None of the Above." • Everyone knows that a sophomore is someone in their second year of high school or college. Most people don't realize, though, that the word is derived from the Greek words "sophos," which means "wise," and "moros," which means "stupid." • Resources are very scarce in space, so it's important to conserve wherever possible. The astronauts on the International Space Station might be going a bit far, however; it's been reported that they change their underwear only every three or four days in order to cut down on laundry. *** Thought for the Day: "All human beings should try to learn before they die what they are running from, and to, and why." -- James Thurber © 2018 King Features Synd., Inc.

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Solution on Next Page

• Yet, Jolly wasn’t the first to figure out how to clean clothing without water. In 1821, a tailor in New York City named Thomas Jennings was granted a U.S. patent for the process. As a tailor, he heard his customers complain over and over again that their fine and fancy garments would not hold up to the rigors of the wash board. Jennings patented a process he called “dry scouring” using solvents instead of water. Jennings was African American, in a day and age where the rights any patents granted to slaves were automatically handed over to their owners. However, Jennings was a free man. He used the money he earned from his dry cleaning process to buy his wife and children out of slavery, and he also funded many abolitionist organizations. We don’t know which solvent he used in his process due to a fire that destroyed the patent records in 1836. • Solvents used in the early days of dry cleaning include turpentine, kerosene, benzene, and gasoline. These are all extremely flammable, often resulting in fires and explosions. Dry cleaning businesses were often banned from operating inside city limits for this reason. Benzene was toxic when inhaled by workers. Turpentine smelled bad if residue was left on clothes. ...continued

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answer

DRY CLEANING (continued):

• Around 1900, scientists developed chlorinated hydrocarbons, which are nonflammable solvents. The result was perchloroethylene, shortAnswer: Dell. ened to “perc,” a chlorinated hydrocarbon that A VERY LARGE NUMBER happens to remove stains by dissolving organic •materials. Edward Kasner was a mathematician. In 1938 he was asked to come up with a name for a • Perc synthesized by British chemverywas largefirst number: the numeral one, followed istbyand physicistzeros. Michael Faraday It a hundred He asked his in two1821. young became thewhat top name choice of would dry cleaners nephews they suggest.in the 1930s. • Nine-year-old Milton suggested a name out of the funnies. A cartoon character • Perchloroethylene is very stable strip and non-flamnamed Barney was very popular. Milton mable. It’s used as a de-greaser in the chose metal Barney’stolast name for the number. industry, clean photographic negatives, and •can Kasner announced new name the big be found in paintthe strippers, spotfor removers, number in his next book, altering the spelling. neutrino detectors, refrigerants, and has been •used Sixty later, Larry Page and Sergey Brin to years treat hookworm. developed a new internet search engine. Other • Dry cleaning isn’t really dry; it’s just that insearch engines searched each webpage and stead of being washed in to water, clothing ranked them according how the many times isa washed in solvents instead. They are washed in specific term appeared on them, but Page and what verytheir muchsearch like aengine normaltofront-loadBrinlooks designed search for ing difference thathow both the thewasher, specificthe term and then being find out many links there that led washing and were the drying areback donetointhat the page, same which resulted in a wash better search engine. machine. After the and spin cycle, the collected in order to bea distilled and •solvent They isdecided they needed name that reflected many websites search re-used. As how the dryer shoots jets of the hot air into engine was searching. They theand name the wet clothing, the fumes are took caught the of Edward Kasner’s very large number, solvent condensed so that few fumes enteronly the they misspelled it ended up being environment. Dryit slightly, cleanerssoare therefore able spelled exactly the same way the cartoon to re-use their chemicals over and over again, character Barney spelled his last name. What’s recapturing about 99.99% ofofthe perc that is it called? (Answer at bottom page) used. By the time the clothing is dry, all the COMPUTER FACTS solvent has evaporated and no odor or residue •remains. In 1981 Bill Gates said, “640 kb of memory ought to be enough for anybody.” • The busiest time of year for dry cleaners is • Moore’s Law states that computer performance April through while January and since Febdoubles every June, 18 to 24 months, and ever ruary the slowest months of 1971,are thistraditionally has been true. business. • HP, Google, Microsoft, and Apple were all started in garages. Answer: Google, from googol.

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NUGGET OF KNOWLEDGE When the Lever Brothers came out with their own line of soap, they advertised that their product prevented body odor "all around the clock." They wanted to pick a name that would illustrate this, so they thought of a clock and named their soap "Dial."

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