Tidbits Grand Forks - February 1 , 2018 by Tidbits of Grand Forks - East Grand Forks

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HELIUM by Janet Spencer

Helium is the second lightest and second most abundant element in the observable universe, after hydrogen. Come along with Tidbits as we fill our balloons with helium facts!

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• In 1903, the mayor of Dexter, Kansas was officiating at the dedication of a newly-drilled gas well. As per custom, he attempted to ignite the plume of gasses escaping from the drill hole to create a fiery torch, but the flame kept going out. The audience was disappointed, but the state geologist was intrigued. He collected samples of the gas, had it analyzed, and found that much of the gas was helium, which is non-flammable. • The area around Kansas and the Texas Panhandle subsequently became the helium capital of the world, because helium is trapped underground there in abundant amounts, and is a byproduct of natural gas production. In 1928 helium became available on the open market for the first time. • Helium is a noble gas, meaning it doesn’t react or combine with anything else. Other noble gasses are neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon. Neon is the least reactive gas, while helium takes second place. Helium and neon are the only two natural elements that have never been observed bonding to another element in a compound. • Helium is amazing because it’s so light, and it can get extremely cold without freezing. • The three states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas. Of all the known elements, helium has the lowest boiling point and also lowest melting point. It melts from solid into liquid at -458.0 degrees F and boils at -452.07 F. • Helium can be made solid at room temperature if the pressure rises to the equivalent of 114 thousand atmospheres, equal to 834 tons per square inch. This is over 100 times greater than the pressure at the ocean’s deepest point, the Challenger Deep, which is almost seven miles deep. ...continued

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HELIUM (continued):

• When helium is cooled just a few degrees below its boiling point, it becomes a “superfluid” with about 1/8th the density of water. This superfluid flows without friction and against gravity, demonstrating remarkable properties: It can leak through cracks that are only a molecule wide. It can climb up and over the sides of dishes, defying gravity. If it’s in a container and the container is spun, it remains motionless. • If you stir a cup of coffee, the coffee will stop swirling after a few minutes, because atoms are colliding with each other and slowing everything down. But if you swirl liquid helium and come back a million years later, it will still be swirling. • Super-chilled liquid helium is used in MRI machines, in superconductors, in arc welding, in rocket fuel, and in the production of semiconductors. • Helium is so light that once it enters Earth’s atmosphere, it keeps on floating upward until it escapes into space. But helium would be seeping out of the ground and heading into space even if it weren’t being sucked out of the ground by humans. There are many places where helium seeps through Earth’s crust, but there are only a few places where it is concentrated in dense underground pockets that are millions of years old. Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas have some of the most concentrated patches of helium. Qatar comes in second place. The U.S. produces 75% of the world's helium. • The U.S. government maintains the country's largest helium storage facility near Amarillo, Texas. The Federal Helium Reserve consists of a huge underground natural reservoir of helium called the Bush Dome, with pipelines leading to nearby refineries that produce helium for industrial purposes. This facility holds over 40% of the helium used annually in the U.S. ...continued

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4. Who is the only player to ever return an opening kickoff for a touchdown in a Super Bowl? 5. San Antonio’s Tim Duncan, in 2016, became the third player in NBA history to win at least 1,000 games in a career. Name the other two. 6. How many different quarterbacks have represented the AFC in the Super Bowl since the 2003 season?

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• On Feb. 11, 1858, in France, Marie-Bernarde Soubirous, a 14-year-old peasant girl, first claims to have seen the Virgin Mary. The 18 apparitions occurred in a grotto of a rock promontory near Lourdes. • On Feb. 7, 1914, the silent film "Kid Auto Races at Venice" premieres featuring the actor Charlie Chaplin in his first screen appearance as the "Little Tramp." • On Feb. 9, 1942, the Normandie, the first major liner to cross the Atlantic in less than four days, burns and sinks in New York Harbor during its conversion to an Allied troop transport. A welder set fire to life preservers, and by early the next morning the ship lay smoking and capsized in the harbor. • On Feb. 6, 1952, King George VI of Great Britain and Northern Ireland dies. Princess Elizabeth, the oldest of his two daughters, was crowned Queen Elizabeth II on June 2, 1953, at age 27. Today, Elizabeth has reigned for almost 65 years. • On Feb. 8, 1978, a classic "Nor'easter" storm that brought a severe blizzard to New England finally subsides. The blizzard, the worst to hit New England since 1888, was blamed for 56 deaths and dumped 55 inches of snow in some areas. • On Feb. 5, 1988, in Miami, Panama military strongman Gen. Manuel Noriega is indicted for drug smuggling and assisting Colombia's Medellin drug cartel in trafficking cocaine to America. Noriega was found guilty at his 1991 trial and sentenced to 40 years in prison. He later was imprisoned in France and Panama, where he died in 2017. • On Feb. 10, 1996, world chess champion Gar40 Care and Share of Crookston, Inc. ry Kasparov loses the first game of a six-game 41 Cass County Historical Society-Bonanzaville match against Deep Blue, an IBM computer. 42 Catholic Charities North Dakota Man ultimately defeated machine, however, 43 Cats Cradle Shelter as Kasparov bested Deep Blue in the match 44 CAWS North Dakota with three wins and two ties and took home the 45 CCRI, Inc. $400,000 prize. 46 47 48

KING C R O S S W O R D

MIKE

LEE

FOR G.F. COUNTY SHERIFF

Former and longtime Deputy Sheriff & K9 handler, Mike Lee, announces that he will seek out election as Grand Forks County Sheriff in 2018.

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Mike Lee accomplishments and agenda items: • 18 years of law enforcement experience and is highly decorated. • Grand Forks Sheriff’s Department’s first ever to receive a lifesaving award after responding to an active shooter situation where a man was shot in the chest. • Received the “Beyond the Traffic Stop” award from the North Dakota DOT for criminal interdiction. • Mike and his K9 partners have won numerous K9 competitions for drug detection, as well as the Iron Dog competition. • Received numerous traffic safety awards. • Will focus on making the department proactive rather than reactive. • Another item on Mike Lee’s agenda is the high recidivism (repeat offenders) rate at the jail. • Will take an active role in curbing the drug epidemic, as well as work with the community in tackling the opioid problems we are facing. • Believes the Sheriff should be a leader in creating a solution to these issues. • Mike has a plan that would reduce the County budget by more $400,000.00 annually. “Effective leadership only happens when great leaders are willing to do uncomfortable things.” Paid for by Big Al’s Construction

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• The Bureau of Land Management oversees this massive reserve of helium. A decision to sell off large quantities of helium to raise money to pay off debts led to a collapse in the price of helium as the product flooded the market. This caused other helium manufacturers to cease marketing helium because there was no profit in it. That subsequently resulted in a helium shortage on the worldwide market, though there was never any actual shortage of helium. Congress passed the Helium Stewardship Act in 2013. This allowed the BLM to sell helium at higher prices, preventing the government from undercutting private producers and encouraging more sources of helium production. • Helium is used in scuba diving. About 75% of the atmosphere is made up of nitrogen, which humans inhale with every breath. At high pressures, such as underwater below around 100 feet, dissolved nitrogen can quickly build up in body tissues and cause fatal decompression illness, or dangerous bouts of “nitrogen narcosis,” similar to sudden extreme drunkenness. To get around the problems of breathing nitrogen, technical and commercial divers who plunge to depths of up to 400 feet or beyond use breathing mixtures like “heliox,” in which the fraction of nitrogen in the air has been replaced with helium, which is easily compressed and non-toxic. • Why do you sound like Mickey Mouse when you inhale helium and then speak? It’s because when you talk, your vocal chords vibrate like guitar strings. The density of regular air makes the vocal chords vibrate at their regular speed. But helium is lighter than air, so the vocal chords don’t have to work as hard to vibrate, and they actually vibrate faster, causing the voice to be pitched high and squeaky.

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• John’s parents came to America from Scotland and settled in the state of New York, where John was born in 1777. Later the entire family moved to Canada. • When John grew up, he bought some land in Ontario and became a farmer. In 1811 he discovered a number of seedling apple trees growing wild while clearing brush one day. • John transplanted them, but only one survived. He tended the tree carefully and it yielded an abundance of crisp delicious fruit. John wanted to propagate the apples, but he was unable to get them to grow true from seed. • Then John’s son Allan learned the art of grafting, which is how apple varieties are propagated. Allan was a traveling preacher and took apple seedlings with him wherever he went, handing them out anyone who promised to tend them. He was a Canadian version of Johnny Appleseed. • Allan’s son Harvey set up a commercial nursery, and thanks to him, thousands more apple trees spread throughout Canada and the rest of the world, becoming one of the world’s favorite types of apple. • John farmed that piece of property until his death around 1845. The original apple tree survived until 1910, when it toppled over, and the site is now marked by a tombstone commemorating the beginning of a remarkable development in the apple industry. • Today that apple cultivar accounts for more than 50 percent of the apples grown in Canada, and they all trace their lineage to the single tree that John found growing wild on his farm. The apple is known by John’s last name: McIntosh. It is now the national apple of Canada, and is one of the fifteen most popular apple cultivars in the United States.

• Maria Sherwood married Thomas Smith in England in 1818, and they moved to Australia in 1838. The Australian government paid their passage under the provision they would work to feed the other colonists who were flocking to the new country. • They bought 24 acres near Sydney and planted an orchard, a vineyard, and a garden. Maria did a lot of baking, specializing in fruit pies. • One day a friend gave her a box of apples that had grown in Tasmania in order for her to turn them into pies. She threw the peelings and cores into her compost pile. Later she noticed a seedling growing from the compost heap, so she transplanted it. • In 1868 Maria, who was by now an old woman, asked a local fruit grower to take a look at it because she’d never seen any tree like it. He confirmed it was a mutation. Maria tended it until she died at the age of 71. • Fruit growers began to cultivate the apple, naming the hybrid after her. Whereas other apple cultivars struggled to survive in the region, this one thrived. • In 1891 the fruit took the prize for the best cooking apple at the local horticultural show, and soon growers all over the world were planting it. Now it’s one of the world’s most popular varieties. • It’s a pale green apple which is very tart and so firm that it withstands shipping long distances. The Beatles chose this variety as the symbol on their Apple Records label. • It’s named after the woman who discovered it: Maria Ann Smith, better known as Granny Smith. • The discovery of the Granny Smith apple is now celebrated annually with the Granny Smith Festival. All the Granny Smith apple trees grown today are clones from the original Smith tree in Sydney.

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• It was noted educator and civil-rights activist W.E.B. DuBois who made the following sage observation: "The theory of democratic government is not that the will of the people is always right, but rather that normal human beings of average intelligence will, if given a chance, learn the right and best course by bitter experience." • Those who make the finest wigs from human hair typically avoid buying hair from Americans. Evidently, hair grown in the United States is more likely to have damage caused by hairspray, hairdryers, dyes and pollutants. • You might be surprised to learn that the tiny nation of the Netherlands, located barely 1,000 miles from the Arctic Circle, is the world leader in yield for tomato production, producing 144,352 tons of tomatoes per square mile under cultivation. • In 1900, a prairie dog colony was found in Texas. That's not surprising -- prairie dogs are fairly common out West -- but this colony was unique. Researchers say it was the largest colony ever discovered, providing a home to 400 million prairie dogs and stretching over 25,000 square miles. • If you're planning a summer trip to Maine, be sure to visit Peaks Island; the town is home to what is quite possibly the world's only museum devoted to umbrella covers. • The first seven presidents of the United States were not born American citizens. • Thanks to continental drift, the Atlantic Ocean is getting about a centimeter bigger every year, and the Pacific Ocean is shrinking by the same amount. *** Thought for the Day: "Pride, like laudanum and other poisonous medicines, is beneficial in small, though injurious in large, quantities. No man who is not pleased with himself, even in a personal sense, can please others." -- Frederick Saunders © 2018 King Features Synd., Inc.

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January 22, 2018

• Keep makeup brushes in tip-top shape: Wash with a good brush cleaner weekly, and store upright in a jar (bristles up). Don’t toss them in a box, bag or drawer with your makeup! They may pick up unwanted pigments and the facial bacteria can compromise makeup! • If your dryer is taking a long time to run its cycle and the clothes STILL aren’t dry, check your lint trap. Follow the hose all the way to the end, and be sure to check the grate that is in place where the hose exits an exterior wall. Lint can build up here, making it hard for heat and steam to escape. It’s also a fire hazard. • “In our house, we use nail polish to distinguish whose plastic leftover containers are whose. My roommate and I both bought the same set (a good deal!), and we painted a little X on the bottom and on the top of the lids in contrasting colors. So I only use the red dot ones, and she uses the dark blue.” — M.T. in Florida • “I purchased a couple glass-cleaning cloths that were nice and big. I used my sewing machine to sew the edges together and make a little sack. It stores my reading glasses, and I can keep them clean and not scratched up.” — R.E. in Missouri • “I wanted to use my staple gun to attach a cord along a board for a craft project. I taped a craft stick to the bottom so that the staple would not go in all the way, leaving an allowance for the cord. I just used extra-long staples. It worked great and turned out very secure, and I didn’t have to worry about a staple slicing up an electrical cord!” — F.D. in Texas Send your tips to Now Here’s a Tip, 628 Virginia Drive, Orlando, FL 32803.

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• When speaking over a two-way radio, radio operators often need to spell things out. When using the alphabet, it can be difficult to tell the difference between similar-sounding letters such as “F” and “S” or “D” and “B.” In 1927, a radio lingo was adopted where words were substituted for letters to make communication clearer: Able for the letter A; Baker for B; Charlie for C. The letter R was represented by the word “Roger.” The letter “R” was also radio shorthand meaning “received.” When a pilot got instructions from the tower, he would say, “Roger” to indicate the message had been received. The phonetic alphabet was updated in 1957 and “Roger” as a stand-in for the letter “R” was replaced with “Romeo” but the word “Roger” by then had become such common parlance in aviation circles that the term stuck. When it comes to “Roger Wilco” – well, “willco” is radio shorthand for “will comply.” • George Baker was working as an illustrator for Disney when he was drafted during World War II. He was assigned to create animations for Signal Corps training films because of his artistic talent. On the side, Baker kept drawing humorous cartoons depicting the typical soldier in typical situations. Some of these were published in “Life” magazine, which brought him to the attention of the weekly Army magazine called “Yank.” The magazine hired Baker to do a regular cartoon strip for them. The strip that Baker developed showed a luckless private named “Sad Sack” caught up in various misadventures. The strip became the magazine’s most popular feature because soldiers identified with the absurdities and humiliations of military life that Sad Sack dealt with. The comic strip led to a comic book, a radio show, and also a 1957 movie starring Jerry Lewis as the bumbling soldier. Today the term “sad sack” generally denotes any downtrodden or inept person. ...cont'd

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• During World War II, soldiers got fed up with the ridiculous government acronyms. To fight back, they made up some of their own. The Answer: Dell. most well-known is SNAFU, standing for “sitA VERY LARGE NUMBER uation normal, all [fouled] up.” That spawned •the Edward was a mathematician. In “situ1938 similarKasner but less popular “SUSFU” for he was asked to come up with a name for a ation unchanged; still fouled up” as well as very large number: the numeral one, followed TARFU “totallyzeros. and royally fouled up” young and/or by a hundred He asked his two “things arewhat really fouled Then there’s also nephews name theyup.” would suggest. FUBAR, for “fouled up beyond all repair.” • Nine-year-old Milton suggested a name • During War II, A Britain’s Force out ofWorld the funnies. cartoonRoyal strip Air character namedbombing Barney was very popular. Milton chose began Germany. The German army Barney’s last name for the number. responded by positioning anti-aircraft guns, they called “flier cannons.” •which Kasner announced the defense new name for the The big number in his next book, altering the spelling. exact German words are “flieger abwehr kaguns shot grenades •none.” Sixty These years later, Larryfragmentation Page and Sergey Brin developed newcould internet into the skyathat besearch set toengine. explodeOther at a search altitude. engines Itsearched each webpage specific wasn’t necessary to get aand diranked them according to how many times a rect hit to cause damage. Once they determined specific term appeared on them, but Page and the altitude of the incoming planes, they would Brin grenades designed their search engine search for shoot directly in the pathtoof the forthe specific term and then find out how many mation, fillingwere the sky that page, could links there thatwith led shrapnel back to that tear through a plane, slicing cables, lines, and which resulted in a better search engine. pilots. British pilots began wearing shrapnel• They decided they needed a name that proof jackets. Germans positioned masreflected howThe many websites the search sive banks of these guns where they could proengine was searching. They took the name tect 1942 only over of armies, Edward facilities, Kasner’s and verycities. large By number, 15,000 had been installed. they misspelled it slightly, so it ended up being spelled the same cartoon • The effectexactly of these guns way was the devastating. character Barney spelled his last name. What’s Bombers in tight formation couldn’t break it called? (Answer at bottom of page) away without crashing into the other planes. COMPUTER FACTS Once committed to a bombing run, they could •not Indeviate 1981 Bill Gates said, “640 kb of memory from their flight pattern. Rather than ought to be enough for anybody.” call these weapons by their full name of “flieger •abwehr Moore’s Law states that computer performance kanone” soldiers abbreviated the name every to 24 months, ever since todoubles “flak” and the18jackets worn as and protection be1971, this has been true. came known as “flak jackets.” Today “flak” has •entered HP, Google, Microsoft, and criticism, Apple were all our language meaning oppostarted in garages. sition, or a hostile reaction. Answer: Google, from googol.

answer

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