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TIDBITS IS SURROUNDED BY
PLASTIC by Janet Spencer
The word plastic comes from the Greek “plastikos” meaning “capable of being shaped.”
THE HISTORY OF PLASTIC
• Billiard balls used to be made out of elephant ivory. By the mid-1800s, elephants were in short supply. In the 1860s a billiards company in New York City offered a $10,000 prize for anyone who could invent a substitute. • John Wesley Hyatt began experimenting with a new material called celluloid in 1869, made from plant cellulose, camphor (a resin), and alcohol. Billiard balls made out of celluloid couldn’t match the rebound effect of ivory, so he never collected the prize money. • Celluloid did not make good billiard balls, but it had other benefits. It didn’t get slimy when wet like wood. It didn’t corrode like metal. It didn’t get brittle like rubber. It didn’t crack like ivory. One thing the celluloid did well was that it made great motion picture film. • The first silent films were made possible by celluloid, which had only one drawback: it was highly flammable. Celluloid was replaced by non-flammable safety film in the 1930s. • Celluloid was the first plastic-type of material produced on an industrial scale, and ushered in the age of plastics. Hyatt went on to patent over 200 other items, from water filters to sewing machines.
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• Leo Baekeland came to the U.S. from his native Belgium in 1863. He invented a type of photographic paper which he sold to George Eastman of Kodak for $1 million in 1899. He used that money to set up a lab in Yonkers, New York, where he continued to tinker.
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• Because use of electricity was expanding exponentially, Baekeland wanted to invent something that would act as an electrical insulator. At the time, shellac was used as an electrical insulator. Shellac comes from the sticky excretions of the female lac beetle, but it takes 15,000 beetles six months to make enough resin to create a single pound of shellac. The expansion of electricity outpaced the ability of beetles to produce shellac. • Baekeland worked with phenol, a derivative of coal tar, combining it with formaldehyde. Not only did the substance make an excellent electrical insulator, but its ability to be molded made it ideal for use in the manufacture of many items. Baekeland dubbed the substance “Bakelite” and called it “the material of a thousand uses” which was true. Because it could be molded quickly, it could be used in mass-production. Anything made out of it was smooth, scratch-resistant, heat resistant, lightweight, and impervious to solvents. It was the world’s first synthetic plastic. • Starting in 1907, Baekeland patented over 400 uses for it, including telephones, kitchenware, combs, ash trays, buttons, jewelry, and even billiard balls. It was used extensively in many ways during both World Wars. By the 1920s his factory was turning out nearly 4,500 tons of Bakelite annually, and by 1944 production had increased to 175,000 tons. By then Bakelite was used in over 15,000 products. Union Carbide bought the rights to Bakelite in 1939. By the time Baekeland died at the age of 80 in 1944, new and better plastics were already being discovered. ...continued
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A PLASTIC FABRIC
• Wallace Carothers was a chemist for DuPont before World War II. He studied polymers, synthetics, and polyesters, trying to come up with a replacement for silk. America’s silk came from Japan, and trade relations were breaking down. • One day a fellow researcher discovered that when he stirred a flask of warm soft synthetics with a rod, and then pulled the rod out of the flask, the material would stretch into long silky fibers. They decided to see how far these filaments would stretch. They took a blob into the hallway and stretched it out into strings the length of the hall. Amazingly, the fibers became stronger the longer they grew, the opposite of what they expected. They had accidentally discovered that the stress of being stretched causes the molecules to align in strong chains, a process called cold-drawing. • Using this process on other synthetic substances led to the discovery of a material that turned out to be not only a substitute for silk, but also found a million other uses. The raw material consists of coal, petroleum products, air, and water, which is formulated and run through the cold-drawing process. It won’t mildew, decay, or absorb moisture, and it’s impervious to greases and cleansers. In certain forms it has an amazing elasticity, making it perfect for use in ropes, parachutes, and clothing. A rope made of this material holds 50% more weight than a steel cable of the same diameter. Other uses include toothbrushes, guitar strings, and ski boots. They called it nylon, a word they made up.
A PLASTIC FILM
• It was 1933 and college student Ralph Wiley took a job at Dow Chemical Company to pay his way through college in the middle of the Great Depression. It was his job to clean up after the scientists, which meant washing out a lot of bottles, test tubes, and flasks. ...continued
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• On Oct. 20, 1803, the U.S. Senate approves a treaty with France providing for the purchase of the territory of Louisiana, which would double the size of the United States. President Thomas Jefferson believed it was essential for the U.S. to maintain control of the mouth of the Mississippi River. • On Oct. 15, 1863, the C.S.S. Hunley, the world's first successful combat submarine, sinks during a test run, killing its inventor and seven crewmembers. The Hunley was operated by a crew of eight -- one person steered while the other seven turned a crank that drove the ship's propeller. • On Oct. 21, 1918, a German U-boat submarine fires the last torpedo of World War I, as Germany ceases unrestricted submarine warfare. The torpedo sank a small British merchant ship in the Irish Sea. • On Oct. 18, 1931, Thomas Alva Edison, one of the most prolific inventors in history, dies at the age of 84. Edison received little formal schooling, but he employed assistants who provided the mathematical and technical expertise he lacked. • On Oct. 19, 1957, Maurice "Rocket" Richard of the Montreal Canadiens becomes the first NHL hockey player to score 500 goals in his career when he slaps a 20-foot shot past Chicago Blackhawks goalie Glenn Hall. • On Oct. 17, 1968, Olympic gold medalist Tommie Smith and bronze medalist John Carlos are forced to return their awards because they raised their fists in a black-power salute during the medal ceremony, which repudiated "the basic principles of the Olympic games." • On Oct. 16, 1987, 18-month-old Jessica McClure is rescued after being trapped for 58 hours in an abandoned well in Texas. Rescue workers labored for two days to drill a parallel shaft, then tunneled horizontally to connect the two shafts. © 2018 Hearst Communications, Inc. All Rights Reserved
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3. Who was the first American male to win gold medals at three separate Winter Olympics? 4. In 2017, Atlanta QB Matt Ryan became the first NFL quarterback to toss three touchdown passes in four consecutive playoff games. Name three of the five others tied at 3 games. 5. How many winning seasons have the Cleveland Browns had since they rejoined the NFL in 1999?
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• During World War II Saran was sprayed onto airplanes to protect parts from salt sea spray and sand. After the war, it was revamped and used to protect car upholstery. In 1949, it became the first cling wrap designed for commercial use. Renamed Saran Wrap, it was first sold for household use in 1953. • Ralph Wiley continued his career at Dow Chemical, receiving many patents. Today the polyethylene film he discovered is the most abundant form of plastic made, with 80 million metric tons produced worldwide each year. Most is used in packaging.
POLYETHYLENE
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• Ethylene is a gas which is a byproduct of refining crude oil. It used to be burned off and wasted, until 1933 when two British chemists started experimenting with it. One experiment resulted in their lab blowing up, but later they found that if they added benzaldehyde and oxygen under pressure, ethylene molecules hook together into long strong chains called polyethylene. Polyethylene is stronger than steel but soft as wax. Today there are two types: high-density polyethylene (HDPE) used for things such as milk jugs; and low density polyethylene (LDPE) used for plastic wraps and bags. Polyethylene was the first plastic to sell more than a billion pounds per year in the U.S.
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te ell it or g 's e s-
A PLASTIC FILM (cont.)
• One day one of the flasks refused to come clean, no matter how hard Wiley scrubbed, and no matter what cleaning solutions he used. The flask had been used in an experiment searching for better dry cleaning solvents. Finally Wiley peeled a thin film of polymers away from the glass. He showed this film to his boss, John Reilly. Reilly saw potential in the material and put his best chemists on the project. The film needed a name, and Reilly thought of his wife, Sarah, and his daughter, Ann and named the product after them: Saran.
*Answer located further back in this issue.
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• Medicare Contact your local agent for for more information: Coverage more information: t for more information: • Group <Agent Name> A Medical INSURANCE AGENCY <Agency Name> • Life Ins. <Address> Rick Asche • 701-772-1138 H2409, H2410, H2450_2058 (01-2009) <City, ST ZIP> <Phone> 1521 24th Ave. S. • Grand Forks, ND <Hours of Operation> > “Since 1988”
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Fabulous Foods:
JELLY, JAM, & JUICE
• In 1869 Thomas Welch discovered that pasteurizing grape juice would prevent it from fermenting while also giving it a long shelf life. He lived near Concord, Massachusetts, the birthplace of the Concord grape. He began to bottle grape juice in his home, and he launched a campaign to have churches use ‘Dr. Welch's Unfermented Wine’ for communion, naming the product after himself. Churches generally felt it was sacrilegious to serve anything but real wine, and ignored him. His product flopped.
Answer
Weekly SUDOKU
Answer
King CROSSWORD
• The quince tree grows in a variety of locations in the Mediterranean region, and it bears a fruit that looks like a cross between an apple and a pear. The quince fruit is hard and sour, but when it is peeled and then roasted, baked, or stewed, the flesh of the fruit becomes sweeter, though it remains pungent. It can be added to applesauce or turned into wine or brandy. Also, quinces that are slowly boiled for a long time with honey will gel into a thick, sticky substance due to the pectin in the • After Thomas died in 1903, his son Charles Welch peel. This quince jelly was popular during sea voyages followed in his footsteps, but instead of selling it to because it kept well and supplied sailors with vitamin churches, he began to sell it to the general populace, C. hawking it as a healthy fruit drink. By 1909 Charles • According to legend, when a ship ran aground off the Welch was selling a million gallons a year. coast of Scotland near Dundee, its load of oranges was • When Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan going to spoil, so the local residents had a heyday with served grape juice instead of wine at a high-toned the windfall. One enterprising woman named Janet diplomatic dinner in 1914, the newspapers had a field Keiller, wanting to preserve the oranges before they day and Welch’s juice got much free publicity. rotted, experimented with making quince jelly with oranges instead of quince, dropping chunks of orange • In 1914, the U.S. Navy forbade the consumption of alcoholic beverages on board ships, and supplied peel into the mix. the sailors with Charles’ grape juice instead. Charles • Whether or not the story is true, Dundee, Scotland be- added jellies and jams to his product line and the encame the headquarters for production of this type of tire supply of “Grapelade” (grape marmalade) was orange jam when a factory was opened there in 1797. purchased by the U.S. Army during World War I. Since then, oranges have become associated with the When soldiers returned home, they asked their local jelly more than quinces, although it is also made with stores to stock the products. limes, grapefruit, and strawberries. • When Prohibition kicked in, sales of the grape juice • This jam-like treat got its name from the Portuguese really took off. Today Thomas and Charles Welch’s word for quince, “marmelo” a word that derives from last name is synonymous with juice, jam, and jelly. the Latin word “melimelum” meaning “honey apple.” • Welch’s Food Inc. is still located in Concord, MasToday it’s called marmalade. sachusetts, and has been owned and operated by the • The widespread mass marketing of jelly in the U.S. be- National Grape Cooperative Association since 1956. gan with Thomas Welch, who was a dentist, a minister, In addition to a variety of juices, jellies, and jams, and prohibitionist in the 1800s. He felt it was hypocriti- they now also manufacture several kinds of soda pop cal for churches to oppose the consumption of alcohol as well as fruit snacks. while still offering real wine for communion.
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by Samantha Weaver
• It was noted American science fiction author Philip K. Dick who made the following sage observation: "Reality is that which, when you stop believing in it, doesn't go away." • You might be surprised to learn that when Hernan Cortes reached the New World in the 1600s, he found the Aztecs drinking hot chocolate at their banquets. • The World Health Organization does not include cockroaches on its list of insects hazardous to human health. • Are you afraid of rattlesnakes? Those are certainly dangerous creatures, but keep in mind that the venom of a black widow spider is 15 times deadlier than that of the rattler -- and the spider doesn't provide an early-warning alarm like the rattler does. • The name for that lovely lavender stone, amethyst, is derived from the Greek term for "not drunk." • You probably knew that cats were revered in ancient Egypt, but did you know that when a domestic cat died, the family went into mourning? Yep. People would shave their eyebrows to demonstrate their grief over the passing of their beloved pet. • If you're like the average American, you eat roughly 17 pounds of potato chips every year. • Way back in 1879, the Cincinnati Gazette predicted that the game of baseball had "run its course." • Singer and songwriter Roger Miller, best known for his hit song "King of the Road," had a passion for music early, even though his family was poor. When he was in grade school, he spent his weekends picking cotton so he could save up enough money to buy a guitar. After eighth grade he quit school and went to work herding cattle and riding in rodeos. *** Thought for the Day: "It is better to sleep on things beforehand than lie awake about them afterwards." -- Baltasar Gracian © 2018 King Features Synd., Inc.
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(Answers located further back)
September 24, 2018
• If you have wood floors, you might already know about felt furniture pads, the little self-stick felt circles you can add to the legs of furniture to reduce scratches on your floors. You might not know that these same pads can reduce scuff marks that appliances make on countertops. It also makes it easier to scoot around a heavy mixer or other appliance. • Got tired, achy and possibly stinky feet? Mix 1/2 cup vinegar and a chamomile tea bag in a pan of medium-hot water. Soak for up to 10 minutes. Follow up with foot powder or deodorant. • Buy cheap razors from the dollar store to de-pill knits that are starting to show wear. The razors shave the bumps right off. • R.W. in Washington writes: “Prevent loss of hot water in case of a leak. Turn the handle to cold water position, then cold water not hot water is lost.” • “I have an awesome cutting board that fits right over my sink. My husband made it for me out of a piece of butcher block. The best thing about it is that it has a slight grade to the back, so if I’m cutting something like watermelon that leaks liquid, it runs off to the back and into the sink. It’s great!” — C.A. in Texas • If you have mildew on walls, try cleaning it off with a stiff brush and vinegar. Put a 50-50 vinegar and water mix in a spray bottle and spray liberally. Use the brush to get everything off and then use a clean rag to wipe clear. Allow to dry thoroughly. Send your tips to Now Here’s a Tip, 628 Virginia Drive, Orlando, FL 32803.
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• In the early 1960s, Sten Thulin was working for the Celloplast company in Sweden when he developed a method of forming a one-piece bag by folding, welding and die-cutting a flat tube of plastic in order to turn out a simple plastic bag with handles. Patented in 1965, Celloplast had a monopoly on the iconic “T-shirt” plastic grocery bag. • In the U.S., Exxon Mobile challenged Celloplast’s U.S. patent, and it was overturned in 1977. The first plastic bags showed up in stores in 1979, and by the 1980s, many firms in the U.S. were manufacturing them. • Kroger began offering shoppers the choice between “paper or plastic” in 1982, followed by Safeway. Because 1,000 plastic bags cost $24, while the same number of paper bags cost $30, they caught on quickly. By the end of 1985, 75% of supermarkets were offering plastic bags to their customers. • Many customers still preferred paper bags because they would stand upright in the trunks of cars. Plastic held just 25% of the market, but within the next decade, the plastic bag had captured 80% of the market. Plastic bags were waterproof, able to contain up to 1,000 times their own weight, and easier to carry. • Today Americans use around 100 billion plastic bags each year, amounting to almost one bag per person per day. Laid end-to-end, they could circle the equator 1,330 times. Worldwide, it’s estimated that 1 trillion bags are used annually. • The bags are made from high-density polyethylene, or #2-type plastic, which is the same kind used to produce many types of plastic bottles. #2 plastic can be recycled and re-used, but it does not break down in the environment. • In 2007, San Francisco became the first U.S. city to ban plastic grocery bags, followed by the entire state of California in 2016. ...continued
PLASTIC BAGS (continued):
DIFFERENCES: 1. Container is missing. 2. Hair is shorter. 3. Belt is missing. 4. Suspenders are missing. 5. Sign is missing. 6. Cash register is smaller. © 2018 King Features Synd., All rights reserved.
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• Mumbai, India, banned plastic bags because they block storm drains and made monsoon flooding Answer: worse. Dell. Ireland put a 15¢ fee on every plastic bag, and use of the bags dropped by 94% A VERY LARGE NUMBER within weeks. When China banned plastic bags • Edward Kasner was a mathematician. altogether, it’s estimated that they saved In 1.61938 milhe was asked to come up with a name for a lion tons of oil in the first year. very large number: the numeral one, followed • Only 5% of plastic are recycled in the U.S. byabout a hundred zeros. bags He asked his two young nephews what name they would suggest. PLASTIC BOTTLES • Nine-year-old suggested a name • The polyethylene Milton terephthalate (“PET”) bottle out of the funnies. A cartoon strip character was invented in 1973. Prior to 1973, soda pop very popular. Milton andnamed otherBarney liquid was items were packaged inchose glass Barney’s last name for the number. bottles, which were heavy and prone to breaking • Kasner announced theisnew name the that big during transport. PET a type of for plastic number in his next book, altering the spelling. does not explode under the pressure of contain• Sixty years later, Larry Page and Sergey Brin ing carbonated beverages. developed a new internet searchcontainers engine. Other • Today about a third of beverage sold search engines searched each webpage and in the U.S. are made of PET, otherwise known ranked them according to how many times a as specific plastic type #1 at recycling centers. Recycled term appeared on them, but Page and PET containers used to make synthetic fleece Brin designedare their search engine to search for clothing, straps, paintbrush bristles, sleeping bag the specific term and then find out how many filler, t-shirts, furniture, andtonew links there carpets, were that led back thatbottles. page, Still, onlyresulted about 25% PETsearch bottlesengine. are recycled. which in a of better • 55 billiondecided PET bottles could have been recy• They theythatneeded a name that reflected how many websites the search cled end up in American landfills each year. The engine was searching. tookwould the name energy contained in thoseThey bottles have of enough Edward energy Kasner’s veryand large number, only been to heat light 1.2 million they misspelled slightly, so ithave ended up being homes for a year. itThey could been made spelled exactly the same way the cartoon into enough polyester to knit three sweaters for character Barney spelled his last name. What’s every resident of the U.S. It takes only five reit called? (Answer at bottom of page) cycled two-liter bottles to make enough fiberfill COMPUTER FACTS for one ski jacket. • In 1981 Bill Gates said, of memory • Americans recycle 23% of “640 their kb glass, 34% of ought to be enough for anybody.” metals, and 55% of paper, but only 7% of plastic. • Moore’s Lawrecycle states that performance People in Japan 77%computer of their plastic. States doubles every 18 to 24 months, and ever since with bottle bills have recycling rates double the 1971, this has been true. amount of states without them. Michigan charges • HP, Microsoft, and and Apple were 10¢ forGoogle, every PET bottle sold, 90% are all restarted in garages. turned. California recovers 75% of their bottles. Answer: Google, from googol.
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