Tidbits of Grand Forks - November 22, 2018 by Tidbits of Grand Forks - East Grand Forks

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Issue # 1,095

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ONIONS by Janet Spencer

Onions are the sixth most popular vegetable crop in the world. In the U.S. onions are the third most consumed fresh vegetable, coming in after the potato and the tomato. Come along with Tidbits as we cut some onions!

WONDERFUL ONIONS

• The onion is a vegetable that belongs to the genus Allium. “Allium” is Latin for garlic, and the allium genus includes garlic, scallions, shallots, leeks, and chives. Around 750 plants belong to the Allium genus. Some are edible and others ornamental. • The word “onion” springs from the Latin word unio meaning “one” or “unity.” • Onions probably originated in central Asia, and their cultivation began around 7,000 years ago. Archeologists have found traces of onions dating back to 5000 B.C., found in Bronze Age settlements. • Egyptians considered onions an object of worship, symbolizing eternity because of their concentric circles. Paintings of onions appear on the walls of the pyramids. Egypt’s King Ramses IV died in 1160 B.C. and was entombed with onions covering his eyes. • Excavators of the doomed city Pompeii, wiped out when Mount Vesuvius erupted in AD 79, found gardens where onions had been growing. The bulbs had left behind telltale cavities in the ground. Turn the page for more!

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Quiz Bits

4. How many pairs of ribs does a human being have? 5. What was the name of Norm’s 1. T or F: Cattle who eat wild wife on the popular TV sitcom onions will yield milk that “Cheers”? tastes like onions. 6. Name the song that contains this 2. This company which manufaclyric: “Its been a mystery, and tures salsas and picante sauce is still they try to see, why somethe largest consumer of onions thin’ so good can hurt so bad.” in the U.S. Name it. 7. Who was the first U.S. Presi3. What was the first animated dent to appear on TV? series made for prime-time TRIVIA network television? SPONSORED BY:

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ONIONS (cont.):

• Onions range in size from pearl onions that are less than an inch wide to yellow onions that are often over 4 inches wide. The world’s biggest onion was grown by a British a farmer in 2014. It weighed 18 lb 11.84 oz and was larger than his head. It measured 32 inches at its circumference and spent 11 months growing in his backyard greenhouse. • Onions can be yellow, red, or white, but 87% of onions grown and consumed in the U.S. are yellow. Worldwide, 75% of onions grown are yellow. • Flavonoids are phytonutrients (plant chemicals) found in fruits and vegetables that give them their color. Flavonoids are antioxidants with anti-inflammatory and immune system benefits. Yellow onions have the highest total flavonoid content of any type of onion, amounting to 11 times higher than white onions. • Onions are grown commercially in more than 20 U.S. states from coast to coast by about 500 commercial growers, all of whom also raise other crops. The top onion-producing states are California, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. • U.S. farmers plant about 125,000 acres of onions each year resulting in a harvest of about 6.75 billion pounds a year. This amounts to 7% of the world’s supply. World onion production is estimated at approximately 105 billion pounds each year. Top onion-exporting countries include the Netherlands, China, Mexico, India, Iran, Russia, Pakistan, and Turkey. • With an average onion containing only 64 calories, they add a lot of flavor without adding calories. Onions contain vitamin C, folic acid, calcium, and iron. They are low in sodium and contain no fat. ...continued

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CRYING OVER SLICED ONIONS

• When you slice a raw onion open, it releases an enzyme called lachrymatory-factor synthase, from the Latin word lacrima meaning “tear” which is also the root of the word “lachrymose” meaning “tearful.” Anything that causes the formation of tears is called lachrymatory, including tear gas. When the lachrymatory-factor synthase is exposed, it reacts with amino acids contained in the onion. The combination of the two chemicals are then converted into sulfenic acids, which spontaneously form syn-propanethial-S-oxide, which floats through the air, lands on your cornea, irritates the nerve fibers in the lachrymal glands (tear ducts), and triggers tears. Why do onions contain these chemicals? As a deterrent, to prevent animals and insects from eating it. • Onions grown in sandy loams that are naturally low in sulfur content will result in onions that are less pungent than those grown in clay soils which are high in sulfur content. The Vidalia onion, grown in the 20-county region around the town of Vidalia, Georgia, is particularly sweet because the sandy soil it grows in is very low in sulfur content. The Vidalia onion was named the Georgia State Vegetable in 1990. Onions that are grown outside the specified 20 counties cannot by law be called Vidalia onions. • The Walla Walla onion is another sweet-tasting low-sulfur onion, named for Walla Walla County in Washington where it is grown. It was developed by selecting and cross breeding the sweetest tasting onions in every crop, starting in the year 1900. The Walla Walla onion is the official Washington State Vegetable. Both Vidalia, Georgia and Walla Walla, Washington sponsor onion festivals every year, including onion eating contests.

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...continued

*Answer located further back in this issue.

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• On Nov. 26, 1872, the Great Diamond Hoax, one of the most notorious mining swindles of the time, is exposed. Two Kentucky cousins had salted a mine with a few diamonds, and bank financiers rushed to invest. Some of the supposed raw diamonds actually had jewelers' cut marks. • On Nov. 28, 1914, the New York Stock Exchange reopens for bond trading after being closed nearly four months because of the outbreak of World War I. Stock trading didn't resume until Dec. 12. • On Dec. 1, 1939, golfing great Lee Trevino is born in Texas. Trevino was known as a prankster. While waiting to start an 18-hole playoff against Jack Nicklaus in the 1971 U.S. Open, Trevino threw a rubber snake at his opponent and then won by three strokes. • On Nov. 27, 1942, guitar legend Jimi Hendrix is born in Seattle. He grew up playing guitar, imitating blues greats like Muddy Waters. Hendrix died in London in 1970, following a drug overdose. He was 27. • On Nov. 29, 1963, one week after President John F. Kennedy was fatally shot while riding in a motorcade, President Lyndon Johnson establishes a special commission to investigate the assassination. After 10 months, the Warren Commission concluded that alleged assassin Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone. • On Nov. 30, 1989, female serial killer Aileen Wuornos shoots her first victim, Richard Mallory, in Florida. Over the next year she killed six more men before being picked up in a seedy biker bar in 1991. Wuornos confessed to the killings but claimed self-defense. • On Dec. 2, 2001, the Enron Corporation files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection, sparking one of the largest corporate scandals in U.S. history. Its collapse cost investors billions of dollars, wiped out 5,600 jobs and liquidated $2.1 billion in pension plans.

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4. When was the last time before 2018 that the U.S. women’s hockey team 1. Who holds the majorwon Olympic gold? league record for most consecutive games reach- 5. Which of the following MLB players known for ing base safely at least their longetivity, pitched twice per game? the fewest major-league 2. Through week 11 of this seasons: Tommy John, year’s NFL season, how Jim Kaat, Jesse Orosco, many teams (out of 32) or Nolan Ryan? have a winning record? 3. Name the last NCAA men’s 6. In 1993, what NFL team made off-season trades for college basketball team to Joe Montana and Marcus reach 3 consecutive NCAA Championship games. Allen?

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AVOIDING ONION TEARS (cont.):

• To avoid crying when cutting onions, refrigerate them prior to cutting, and cut them in front of a blowing fan. Leave the root end intact because the base has the highest concentration of sulfur compounds. Cut them as close to cooking or serving time as possible because the flavor deteriorates and the aroma intensifies over time. High heat makes onions bitter so use low or medium heat when sautéing them. To get rid of onion breath, chew a sprig of parsley.

• Onions and garlic, as well as all other members of the Allium family, are toxic to dogs, cats, guinea pigs, and other animals, causing anemia which can kill. A 45-pound dog would only have to eat one medium-size onion to experience toxic levels; a quarter of a cup would be enough to kill a 20-pound dog. Garlic and onions are toxic to animals whether cooked, raw, or powdered. • Why can people eat onions and garlic while dogs and cats cannot? Onions contain thiosulfate, formed when oxygen molecules bind to sulfur molecules. Thiosulfate gives onions, garlic, skunks, and rotten eggs their odor. In the blood, hemoglobin carries oxygen. Also in the bloodstream are something called reactive sulfhydryl groups. Thiosulfate binds to the reactive sulfhydryl groups and the result is that the hemoglobin starts clumping together. In clumps, the hemoglobin cannot deliver oxygen.

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• The difference between cats, dogs, and humans is that humans have only two types of reactive sulfhydryl groups, whereas dogs have four, and cats have eight. Dog hemoglobin clumps at twice the rate as humans, and cat hemoglobin clumps at four times the rate. The result is a fatal anemia. Humans can metabolize onions while other animals can’t. Symptoms often don’t show up until days after the onions have been eaten.

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*Answer located further back in this issue.

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• Hard candies such as lollipops are made from sugar, corn syrup, water, and flavorings. The ingredients are heated until the sugar melts, and then boiled to evaporate the water. When it cools down, the result is hard candy. • Mitchell altered this recipe by subjecting the molten sugar to pressurized carbon dioxide. This forces tiny bubbles of carbon dioxide into the sugar. Once the sugar cools down, the pressure is released quickly. Sheets of sugar shatter into tiny shards, and each shard still contains trapped bubbles of pressurized carbon dioxide. When the sugar bits are place on the tongue (or in any other liquid) the sugar dissolves, releasing the stillpressurized trapped bubbles with a sizzle and a pop. • Mitchell patented this process in 1956, but it took nearly two decades for the nearly forgotten discovery to be resurrected. Pop Rocks went on the market in 1975. • A pouch of Pop Rocks contains less carbonation than half a can of soda, but in 1979 rumors arose that eating Pop Rocks while drinking soda would result in death when the stomach burst.

Answer

• In 1956 he was working on inventing an instant carbonated drink: a tablet that could be dropped into water to form cola. What he accidentally invented is something called “gasified confections” or “carbonated candy.”

Weekly SUDOKU

• During World War II, tapioca became hard to find because supply lines to the U.S were cut. In 1941 General Foods hired chemist William A. Mitchell, asking him to come up with a substitute for tapioca. Mitchell came up with a somewhat inferior tapioca substitute, which was distributed widely to soldiers. Next, he turned his attention to other things, eventually collecting over 70 patents, all related to food. He had a hand in inventing Jell-O, Tang, Cool-Whip, and Pop Rocks.

• Particularly persistent was the rumor that John Gilchrist, who played “Little Mikey” in an ad for Life cereal at the age of 3 in 1972, had died after eating six packets of Pop Rocks while drinking a six-pack of Coke. Mrs. Gilchrist called John in from the playground one afternoon after receiving a condolence call from one of her friends, who was so sorry to hear about John’s death from exploding carbon dioxide. “He just got home from school,” replied Mrs. Gilchrist to the friend on the phone. John Gilchrist went on to make over 200 commercials for various companies, though the Life cereal ad remained in circulation for 12 years, making it one of the longest continuously running commercial campaigns ever aired. • The “Mythbusters” TV show took on this Pop Rocks/ cola myth during their very first program, proving it false. The combination of Pop Rocks and soda pop will cause some fizzing, belching, and farting, but not death. • Still, General Foods worked hard to squash the rumor. They set up a hotline, took out ads in 45 newspapers, sent letters to 50,000 school principals, and brought inventor William Mitchell out of retirement in order to go out on a speaking tour. • Pop Rocks were removed from the market about that same time that the death rumor came out, fueling speculation. The truth was that General Foods had discovered that Pop Rocks had a limited shelf life before they would go “flat” and lose their sizzle. They were brought back on the market after being reformulated and sold to a new firm. • According to the story, in 1979 a shipment of Pop Rocks in a panel truck went above the maximum allowed temperature of 85 F. All the candy melted, releasing enormous amounts of carbon dioxide. The pressure was great enough to blow the doors of the truck wide open.

Answer

POP ROCKS

King CROSSWORD

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Grand Forks KnightRiders

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KFWS 2018 Holiday Guide - THANKSGIVING

• Turkeys first existed in the eastern U.S. and Mexico, where Aztec Indians were raising them for food as early as 200 B.C. • The Native American name for turkey Depositphotos is “Firkee” • Wild turkeys can fly for short distances up to 55 mph and can run 20 mph. The modern large-breasted turkey bred for the Thanksgiving table is too heavy to fly under most circumstances. • The average weight of a turkey purchased at Thanksgiving is 15 pounds and is about 70 percent white meat and 30 percent dark meat. The heaviest turkey ever raised weighed 86 pounds, about the size of a large dog. • The “turkey trot,” a ballroom dance popular in the early 1900s, was named for the short, jerky steps that turkeys take. • In England, 200 years ago, turkeys were walked to market in herds. They wore booties to protect their feet. • Age is a determining factor in taste. Old, large Toms (males) are preferable to young Toms, as their meat is stringy. The opposite is true for females: Old hens are the tougher birds. • A turkey under 16 weeks of age is called a fryer, while a young roaster is five to seven months old. • Only Tom turkeys gobble, mostly as a mating call. • Turkeys can see in color, but do not see well at night. • Wild turkeys often spend the night in trees. They especially like oak trees. • Turkeys are actually a type of pheasant and are the only breed of poultry native to the Western Hemisphere. • Henry VIII was the first English king to enjoy turkey, and Edward VII made turkey eating fashionable at Christmas. • Israelis eat the most turkey: 28 pounds per person. The average American eats almost 17 pounds of turkey annually.

(Answers located further back)

Talking Turkey

“WISH LIST”

hEADQUARTERS!

by Samantha Weaver

• It was 20th-century American singer and songwriter Bobbie Gentry who made the following sage observation: "Euphemism is a euphemism for lying." • In a match between a 200-pound mountain lion and a 20-pound porcupine, the lion is likely to be the loser -- and probably will die if it tried to take a bite of the desired prey. • The next time you're annoyed by a bad case of the hiccups, consider poor Charles Osborne. In 1922, when he was 28 years old, Mr. Osborne got the hiccups. For the next 68 years, he continued to hiccup, finally stopping in 1990, one year before his death at the age of 97. • Marilyn Monroe's iconic film "Some Like It Hot" (which in 2000 was named the greatest American comedy film of all time by the American Film Institute) originally was titled "Not Tonight, Josephine!" • At one time the Catholic Church considered it sinful to eat a hot dog. • For a nation based on a foundation of democracy, the U.S. certainly has a lot of states (that were originally colonies, of course) named for British royalty or nobility. The state of Virginia, for instance, was named for Queen Elizabeth I, known as the "Virgin Queen"; and Georgia was named in honor of King George II. King Charles II got both North and South Carolina, while the Duke of York and Albany -- later King James II -- was honored when the state of New York was named. Even France got in on the action: When explorer Robert de la Salle claimed a large chunk of territory for France in 1682, he named it Louisiana, after King Louis XIV. *** Thought for the Day: "It is frequently the tragedy of the great artist, as it is of the great scientist, that he frightens the ordinary man." -- Loren Eiseley © 2018 King Features Synd., Inc.

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PLYMOUTH ROCK

• It is called Plymouth Rock because the Pilgrims set sail from Plymouth, England, and named the new settlement after it. Plymouth, England, was named after the Plym River, and the Plym River was named after town of Plympton, which means “plum tree farm.” Here is the full history of Plymouth Rock. • In the heat generated deep underground, rocks melt and become magma. When magma cools, it turns back into rock. These types of molten-turned-solid rocks are called igneous rocks, from the Latin “ignis” meaning “fire” from which we also get “ignite” and “ignition.” • Granite is an igneous rock, from the Latin “granum” meaning “grained” or “grainy” because of its granular appearance. Granite is formed when magma cools very slowly deep underground. Granite forms the foundation of much of the continents and is a signature rock of planet Earth. Other rocky planets – Mercury, Venus, and Mars – are primarily made of basalt. Earth has plenty of basalt, but only Earth has granite. • Granite is composed of three main minerals: quartz, mica, and feldspar. These three minerals slowly separate and crystalize as the molten magma cools, resulting in a tight matrix of interlocking minerals that makes granite so hard and gives it a salt-and-pepper appearance. Different ratios of these three minerals result in different colors of granite, ranging from white to grey to pink. • Additional minerals may be mixed into the granite, resulting in different types of granite-like rocks called “granitics” or “granitoids.” When granite is mixed with another type of igneous mineral conglomerates called diorite, the result is a granitic called granodiorite. • When continents shift, deep layers of rock are lifted and exposed. Erosion removes overlying sediments, and granite that was once buried deep underground is now on top of the surface of the Earth.

PLYMOUTH ROCK (cont):

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• Plymouth Rock began as a slab of granodiorite on the supercontinent called Gondwana perhaps 800Dell. million years ago. As the continents Answer: drifted, Plymouth Rock became a part of the A VERY LARGE NUMBER new continent called Pangaea. As the rift be• Edward Kasner was a mathematician. In 1938 tween continents he was asked togrew, comePlymouth up with aRock namewould for a have had a front row seat to the formation of the very large number: the numeral one, followed ever-growing Atlantic becoming of by a hundred zeros. Ocean, He asked his two part young thenephews new continent nowthey called North America. what name would suggest. • Nine-year-old Miltoncovered suggested name • As a series of glaciers North aAmerica out of the funnies. A cartoon strip character and then retreated, a slab of granodiorite that named Barney very popular. weighed perhapswas 20,000 pounds Milton broke chose away Barney’s last name for the number. due to constant cycles of freezing and thawing • Kasner announced new name for big water. It landed on a the sheet of glacial icethe which number in his next book, altering the spelling. carried it like a raft some hundreds of miles. • Sixtythe years later, Larry Page and10,000 Sergeyyears Brin When last glacier melted about developed a new internet search engine. Other ago, that slab of granodiorite was left on the search engines eachMassachusetts. webpage and shoreline of what searched later became ranked them according to how many times Stones that are carried by glaciers and thena specific term appeared on them, but Page and dropped are called glacial erratics. Plymouth Brin designed their search engine to search for Rock a glacial erratic. the is specific term and then find out how many linksis there were no that led back page, • There absolutely evidence thattothethat Pilgrims which resulted in a better search engine. in the Mayflower landed on Plymouth Rock • Theytheydecided a name that when arrived they in the needed year 1620. The claim reflected how many websites the search was made by a church elder 121 years after the engine was searching. tookfather, the name fact. The 94-year-old manThey said his who of Edward Kasner’s very large number, only had been aboard the Mayflower, told him that. they misspelled it slightly, so it ended up being • There is farexactly more accurate evidence that cartoon the Pilspelled the same way the grims actually landed on Cape Cod, at theWhat’s point character Barney spelled his last name. it called? (Answer at bottom page)later they that is now Provincetown, MA.of Weeks sailed to Plymouth Harbor because COMPUTER FACTS it was a better port, and no one knows for sure anyone • In 1981 Bill Gates said, “640 kb that of memory ever set to foot Plymouth Rock. The Pilgrims ought be on enough for anybody.” did not refer to it in any of their writings. • Moore’s Law states that computer performance doubles to 24 months, ever since • Today onlyevery about18one-third of theand original rock 1971, this has been true. remains, after portions were chipped off as souvenirs. It’s aboutMicrosoft, the size of a bear. nowalla • HP, Google, and AppleIt’s were started in garages. part of Pilgrim Memorial State Park in Plymouth, MA.Google, About from a million people a year visit. Answer: googol.

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6. Who’s Crying 1. True 2. Pace Foods Now, by 3. The FlintJourney (1981) 7. Franklin D. stones 4. 12 (24 ribs) Roosevelt 5. Vera (1939)

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Sports Answers 1. Boston’s Ted 5. Orosco (24), Kaat (25), Williams, with John (26), 21 games. Ryan (27) 2. Only 11 6. Kansas City 3. Kentucky Chiefs (1996-98). 4. 1998

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