Tidbits of Grand Forks - April 25 by Tidbits of Grand Forks - East Grand Forks

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PUNCTUATION by Janet Spencer

Come along with Tidbits as we punctuate!

LITTLE DOTS

• Aristophanes of Byzantium was a librarian at the Egyptian library of Alexandria in the third . Get to a better State Double Check. It could century B.C. when he noticed a problem with coulda save you big. Get StateItabout Farm. Discount Double Check . Grand Forks, ND 58201 Get State Farm. save you big. TODAY. MEyou TODAY. ItCALL couldME save big. 701-746-0495 CALL MECONTACT TODAY. the current method of writing. At the time, CONTACT ME TODAY. CONTACT ME TODAY. sharonopdahl.com writing was done on scrolls. The characters would run left to right on one line, then right to left on the next line, continuing in this zigzag pattern to the end. There were no spaces or breaks in between the words or separating the State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company State FarmCompany, Mutual Automobile Insurance Company Bloomington, IL 1301900State Farm Indemnity State Farm Indemnity Company, Bloomington, IL sentences. People trying to read these scrolls out loud had a hard time. Aristophanes invented a simple system of dots to indicate pauses and phrases in order to make scrolls easier to Carpet Cleaning read aloud. www.elitecarpetsgf.com • A dot in the middle of the line indicated a place Carpet Cleaning • Carpet where someone reading out loud should pause Cleaning SPECIAL! to take a breath, and it was called a “komma,” Upholstery $199 •Cleaning the Greek word meaning “clause.” A dot at 5 Rooms, Hallway the bottom of the line indicated where a read& 1 Stairway • Water O F G RAN D FerO RKshould S • E AST G RAN D F O RK S Not valid with any other offer. take a longer pause. It was called Extraction Expires 5-31-19 a “kolon” meaning “verse” and indicated a Residential & Published by Wick Publications Commercial break in between two clauses. A dot at the top of the line was called a “periodos” meaning “segment” and indicated a full-stop pause at 701-775-8500 the conclusion of the written sentence. This system of dots became our comma, colon, and period. It was the first punctuation. 1506562

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4. In what year was the Beatles’ song “Yesterday” released? 5. In the game of Monopoly, what happens if you roll doubles three times in a row? 6. Name the rock song that contains this lyric: “White lights, strange city, mad music all around....” 7. What is the capital city of Jamaica? TRIVIA SPONSORED BY:

1. What punctuation mark comes from the Greek word meaning “little star”? 2. What punctuation mark was known for centuries as “a point of interrogation” and didn’t get its modern name until 1905? 3. What is the name of the teapot character in the movie “Beauty and the Beast”?

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• In the years before there were spaces placed between letters, a small curved mark would often be placed underneath letters to indicate which word they belonged to where it would otherwise cause confusion. For example, “susanalbumparty” is confusing until marks are added to indicate which letters belong to which words: “susan‿album‿party.” The Greek word “hypo” means “under” (as in “hypodermic” meaning “under the skin”) and “hen” means “one.” This is the origin of the hyphen, a mark originally underneath a word, now located right in-between words. • It wasn’t until the 8th century that writers began adding spaces in between words, largely in response to the difficulty that Irish and Scottish monks had when they were copying Bibles written in Latin without knowing Latin themselves. • Charlemagne commissioned scholars to make reading and writing easier for the proletariat, and that’s when upper case and lower case letters were invented. • A particular typeface is called a “font” from the French word “fonte” meaning “to melt” or “to pour out.” This is the same root word for “fountain,” “foundry,” and “fondue.” In the early days of printing, and later when typewriters were invented, the letters were made of metal, with molten metal being poured into molds to create individual letters in an entire collection of moveable type. • Printers kept their different fonts inside cases. Capital letters were put in the top part of the case, leading to the terms “upper case” and “lower case.” • The exclamation point comes from the Latin word “io,” meaning “an exclamation of joy.” It was written vertically within a single space, with a lowercase I over a lowercase O. Eventually the O was abbreviated to a dot and the exclamation ...continued point was born! CENTRAL AVENUE

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SQUIGGLES & TITTLES

• In Latin, when they wrote a query, they’d finish it with the word “questio” which was abbreviated “qo.” Eventually, they put the abbreviation into a single space, with the lowercase “q” on top of the lowercase “O.” As time went on, people made the “q” a tailed loop, and the O turned into a dot. This turned into the question mark. • The tilde is a squiggly line ~ whose name comes from the Latin “titulus” meaning “title.” The tilde means “approximately”: ~42 means “approximately 42.” • In the Roman language, “libra pondo” meant one pound in weight, where “libra” meant “scales” and “pondo” came from “pendere” meaning “to weigh.” The Romans abbreviated “libra pondo” as “lb” with a line drawn horizontally through the two letters at the top. The little line is called a “tittle,” which indicates an abbreviation. Eventually, it became easier just to write the symbol “#” instead of spelling out the two letters lb and drawing a line through them. Today we still abbreviate pound as “lb” and the hashtag # originally designated weight in pounds. • The term “libra pondo” expanded into other languages, becoming the French “livre,” the Italian “lira,” the British “pound,” and the German “pfund.” Charlemagne decreed that a single pound of silver should be minted into 240 coins, and today Britain still counts its money in pounds sterling, abbreviated as the stylized L that hearkens back to libra pondo: £ with the “L” standing for “libra” and the tittle indicating an abbreviation. • The # symbol is known variously as the pound sign, the number sign, or a hashtag, but its official name is “octothorpe.” The “octo” denotes the eight points, and “thorpe” comes from the Old English word meaning village. This is because the symbol resembles eight villager’s fields surrounding a village square. ...cont'd Since 1997

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• Greek and Roman merchants shipped goods such as grain, olives, wine, and oil in vase-like vessels called “amphora.” An amphora indicated not only the container but also the weight of the goods inside the container. The word derives from the Greek terms “amphi” meaning “on both sides,” indicating the two handles on the container, and “phoreus” meaning “carrier.” It was customary to abbreviate any word with the first letter of that word combined with a tittle to indicate an abbreviation. So the abbreviation for how many amphorae of goods had been delivered would have looked like this: ā. Through sloppy handwriting done in a rush, it eventually started to be written as @. The @ sign became universally used by merchants meaning “at the rate of,” such as: “John bought 13 kegs of apples @ $20 per keg.” • In 1971 when an engineer was working on developing the world’s first e-mail system, he needed a symbol to separate the name of the sender from the name of the system. He chose the “@” symbol because it was not commonly used. The symbol doesn’t have a name other than “the ‘at’ symbol” or “the commercial ‘at’” but in other languages it’s referred to as “elephant’s trunk” in Swedish; “monkey’s tail” in Dutch; “spider monkey” in German; and “strudel” in Hebrew.

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• The Latin word for “and” is “et.” Scribes abbreviated “et” with a stylized rounded capital E that looked like a backwards 3, plus an overlapping small case letter “t.” This symbol eventually morphed into the ampersand symbol: “&”. The word “ampersand” derives from the Latin phrase “per se” meaning “by itself” combined with the word “and.” Throughout the 1800s, the ampersand sign was treated as the 27th letter of the alphabet. Schoolchildren reciting the alphabet would follow “X Y Z” with “and, per se, And” denoting the symbol &.

*Answer located further back in this issue.

• On May 5, 1821, Napoleon Bonaparte, the French military leader who once ruled an empire that stretched across Europe, dies as a British prisoner on the remote island of Saint Helena in the southern Atlantic Ocean. His body was returned to Paris in 1840. • On May 4, 1886, a peaceful labor protest in Haymarket Square in Chicago turns into a riot, leaving more than 100 wounded and eight police officers dead. Seven of the eight fatalities and the most of injuries were caused by shots fired by fellow officers. • On May 2, 1933, the modern legend of Scotland's Loch Ness Monster is born when a newspaper reports a couple's sighting of "an enormous animal rolling and plunging on the surface" of the lake. The "monster" became a media phenomenon, and a circus offered a huge reward for the beast's capture. • On April 30, 1945, holed up in a bunker under his headquarters in Berlin, Adolf Hitler commits suicide by swallowing a cyanide capsule and shooting himself in the head. Soon after, Germany unconditionally surrendered, ending Hitler's dreams of a "1,000-year" Reich. • On May 3, 1951, the Senate Armed Services and Foreign Relations committees begin hearings into the dismissal of Gen. Douglas MacArthur by President Harry Truman. The American public liked MacArthur's tough stance on communism, and he returned home to a hero's welcome. • On April 29, 1968, the musical "Hair" premieres on Broadway. The show featured a much-talked-about scene in which the cast appeared nude on the dimly lit stage. "Hair" quickly became not just a smash hit, but a cultural phenomenon. • On May 1, 1991, Oakland Athletics outfielder Rickey Henderson steals his 939th base to break Lou Brock's career record. Henderson would steal a 1,406 bases in his major league career, almost 500 more than the next closest player.

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Remarkable People

NOAH WEBSTER

• For the next one hundred years, Webster's book was the top-selling American book. It sold 15 million copies by 1837, and 60 million by 1890. Over the course of his lifetime, 385 editions were published. Webster received one-half cent in royalties for every copy sold. This income allowed him to pursue his other passion: spelling reform.

• Noah Webster was born in Connecticut in 1758, not long before the American Colonies started to agitate for freedom from England. He attended an overcrowded one-room schoolhouse. It was a miserable experience for him that colored his opinion of the school system for the rest of his life. Still, he managed • Webster felt that language was constantly evolving, to graduate from Yale in 1778, after taking some time and spelling should evolve too. He was tired of the out from his studies to fight in the Revolutionary War. confusing British method of spelling. He set out to standardize the American lexicon, since Americans • Next, he became a lawyer but couldn’t find enough spoke many dialects in which they spelled, prowork. He became a school master instead. Now he nounced, and used words differently. Webster learned was back to remembering all the problems with the to speak 28 languages so he could understand the oriAmerican school system: crowded classes, low pay, gins of language. He then spent the next 20 years asand poor teaching materials. One of his biggest issembling the first American language dictionary, in sues was that the only text books the which he instigated sweeping spelling reforms. students had access to were all pub-

lished in England. They glorified Eng• Webster changed “c” to “s” in many words like “delish culture while ignoring all things fense”; swapped “re” for “er” in words like “cenAmerican, and they adhered to confuster”; turned “ou” into “o” in words like “favor”; and ing and archaic spelling rules followed dropped double consonants in words like “travelby the English aristocracy. Webster ing”. “Plough” became “plow”; “draught” turned thought that American schoolchildren should learn into “draft”; and “publick” became “public.” Other from American books written by American authors. reformed words failed to catch on: “wimmen” and Since there were none available, he set out to write “tung” and “masheen.” He also added entirely new, them himself. all-American words such as skunk, hickory, and chowder. • He subsequently published a three-volume set: a

Answer

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Answer

King CROSSWORD

spelling book published in 1783, a grammar book • When his dictionary was published in 1806, it sold published in 1784, and a reader published in 1785. only 2,500 copies. He began work on a new, improved dictionary but was forced to mortgage his home to • Webster’s “American Spelling Book” was arranged raise funds, and was thereafter plagued with debt for to teach students in an easy, organized progression: it the rest of his life. Noah Webster died in 1843, two started with the alphabet; moved into the phonetics of years after the 3rd edition of his dictionary was pubsounding out vowels, consonants, and syllables; prolished. Webster’s passion for spelling resulted in the ceeded into a series of increasingly complex words; creation of a popular new contest known as the spelland concluded with simple sentences. This was a reving bee. olutionary new approach.

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April 15, 2019

• To keep bugs off your camp table, bring four tuna- or cat-food cans that are clean. Set each table leg into a can and fill halfway with water. • “It’s about time to store my calf boots, as spring is warming things up. I don’t want them to fall over, causing creases that can stress the fabric and create tears or otherwise ruin decent boots. So, I tape together two or three paper towel cores and set the whole thing down inside my winter boots to help them stay upright in storage.” — R.F. in Missouri • Stuff wet shoes with newspaper to absorb the moisture. It not only cuts down on drying time, but helps absorb odors too. • Did you know that popcorn has a lot of insoluble fiber, which makes it a good snack if you’re suffering from constipation. One caveat, though. Make sure you drink plenty of clear fluids, and don’t add extra salt! • If you have trouble poaching eggs, add a bit of white vinegar to the boil water. The acidic additive will help the eggs set and retain their shape. Also, add the egg slowly — don’t just plop it in the water. • “Condiment squeeze containers are great for lots of other things, like paints, cooking oil and even frosting. The squirt tip allows a little more precision for decorating, but you don’t want your sweet stuff to taste savory with the leftover mustard. Clean out the container well with soap and water. Add a couple of teaspoons of baking soda and some warm water. Let sit overnight and then rinse well. Allow to air dry before filling.” — T.I. in Washington Send your tips to Now Here’s a Tip, 628 Virginia Drive, Orlando, FL 32803.

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• The town of Llanfair in Wales is also known by its Welsh name, Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantsiliogogogoch. Roughly translated, this means, "Saint Mary's Church in a hollow of white hazel, close to a whirlpool and Saint Tysilo's Church and near a red cave." The sign at the railway station that has the town's name is 20 feet long. • Those who study such things say that cockroaches can run as fast as 3 mph. • You probably don't realize it — and you certainly don't notice it — but experts claim that the Atlantic Ocean is getting about 1 centimeter bigger every year, and the Pacific Ocean is shrinking by the same amount. It's due to continental drift, they say. • Linguists say that American English has roughly 20 swear words (depending, of course, on how one defines swearing). In contrast, residents of ancient Rome had a lexicon of about 800 socalled "dirty" words to draw upon. • The tuatara is a lizard that can be found in New Zealand. Its claim to fame? It has a third eye, located on the top of its head. • If you counted up all the McDonald's, Dunkin' Donuts, Pizza Hut, Burger King, Domino's Pizza, Kentucky Fried Chicken, Wendy's and Taco Bell locations in the United States and added them together, you still wouldn't reach the number of pharmacy locations across the country. *** Thought for the Day: "I am free of all prejudices. I hate everyone equally." -- W. C. Fields © 2019 King Features Synd., Inc.

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NAMES OF COUNTRIES

• Simón Bolívar was a Venezuelan military leader who fought in the Spanish American wars of independence. Bolivia is now named after him. • Colombia was named after Christopher Columbus. • The word “America” springs from the name of Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci, the person credited with realizing that the continent the Europeans bumped into in the late 1400s was not India. • France comes from the old Germanic word “frankon” which meant a javelin or a lance, but it’s not certain whether the weapon’s name came from the name of the people, or if the people were named for the weapon. • The Greeks, suspecting there was a land down under, called it Terra Australis Incognita, meaning “unknown southern land” which became Australia. • Sierra Leone means literally “lion mountains” in Spanish, named by Portuguese explorer Pedro de Sintra in 1462. • The Tuareg tribe inhabits the regions around the Sahara Desert. Their word “aginaw” means “black people” and turned into “Guinea.” The Malaysian word “pepuah” meaning “frizzy hair” is likely to be the origin of “papua” giving us Papua New Guinea.

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• The Arabic words “al-Jazair” means “the islands” referring to several small islands that were once located in the bay of what is now called Algeria. • Although there are about 25 countries named after men, there are few named after women, one being St. Lucia, a Caribbean island named for Saint Lucy, a Christian martyr who was murdered around the year 300 A.D. ...cont'd

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NAMES OF COUNTRIES (cont.)

DIFFERENCES: 1. Girl's bow is bigger. 2. Socks are different. 3. Teacher's dress has buttons. 4. Extra apple is on desk. 5. Blackboard is smaller. 6. Girl's left hand is shown. © 2019 King Features Synd., All rights reserved.

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• The Philippines are named after Spain’s 16thcentury King Philip II. Dell. • Answer: Swaziland is named for the Swazi people, who are said to get theirLARGE name from the 19th-century A VERY NUMBER Mswati II. was a mathematician. In 1938 •king Edward Kasner he was comes asked to come withword a name for a • Tobago from theup Carib “tavaco” very large number: the numeral one, followed denoting the pipe in which they smoked tobaca hundred zeros. He asked his two young cobyleaves. nephews what name they would suggest. • While on an expedition along the coast of South • Nine-year-old Milton suggested a name America, Amerigo houses built out of the funnies.Vespucci A cartoonsaw strip character over the Barney water, which reminded of Venice, named was very popular.him Milton chose soBarney’s he named the land Venezuela. last name for the number. • The Huron-Iroquois word • Kasner announced the new “kanata” name for meaning the big number in his next book, altering the spelling. “village” or “settlement” gave us Canada. • Sixty years later, Larry and word Sergey“libre” Brin • Liberia comes from thePage Latin developed a new internet search engine. Other meaning “free.” search engines searched each webpage and • The Indo-European ranked them accordingword to how“alb” many meaning times a “mountain” gives us Albania. specific term appeared on them, but Page and BrinSpanish designed their“argentine” search engine to search for • The word means “silvery” the specific term and then find out how many and resulted in Argentina, a land where Spanlinks there were that led back to that page, ish explorers noted thesearch natives wore much which resulted in a that better engine. silver jewelry. • They decided they needed a name that • The Spanishhow phrase “bajawebsites mar” means reflected many the “shallow search engine They took the name sea” and was may searching. be the origin of the Bahamas. of Edward Kasner’s very large number, only • Barbados is a Spanish word meaning “beardthey misspelled it slightly, so it ended up being ed.” spelled exactly the same way the cartoon character Barney his last name.“shrimp” What’s • The German wordspelled “kamerun” means it called? (Answer bottom of page) and Cameroon is aatplace where many shrimp were found.COMPUTER FACTS •The In 1981 Bill Gates “640 word kb of memory • African Kanurisaid, tribe’s meaning ought to be enough for anybody.” “lake” is “tsade” which became Chad. • Moore’s states that coast” computer performance • Costa RicaLaw means “rich in Spanish. doubles every 18 to 24 months, and ever since • Nauru, an island northeast 1971, this has been true. of Australia, is renamed after the •portedly HP, Google, Microsoft, andindigenous Apple wereword all “anáoero,” meaning “I go to the beach.” started in garages. Answer: Google, fromREADING googol. TIDBITS! THANKS FOR

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