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4. Diamonds are mostly made of which element? 5. Which one of Charles Dickens’ 1. Two-thirds of the iron in the novels features a character human body is stored in the named Pip? blood. Where is the rest of the 6. What was the name of the iron stored? high school on the TV show 2. Name the only part of the body Happy Days? that does not have a direct 7. Which year did the popular blood supply. children’s show Sesame Street 3. In which American city did the debut on PBS? Great Molasses Flood occur in TRIVIA 1919? SPONSORED BY:

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BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS (cont.)

• Austrian pathologist Karl Landsteiner researched why blood transfusions would sometimes kill the recipient, and other times would save them. In 1901 he took blood samples from various people and added them to blood samples drawn from other people. Sometimes the red cells clumped up, sometimes they burst, and sometimes nothing happened. Landsteiner first thought that some blood was “sick” and other blood was “healthy” but further research showed that there were different types of blood, which he labeled type A, type B, and type C. He then studied the different blood types, laying the groundwork for much that was to come. • A red blood cell is shaped like a flattened donut without the hole. A protein inside the red blood cell called hemoglobin collects oxygen in the lungs, delivers it to the body’s cells, and then carries carbon dioxide away, to be exhaled through the lungs. But there are different types of red blood cells, determined by different types of proteins that adhere to the outer surface of the flattened donut, like different types of sprinkles: Type A blood has a certain kind of proteins that stick to the outside of the red blood cells, and Type B blood has a different kind of proteins sticking to the cells. If a person with Type A blood receives Type B blood in a transfusion, or vice-versa, it triggers an immune response. • Landsteiner thought Type C blood had a third kind of protein sticking to the red blood cells, but later found it has no proteins sticking to it at all—it’s a flattened donut without any sprinkles. Then he found a fourth kind of blood, which had both Type A protein and Type B protein adhering to it. He called this Type AB blood. Landsteiner realized he needed to re-name his Type C blood in order to indicate that this type of blood has no proteins sticking to it at all. He re-named it Type O. ...continued

FULL FAMILY CARE Infants to Adults

*Answer located further back in this issue.

GRAND FORKS WEEKLY

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BEGINS MAY 13TH • Place yard waste on berm only (not in alleys) for weekly collection on your garbage day. • NO PLASTIC BAGS - we compost! • Instead utilize open containers (32 Gallons or less), cardboard boxes, or paper bags. Compost sites are also for your convenience. Please help us keep them tidy.

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SPORTS QUIZ 1. Six pitchers have won an MVP Award in majorleague baseball since 1972. Name three of them. 2. Barry Bonds (762), Babe Ruth (714) and Ken Griffey Jr. (630) are the top three left-handed hitters on the career home run list in MLB. Who is No. 4? 3. Which two golfers have won the PGA’s Pebble Beach Pro-Am the most times?

4. When was the last time before 2015-16 that the Wash. Redskins had backto-back winning seasons? 5. In 2019, Colorado’s Gabriel Landeskog became the second player in the 2011 NHL draft class to reach the 400-point mark for his career. Who was the first from that class to do it? 6. What is the most goals scored by a team in a FIFA Women’s World Cup Championship game?

BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS (cont.)

• Since Type O blood has no proteins, it can be given to people of all blood types without triggering an immune response, since it’s the proteins that act as the allergen. Type O blood is called the “universal donor.” People with Type AB blood do not suffer ill effects when they receive Type A blood, or Type B blood, or Type O blood, and they are known as “universal receivers.” • Landsteiner was studying the blood of rhesus monkeys when he found that some of them had another type of protein adhering to their red blood cells, while others did not. He then found that humans also either did, or did not, have that identical protein. He called this new protein “the Rh factor” after “rhesus.”

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• People who are Rh positive cannot receive blood from donors who have Rh negative blood, and the other way around as well. In fact, women who were Rh negative often had trouble when they were pregnant with Rh positive babies until it was discovered that an injection of a blood product called Rh immune globulin would prevent problems. The discovery of the Rh factor brought the number of blood types to eight. • The most common blood type in humans is Opositive (37.4%) and the rarest blood type is AB-negative (0.6%). • Landsteiner also discovered that he could find out a person’s blood type from a single drop of dried blood, laying the groundwork for forensic science. Later it was found that blood types are inherited from parents in predictable patterns, leading to the ability to find out who the father of a child was likely to be. Landsteiner won the Nobel Prize for his work. • Dr. Reuben Ottenberg at Mount Sinai Hospital discovered how to easily cross match a patient’s blood type to the blood type of the blood donor. Blood typing became common in the 1920s. ...cont'd

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BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS (cont.)

• Why are there four different blood types? It’s because of genetic mutation and evolution. Type A blood is the most ancient, and all humanoids had Type A blood as the species began to evolve. Around 3.5 million years ago, Type B blood was a genetic mutation, followed a million years later by Type O. The reason these mutations flourished and were passed down through successive generations has to do with disease resistance. • Cells infected with malaria don’t stick well to Type O red blood cells, so people who have Type O blood are less affected by malaria and have better odds of surviving in order to pass on their blood type to their children. Similarly, people with Type AB blood are more resistant to cholera. Gradually entire populations where cholera was common began to have largely Type AB blood, while people who lived in malaria-prone areas had mainly Type O blood.

*Answer located further back in this issue.

FURTHER ADVANCES

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• The advent of World War II prompted the invention of blood banks. Doctors in Russia pioneered the practice of shipping stored blood to the battle front so that blood would be taken to the wounded soldier instead of the wounded soldier being taken to the hospital in order to receive blood. • Plasma is the amber liquid component of blood that transports red blood cells. Plasma can be easily freeze-dried, shipped long distances, stored for long periods at room temperature, and reconstituted with sterile water. Plasma can be transfused into any human regardless of their blood type. Red blood cells must be handled gently and kept either refrigerated or frozen. Therefore plasma is commonly used for transfusions involving cases of trauma, hemophilia, and burns, while whole blood is transfused only in cases of excessive blood loss.

• On May 19, 1588, the Spanish Armada sets sail from Lisbon on a mission to secure control of the English Channel and transport a Spanish invasion army to Britain from the Netherlands. The Invincible Armada consisted of 130 ships and carried 2,500 guns and 30,000 men. • On May 18, 1593, an arrest warrant is issued for Christopher Marlowe after fellow writer Thomas Kyd accuses him of heresy. Kyd had been arrested because of heretical documents found in his room, but he claimed they belonged to Marlowe, his former roommate. • On May 16, 1849, the New York City Board of Health finally establishes a hospital to deal with a cholera epidemic that would kill more than 5,000 people. The city was ripe for an epidemic because of poor health conditions and its attraction for immigrants from around the world. • On May 17, 1885, the Apache chief Geronimo again breaks out of an Arizona reservation, fleeing with 42 men and 92 women and children, and sparking panic among Arizona settlers. Geronimo surrendered in September 1886. • On May 15, 1941, the turbojet-propelled Gloster-Whittle E 28/39 aircraft flies over Cranwell, England, in the first test of an Allied aircraft using jet propulsion. It reached a top speed of 370 mph at 25,000 feet. • On May 14, 1973, Skylab, America's first space station, is launched into orbit around the Earth. Eleven days later, U.S. astronauts rendezvoused with Skylab, repairing a jammed solar panel and conducting scientific experiments during their 28-day stay. • On May 13, 1981, Pope John Paul II is shot and wounded at St. Peter's Square in Rome by Turkish terrorist Mehmet Ali Agca. He claimed that he had planned to go to England to kill the king but couldn't because there was only a queen and "Turks don't shoot women."

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• In 1920, Ponzi set up his own company and sold stock. Within the first months, 18 people invested $1800 and he paid them their dividends the following month, without mentioning that they were being paid from the monies of the next group of investors. A frenzy began. In March of 1920, his investments had risen to $25,000. By the end of July, he was taking in over a million dollars a day, worth over $12.5 million in today’s dollars. He deposited the money in Hanover Trust Bank of Boston, and then bought controlling interest in the bank. People mortgaged their homes in order to invest in his company. • During all of this, Charles Ponzi still had not figured out a way to actually monetize the International Reply Coupons in order to turn a profit. He continued to pay the old investors out of the funds coming in from the new investors. Meanwhile he bought himself mansions, cars, and other luxuries of the high life. Then he bought a pasta company and a wine company, hoping to turn enough of a profit to get him out of the hole he was digging for himself.

• Still, suspicious investigative reporters and state officials started looking into the matter. One of those investigators revealed that Ponzi was not investing his own money in his own company. Somebody else calculated that in order to pay off all of his investors, Ponzi would have to monetize approximately 160 million IRCs, when there were only 27,000 in circulation. The District Attorney ordered an audit. A newspaper article revealed that whereas Ponzi claimed he was $7 in the black, he was actually $7 million in the red. • There was a run on Ponzi’s company. The Bank Commissioner immediately seized the Hanover Trust Bank, squashing Ponzi’s last-ditch efforts to cover all his debt using bank funds. Ponzi was ruined. He surrendered to federal authorities. • Five other banks were ruined because of Ponzi’s scheme. Investors received about 30 cents on the dollar. All in all, about $20 million was lost, worth over $225 million today. Charles Ponzi spent less than four years in prison on federal charges, after which he was re-tried on state charges and spent another 7 years behind bars. He was deported upon his release in 1934, and died in poverty in Brazil in 1949 at the age of 66. Today any such impossible financial scheme is called a Ponzi scheme.

Answer

• In 1919, Charles Ponzi decided this would be a good way to turn a profit: buy IRCs low, sell high. Explaining this to friends, he received small investments, and doubled those investments in 90 days. Word spread.

Weekly SUDOKU

• In 1906, the Universal Postal Union invented the International Reply Coupon, or IRC. This allowed someone in one country to pay for return postage from a different country, regardless of the difference in prices in postage. If it cost 3 cents to send a first class letter in Italy, but the U.S. charged 5 cents to return an identical letter to Italy, the IRC covered the cost.

Answer

CHARLES PONZI

• When a Boston financial writer wrote an article stating that Ponzi’s scheme was impossible, Ponzi sued for libel and won a $500,000 settlement, squashing further attempts to expose him. When another newspaper wrote a favorable article about Ponzi’s ability to guarantee a 50% return on investment after only 45 days, the article appeared next to a local bank’s ad promising a 5% return annually. Crowds of people thronged to Ponzi’s office to invest.

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April 29, 2019

• “Large dogs can benefit from a raised water and food bowl. Why not make it pretty at the same time by putting a stainless-steel bowl into a decorative planter? Find a planter and bowl that have the same size opening. Your pup will thank you.” — I.B.B. in Georgia • “Here’s a novel way to store your skewers that’s both handy and safe: Once they are clean and dry, wrap in plastic wrap. They will stay together, and the plastic can save you from being poked by the ends when they’re loose in the drawer.” — T.H. in Arkansas • The secret to avoiding stains on your carpet is to get to spills right away. If you have a liquid spill, remove as much of the liquid as you can, then spray the stain with a solution of half vinegar and half water. Let it sit for two minutes, then blot with a towel. If it’s solid food, try using a plastic card to scrape it up from underneath so it doesn’t get ground in. Then follow the same steps as for a liquid stain. • “It’s better to use a dry, lint-free cloth to clean your DVD player and other electronics. Moisture will damage your electrical circuits, so no spray cleaners. But there is one thing you can spray into those cracks to help you clean: canned air! It’s is a great alternative for dislodging dust from vents without risking your tech. While you have it out, you might try ‘dusting’ the headphone and charging ports on your cellphone, too.” — M.F. in Oregon • “Need sliced mushrooms for your salad or recipe? They are hard to cut, but you might have the perfect tool for doing the job already in your kitchen. If you have an egg slicer, get it out. It works very well for mushrooms, and it’s easier to use than trying to cut those slices yourself.” — J.R. in Utah Send your tips to Now Here’s a Tip, 628 Virginia Drive, Orlando, FL 32803.

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• It was industrialist Andrew Carnegie, who was born into a poor Scottish family and emigrated to the United States as a teen, who made the following sage observation: "There is not such a cradle of democracy upon the earth as the Free Public Library, this republic of letters, where neither rank, office, nor wealth receives the slightest consideration."

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• You might be surprised to learn that the United States Department of Commerce has designated approximately 30 houses across the country as authentic haunted houses. • Despite the fact that 95 percent of the world uses the metric system of measurement, we in the United States still stubbornly cling to the archaic units of measurement derived from the old British Imperial system. This hodgepodge ranges from the mile (originally the distance a Roman soldier could march in 1,000 double steps) to the foot (originally the length of Emperor Charlemagne's foot, later "standardized" to the length of 35 barleycorns laid end to end) to a yard (the distance between King Henry I's nose to his extended fingertips) to an inch (the length from the tip to the first joint of a man's thumb).

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• You probably didn't realize there's a word for it, but a pregnant goldfish is called a twit. • A man named Robert Boyd entered a lingerie shop and attempted to hold up the store using a Japanese sword. A fan of video games, Boyd claimed in his defense that at the time of the holdup, he believed he was an elf. • In Switzerland, it is considered to be bad luck to tell anyone your baby's name before it is born.

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AMBER

• When certain species of trees are damaged, they extrude a sticky yellow sap called resin to protect and seal the wound. When exposed to wind and rain, most resin breaks down over time, flaking off the tree and turning to dust. But if that resin is subjected to the right conditions such as being covered by water and buried by sediments in a bog or lagoon, it becomes fossilized over time. Fossilized resin is called amber. • Amber is a gem material, but it is not a gemstone. Gemstones are minerals; other items such as coral and pearls are gem materials. • Although amber is found all over the world, the largest concentrations of amber are found in the Baltic regions, formed by the ancient Palaeogene and Cretaceous forests that stood in what is now Northern Europe 40 to 90 million years ago. However, amber has been found dating back to 320 million years.

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• Around 500 B.C. a Greek philosopher found that when amber is rubbed vigorously with a cloth, it will cause a spark of static electricity, and the static electricity would also attract small items such as feathers, hairs, and dust. The Greek word for amber is “elektron,” possibly from a Phoenician word meaning “shining light,” and this yielded the words electron, electric, and electricity. • The words “amber” and “ambergris” have the same root. “Ambergris” means “grey amber” and is the waxy whale secretion used in the manufacture of perfumes. Amber and ambergris are both typically found washed up on the shore of the sea. • Ancient Egyptians tombs dating back to 3200 B.C. have contained amber jewelry, showing that trade routes existed to the Baltic regions some 1500 miles away. ...continued

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AMBER (continued)

DIFFERENCES: 1. Man's collar is different. 2. Window is larger. 3. One boy is missing. 4. Leg on the left is missing. 5.Boy on the bottom has a hat. 6. Part of fence is missing. © 2019 King Features Synd., All rights reserved.

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5. Great Expectations 6. Jefferson High 7. 1969

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3. Mark O’Meara & Phil Mickelson (5 ea.) 4. It was 1996-97 5. Tampa Bay’s Nikita Kucherov 6. USA 5-2 over Japan in 2015

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• Amber is famous for the insects, small creatures, and tiny plants that are found fossilized inside it.Dell. More than half of the inclusions found Answer: trapped inside pieces of amber are different speA VERY LARGE NUMBER cies of long-extinct flies. Other things discov• Edward Kasner was a mathematician. In 1938 ered in amber include frogs, lizards, geckos, he was asked to come up with a name for a asvery welllarge as snake skins, feathers, and hairs number: the bird numeral one, followed from various creatures that brushed against the by a hundred zeros. He asked his two young sticky sap.what Overname a thousand extinct species of nephews they would suggest. insects have been identified as a result • Nine-year-old Milton suggested aof amber. name One was aAfossilized feather from a out discovery of the funnies. cartoon strip character theropod dinosaur. named Barney was very popular. Milton chose Barney’s last name number. • Although the book for andthefilm “Jurassic Park” •depicted Kasner announced the new name for the from big the reconstruction of dinosaurs number in his next book, altering the spelling. fossilized dinosaur DNA, it would be impos•sible Sixtytoyears later, Larry PageDNA and breaks Sergey down Brin accomplish because developed a new internethalf-life search engine. over time, with a normal of 521 Other years. search engines searched each webpage and Sometimes DNA can last longer than that under ranked them according to how many times a certain conditions depending on temperatures, specific term appeared on them, but Page and oxygenation rate, and other environmental facBrin designed their search engine to search for tors. the specific term and then find out how many links there were thatcomes led back to that of page, • Although most amber in a variety yelwhichhues, resulted in aalso better engine. lowish it can be search found in all colors of rainbow depending on what amaterials •the They decided they needed name have that reflected howalong many been fossilized withwebsites the resin.the search engine was searching. They took the name • The largest piece of amber ever found wasonly disof Edward Kasner’s very large number, covered in Indonesia in 2017. Weighing in they misspelled it slightly, so it ended up beingat 111 lbs it’s estimated to be way aboutthe20cartoon million spelled exactly the same years old. character Barney spelled his last name. What’s it called? at bottom of out page) • It’s easy to(Answer make fake amber of plastics. To tell real COMPUTER amber from FACTS imitation amber, extheBill material. will loaded •amine In 1981 Gates Real said, amber “640 kb of be memory oughtblemishes to be enough anybody.”Add about 7 with and for occlusions. of salt to that a cup of water; real amber •teaspoons Moore’s Law states computer performance floats while most fakes will sink. doubles every 18 to 24 months, andReal ever amber since 1971, this beencharge true. if rubbed vigorously will pick uphas a static but fake amber will not. • HP, Google, Microsoft, and Apple were all started in garages. Answer: Google, fromREADING googol. TIDBITS! THANKS FOR

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