Tidbits of Grand Forks - April 16, 2020 by Tidbits of Grand Forks - East Grand Forks

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RUST

by Janet Spencer

Come along with Tidbits as we learn about iron, rust, and corrosion!

IRON

• Iron is the most abundant metal on Earth. It’s the most abundant element in the total composition of the planet; about 25% of the Earth’s crust is made of it. Iron is the 6th most common element in the Universe. About 90% of all metal refined today is iron. • The word “iron” likely descended from the Anglo-Saxon “iren” meaning “holy metal” possibly because it was used to make swords that were used in the Crusades. The Latin word “ferrum” meaning “firmness” is the origin of iron’s element symbol, Fe. • Cast iron is made by pouring molten iron into a mold and letting it harden. • Pig iron is iron ore that has undergone initial smelting in order to get it ready to be further refined. When cooling, the molten iron is poured into branching molds that resemble piglets suckling from their mother. • Wrought iron literally means “worked iron.” It’s an iron alloy that is hammered, rolled, and worked into various forms. Wrought iron is no longer made on a large commercial scale, and most modern items that are labelled wrought iron are usually made of steel instead. Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon.

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IRON (continued):

• Iron interacts with oxygen, and that interaction results in rust. The word “rust” comes from the old German word “rusta” meaning “redness” which also gives us “ruddy.” • There is very little pure iron found on Earth due to its tendency to rust away. Instead, iron is extracted from iron ore through the process of smelting. The ore must be heated to 2700 F or higher, a process that wasn’t mastered until around the year 2,000 BC at the dawn of the Iron Age. • Rust requires three things in order to form: iron, oxygen, and water. Rust forms when oxygen reacts with iron, but water must also be present for the chemical reaction to take place. Humidity in the air is all that’s needed, though rain water, salt water, and sea spray hasten the process.

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6. Does corrosion happen quickest in stagnant water or moving water? What percent of elements 7. What does the ZIP postal in the universe are metals? code stand for? Which rusts more quickly: 8. What is the longest river in pure iron, or iron alloys? the United States? Which is strongest: pure iron, 9. Which planet in our solar sysor steel? tem has the most gravity? Does rust happen evenly over 10. Which part of the atom has an entire surface? no electrical charge? How many ounces of iron in a TRIVIA typical human body? SPONSORED BY:

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• Technically speaking, rust refers specifically to the corrosion of iron and iron alloys, while corrosion is the deterioration of any metal due to contact with oxygen. • Other metals corrode, but the corrosion is not referred to as rust: silver tarnishes, and copper turns green with a patina called verdigris, but only iron rusts. Corrosion turns calcium white; thallium turns blue; strontium corrodes yellow; scandium turns pink. • There are only a few metals that do not corrode, including gold, platinum, palladium, tantalum, niobium, iridium, and osmium. All other metals react with oxygen in air or water. Some metals such as aluminum, chrome, nickel, and titanium form a protective layer of metal oxide corrosion that is so dense and impenetrable that contact of the metal with oxygen is cut off and corrosion comes to a halt. This is why aluminum keeps its shine and why aluminum cans last for centuries in a dump.

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NUGGETS OF KNOWLEDGE The cleanest and safest drinking water is slightly acidic. But acidic water is corrosive. If lime is added to the water, it becomes more alkaline and less corrosive. As water flows from the Rocky Mountains down to the Mississippi delta, municipalities along the way add more and more calcium and magnesium to the water to keep it alkaline. The result is less corrosion but more mineral deposits on plumbing.

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701-746-9300 • Located in Columbia Mall Near Scheels 4. What former NFL player and TV sportscaster -- announcer of 16 Super Bowls 1. What former U.S. Men’s and 26 Masters golf tourNational Soccer Team naments -- died on April goalkeeper plays for and 16, 2013, at the age of 82? partly owns the USL 5. What basketball great Championship league’s became the first AfricanMemphis 901 FC? American head coach in the 2. In 1980, Rosie Ruiz was NBA when he took over the stripped of her title eight Boston Celtics in 1966? days after it was discov6. NFL QB Eli Manning was ered that she cheated at selected No. 1 overall in what event? 3. In what decade did China the 2004 NFL Draft by win its first Olympic medal? what team?

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• Stainless steel contains chromium which forms an oxide, much like how iron forms rust. The difference is that the chromium oxide does not flake away so it forms a protective layer, preventing further corrosion. • In order to stop corrosion, a barrier must be placed between the metal and oxygen: paint, grease or oil, plastic, or a layer of zinc. Covering metal with a protective layer of zinc is called galvanization, named for Italian scientist Luigi Galvani. • When two different metals come into contact with each other, a tiny electrical current moves between them and this also causes corrosion. • The Corrosion Severity Test measures how quickly an unprotected piece of carbon steel will deteriorate, losing weight through corrosion. This is measured in micrograms per square centimeter, over the course of a year. The scale is used to evaluate environments in order to determine if metal in the area will deteriorate quickly or slowly. • The coastlines have high levels of corrosion; even moving a quarter mile inland helps prevent rust. A hammer will rust 500 times slower in Siberia than in Panama, where it rains an average of six days a week. The most corrosive environment is on ships. • Rust causes more damage than all natural disasters combined, costing about $437 billion annually in damages which is about 3% of the GDP. Nearly half of all failures in agricultural machinery are caused by corrosion. • There are 21 states in the U.S. that are considered to be in the “salt belt” because salt is used to melt snow on roads in the winter, and salt speeds corrosion. In places like Ohio, it’s been estimated that a car loses about ten pounds in weight every year due to rust.

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RUST (continued):

*Answer located further back in this issue.

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*Answer located further back in this issue.

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RUST (continued):

• Computer servers on oil platforms in the North Sea are so prone to rust that they are kept in sealed rooms which are pumped full of nitrogen to displace the normal atmosphere. Anyone entering the room must don scuba gear in order to be able to breathe normally while tending to the computer gear.

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• When a couple of protestors decided to climb the Statue of Liberty in 1980, they discovered that their planned method of pulling themselves up the copper surface using suction cups would not work because the corrosion caused pitting that would not allow a tight seal. Following their failed stunt, the statue was carefully examined for damage they may have inflicted. The inspection showed that the entire statue was rusting to death. The resulting restoration cost $277 million (equal to $1.4 billion today) and took six years to complete. • In 2007, one of Minnesota’s busiest bridges collapsed into the Mississippi River, killing 13 people, in part due to rusty rivets. • In 1988, Aloha Airlines Flight #243 suffered a catastrophic failure when a section of the fuselage peeled off at 24,000 feet, killing one flight attendant before making an emergency landing. The cause was metal fatigue caused by corrosion; the plane was 19 years old and had operated in a marine environment during that time.

*Answer located further back.

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• In March of 2006, the Trans-Alaska pipeline carrying crude oil from Prudhoe Bay sprang a leak, which wasn’t discovered for five days. About 267,000 gallons of oil spilled out onto the tundra before the leak was halted. The cause was corroded pipelines. • In 1984, water leaking from a rusty pipe at a chemical plant in Bhopal, India, entered a tank full of chemicals, setting off a chain reaction that killed around 3,000 people.

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• Artist Salvador Dali had a unique way of occasionally avoiding the bill for drinks and meals -he would draw on the checks, making them priceless works of art and, therefore, uncashable. • The governor of China's Hunan Province banned Lewis Carroll's "Alice in Wonderland" because he believed that animals should not be given the power to use the language of humans, and to put animals and humans on the same level would be "disastrous." • When the ancient Greeks staged plays, their costumes enabled audiences to identify characters. Tragic actors wore raised platform shoes called buskins to symbolize their superiority over comic actors, who would wear plain socks. • A researcher in Madagascar was so interested in sand flea development that she let one of the bugs live inside her foot for two months. • George Washington died after his doctors removed 40% of his blood (80 ounces) over a 12hour period to cure a throat infection. While critics have claimed for decades that he was bled to death, the exact cause of his demise is still debated among scholars. • The longest time between the births of twin siblings is 87 days. Amy Ann Elliot debuted prematurely on June 1, 2012, and Kate Marie Elliot followed on Aug. 27, at Waterford Regional Hospital in County Waterford, Ireland. • When the mummy of Ramses II was sent to France in the mid-1970s, it was issued a passport. Ramses' occupation? "King (deceased)"! • In the early stage version of "The Wizard of Oz," Dorothy's faithful companion, Toto, was replaced by a cow named Imogene. • Enjoy looking after kids? Consider attending Kentucky's Sullivan University, where you can major in nannying. *** Thought for the Day: "Love is much like a wild rose, beautiful and calm, but willing to draw blood in its defense." -- Mark Overby © 2020 King Features Synd., Inc.

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• When Sammy Davis, Jr. was asked to perform the signature song “The Candy Man” he had misgivings about it, but it turned out to be the only number one hit he ever had. • In the scene where the children enter the Chocolate Room for the first time and see the candy gardens, their reactions are authentic, because the actors had not been allowed to see that set prior to filming. • The chocolate river was made primarily of dyed water with cream added in for texture. The cream quickly spoiled in the heat and became rancid. • As the Wonkatania boat makes its way down the Chocolate River with all on board, an Oompa Loompa captain steers the boat through the waters. In reality, the boat was on a track being pulled forward automatically, but the director never informed the actor at the helm of this fact, wanting to film an authentic effort to steer the boat.

Answer

Weekly SUDOKU

• The entire $3 million cost of making the film was financed by the Quaker Oats Company, who intended to release a new candy bar in conjunction with the release of the film. However, the new candy bar was not formulated to withstand heat and melted inside the delivery trucks before ever reaching the stores. Nestle later took over the Wonka Candy Company.

Answer

• In 1964, Roald Dahl published a popular book called “Charlie and the Chocolate Factory.” In 1971, it was turned into the film “Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory.” • During casting, many top actors were considered for the lead role of Willy Wonka, including all six members of Monty Python. Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Eric Idle, Terry Gilliam, Terry Jones, and Michael Palin all expressed interest in the role, but at the time they were just becoming well-known in England and had little following in the U.S. Roald Dahl wanted Irish comedian Spike Milligan to play the part and Peter Sellers begged for the role. However, Gene Wilder landed the part. • Although the story takes place in London, filming was done in Germany, partly because director Mel Stuart didn’t want audiences to be able to peg the neighborhood where it had been filmed, and also because Munich had more of the old-world look and feel that he wanted. • The opening credits sequence was filmed at a real (Tobler) chocolate factory in Switzerland. • In the original book, Willy Wonka’s factory was run by African pygmies. Because the fight for civil rights was in full swing at the time the movie was made, the director turned the workers orange and gave them green hair. • Finding actors to play Oompa Loompas was a challenge requiring a wide search. Six out of the ten were played by British actors but the others came from Germany, Malta and Turkey. They ranged widely in age with the oldest being 70 years old at the time. One of them was a woman. • After completing his role as an Oompa Loompa, Rusty Goffe went on to many other roles, including parts in “Star Wars” “Willow” “Dr. Who” and “Harry Potter.”

• Peter Ostrum played the role of Charlie Bucket in the film. At the age of 12, he was in 6th grade and acting in a play in Ohio when he was spotted by a talent scout, who took Polaroid pictures, asked him to read directly from the book, and returned a couple months later to ask if he’d like to move to Germany for five months to star in the film. He became great friends with Gene Wilder, though they never saw each other again after filming concluded. This was the only movie he ever made. He grew up to become a veterinarian, specializing in cows in upstate New York.

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• Spice racks can pull double duty on the walls by your vanity. They are the perfect size for toiletries and makeup items. They also work very nicely for nail polish bottles. • “To get the best reading on meat using a meat thermometer, try sticking it in from the side. It can go in further, and to me it feels like I get a better reading than poking it in all over a steak.” — M.E. in Florida • Things you can freeze in small portions using an ice cube tray: tomato paste, coffee, coconut milk, broth or stock, wine, herbed butter or herbed olive oil. • “If you have trouble holding your cat still to clip his claws, sneak up on him while he’s asleep. You might only get a couple done before he catches on and wriggles away, but you’ll get there.” — P.L. in Oklahoma City (This great tip works for babies, too! — JoAnn) • If you fill a flowerpot with clean sand, you can use it to store your garden hand tools. It looks cute, and they are accessible, too! • “To get the dog to stop eating his food so fast, my daughter puts dry food in a silverware sorter — the plastic insert that holds cutlery in a drawer. Their dogs have to work at it, and it has helped them slow down so they don’t get sick. She can just toss it in the dishwasher to clean, too!” — U.E. in Ohio Send your tips to Now Here’s a Tip, 628 Virginia Drive, Orlando, FL 32803.

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• On April 23, 1564, the great English dramatist and poet William Shakespeare is born in Stratford-upon-Avon, the son of a leather trader and the town bailiff. At age 18 he married Anne Hathaway, who was eight years his senior. • On April 21, 1918, in the skies over France, Manfred von Richthofen, the notorious German flying ace known as "The Red Baron," is killed by Allied fire. Richthofen was the top ace on both sides of the Western front, downing 80 enemy aircraft. • On April 24, 1945, President Harry Truman learns the full details of the Manhattan Project, in which scientists are attempting to create the first atomic bomb. The project was so secret that the former vice president only learned of it after President Franklin Roosevelt's death.

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• On April 26, 1954, the Salk polio vaccine field trials, involving 1.8 million children, begin in McLean, Virginia. A year later, researchers announced the vaccine was safe and effective, and it quickly became a standard part of childhood immunizations in America. • On April 22, 1970, Earth Day, an event to increase public awareness of the world's environmental problems, is first celebrated in the U.S. Millions of Americans, including students from thousands of universities, participated in rallies, marches and educational programs. • On April 20, 1980, the Castro regime announces that all Cubans wishing to emigrate to the U.S. are free to board boats at the port of Mariel west of Havana, launching the Mariel Boatlift. The first of 125,000 Cuban refugees from Mariel reached Florida the next day in about 1,700 boats, overwhelming the U.S. Coast Guard. • On April 25, 1990, the crew of the U.S. space shuttle Discovery places the Hubble Space Telescope, a space-based observatory about the size of a bus, into a low orbit around Earth. The solar-powered telescope remains in operation to this day.

FIGHTING RUST

• Robert Fergusson ran away from his home in Scotland at the age of 12, and went to seek adventure on the sea. His duties included swabbing and re-painting the rusty metal deck, always a tedious and time-consuming chore. • Website Design • Digital Marketing • Google Search Ads • Social Media Marketing • YouTube Advertising • Video Production • SmartSearch Directory

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Nutrition Research Study! How does the type of fat in a meal affect the lipids in your blood?

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• One day he lunged for an open container of raw fish oil trying to catch it before it spilled, but failed. It spread all over the deck. In the days following the spill, he noticed that the rust that had been relentlessly creeping across the deck stopped where the fish oil had spilled. He remembered this fact throughout his long career as a sea captain. • After settling in New Orleans, he frequently experimented with fish oil-based paints. The problem was that they smelled terrible and took forever to dry. • When Fergusson was 42 years old, he was put in charge of a fleet of ships during World War I. Taking the opportunity to do further experiments with fish oil, he finally hit on a formula that smelled better, dried fast, and stopped rust overnight. He dubbed the paint “Rust-Oleum.” • After the war, he founded a paint company in 1921, which did quite well. Today Rust-Oleum is a worldwide leader in protective paints and coatings for both home and industry. Fish oil is no longer used in the formula, having been replaced by polyurethanes, epoxies, and latex. • The company’s motto, ‘Rust Never Sleeps’ was created by the members of the rock group Devo when they worked for an Ohio advertising agency prior to becoming famous. The motto was later borrowed by Canadian singer Neil Young for an album of the same title. ...continued

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FIGHTING RUST (continued):

• In 1953 Norm Larson and two other researchers were searching for a substance to prevent rust on missiles. They formed the San Diego Rocket Chemical Company. • They needed to find a formula that would displace water, preventing it from sitting on metal surfaces. They tried formula after formula before hitting upon formula #40. This concoction of mineral spirits and mineral oil repelled water, preventing corrosion. The product was named for its water-displacing abilities and for the fact that it was the fortieth attempt: WD-40. DIFFERENCES:: DIFFERENCES 1. Fence is mended. 2. Ball is higher. 3. Hat is different. 4. Shoes are different. 5. Tree is gone. 6. Seven is black. © 2020 King Features Synd., All rights reserved.

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• When workers building missiles began using it, they found it so useful that they began to sneak it out of the factory to take home, where they found many more uses for it.

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7. Zone Improve1. 75% 2. Pure iron ment Plan 8. Missouri River 3. Steel 9. Jupiter 4. No 10. The neutron 5. 1.5 oz. 6. Moving water

• It stops hinges from squeaking, loosens frozen nuts and bolts, keeps snow from sticking to snow shovels, and even removes crayon marks and tar splatters from surfaces. • By 1958 the product came in an aerosol can for easier distribution, and it was marketed to mechanics and hardware stores nationwide. • The company got a boost in 1961 when Hurricane Carla wreaked havoc on the Gulf Coast; the product was used extensively to recondition flooded cars and prevent rust on metal equipment. • In 1973, WD-40 Company, Inc., went public with its first stock offering, and in 2014, WD40 was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum. • Today there are more than 2,000 ways to use it. Norm Larson sold his share of the company for a pittance and never got rich off his invention, but it is now found in an estimated four out of every five American homes.

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Sports Answers 1. Tim Howard 2. The Boston Marathon— Ruiz entered the race about a half-mile from the finish.

3. 1980s (‘84) 4. Pat Summerall 5. Bill Russell 6. San Diego Chargers

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