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Of Grand Forks • East Grand Forks February 11, 2021
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Issue # 1,206
TIDBITS STRIKES ®
MATCHES by Janet Spencer
Come along with us as we light a match!
taxes starting at
HOW DO THEY CATCH FIRE?
• Before the invention of the match, fire was made by various methods such as friction, David Kent magnifying glasses, and flint and steel. Then 2534 17th Ave. S. Grand Forks some early scientists started fires accidentally 218-779-5458 by mixing various chemicals. dkent@nodakins.net • One element in particular, phosphorus, would burn brightly at room temperature. A German alchemist named Hennig Brandt discovered ay hello to Liberty and we’ll work to get you the in 1669 when he was trying to phosphorus biggest refund possible as fast as possible. turn silver into gold. He was only interested in the new element because he thought it would help him with his project. Only after years of attempting to use it to turn silver into gold did Say hello to Liberty and we’ll work to get you the hepossible. take the time to introduce phosphorus to the biggest refund possible as fast as rest of the world. And that’s when the story of match making really began. • To understand how a match catches fire, you Call now Say hello to Liberty and Visitwe’ll us today at have to understand phosphorus. The name is work203-9697 to get you the biggest refund LIBERTYTAX.COM (701) possible as fast Call now as possible. Visit us today atderived from the Greek “phosphoros” meanLIBERTYTAX.COM (701) 203-9697 ing “bringer of light” because it glows in the (701) 746-1750 LIBERTYTAX.COM 720 S. Washington St. • Grand Forks, ND dark. Phosphorus is widely distributed in naDownload the LibertyTax App from these trusted stores ture and ranks 11th in abundance among the elements in the crust of the earth. Phosphorus DISCLAIMER: *With paid tax preparation. Valid at participating locations. Cannot be itself is essential to all forms of life since it is combined with other offers or used toward past services. One coupon per customer & per return. Other exclusions may apply. Void where prohibited by law. Valid 2/1/21-4/1/21 part of DNA, and there are many phosphorus compounds that are essential in the living cell.
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Quiz Bits
7. How many breaths does the average human being take in one day? 8. Which movie featured the Seal song “Kiss From a Rose”? 9. What year did “Beverly Hills Cop” debut in theaters? 10. Name the song that contains this lyric: “Who’s gonna ride that chrome three-wheeler, Who’s gonna make that first mistake?” TRIVIA SPONSORED BY:
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1. Is phosphorus a metal? 2. Which were invented first: matches, or cigarette lighters? 3. What is the single biggest commercial use for phosphorus? 4. What is the hardest substance in the human body? 5. Who was the first president to hold a press conference? 6. Off which U.S. state’s coast is Santa Catalina Island located?
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PHOSPHORUS FACTS (cont):
• Phosphorus comes from calcium phosphate rocks, which are mined, then heated to form white phosphorus. Ordinary white phosphorus is a soft waxy solid. When pure, it is transparent and it glows in the dark. The thing about white phosphorus that makes it important in matchmaking is that it catches fire spontaneously in air at room temperature. It must be kept under water to prevent this. It is also extremely poisonous and can cause serious burns if touched. • When exposed to sunlight, or when heated in its own vapor, it converts to red phosphorus. This form does not ignite as easily, does not glow in the dark, and it is less dangerous than white phosphorus. When red phosphorus is heated, it reverts to white phosphorus. This principal is what causes a matchstick to ignite by the friction of striking.
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CHEMISTRY!!
• In addition to flammable phosphorus, there are four groups of chemicals found in a match. First are oxidizing agents which supply oxygen to help ignite the combustible material and keep the flame going (usually potassium chlorate). Second is the fuel, which is normally sulfur because it burns at a low temperature. Third are binders such as glues, starches, and gums which hold the ingredients together. Fourth are inert materials such as clay which help regulate the speed of the reaction. • When a match is struck, the friction causes enough heat to turn a very small amount of the red phosphorus back into white phosphorus, which catches fire in air. This small amount of heat is enough to start a chemical reaction that uses the oxidizing agent to produce oxygen gas. The heat and oxygen gas then cause the sulfur to burst into flame, which causes the paraffin-soaked wood of the matchstick to burn. ...continued
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HISTORY OF MATCHES
• The person who is usually credited with inventing the modern match was an English chemist and apothecary named John Walker. In 1826 he was attempting to create a new explosive in a chemistry lab in England. Stirring an antimony sulfide and potassium chlorate-based formula with a wood stick, Walker noticed a glob had dried on the stick’s tip. He scraped the stick against his laboratory’s stone floor to remove it and, to his surprise, the stick caught fire. • In 1827 Walker began selling his “Friction Lights” in his pharmacy and often exhibited his invention, but never applied for a patent. Walker made little money off the invention and copycats soon abounded.
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• In 1830, a French chemist named Charles Sauria discovered how to make matches using white phosphorus instead of the sulfide being used by Walker. They didn’t smell as bad, they burned longer, and they were far less explosive. They were popular in spite of their drawbacks: hot match heads would drop on flammable carpets. Sparks would spray in all directions. They tended to catch fire when stepped on, dropped, or chewed by rats. • However, it turned out to be a disastrous development due to the toxic nature of white phosphorus. The fumes were highly poisonous. A single pack of matches contained enough phosphorus to kill a person. Thousands of people got sick and died, especially the people who worked in the match factories. Workers in match plants who inhaled white phosphorus fumes often suffered from a horrible degeneration of the jawbones known as “phossy jaw.” • Fortunately, a French scientist named Georges Lemoine found that red phosphorus was not poisonous. A patent was filed on this method of ...continued matchmaking in 1898.
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DIAMOND MATCHES (cont.)
DIAMOND IN THE ROUGH
• The increasing popularity of smoking coupled with the advent of gas for lighting and heat caused the demand for matches to skyrocket. Mechanized methods of matchmaking were needed. To solve this difficulty, America’s largest match manufacturers banded together in 1881 to form a single company, The Diamond Match Company. The best features of the machinery that each had developed individually were combined. The machinery cut splints from prepared wooden blocks then dipped and dried them in one continuous operation.
MATCH MADE IN HEAVEN
• In 1911 a scientist named William Fairburn (a very ironic name) went to work for the Diamond Match Company. He discovered how to make matches that would strike every time no matter what the atmospheric conditions were. He found a way to make the ignition
temperature of a match twice as high so that spontaneous combustion was impossible. He cut down the ‘afterglow’ so the used match would go out more quickly. He invented a way to keep the charred head from falling off. In short, he improved everything about a match that could possibly be improved. He later became president of the company. During World War II when soldiers needed reliable matches even in rainy environments, the Diamond Match Co. invented a match that would light even after spending eight hours underwater. • Today, 500 billion matches are used each year in the United States. © 2021 King Features Synd., Inc.
• The Diamond Match Company purchased the patent on red phosphorus. They made the patent public domain so that all match manufacturers could use the formula for free. Soon after, matches made with poisonous white phosphorus became obsolete.
*Answer located further back in this issue.
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WONDERFUL WORDS
THEM'S FIGHTIN' WORDS
• When the military marches in formation, the soldiers standing abreast of each other are in the same rank. Those in line from front to back are in the same file. Those who are marching towards the front have a higher rank than those relegated to the rear. “Rank and file” refers to the entire marching unit of ordinary foot soldiers, as opposed to the leaders of the organization.
• On a ship, the “bitt” is the part of a ship that the anchor rope is attached to. The anchor rope is wound around and around a spindle attached to the bitt. When an anchor is let down, the rope plays out as the anchor sinks down. The very end of the anchor rope is marked with colored rags. When the colored rags appear, the sailors know that the anchor has reached the end of its rope, known as “the bitter end.” If the anchor has not yet reached the sea floor by the time the bitter end appears, it means the water is too deep for the ship to anchor there.
• When soldiers are moving forward in a disorganized manner loosely spaced, they may be called upon to • When Josephus Daniels was appointed Secretary of “close ranks” to tighten their formation in order to pres- the Navy in 1913, he abolished the practice of alcoent a unified front of solidarity to the enemy. hol being served aboard ships. From that time on, • Soldiers in military formation march in unison at a coffee was the strongest drink available to sailors. steady rhythm. If the formation needs to move faster, the Over time, coffee became known as a “cup of Joe.” order is given to run “double time” and the troops break • When sailors stood watch on board ship in cold into faster pace. Doing things “on the double” refers to winds and rain, they often wore heavy coats made of completing a task at twice the normal speed. pilot cloth, which was a course, twilled material. The • The British army in the mid-1500s laid out all the rules fabric was often referred to as p-cloth for short. The and regulations regarding warfare, including the rule heavy coats made of p-cloth became known as pea that at nightfall, all battles should cease so the troops coats. could eat supper and get some sleep. In order to signal • After the French burnt down the town of Brighton, that it was time to quit fighting, drummers would pound England, in the 1500s, King Henry VIII sent Admiout a specific beat as a signal. This was called “beating ral John Wallop to retaliate. Wallop sailed his fleet to the retreat” and has now morphed into “beating a hasty Normandy and burnt down 21 towns and villages up retreat.” and down the coast. Ever since, a “wallop” has meant a good sound beating. SAILING • When a ship gets caught in a sudden unexpected shift • Before ships were equipped with fixed-turret guns, of wind before the sailors have a chance to prepare for cannons were mounted on wheels and rolled between it, the sails blow back against the masts, putting them in gun ports so they could be pointed at various targets danger of being damaged. The ship is said to be “taken as the ship moved. A “loose cannon” could break free in choppy waters, rolling around the ship unconaback.” trolled, potentially harming sailors. • If a ship lost its captain or one of its officers during its voyage, it would fly blue flags and have a blue band • On a ship with many sails, it’s important to know painted along its hull while returning home. Now, the which rope controls which sail. If a sailor “knows the ropes” he’s experienced and knowledgeable. term “feeling blue” means to feel sad.
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• On Feb. 20, 1792, President George Washington signs legislation renewing the United States Post Office as a cabinet department led by the postmaster general, guaranteeing inexpensive delivery of all newspapers, stipulating the right to privacy and granting Congress the ability to expand postal service to new areas. • On Feb. 18, 1929, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences announces the winners of the first Academy Awards, which were printed on the back page of the academy's newsletter. A few days later, Variety published the information -- on page seven. • On Feb. 19, 1945, the U.S. Marines' invasion of Iwo Jima is launched. When the American flag was finally raised atop Mount Suribachi, the image was captured in a famous photograph that later won the Pulitzer Prize.
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• On Feb. 21, 1885, the Washington Monument, built in honor of America's revolutionary hero and first president, is dedicated in Washington, D.C. Three years later it was opened to the public, who could climb to the top of the monument by stairs or elevator. By District of Columbia law, it remains the tallest building in the nation's capital. • On Feb. 15, 1965, in accordance with a formal proclamation by Queen Elizabeth II of England, a new Canadian national flag is raised in Ottawa, the capital of Canada. The search for a new national flag began in 1925. • On Feb. 17, 1972, the 15,007,034th Volkswagen Beetle rolls off the assembly line, breaking a fourdecade record held by the Ford Motor Company's iconic Model T. The VW Beetle dates back to 1930s Germany. • On Feb. 16, 1984, Bill Johnson becomes the first American man to win an Olympic gold medal in downhill skiing, a sport long dominated by European athletes. Johnson quickly became a national hero, but never again competed in the Olympics.
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(Answers located further back)
February 1, 2021
• Save and thoroughly clean foam egg cartons for kids’ paint palettes. The wells keep colors contained, and the flat space on the lid side is great for resting brushes. They are easy to rinse off and just as easy to recycle if you are done with them. • To help insulate your home to prevent heat loss, build up a mound of snow about 3 feet high at the foundation. Snow is a terrific insulator! — E.S. in Michigan • When topping a pie with meringue, make sure that it touches all the edges of the pie crust. Otherwise it will shrink. • Wrinkled ribbons? You can use your curling iron or flat iron to give the satin a quick freshening up. • “You can use a little bit of cooking oil to remove the last bits of sticker adhesive from a glass picture frame. Remove as much of the paper sticker as possible, then dab the spot with oil on a paper towel. Rub off. When all the adhesive is removed, use glass cleaner.” — R.H. in South Carolina • Got stale bread? If it’s not too stale, you can try to bring it back in the oven. Set on a low heat alongside — but not in — a pan with water. If it’s too far gone, you can always cut it up into cubes and make it croutons, or toast and grind into breadcrumbs. No waste! Send your tips to Now Here’s a Tip, 628 Virginia Drive, Orlando, FL 32803.
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• Rose DeWitt Bukater's fabulously expensive pendant, "The Heart of the Ocean," featured in James Cameron's "Titanic," was not completely fictitious -- it is believed that a rather large sapphire went down with the ship that fateful night. • There is a company called Little Miss Matched that sells packs of mismatched socks. • Syphilis was a major problem in the late 19th and early 20th century. Doctors found that the bacteria that caused it was sensitive to heat, so they thought giving a patient a fever could help get rid of it. How did they induce said fever? With malaria injections! While effective in curing syphilis, some patients unfortunately died from -- you guessed it -- malaria. • Instant noodles topped a Japanese poll of the country's greatest inventions of the 20th century. • Freelancers originally referred to self-employed, sword-wielding mercenaries: literally, "free lancers." • In ancient Rome, having a crooked nose was considered a sign of leadership. • Andrew Lawrence, ran two hours, 47 minutes and 41 seconds in a banana costume during a London marathon in order to secure the title of the fastest time to run a marathon while wearing a fruit costume. • Before mercury, brandy was used to fill thermometers. • Author William Faulkner refused a dinner invitation from JFK's White House. "Why, that's a hundred miles away," he said. "That's a long way to go just to eat." • Founded in 597 AD, The King's School, in Canterbury, England, is the world's oldest institution of learning. • Polar bears have black skin. And their fur isn't actually white! It's see-through, so it appears white as it reflects light. • It's illegal in Vermont to prohibit anyone from putting up a clothesline. *** Thought for the Day: "Success is not final, failure is not fatal; it is the courage to continue that counts." -- Winston Churchill
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MORE ABOUT MATCHES!
• There are two kinds of matches. Strike-anywhere matches can be lit by dragging them across any rough surface: a boot heel, a zipper, or a stone. Safety matches can only be lit by dragging them across the special striking surface provided on the side of the matchbox. The strike-anywhere match contains all the chemicals needed for ignition in the match head. The safety match has half the chemicals in the match head but the phosphorus is on the strike plate, which also contains sand and ground glass to increase the friction. • You can tell the difference between the two types by looking at the colors of the match heads. A safety head is one color, but a strike-anywhere match is two colors: one for the phosphorus, and one for the oxidizing agent.
*Answer located back 4 pages.
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• Once the matchsticks are formed, they are soaked in ammonium phosphate, which is a fire retardant. This prevents the stick from smoldering after the match has gone out. During manufacture, the striking ends of the matchsticks are dipped in hot paraffin wax. This provides a small amount of fuel to transfer the flame from the burning chemicals on the tip to the matchstick itself. Once the paraffin burns off, the ammonium phosphate in the matchstick prevents any further combustion.
MATCH(book) MAKER
• Lawyer Joshua Pusey of Pennsylvania went to a fancy dinner party. He was a cigar smoker and was unhappy because his bulky box of matches stuck out of the pocket of his fancy suit in an unattractive way. He wondered why matches had to be so cumbersome. He went to work on the problem and eventually learned how to make matches out of paper instead of wood. In 1892 he patented the first paper matchbook. ...continued
Solution on Next Page
MATCHBOOKS (cont.)
• The idea of matchbooks really caught fire in 1895 when an opera company decided to advertise their show on matchbooks, each of them hand-written by cast members. Today, the only surviving matchbook out of these is worth $25,000. • The first matchbook matches were patented in the United States by Joshua Pussey in 1892. The Diamond Match Company purchased the rights to this patent in 1894. At first, these new matches were not well accepted, but when a brewing company bought 10 million matchbooks to advertise their product, sales soared. DIFFERENCES:: DIFFERENCES 1. "Danger" sign is bigger. 2. Jersey numbers are different. 3. Stars are black. 4. Fewer people in crowd. 5. Hockey stick is missing. 6. Arena wall is taller. © 2020 King Features Synd., All rights reserved.
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• The machines that turn out Strike-Anywhere matches at the rate of more than 300 a second are about 60 feet long and two stories high. Wooden matches are made out of white pine or aspen wood. It takes an hour for a splint of wood to travel through the factory. Today, as many as 10 million matches can be turned out in an eight-hour shift with only a few people to monitor the operation. • The matchbook became the “best read book in America” and the warning, “Close Cover Before Striking” became the most printed phrase in the history of the printed word. For 40 years, matchbooks were the most popular advertising medium in the nation.
Quiz Answers
7. About 23,000 1. No 8. “Batman For2. Cigarette ever” (1995) lighters 9. 1984 3. Fertilizer 4. Tooth enamel 10. “Fire Lake,” by Bob Seger 5. Woodrow & The Silver Wilson, Bullet Band, March 1913 in 1980. 6. California’s
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• Matchbooks are one of the most popular collectibles in the world. In the U.S. it’s the second most popular collecting hobby after stamps. People who collect them are called phillumenists, meaning “lovers of light.” Today, more book matches are used than any other kind. • The market for matches has declined by some 80 percent since the widespread use of the disposable lighter began in 1972.
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