Tidbits of Grand Forks - July 15, 2021 by Tidbits of Grand Forks - East Grand Forks

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• Trivia • Puzzles • Fun Facts July 15, 2021

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MOUNT EVEREST

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by Janet Spencer

• Mount Everest was named after George Everest, the Welch director of the governmental Survey of India from 1830 to 1843, who was the first person to organize a team to measure the Himalayas Mountains. George pronounced his name in two syllables: “Eve-Rest” whereas most people today pronounce it in three syllables: “Ever-Rest.”

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• One of his colleagues, a mathematician and surveyor from India named Radhanath Sikdar, was the first to estimate Mount Everest’s height, calculating that it stood 29,000 feet tall and correctly announcing it to be the tallest mountain in the world.

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• Located on the border of Tibet and Nepal, Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world although its exact height is often disputed. In 1955 a team of surveyors using the best equipment of the day determined that it stood 29,029 feet above sea level. In 1999 a National Geographic team placed a GPS device on the summit and recorded the altitude as 29,035 feet. In 2005, a Chinese team used even more precise instruments to measure the mountain as it would stand without the ice and snow accumulated on the summit. Their official measurement came in at 29,017 feet. Turn the page for more!

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EVEREST FACTS

• The summit is just below the cruising altitude of a jet. • Everest grows a fraction of an inch taller each year because of the upward thrust of continental drift. • The limestone, shale, sandstone, and marble found on Mt. Everest were once part of an ocean floor. Fossils of shells and other marine life are found there. • The average temperature at the summit is -2F in summer and -33F in winter.

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5. What percent of deaths happen on the descent of Everest? 6. What percent of expeditions will successfully put at least one person on top— 42%, 52%, 62%, or 72%? 7. In what year did the action adventure movie “Everest” debut in theaters? 8. T or F: Mount Everest continues to grow higher as time goes on.

1. How much less oxygen is there at the top of Everest than at sea level? 2. During what month are most Everest summits made due to less wind and little snow? 3. On average, how many people try to climb Everest each year? 4. T or F: Over 200 bodies remain on Everest, primarily in the Death Zone.

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• In 1999, a team of climbers discovered Mallory's remains high on the slopes of Everest. The body did little to reveal whether or not he actually reached the top and unfortunately the team’s camera was not found amongst his gear. It is believed that Irvine was actually carrying the camera when they made their ascent, and that device could hold the photographic evidence of their success or failure. To date, Irvine's body – and the camera – have not been found, but if it is ever uncovered, it could potentially change mountaineering history. Experts at Kodak say that the camera film, if recovered, could still be successfully developed. • The first successful summit of Everest was recorded by Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay in 1953.

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• In 1924, George Mallory (“Because it’s there”) and his climbing partner Andrew Irvine were part of an expedition attempting to complete the first ascent of Everest. They were last seen on June 8 just below the summit making steady progress. Shortly after, they disappeared, leaving behind a mystery for the ages. Did they make it to the top or did they perish somewhere below the summit?

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While the summit of Everest may be the highest point on the surface of the Earth, it isn’t actually the tallest mountain on the planet. Mauna Kea in Hawaii is actually 33,465 feet tall, a full 4,436 feet taller than Everest. However, most of the mountain actually sits below the surface of the ocean. Its summit only rises 13,796 feet above sea level, making it appear to be modest in size.

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• As of February 2021, 5,788 different people have reached the summit of Mount Everest. Not included in the total are the people who have summited more than once, which puts the total over 6,000. Most of the people who have summited multiple times are sherpas. • A sherpa named Kami Rita Sherpa has been to the summit a record 25 times. • On May 16, 1975, Junko Tanabe of Japan became the first woman to climb Mount Everest from the south side. In the same year, Tibetan Pando became the first woman to climb from the northern slope. • Mountain guide Lhakpa Sherpa of Nepal holds the record for most summits by a woman, having summited nine times. • 635 women have summited, not including women who have summited more than once. • The record for most summits by a non-Sherpa is held by American Dave Hahn, a guide for RMI Expeditions. He’s made the trip to the summit 15 times out of 19 tries. • The oldest climber to ever reach the summit is Yuichiro Miura of Japan, who was 80 years old when he summited in 2013, beating his own record of summiting at the age of 70 in 2003. He also was the first person to ski down Everest in 1970. His summit of Everest earned him a spot in the Guinness Book of World Records. • The youngest person to summit is Jordan Romero of the U.S. He reached the top in 2010, at the age of 13. Romero also holds the record of being the youngest person to reach the highest peaks of all the 7 continents. He achieved the feat at the age of 15. • Today there are rules in place dictating that you must be 16 or older to climb from the Nepal side and between 18 and 60 on the Tibetan side.

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• The fastest time for an Everest summit from the South Side in Nepal is currently held by Lakpa Gelu Sherpa who managed to go from base camp to the top in just 10 hours and 56 minutes in 2003. Lakpa spent a few minutes on the summit enjoying his accomplishment before turning back, completing the round-trip journey in just 18 hours, 20 minutes. • Tom Whittaker, who lost his right foot in a car accident in 1979, was the first disabled person to reach the top. He summited on his third attempt in 1998. • New Zealand mountaineer Mark Inglis lost both of his legs due to frostbite after being trapped on a mountain in a blizzard for 13 days in 1982. Nonetheless, he summited Everest in 2006, the first double amputee to do so. • The first blind person to reach the summit was American Erik Weihenmayer in 2001. • A Nepalese couple Moni Mulepati, 24, and her groom Pem Dorjee, 23, got married on top of Everest in 2005. They stayed at the summit for 10 minutes to complete the rituals. • Didier Delsalle, a fighter pilot and helicopter test pilot from France, landed a helicopter on the summit of Everest in 2005, setting a world record for highest altitude landing of a helicopter. Helicopters can’t fly at low oxygen levels making rescue from Everest difficult or impossible. • Everest is the mountain with the most deaths, but it does not have highest mortality rate. Among the mountains with more than 1,000 climbers, Everest currently has a death rate of 1.37% of climbers, only the tenth-highest. Annapurna I has the highest death rate with 52 deaths and 191 successful summits.

• Avalanche is the top cause of death on Everest, followed by falls, altitude sickness, and exposure.

*Answer located further back in this issue.

Safe Mosquito Repellents for Children Even though there is less rainfall this year, mosquitoes can still be present, especially later into the evening. Apply insect repellent before venturing outside. DEET-based repellents are safe and effective and provide several hours of protection. Here’s some more information about DEET. • The American Academy of Pediatrics says products containing DEET are “the most effective” repellents available and should be used when necessary to protect against insect and tick-borne disease. The AAP says use DEETbased repellents containing up to 30% DEET on children older than 2 months of age. • As reported in the New England Journal of Medicine, insect repellents containing DEET provide complete protection from bites for longer periods than other repellent products. According to the study, “Only products containing DEET are dependable for long-lasting protection after a single application. • The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency evaluates and registers all DEET-based products before they can be marketed in this county. The EPA has determined that the use of products containing DEET according to label direction, does not pose unreasonable risks of adverse effects to humans, regardless of the concentration (amount) of DEET. For information about mosquito control visit our website at www.gfmosquito.com

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• "Bonobo," the common name for apes, was a typo. Researchers are said to have first found the animals in the town of Bolobo, Zaire, but misspelled the town's name as "Bonobo" on the crate in which one was shipped, and the error stuck. • Are you a fan of coffee breaks? Then you'll want to head to Stoughton, Wisconsin, for their annual Coffee Break Festival, featuring coffee tastings, "brew-offs" and -- seriously -- bean-spitting contests. Next one's in August. • The world's largest padlock measures an impressive 56.8 inches tall, 41.3 inches wide, and 10.2 inches deep, and weighs in at 916 pounds. Sorry, we don't know what it was built to protect ...

• One of the earliest known vacuum cleaners was so large that it had to be hauled via a horse-drawn carriage. Giant hoses were inserted into customers' windows while a gas-powered motor sucked dirt into a glass container for the shock and awe of onlookers. • You can thank the American armed forces for the first McDonald's Drive Thru, which made its debut in Sierra Vista, Arizona, near the Fort Huachuca military installation. Rules prohibited soldiers from wearing their uniforms in public, and no one wanted to switch to civvies just to grab a burger, so restaurant manager David Rich cut a hole in the wall, allowing them to pick up their orders without leaving their vehicles. Unsurprisingly, the idea quickly caught on with the general public. • The next time someone tells you they're sweating like a pig, they're actually lying (though, we're sure, unintentionally!): Pigs are born without sweat glands, hence the need for a nice mud puddle to cool off in. *** Thought for the Day: "The beauty of nature has been one of the great inspirations of my life." -- Jim Henson (c) 2021 King Features Synd., Inc.

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• In the early 1900s, seven Italian brothers moved to California. They were engineers, and they set up a firm which they named after themselves. They produced aviation equipment, until their mother became worried about the risks of flying and asked them to produce something safer.

• Writer Washington Irving, best known for short stories such as “Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,” had a friend named Herman Knickerbocker. When Iving wrote a satirical book called “A History of New York” he borrowed his friend’s last name as a pen name, Diedrich Knickerbocker.

• They switched to agricultural pumps used in irrigation, • Irving placed an escalating series of “missing perleading the industry. son” ads in various New York newspapers just before the book’s publication, stating that prominent • Eventually the second generation of the family took over Dutch historian Diedrich Knickerbocker had gone operations. One of them, named Candido, had a son missing from his hotel where he’d been writing a named Ken who was stricken with rheumatoid arthritis. book. At the hospital he regularly received hydrotherapy baths. At home, Candido hooked up an agricultural pump to a • Ads purportedly placed by the hotel manager bathtub so his son could be treated at home. threatened to publish Knickerbocker’s manuscript in an effort to receive reimbursement for the un• In 1956 the company began to market this therapeutic depaid hotel bill if Knickerbocker never showed up. vice to hospitals. In 1968 Roy was a third generation famUnsuspecting New Yorkers followed this story ily member who headed the research division. Searching closely. When the book was released, it was a sucfor expanded uses for the company’s products, he decided cess. to market the hydrotherapy device to the leisure and fitness market.

• He designed a tub with the whirlpool built in, displaying it at county fairs and trade shows. By 1970 sales were strong enough to warrant the design of a larger model that could accommodate several people. Filters and water heaters were added so the tub didn’t have to be emptied between uses.

• In the book, many of the illustrations showed New Yorkers dressed in what was then typical garb for the Dutch who lived there, including short trousers similar to breeches or pantaloons that bunched below the knee. Such pants were commonly worn by newsboys, golfers, and baseball players, as well as the general populace. These pants became known as “knickerbockers” because of the book.

• The culture of California was the perfect place to launch the product, and having one became a status symbol. • Later, all New Yorkers were called Knickerbockers, later shortened to Knicks. This is why the New Soon it was the company’s biggest money-maker. York NBA team was dubbed the New York Knicks. • Today the company is named after the last name of the Knickers also denoted the loose-fitting underwear family, which is now a generic term for a hot tub with jets. worn by women. Today the phrase “don’t get yer What is it? knickers in a twist” means to calm down. Answer: Jacuzzi Answer

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(Answers located further back)

July 5, 2021

• Get cobwebs off a window screen with a lint roller. • Want to make that summer at-home pedicure last? Don’t skip the base coat or a UV topcoat. The base coat will allow the color to adhere evenly and better. Then the topcoat will protect the color from the sun while giving it a little extra shine. • “Use an over-the-door shoe holder to house your makeup and hair accessories, plus jewelry and other personal items. You can trim a curtain or piece of fabric to fit over the length of it, and tie it to the top if it looks too messy in your room.” — M.K. in North Carolina • Use this trick to freshen your stuffed animals. Dust with baking soda and put several together in a large paper grocery bag until it’s half full. Fold the top of the bag down and shake vigorously. Remove the stuffed friends and shake off any excess baking soda. For good measure, put the dusted-off toys in a low- or no-heat dryer cycle for 10-15 minutes. • Hashbrowns can be made on a waffle iron. Coat liberally with canola oil or butter-flavored nonstick spray, and add shredded potatoes and finely diced onion. Allow the iron to cook the potatoes to your desired level of crispness, and flip out both sides onto a plate. They will be both crisp and soft! • Honey has amazing properties, and one of them is its antiseptic powers. You can even use it on pimples. Just a tiny dab will help keep bacteria responsible for breakouts from taking over. Send your tips to Now Here’s a Tip, 628 Virginia Drive, Orlando, FL 32803.

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• On July 21, 365 A.D., a powerful earthquake off the coast of Greece causes a tsunami that devastates the city of Alexandria, Egypt. It was not until 1995 that archaeologists discovered the ruins of the old city off the coast of present-day Alexandria. • On July 22, 1598, William Shakespeare's play "The Merchant of Venice" is entered on the Stationers' Register. By decree of Queen Elizabeth, the register licensed printed works, giving the Crown tight control over all published material. • On July 19, 1799, the Rosetta Stone is found in Egypt by a French soldier. The irregularly shaped black basalt slab contained fragments of passages written Greek, Egyptian hieroglyphics and Egyptian demotic. It held the key to solving the riddle of hieroglyphics, a written language that had been "dead" for nearly 2,000 years.

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• On July 24, 1901, William Sydney Porter, otherwise known as O. Henry, is released from prison after serving three years for embezzlement from a bank in Austin, Texas. He began writing stories to support his young daughter while he was in prison. • On July 25, 1917, in Paris, the exotic dancer Mata Hari is sentenced to death by a French court for spying on Germany's behalf during World War I. Since 1903, she had performed in Paris as a dancer, claiming she was an Indian priestess. • On July 20, 1948, President Harry Truman institutes a military draft with a proclamation calling for nearly 10 million men to register for within the next two months. Truman's action came during increasing Cold War tensions with the Soviet Union. • On July 23, 1976, members of the American Legion who were gathered in Philadelphia begin suffering from a mysterious form of pneumonia. Within 10 days, 22 people were dead and hundreds were experiencing pneumonia-like symptoms. Their ailment would come to be known as Legionnaires disease.

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• There are 18 ways to get to the top of Everest, but only two routes are typically used. From Nepal there’s the Southeast Ridge, the line created by Tenzing Norgay and Edmund Hilary in 1953. From Tibet, there’s the North Ridge, where George Mallory disappeared in 1924. Almost twice as many expeditions start from the Nepal side than from the Tibet side. • Each has their own base camp, with the one in Tibet being at 16,900 feet and the one in Nepal at 17,589 feet. From Tibet, there are five camps at higher elevations, and from Nepal, there are four. • Tour companies charge visitors $30,000 to $130,000 or more to get permits, prepare equipment, find guides, and ensure contingency planning. This includes $11,000 paid directly to the Nepalese government for the permit. High-end luxury packages also include up to five sherpa guides for each mountaineer to meet customized needs such as an unlimited supply of oxygen tanks, more comfortable tents, and even hot showers. • Most expeditions have a 1:1 ratio of trekkers to hired sherpas. During the spring season, a sherpa guide can pocket $6,000 to $12,000 in a country where the minimum monthly wage is less than $200. It’s hazardous work that involves installing around 40 ladders and more than 7 miles of rope. A cook at base camp can earn around $2,000, while porters hauling supplies make approximately $1,000 per season. • The Ministry of Tourism in Nepal reported collecting $5.2 million in 2018 permit fees. The worst years for Everest income were 2014 (an avalanche killed 16 sherpas), 2015 (an earthquake devastated Nepal killing over 9,000 locals including 21 on Everest) and 2020 (covid-19). ...continued

Solution on Next Page

THE TREK

• The average trek from start to finish takes about 40 days. The summit push normally takes place over an arduous four to five days round trip from base camp.

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• The actual summit of the mountain is a small dome of snow about the size of a dining room table. There’s room for a dozen or so climbers to stand and enjoy the view, although on busy days mountaineers must take turns to truly stand on top of the world. There’s a knife-edge leading up to the summit, with thousand-foot drops on either side, and only a single rope to hang on to. People sometimes wait for hours to get their ten minutes on top. The “2:00 Rule” states that if you don’t start heading down to camp by 2:00 pm, you’ll be trapped in the Death Zone overnight. • 304 people (185 westerners and 119 sherpas) have died on Everest, or about 3% of climbers. Of those, 172 died attempting to summit without using supplemental oxygen.

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• The overall death rate—the number of fatalities divided by the overall number of people on the mountain, not just those who summit—is approximately 1.2%, meaning that if you try to climb Everest, you have about a one in a hundred chance of dying along the way. • The death rate prior to 1999 was 14.5% but the death rate after 2000 fell to 1.2%. The reduction in deaths is primarily due to better gear, more accurate weather forecasting, and more people climbing with commercial operations. • In 2014, a 7.8 magnitude earthquake triggered an avalanche at base camp that killed 16 Sherpa and climbers and injured 61, one of the worst Everest disasters in history. We've Got Room for Your Advertisement! Call Chad Today at 701-740-0968

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