Tidbits of Grand Forks - December 16, 2021 by Tidbits of Grand Forks - East Grand Forks

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Of Grand Forks • East Grand Forks December 16, 2021

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Issue # 1,250

TIDBITS TWIDDLES ®

TOES

by Janet Spencer

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• 25% of the 206 bones in the human body are located in the feet, with each foot having 26 bones. Each foot also has 33 joints, 19 muscles, 10 tendons, 107 ligaments, 8,000 nerves, and 250,000 sweat glands. There are more nerve endings and sweat glands per square inch on the sole of the foot than anywhere else on the body. • The average adult travels around 1,000 miles a year on foot, taking about 10,000 steps per day. A typical 70-year-old human will have walked a distance equivalent to circling the earth four times. The feet strike the ground 17,000 times in a 20-mile marathon run, but even a mile of gentle walking subjects the feet to about 80 tons of weight. Feet must be sturdy, and toes are key. • When walking, toes are in touch with the ground around 75% of the time. The nerve endings in the feet feed a constant stream of information to the brain. With each step, the foot rolls forward, shifting body weight onto the ball of the foot preparing for the next step, at which point the big toe bears the load of the body weight as it pushes off. It’s much more difficult to walk and balance without a big toe. • The big toe has only two bones, while the rest of the toes have three. The bones in the feet and the hands are called phalanges, after the Greek word “phalanx” referring to a tight formation of soldiers. Turn the page for more!

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6. Which branch of U.S. government is responsible for making laws? Which sweat more, the feet of 7. What type of food do the kids or the feet of adults? Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Out of every 1,000 births, how love? many will have extra toes or 8. Belinda Carlisle was the lead fingers? singer for which band? Which grows faster: fingernails 9. What is a prime number? or toenails? 10. T or F: There are over 7,000 Do toenails grow faster in languages spoken in summer or winter? the world today. Do toenails of men or women grow faster? SPONSORED BY:

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TOES (continued):

• Although nearly every bone in the body has an official name, one exception is the toe bones. They are known only as “metatarsal digits #1-5.” A fourth-year medical student at Yale decided to undo the injustice by bestowing names on the toes. He called them porcellus fori, porcellus domi, porcellus carnivorus, porcellus nonvoratus, and porcellus plorans domun. In Latin, these names translate as little pig at market, baby pig at home, meat-eating piglet, small pig that has not eaten, and piggy crying all the way home. Some orthopedic surgeons have picked up his names, but doctors have not yet gone hog wild over the idea. • The difference between the big toe in humans versus primates is that in primates, the toe acts more like a thumb, used to grasp things such as tree branches when climbing. In humans, it’s adapted for walking, running, and standing upright, but it cannot grasp. • The average American’s foot is two sizes bigger than it was 40 years ago, as the population grows in size, requiring larger feet to support the extra weight. In the U.S, the best-selling shoe size is 8.5 for women and 10.5 for men. A survey showed that about 35% of people underestimated their shoe size by at least half a size. • Babies are born flat-footed. Their foot bones keep developing until they become teenagers. From birth to age 12 months, a child’s foot will go up five sizes. From age 12 months to 24 months, the feet increase two sizes. From 24 to 36 months, they increase another two sizes. That means that kids’ feet go up nine sizes in their first three years. Once they hit 4 years old, their shoe size goes up one size once every 8 to 12 months. • A woman in India named Kumari Nayak has 19 toes and 12 fingers, earning a spot in Guinness World Records for most toes.

...continued

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TOES (continued):

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• It’s much easier to live without a big toe than it is a thumb. That’s why surgeons sometimes replace injured or severed thumbs with toes transplanted from the patient’s own foot. Usually the big toe is used. • A common myth is that fingernails and toenails can still grow after you’ve died. This is false, it just appears like your nails are growing because the skin around the nails dehydrates and shrinks after death. • That white spot at the base of your toenails (and fingernails) shaped like a half-moon is called the “lunule,” a name that comes from the Latin word for “moon.” • It is a common myth that white spots on the nail are caused by a calcium deficiency but they are generally just minor nail damage and are nothing to be concerned about. • It takes 12-18 months for a toenail to completely regrow. • Toenails are twice as thick as fingernails. • Eighty percent of Americans over age 21 have reported having a foot ailment at some point in their lives. • About 5% of people complain of ingrown toenails, that painful condition where the toenail grows into the surrounding skin. • Women are four times more likely to have foot problems compared to men. This is primarily attributed to the fact that women wear heels. • Primates, including humans, are the only animals with nails rather than harder claws. • Archaeologists found a mummy in Egypt with a leather and wood contraption that is believed to be a prosthetic toe. The “Cairo Toe” dates back to between 1069 BC and 664 BC and predates any other known prosthetic by at least 700 years. It belonged to a woman between 50 and 60 years old whose big toe was entirely missing.

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TOES (continued):

• Toe wrestling is a sport similar to arm wrestling or thumb wrestling. Opponents seated on the ground lock their bare feet with toes and try to pin the other’s foot down over a line drawn on the playing surface. The Toe Wrestling Championship was established in Staffordshire, England, in 1976 by a group at Ye Olde Royal Oak Inn. The competition became popular in Northern England. It consists of three rounds played with the right foot, then left and right again. There are men’s and women’s Toe Wrestling Championships. • In 1982, Louise Hollis of California saw a news article about the world’s longest fingernails, and decided to grow the world’s longest toenails. When they reached their longest in 1991, their collective length was 87 inches. She usually goes barefoot or wears open-toed shoes. The soles of her shoes must be 3 inches thick to prevent the nails from dragging. Every time a toenail breaks off, she keeps it. Each of her nails is usually around 6 inches long. • The Loudermilk Boarding House Museum in Georgia contains about 30,000 Elvis Presley artifacts. Here you’ll find a wart, a vial of sweat, and a toenail, all said to have come from Elvis himself. Some experts debate the authenticity of the toenail, however, so it’s just called the “Maybe Elvis Toenail.” • Animals can be divided into “plantigrades,” creatures that walk on the entire foot (humans, bears, baboons, alligators, frogs) and “digitigrade,” creatures that walk on their toes (dogs, cats, birds, dinosaurs). • A normal cat has five toes on the front feet and four toes on the back feet. Polydactyl cats are common, though the extra toes are usually found on the front paws only. It’s rare for a cat to have polydactyl hind paws only, and polydactyly of all four paws is even less common.

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Is your local Disabled American Veterans, Veterans of Foreign Wars or American Legion up and running again? Many shut down over the past year due to COVID-19. Now, slowly, they're coming back. If you're eligible, this would be a good time to explore what they have to offer. The DAV (www.dav.org) started back in 1920 and now has 1,300 chapters and over 1 million members. Its objective is to help disabled veterans and their families at no cost. In one year alone, the DAV provided nearly a quarter of a million rides to veterans going to doctor appointments. Last year, it helped veterans get over $24 billion in benefits through assistance with Department of Veterans Affairs claims. THANKSGIVING

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The VFW (www.vfw.org), with some 1.5 million members, was started back in 1899 to ensure that veterans got their rights and benefits. Eligibility includes either active duty or prior service with Honorable or General (Under Honorable Conditions) discharge with service on foreign soil or in a hostile area. Like the DAV, the VFW can help with filing a VA claim. If you've gone back to school, the VFW might be able to help with scholarships. If you're in a jam (food, rent, electric bill, for example), small cash grants (not loans) are available for members. The American Legion (www.legion.org) has well over a dozen veterans programs including family and youth, community and national affairs. It was incorporated by Congress in 1919 as an organization devoted to mutual helpfulness with a focus on communities, patriotism and national security. Check the website for specific eligibility periods and posts near you. (There might be more than you think, with 15,000 scattered around the country.) One of the unsung benefits is the alliance between the Legion and USAA. Car insurance, bank account, credit card ... it's worth checking out. Take a look at what these groups offer -- better yet, what you can offer them.

Pays2Know by Lucie Winbourne

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• Sixty-five percent of test subjects had the urge to yawn after reading about yawning. • From 1746 until 1996, English law considered bagpipes not as a musical instrument, but a weapon of war, used to "instill courage in soldiers and put the fear of God into the enemy." • The kitchen dishwasher was invented by a politician's socialite wife who was fed up with servants breaking her expensive dishes. • Author Roger Highfield's 1999 book "The Physics of Christmas: From the Aerodynamics of Reindeer to the Thermodynamics of Turkey" detailed a darker side to Rudolph's famously red nose -- not alcoholism, but some kind of parasitic infection. • A tornado in Oklahoma once ripped a full motel off the ground. Its sign was later found in Arkansas. • Born in 1924, a horse called Lady Wonder was considered by many to be psychic. Not only did she make predictions and answer questions for over 30 years and more than 150,000 people, she was credited with helping to solve several crimes. • Chilean poet Pablo Neruda always wrote in green ink, which for him was a color of hope and abundance. • LeBron James's decision to leave Cleveland to join the Miami Heat was such a shocker that even Osama Bin Laden's translator, who was being held at Guantanamo Bay prison in Cuba, wrote about it to his lawyers, declaring that "LeBron James is a very bad man. He should apologize to the city of Cleveland." *** Thought for the Day: "Beauty is the moment when time vanishes and eternity arises." -- Amit Ray ©2021 King Features Syndicate, Inc.

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• The Latin “semen” means “seed” denoting plant nurseries, breeding grounds, or seed plots, and gives us seminar and seminary. • The Sanskrit word “vāṇiyo” meant “a man of the trading caste” denoting a Hindu merchant. Europeans applied the word to the large trees where traders set up shop in the shade, and “vāṇiyo” morphed into “banyan.” • The Latin word “genu” means “knee” and became the root of words including “genus” and “genuine” due to the custom where a father would acknowledge paternity of a newborn child by placing the baby on his knee. • Diabetes sprang from the Greek word meaning “a siphon” because people suffering from the illness urinate like a siphon. • In Arabic, “al-zahr” referred to the dice used in various gambling games. Playing dice games with strangers was risky because the dice were usually loaded and the players were usually crooks. The peril of playing with “al-zahr” was a “hazard.” • The Irish word “fainne” meant “ring” and came into English as “fawney.” In the 1800s, con artists would secretly drop a brass ring on the ground in front of an innocent bystander, then make a great show of finding it. Showing the golden ring to the mark, they would offer to sell it for a cheap price. “Fawney” became “phony” in English, meaning false or fake. • Golf is thought to come from the Scottish word for a cudgel or a blow to the head, “gouf.”

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Answer

• “Peach” comes from the Latin “malum persicum” meaning “Persian apple.”

Weekly SUDOKU

• The English words traitor, tradition, and trade have the same root word “trado” because they all involve handing something over.

• The Gaelic words “uisge” meaning water and “beatha” meaning life became "whiskey" literally meaning “water of life.” • The Greek verb “sarkazein” meaning “to tear flesh like a dog” became “sarcasm” and “sarcastic.” • When you “eavesdrop” you’re standing under the eaves of a house where the rain drops fall, listening to conversations happening inside. • “Clew” was Greek meaning a ball of yarn. In Greek mythology, Ariadne gives Theseus a ball of yarn which he unravels as he travels through the Minotaur’s labyrinth so he can find his way out of the maze again. “Clew” turned into “clue” meaning something that points the way, such as a detective unravelling the clues at the scene of a crime. • “Alarm” comes from the Italian battle cry “all’arme!” meaning “to arms” or “to your weapons” and transitioned to describing the warning itself and any object used to sound it. • The Greek “pamphilos” means “loved by all,” from “pan” (all) plus “philos” (loving). In the Middle Ages, a booklet called “Pamphilus, seu de Amore” (“Pamphilus, or about Love”) was very popular and was widely copied and passed around. From this the word “pamphlet” came to mean a small booklet. • The Roman “plasticus” and the Greek “plastikos” both signified something that can be molded into shape, usually referring to unhardened clay, which became our plastic. • The Latin word “salmo” means leap or jump and gives us salmon, which leap and jump. • If you want to swear but aren’t allowed to, you tend to turn curses like “eternal damnation” into “tarnal darnation” or shorten it simply to “tarnation.” • Sirloin steak comes from the French “sur” meaning “above” and “loin,” literally the cut of meat found “above the loin” of a cow.

Answer

RANDOM WORD ORIGINS

King CROSSWORD

WONDERFUL WORDS

THE SANTA CLAUS GIRLS NEED YOUR HELP! For 105 years the Santa Claus Girls have helped children — in Grand Forks & East Grand Forks — have a Merry Christmas who otherwise might not have the opportunity. This year over 1,200 children will receive a gift package & the cost of providing this small package to each child amounts to $40,000 per year. Your generous donations make this very sucFor more information, Call 701-740-4900 cessful program possible. Thank You!

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*Answer located further back in this issue.

(Answers located further back)

December 6, 2021

• Candles will burn more evenly if you refrigerate them for a few hours before lighting. • “My great-nephew and his family came to visit, and his toddler son is quite into opening doors. I had babyproofed my home, but I did not think about his being able to turn a doorknob. His very smart mother pulled out a sock and slipped it over the doorknob, then secured it with a wide rubber band. Even I was unable to get a good grip on the doorknob after that!” — V.R. in North Carolina • Surprise guests? Here’s how to quickly clean your living areas: First, clean the toilet, mirror and vanity in the guest bathroom and leave a fresh towel; grab a laundry basket and remove any clutter from the living room and kitchen; put away or clean dirty dishes and wipe down counters in the kitchen; finally, give carpets a quick vacuum. Then maybe light a great-smelling candle and greet your guests! • “Fireplaces are wonderful for heat and ambience, but the ashes! When cleaning up, I spritz the ashes with a rosemary water solution. This keeps them from dusting up and flying all over, and it smells great. My neighbor puts her damp loose-leaf tea in the fireplace for scent.” — C.W. in Iowa • “In cold winter months, keep your robe (and slippers or whatever else) under the covers with you when you sleep. Pull it next to or over you a few minutes before you get up. It’ll be toasty and will help make the transition into the cold a little less harsh.” — Giselle in New York • Empty spice containers can be used to hold different hardware in the shop or in your toolbox. Send your tips to Now Here’s a Tip, 628 Virginia Drive, Orlando, FL 32803.

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• On Dec. 25, 1776, Gen. George Washington crosses the Delaware River with 5,400 Patriot troops, hoping to surprise a Hessian force celebrating Christmas at their winter quarters in Trenton, New Jersey. Washington's men quickly overwhelmed the German defenders, who were groggy from the previous evening's festivities, and by morning the town was surrounded. • On Dec. 26, 1966, Jimi Hendrix writes the lyrics to "Purple Haze," the song that would give him his breakthrough hit. Rolling Stone magazine would later name "Purple Haze" one of the 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time. • On Dec. 23, 1982, the Missouri Department of Health informs residents of Times Beach that their town was contaminated when the chemical dioxin was sprayed on its unpaved roads. The entire town was evacuated and demolished. © 2021 Hearst Communications, Inc.

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• On Dec. 21, 1891, James Naismith introduces the game of basketball as an activity for bored and unruly students during difficult New England winters. Based on rules he created, the game was tested by 18 students at the International Young Men's Christian Association Training School in Massachusetts. • On Dec. 22, 1956, a baby gorilla enters the world at the Columbus Zoo in Ohio, becoming the first gorilla born in captivity. Colo went on to become a mother, grandmother and a great-grandmother to Timu, the first surviving infant gorilla conceived by artificial insemination. Colo died in 2017 at the age of 60. • On Dec. 20, 1995, the United Nations peacekeeping force formally transfers military authority in Bosnia to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, clearing the way for deployment of some 60,000 NATO troops. • On Dec. 24, 1979, the Soviet Union invades Afghanistan under the pretext of upholding the SovietAfghan Friendship Treaty of 1978. Despite fierce resistance from the Afghan army, it took the Soviets only a few days to secure the capital of Kabul.

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WILLIAM MULHOLLAND

• William Mulholland was born in Ireland in 1855, immigrating to the U.S. and settling in Los Angeles in 1877. At the time, L.A.’s population was 9,000. He landed a job with L.A.’s recently formed water department, rising to become superintendent and chief engineer, despite having no formal training. • Mulholland knew the limiting factor to L.A.’s growth would be lack of water. The city's population rose from 50,000 in 1890 to 100,000 in 1900 to 320,000 in 1910. Mulholland and the city’s mayor Frederick Eaton realized that the runoff from the Sierra Nevada mountains in Owens Valley could be delivered to L.A. through a gravity-fed aqueduct. Together they engaged in under-handed methods of rooking the residents of Owens Valley out of their water rights. Then it was time to ship the water to L.A. • In 1906, Mulholland was appointed the Chief Engineer of the Bureau of the Los Angeles Aqueduct. From 1907 to 1913, he directed the construction of the 233-mile aqueduct, an effort that required 3,900 workers digging 164 tunnels in a project that’s been equated with constructing the Panama Canal. It was the longest aqueduct in the world and used only gravity to deliver the water. Water from the Owens River reached a reservoir in the San Fernando Valley on November 5, 1913. At the dedication ceremony, Mulholland famously said: “There it is. Take it.” The aqueduct remains operational today. • By 1926 the land area of Los Angeles had doubled, making it the largest city in the U.S. by area. The water coming in from Owens Valley was primarily used to irrigate crops. Lake Owens went dry in 1924. Angry farmers sabotaged the aqueduct often, once shutting down the entire water supply to L.A. for four days in what was called the California Water Wars. ...continued

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MULHOLLAND (continued):

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• Mulholland said he “half-regretted the demise of so many of the valley's orchard trees, because now there were no longer enough trees to hang all the troublemakers who live there.” City administrators negotiated settlements with farmers who had been cheated out of their water rights. • In 1924, Mulholland oversaw the construction of the St. Francis dam to store water against drought, earthquake, and sabotage. Located about 40 miles northwest of L.A., it was completed in 1926. • By the time the reservoir was full, seepage had already begun under the dam. Mulholland ordered pipes be installed to carry the water away from the foundation to avoid erosion. • On March 12, 1928, the dam keeper summoned Mulholland to witness a new leak that was spurting muddy water indicating that the foundation was being eaten away. Mulholland pronounced everything fine, and went home. A few hours later, just at midnight, the St. Francis dam burst. It took 70 minutes for 12.4 billion gallons to empty the reservoir, flowing down the San Francisquito Canyon in a wave 120 feet high travelling at 18 mph. • The water travelled 54 miles to the Pacific. It wiped out five towns. Around 400 people died, though many went uncounted. • Mulholland accepted full responsibility and stoically appeared at inquests. The reports concluded that water percolating through a fault line undermined the foundation of the dam, which collapsed under its own weight. • Mulholland retired in disgrace and was a recluse until his death of a stroke in 1935. Mulholland Drive is named for him. • In 1929 the California legislature passed laws regulating civil engineering and creating the state Board of Registration for Civil Engineers to protect against similar events. Locally Owned

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