Tidbits February 14 Issue

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Of Grand Forks • East Grand Forks

February 14, 2013

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Issue # 806

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Published by: Wick Publications • P.O. Box 12861, Grand Forks, ND 58208 • For Advertising Call: 701-772-8239 • wickpub@yahoo.com

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TIDBITS® CONSIDERS

DOLPHINS by Janet Spencer

The cerebral cortex is the part of the brain that thinks, imagines, and plans. The larger it is, the more intelligent the animal. A dolphin’s cerebral cortex is larger than a human’s. Dolphins also have more folds in their brains than humans do. Let’s take a look at what dolphins can do. • Like bats, dolphins navigate perfectly, even when unable to see, by using sonar. In the forehead of each dolphin is a pocket of oil or fat called the melon. This is used to focus the sound of the sonar blasts into a beam, like a magnifying lens focuses light. The sound bounces off an object and returns to the dolphin as an echo, containing information on the size, texture, and movement of the object. The dolphin receives the echo through fat deposits in its jaw. • A dolphin can identify objects up to half a mile away, detecting an item as small as a vitamin pill at the far end of a large pool. They also have manners when sounding their echolocation and avoid ‘spraying’ others with sound, focusing their sonar through a narrow window between other dolphins. • Dolphins may be able to make sounds loud enough to stun fish. One researcher who went swimming in a pool with an agitated dolphin had his eardrum burst by such a sound. Some scientists theorize dolphins may use sonar to project images into the brains of other dolphins.

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• Dolphins identify themselves and each other with “signature whistles” that act as a name. They express emotions by repeating their “name” in different “tones of voice.” Researchers have recorded and identified signature whistles of individual dolphins. When those dolphins are taken into separate tanks for medical care, they repeat their names with variations that scientists interpret as fear or apprehension, communicating their state of mind to other dolphins. • Dr. Jarvis Bastian, a University of California psychologist, taught two dolphins named Doris and Buzz a game. They were taught to press the lever on the left when they saw a flashing light and the lever on the right when they saw a steady light. Then he taught them a new twist: when the light came on, Doris had to wait until Buzz pressed his lever first, then she was to press her lever. When they had this down pat, Dr. Bastian then placed a barricade between the two dolphins so that they couldn’t see each other. Only Doris could see the light. When the light was flashed, Doris waited for Buzz to press his lever. Buzz, not knowing the light was on, did nothing. Doris then gave off a burst of whistles and clicks, and Buzz immediately pulled the correct lever. He pulled the correct lever every time the test was repeated.

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• At the Kewalo Basin Marine Mammal Lab in Hawaii, trainers were working with two bottlenose dolphins. Together the two trainers tapped two fingers of each hand together, making the symbol for “in tandem.” Then they both threw their arms in the air in the sign language gesture that meant “creative.” The instruction was, “Do something creative together.” The two dolphins broke away and began swimming around the tank together. Then in perfect choreography they leapt high into the air while simultaneously spitting water out of their mouths. Because dolphins don’t normally carry water in their mouths, it was obviously a move that had to be planned and synchronized before they left the water, proving that this was not a matter of two dolphins playing Follow the Leader. When more games of “Tandem Creative” were played, the dolphins did such things and backpedalling and then waving their tail flukes, or doing simultaneous back flips. The trainers were always surprised. • Off the shores of a town called Laguna in Brazil, dolphins and men have teamed up for generations. Fishermen line up in the shallow water off the shore with their nets. When the dolphins locate a school of mullet, they “herd” the fish towards the fishermen. While the fishermen fill their nets, the dolphins feast on the leftovers.

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DOLPHINS (continued): • Dolphins in the oceanarium in San Francisco were taught to “clean house.” They received a reward of fish for each piece of trash they brought to their trainer. A dolphin named Mr. Spock kept on bringing a steady stream of soggy bits of paper. Finally, the trainer discovered that the dolphin had hidden a big brown paper bag in a corner of the pool, and was tearing off a tiny piece at time.

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A PROBLEM • Dolphins frequently hang out with schools of tuna. Fishing for tuna used to entail only poles and lines, but in the 1960s, the tuna fleets switched to mile-long nets called purse seines that are wrapped around an entire school and closed like a draw-string purse. Unable to reach the surface, dolphins drown. When one member of their pod becomes entangled in a net, the other dolphins stay to help it rather than fleeing. This causes many more to die. The population of spinner dolphins decreased by 80 percent in the 1970s due to tuna fishing. Most major tuna companies now purchase “dolphin-safe” tuna. The price was raised by a few cents to cover the cost of new nets which would allow dolphins to escape. Unfortunately, some foreign tuna companies still use the old methods. Furthermore, many people in the world consider dolphin meat a delicacy. DOLPHIN TO THE RESCUE • Sailors in the late 1800s came to depend on a generous porpoise known as Jack to guide them through the French Pass, a dangerous rocky waterway off the coast of New Zealand. Jack piloted every ship that came through the treacherous currents until 1903, when a drunk passenger on a ship called the Penguin shot and wounded him. Fortunately, Jack recovered and resumed his duties. For an additional nine years, he guided all ships- all except the Penguin. • In 1999 when 5-year-old Elian Gonzales found himself alone and adrift at sea after his mother and her companions drowned while escaping from Cuba, he survived by clinging to a floating inner tube. When rescuers found him, he was surrounded by dolphins who had broken waves for him and driven away sharks for the two terrible days he floated alone in the ocean.

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JEANNETTE RANKIN Jeannette Rankin was born on a ranch in the Montana Territory in 1880, nine years before Montana became a state. As a young woman, she worked in poverty stricken areas of New York, trying to improve conditions for immigrants. This experi-ence led her to become deeply humanitarian. She wanted to devote her life progressive • Astoshe worked forreform. women’s rights, she correctly concluded that a lot of the ills of society were caused by women’s inability to vote, which she claimed amounted to nothing short of “taxation without representation.” Hired as a field secretary for the National American Woman Suffrage Association, she was instrumental in getting women the right to vote in North Dakota in 1913. • In 1916, she ran for congress in her home state of Montana, and was elected to the House of Representatives, becoming the first female member of congress. It was another four years before the 19th Amendment guaranteed all women in the U.S. the right to vote. In congress, she worked tirelessly on behalf of social issues such as women’s rights, child protection, and prohibition.

• As the first woman in congress, she got a lot of attention. When congress voted on whether or not to enter World War I, she was one of 50 people who voted against it. This action brought a lot of ridicule her way, but she defended her vote saying, “I felt the first time the first woman had a chance to say no to war she should say it.” • She failed in her bid to be re-elected, and went to work instead as a lobbyist, pressing for reforms to reduce the nation’s infant mortality rate. In 1939 she ran for congress again, basing her campaign on an anti-war platform.

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JEANNETTE RANKIN (continued): • Her brother, who was wealthy and well-connected, financed and organized her second campaign for Congress. Largely due to his assistance, she won another term. She unseated Jacob Thorkelson, who had been been using his single term to advocate a Nazi agenda. • Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, Jeannette Rankin was the only member of congress to staunchly vote against entering World War II, saying, “As a woman, I can’t go to war and I refuse to send anyone else.” She is now remembered as the only person in congress to vote against entering into both World War I and World War II.

by Samantha Weaver

• It was noted American poet Ogden Nash, best known as a composer of droll verse, who made the following sage observation: “Some tortures are physical / And some are mental, / But the one that is both / Is dental.” • According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, if you’re like the average American, you consume 132 pounds of sugar every year. Compare that to folks in the year 1700, who consumed only about 4 pounds of sugar per year. • The next time you see a shampoo commercial and note how creamy and frothy the lather seems to be, keep this in mind: The model in the advertisement probably has either laundry detergent or frothed egg whites on her hair. • Those who study such things say that 10 years after a hot dog has been dumped in a landfill, the wiener could still be intact.

• If you cook a single ostrich egg, you can feed 24 people. • When you studied history in school, you probably didn’t learn about Edward Hyde. He was a cousin to Queen Anne and was appointed to the post of colonial governor of New York, in which position he served from 1702 to 1708. Though he’s not well known now, he was quite the talk of the colonies in his day. It seems that when a delegation of colonists went to his mansion to welcome the new governor, they found him sitting on the front porch, crocheting a doily and wearing one of his wife’s dresses. At his first formal ball as governor, he wore a gown. His eccentricities continued until he was caught embezzling public money and was returned to England. * * * Thought for the Day: “When you stop doing things for fun you might as well be dead.” -- Ernest Hemingway

• When her term ended in 1943, she returned to her home in Montana and spent several decades out of the political spotlight. However, with the social turmoil caused by Civil Rights, Viet Nam, and the fight for women’s equality, she returned to social agitation, and worked to organize marches, mobilize the downtrodden, and set up foundations. • She considered another run for Congress in the 1970s in order to vote against U.S. involvement in Viet Nam. By then she was in her 80s. She continued to write about issues of social importance until she died in 1973 at the age of 92. Although some people consider her to have been outrageously unrealistic, others praise her as an inspiration. Even to this day, the Jeannette Rankin Scholarship fund she set up continues to provide for the education of low income women across the United States. • “I may be the first woman member of Congress,” she observed upon her election in 1916. “But I won’t be the last.” And upon her election in 1940, she said, “No one will pay any attention to me this time,” the victor predicted. “There is nothing unusual about a woman being elected.”

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STAR H MAP

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Draw a star in exactly 10 of the empty squares in the diagram below so that each numbered square accurately indicates how many immediately adjacent squares (horizontally, vertically or diagonally) contain a star.

Abraham Lincoln Quotes “America will never be destroyed from the outside. If we falter and lose our freedoms, it will be because we destroyed ourselves.” ********* “Labor is prior to, and independent of, capital. Capital is only the fruit of labor, and could never have existed if labor had not first existed. Labor is the superior of capital, and deserves much the higher consideration.”

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• The cochineal beetle lives on prickly pear cactus plants in places such as Peru and the Canary Islands, sucking their sap. The eggs of the beetle, wrapped inside a cocoon, are bright red. In fact, the eggs are so red that a pregnant female cochineal beetle whose body harbors unlaid eggs will, if squashed, yield a bright red pulp. Long ago the Mixtec Indians collected the female cochineal beetles and crushed them to a powder. The dried bug dust was used to create a color-fast red dye for fabrics that is still used today. It’s consid-ered to be superior to all synthetic dyes. But these red bugs color more than just clothing. • Dye made from cochineal beetles is called carmine. In the 1800s food manufacturers began to use carmine to dye sausages, candy, jam, shrimp, maraschino cherries, and other things. The cosmetic industry used it to color lipstick and rouge. The pharmaceutical industry used it to color pills. Carmine was a very common until a red dye made from coal tar became more popular in the 1870s. However, when coal tar dyes were found to be carcinogenic, carmine came back on the scene. Look at the ingredients of red foods and beverages in your supermarket today for either “carmine” or “cochineal extract.” Many kinds of juice, yogurt, ice cream, cough syrup, gelatin, and candy may contain beetle powder for coloring. The advertising for such products may legitimately claim, “All natural ingredients!” because, after all, what’s unnatural about a beetle? If you don’t want to eat crushed beetles, look for ‘artificial coloring’ on the ingredients label.

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BEETLE JUICE (continued):

• In 1996, some 640 metric tons of cochineal DEERE. JOHN DEERE. (continued): was harvested in Peru. That accounts for 85 • It was while living in Illinois that John nopercent of the world’s production.

ticed the problems that farmers faced when • Now let’s take lookBecause at candy, attempting to tilla soil. the especially area had chocolate such as chocolate covered formerly candy been woodland, the soil was rich raisins, chocolatewhich mints,clumped chocolate with hummus, andcoated clungpeato the and blades the Anything plows farmers nuts so of forth. thatwere tendsaccusto get tomedisto using. While repairing a broken cirsticky covered with shellac. cular saw, Deere stumbled upon an idea. He • What exactly is shellac? Shellac comes from employed his smith skills to fashion the steel the poopinto produced by the Lac-ciblade the shape of ascale plow.beetle He affixed fertwo lacca, which lives in India and South Asia. wooden spokes, then hitched the device The a living sap,soil parto beetle a horse.makes It plowed the eating heavy tree Illinois ticularly of several species of soap-berry, acalike a charm. In fact, a farmer who happened cia, fig tree. Itthe then di-gestedput sap to and be observing testexcretes run immediately in an orderitself for his owna John Deereshell plow.of this and covers with hardened

protect itself from predators •resinous In shortmatter order, to Deere gave up his blacksmith while it goes through its larval stage. shop and focused on making plows. The company grewwith steadily many em• Twigs covered theseand bugsadded are then scraped ployees. In the late 1840s, John relocated the off, and the scrapings are ground up, washed, entire operation to Moline, Illinois. Ashamed melted, filtered, dried, and dissolved in denaof his own lack of education, John sent his tured alcohol to form a varnish for furniture. children to the state’s finest schools. One of • Food grade varnish, a typewhen of confectioner’s his proudest days occurred son Charles glaze, can also be produced from earned the equivalent of an MBA fromLaccifer Bell’s lacca which isCollege very popular with food manuCommercial in Chicago.

it maintains even •facturers With hisbecause son Charles managing its the gloss company, inJohn highfound humidity; sticky or dull; time ittodoesn’t pursue get philanthropic inand it adheres easily to many food surfaces. terests. He co-founded both the First Nation-

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Bank and First is Congregational • Ofal course, thethelabel not going toChurch. list bug He was elected the mayor of Moline in poop as an ingredient. No, it’s usually1873, got a wherecoated one ofname his first actions – the replacesugar such as ‘confectioner’s ment of the city’s open drains with a sewer glaze or ‘resinous glaze.’ pipe system – saved countless lives by reduc-

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• “Lac” from which we get our word shellac, ing the spread of disease. from theJohn Persian “hun•comes The original Deereword logo,meaning registered in dred thousand” because it takes so many 1876, depicted a deer that was native to Afri-of these tiny bugs to produce in anyitquan-tity: ca. Thirty-six years later, lac in 1912, was re100,000 bugs, each the size of the head of a placed with the image of a North American pin, can yield perhaps pound of shellac. white-tailed deer. In athe decades that followed, the now-familiar “outline” logo took Thanks for Reading Tidbits! over as the symbol of the John Deere brand.

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