Tidbits April 11 Issue

FREE! AL

Of Grand Forks • East Grand Forks

April 11, 2013

The

Neatest

IGH TS RES 13 ERVED ©20

Issue # 814

Little Paper Ever Read®

Published by: Wick Publications • P.O. Box 12861, Grand Forks, ND 58208 • For Advertising Call: 701-772-8239 • wickpub@yahoo.com

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IRRIGATION by Patricia L. Cook

Flying over land, whether foreign or domestic, is quite an adventure. Observing the checkerboard designs, circles, curves, lines and the greens, browns, blues and other color variations from above tells a lot about the land and water below. Irrigation causes many of the variations. • Irrigation is defined as “artificial application of water to land to assist in the production of crops.” Some of the oldest civilizations on earth relied on irrigation to keep their populations alive. • In many climates there is sufficient rainfall to grow crops, however in dry climates farmers must work out a way to get needed water to their fields. Irrigation has been a significant technology underlying the major developments of the world. Early uses of irrigation can be traced back to 6000 BC in Egypt and Mesopotamia (present day Iraq and Iran). • Flooding occurs along the Nile River in Egypt and the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Mesopotamia annually from July through December. Early farmers learned to divert the water to fields for 40-60 days and then drain it back into the river at just the right time in the growing season.

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IRRIGATION (continued): • A Nilometer was most likely the first device Drive-Thru Window. used for measuring a river’s rise and fall. It “I love the drive-thru window. No walking through “I love the drive-thru window. No walking through consisted of a water chamber with a graduated a large store just to pick up my medicine.” a large store just to pick up my medicine.” - Another Satisifed Medicap Patient pillar to measure the depth of the river’s water - Another Satisifed Medicap Patient and predict when floods would occur. One of the oldest structures in Cairo, Egypt is a unique HOURS HOURS historical Nilometer on Roda (Rawda) Island. M-F 9-7 M-F 9-7 Sat. 9-1:30 While it has been rebuilt and restored numerSat. 9-1:30 JeffJeff Theige R.Ph. Med Park Mall • 1395 S. Columbia Road • 746-1800 Theige, R.Ph. Med Park Mall • 1395 S. Columbia Road • 746-1800 Jeff Theige, R.Ph. Med Park Mall • 1395 S. Columbia Road • 746-1800 ous times, the basics of the structure date back to 715 AD.

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• Many Nilometers were used in ancient times along the Nile and several others have also been preserved but the Roda Island building is one of the most picturesque. The use of Nilometers subsided when the first major irrigation project was undertaken around 3100 BC. This project included dams and canals to make the water accessible to the people. • Other old methods of getting water where it was needed were used as well. An irrigation shaduf is a device used by early Egyptians. It was a container made of clay or animal skins that was attached to a lever and counterbalanced by stones. The container was dipped into the river and then usually dumped into a canal that flowed to where it could be used. • Egyptians also used water wheels with clay pots or buckets (called Noria) attached along the circumference. The river’s current turned the wheel. As the buckets or pots were filled they turned around the wheel until they were emptied by gravity into an aqueduct that took the water where it needed to go. • Noria were the first non-human operated lifting devices. While Egyptians developed Noria water wheels there is a lot of historical evidence that the Chinese were using similar methods to move water in their country as well.

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4. When was the last decade Washington had a majorleague baseball team in the playoffs prior to 2012? 5. Carmelo Anthony set a USA basketball record in 2012 for most points in an Olympic game with 37. Who had held the record—Dwyane Wade, Stephon Marbury, Charles Barkley or Michael Jordan? 6. Name the last player to win a major-league batting title without hitting a home run in that season?

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IRRIGATION (continued): • There were other ancient devices that were used to help get water where it was needed for consumption as well as irrigation for crops. Windmills and canals played a great part in the early years. Canals and dams on rivers are the most important “big” introductions to irrigation from the ancient days that are still used today.

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• In the arid western U.S., where dry weather is persistent, water rights and water regulations are big issues for landowners and anyone involved in growing crops. The first water regulations date back to King Hammurabi of Babylon in 1792 BC. The regulations then and now include: 1) distribution of water proportional to acres (or hectares) farmed; 2) the farmer’s responsibilities in maintaining canals that cut through his property; and 3) the administrative responsibility of the canal for all users in its path. • Many patents related to sprinklers for residential watering were issued starting in the late 1800s. As more homeowners, farmers and ranchers moved west and the need for irrigation of lawns, gardens and fields grew, more needs were seen and more inventors got busy.

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• There are also regions that “overwater” using irrigation in order to grow crops that need lots of water. The two crops that use the most water are cotton and rice; two of the most essential crops for many lesser developed countries. In southern China, over 70% of the acres (hectares) being cultivated are for rice.

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• Most sprinkling and irrigation is used for agriculture. In fact, 70% of all water use is for agriculture; land with irrigation grows 40% of the world’s food. • Aquifers are the main source for water for irrigation in North America. An aquifer is “an underground bed or layer of permeable rock, sediment or soil that yields water.” • The High Plains aquifer is one of the largest aquifers in the world. It is under approximately 175,000 square miles (453248 km_) of eight states: Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, Texas, Wyoming, Oklahoma, and New Mexico. The area, considered the High Plains region, uses this important resource for irrigation and supplies about one-fourth of the agricultural production for the nation. • A recent discovery (2012) in Namibia, the driest country in Africa, may prove to be the most significant discovery in that country’s history. The Ohangwena II aquifer flows under the boundary Namibia shares with Angola. The aquifer’s area under Namibia covers approximately 43 miles by 25 miles (70 km x 40 km). If the water from the aquifer is managed properly, the country should see a huge increase in sustainable agriculture to help the residents survive. Researchers from Germany and other European countries are helping to set up proper well usage for the locals. • When you hear the “click, click, click” or the swishing noises of modern center pivot irrigation systems or see the canals opened and fields “flood irrigated,” be thankful that people have studied and invented these items to have sufficient OF GRAND FORKS food to eat and crops that help to provide us with many other PART-Time products we use Positions daily.

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JANE AUSTEN

Jane Austen was a novelist that appealed to female readers at a time when female writers were very rare. No public acknowledgement of her writing was made during her lifetime. • Born at Steventon Rectory in Hampshire, England on December 16, 1775, Jane was the seventh child of a clergyman and his wife, George and Cassandra Austen. • Jane and her siblings were educated at home and then at a boarding school. They benefited from their father’s extensive library and the great learning atmosphere that was created for them. Austen’s closest friend was her only sister, Cassandra, three years her senior. • The first writings of Jane Austen were comic stories in three notebooks that are now referred to as the Juvenilia. She wrote her first novella when she was 19, entitled Lady Susan. It was written in epistolary form, which means as a series of letters. It was not published until long after Jane’s death. • Austen lived a quiet life with her family but was provided worldly access via London and its theater, art exhibits, and social events through her brothers. Two brothers were in the Royal Navy and involved in the Napoleonic Wars. One brother became a clergyman like his father and another served in the militia and then worked in banking. Her brother, Edward, was adopted by some wealthy cousins, and became their heir. • Jane and her sister visited Edward’s estate, Godmersham, in Kent, for extended periods of time and were able to be a part of the privileged life of the wealthy. This lifestyle is reflected in her writings. She also spent a great deal of time in Bath, which is the home of the very popular Jane Austen Centre today.

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Presidential Quotes: “Nearly all men can stand adversity, but if you want to test a man’s character, give him power.” ~ Abraham Lincoln

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• It was pioneering British director of suspense films Alfred Hitchcock who made the following sage observation: “The length of a film should be directly related to the endurance of the human bladder.” • If you’re an arachnophobe, you probably don’t want to know that a tarantula can live for up to two years without eating a single thing. • If you’re like the average American man with a job, you spend 8 minutes per day cooking. If you’re like the average American woman who works, you spend 50 minutes a day preparing meals. • There are four times more astrologers than astronomers in the United States. • You may not think it significant that in 1921, Earle Dickson’s wife had a tendency to injure herself while working in the kitchen. He kept bandaging her wounds with gauze and adhesive tape, but the bandages always seemed to be slipping off. Finally, in exasperation, he put a small

piece of gauze in the center of a piece of adhesive tape, which worked beautifully. None of this would have made any difference to us today, except that Dickson was an employee of Johnson & Johnson. He took some samples of his invention into work, where the owner, James Johnson, loved the idea. The Band-Aid went into production shortly thereafter. • In the 1979 gubernatorial election in Louisiana, a man named Luther Knox was fed up with the candidates on the ballot. In order to give like-minded Louisianans an option, he ran for the office himself -- after legally changing his name to “None of the Above.” • You might be surprised to learn that rock star Elvis Presley’s idol was General Douglas MacArthur. * * * Thought for the Day: “The hardest thing in the world to understand is income taxes.” -- Albert Einstein

JANE AUSTEN (continued): • Another place honoring Austen’s British roots is the Jane Austen Museum at Chawton, UK. She spent eight of her later years in the home that her brother, Francis, provided for Jane and her sister. Many of her popular books were written at the Chawton Cottage. • When Austen’s novels were first published she was not identified as the author. After her death on July 18, 1817, two of the novels, Persuasion and Northanger Abbey, were published together by her brother, Henry, in December of the same year. He included a “Biographical Notice,” where he identified Jane as the author of the two novels as well as Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Emma and Mansfield Park. • The number of books that Austen authored is low, only six published, especially when you consider the great following of her works. All of Austen’s books have been made into movies, with Pride and Prejudice being the book that has been on film the most (five times). • The Jane Austen Society of North America (JASNA) has over 4,500 members affiliated with the society in 70 regional groups in Canada and the United States. Evidently the members agree with Jane’s quote from her book, Emma, “It is such a happiness when good people get together – and they always do.” • Austen wrote about an idyllic life, romance, financial considerations in marriage and used satire quite frequently. Unfortunately she never married and much about her private life was kept private. She died when she was only 41 in Winchester, England and is buried at the cemetery at Winchester Cathedral. • Jane Austen’s gravesite, visited by many admirers annually, does not mention that she was an author.

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STAR H MAP Draw a star in exactly 10 of the empty squares in the diagram below so that each numbered square accurately indicates how many immediately adjacent squares (horizontally, vertically or diagonally) contain a star.

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East Grand Forks, MN 218-793-0035

If you discover an H&R Block error on your return that entitles you to a smaller tax liability, we’ll E.during 2ndthe St. 2600 DeMers refund the tax prep fee for that Ave. return. Refund claims must107 be made calendar year in n 218-793-0035 NEW LOCATION: Gateway Dr NE,OBTP# East Grand Forks , MN which the210 return was prepared. B13696 ©2012 HRB56721 Tax Group, Inc. Crookston, MN Grand 107Forks, E 2ND St,ND Crookston , MN 56716 n 218-281-3658

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HOPPERS Many types of bugs and animals hop. There are also hoppers of other sorts: hopper cars on trains, hoppers that are used on farms and people who hop (or maybe they jump) on trampolines! • Usually when we think of insect “hoppers,” grasshoppers and crickets come to mind. These insects from the order Orthoptera have powerful hind legs that allow them to propel themselves long distances. Also noteworthy about the order Orthoptera (sounds a little like opera, right?) is that these insects “sing” by performing “stridulation,” which is the action of rubbing parts of their bodies together. • National Geographic named the weird froghopper bug the “World’s Greatest Leaper” in 2003. The froghopper is a “sap-sucker” that coats plants with foamy spittle – yuk! Froghoppers are about 1/5 of an inch (6 mm) long and can leap an amazing 28 inches (70 mm). That equals 140 times their body length. For a human to leap this distance, in comparison, would mean a long-jump record of 840 feet (256 m)!

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• According to neurobiologist, Malcolm Burrows, of the University of Cambridge, in the United Kingdom, the secret to the long jumps of some insects is a “specialized catapult mechanism” that allows the insects to store and then release energy. • Kangaroos, the largest hopping animal, can cover a lot of ground with their hops. When kangaroos need to go faster, they don’t increase the frequency of their hops, instead they increase the distance for each hop. Kangaroos can bound North Dakota, Inc. 25 feet (7.6 m) Great Challenges Make Great Kids. or more forward and 6 feet (1.8 m) high in a single hop.

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HOPPERS (continued): • The back legs of kangaroos always move in DEERE. JOHN DEERE. (continued): tandem except when swimming! • It was while living in Illinois that John • The greater the range of a kangaroo’s hop,nothe ticed the problems that farmers faced when more energy harnessed in their muscles and attempting to till soil. Because the area had tendons when they touch down. Kangaroos formerly been woodland, the soil was rich have tremendous endurance withand hearts twice with hummus, which clumped clung to the of comparable efthesize blades of the plowsanimals farmers and werevery accusficient respiratory systems. tomed to using. While repairing a broken circular saw,are Deere stumbled upon an idea. famHe • Wallabies members of the kangaroo employed smith package. skills to fashion the steel ily, just in ahis smaller They, like their blade into the shape of a plow. He affixed kangaroo cousins are only found naturally in two wooden spokes,New thenGuinea. hitched the device Australia and Papua to a horse. It plowed the heavy Illinois soil • Besides their size, thea biggest difference belike a charm. In fact, farmer who happened tween andtestkangaroos is in their to be wallabies observing the run immediately put mouths. Wallabies live John in bushy in an order for his own Deere forests plow. and dine on leaves; kangaroos in more •mostly In short order, Deere gave up his live blacksmith open treeless areas and mostly eat grasses. shop and focused on making plows. The Kangaroos have steadily high crowns of teeth thatemare company grew and added many curved in In their while ployees. the mouths late 1840s, Johnwallabies relocated have the flat teethoperation with a single cutting tooth Ashamed on the top entire to Moline, Illinois. of his own mouths. lack of education, John sent his front of their children to the state’s finest schools. One of • Rabbits are also fast hoppers, but kangaroos his proudest days occurred when son Charles can go about twice as fast as a cottontail. An earned the equivalent of an MBA from Bell’s Australian redCollege kangaroo can leap at about 35 Commercial in Chicago. miles per hour (56 kph); a rabbit would be left •inWith his son Charles managing the company, the dust! John found time to pursue philanthropic in• Rabbits, and kangaroo ratsFirst are Nationhoppers terests. hares, He co-founded both the that can be in the dry desert regions al Bank andfound the First Congregational Church.of the and the southwestern United Hewestern was elected mayor of Moline in States. 1873, where onerats of are his first actions the replaceKangaroo native to the– desert southment city’sStates. open drains with a sewer west ofof thethe United pipe system – saved countless lives by reduc• There are more than 20 species of kangaroo ing the spread of disease. rats that hop on their hind legs and use their •tails Thefor original John logo, registered in balance likeDeere kangaroos. They are not 1876, depicted a deer that was native to Afrirelated to kangaroos though; in fact kangaroo ca. Thirty-six years later, in 1912, it was rerats are rodents that have more in common placed with the image of a North American with camels than kangaroos. Camels and kanwhite-tailed deer. In the decades that folgaroo ratsthearenow-familiar the only mammals cantook surlowed, “outline”that logo vive with virtually no water to drink. over as the symbol of the John Deere brand. Information in the Tidbits® Paper is gathered from sources considered to be reliable, but the accuracy of all information cannot be guaranteed.

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