Tidbits December 19 Issue

hri rry C stmas! e M

Since 1997

Of Grand Forks • East Grand Forks December 19, 2013

Published by: Wick Publications • 701-772-8239

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ICY INFO

There’s more to know about ice than just the fact that it’s frozen water. Here are the cold hard facts about cold hard ice!

• An ice sheet forms when snow that falls in winter does not melt entirely over the summer months. After thousands of years of this process, the layers pile up and compress into thick, dense sheets of ice. In order to be classified as an ice sheet, it must extend more than 20,000 sq. miles. Antarctica’s ice sheet covers almost 5.4 million sq. miles, which is about the size of the U.S. and Mexico combined. At one spot the ice is 2.96 miles thick. Greenland, the world’s largest island, has an ice sheet extending 656,000 sq. miles, about three times the size of Texas. • The size of an iceberg varies between 3.3 ft. and 246 ft. above the sea, weighing between 100,000 and 200,000 tons. About one-ninth of an iceberg’s volume is above water. It’s very challenging to determine the shape of that portion that lies underwater. Turn the page for more!

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• About 10% of the Earth’s land mass and 7% of its oceans are covered by ice. Close to 98% of Antarctica, located at the Earth’s South Pole, is covered by ice averaging at least a mile in thickness. Its ice sheet holds about 90% of the planet’s fresh water.

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ICY INFO (continued):

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Quiz Bits 1. 2. 3. 4.

5. The poinsettia, a traditional Christmas flower, originally grew in what country? What instrument was the carol 6. In Tchaikovsky’s ballet “The Nut“Silent Night” first played on? cracker,” who is the nutcracker’s T or F: The first electric Christmas main enemy? tree lights were used before 1900. 7. When visiting Finland, Santa In North America, children put stockleaves the sleigh behind and rides ings out at Christmastime. What do on what animal? 8. What popular Christmas song was their Dutch counterparts use? actually written for Thanksgiving? What’s the name of the little girl that helps Frosty, in Frosty the TRIVIA Snowman?

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• Icebergs are composed of freshwater ice that has broken off a glacier or an ice shelf, causing them to float freely in the open water. During the warmer weather of spring and summer, the formation of icebergs increases as they separate from the Greenland and Antarctica ice sheets and from other outlying glaciers. About 15,000 icebergs separate from Greenland every year, but most melt long before entering the Atlantic Ocean. Less than 400 will flow south of Newfoundland into the North Atlantic. • Iceberg Alley is the area about 250 miles southeast of Newfoundland, Canada. This is where the Titanic struck an iceberg and sank in April of 1912. Prior to that disaster, which caused 1,500 deaths, there was no system to track icebergs and protect ships from collision. Immediately, the U.S. Navy began patrolling the waters, and the following year a permanent international system was created. • About 93% of the world’s icebergs are found in the Antarctic, and they are much larger than their northern counterparts. The largest iceberg on record was sighted in the Pacific Ocean in 1956 and measured 60 x 208 miles, with over 12,000 sq. miles of area, larger than the country of Belgium. In the Northern Atlantic, a 551-ft-tall iceberg was reported in 1958, the equivalent of a 55-story building. • If all the ice in the world were to melt at the same time, the volume of all the oceans would increase by 1.7%, with a rise in sea level of 1180 feet. This would be the equivalent of the Empire State Building standing in water up to the 20th floor.

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SPORTS QUIZ

4. Who was the first NASCAR driver to be featured on a box of Wheaties cereal? 1. Who has the most managerial 5. How many championships wins in Kansas City Royals did the Los Angeles Lakers history? win under the ownership of 2. Before 2012, when was the Dr. Jerry Buss? last decade that Northwest6. T or F: 2013 was the first ern’s football team won a time ever that no American bowl game? male tennis player was in the 3. When was the last time before top 10 of the ATP rankings. 2013 (Chicago and Boston) 7. Troy Aikman’s last playoff that two of the Original Six game with Dallas was in NHL franchises met in the 1999. Since then, how many Stanley Cup finals? playoff games has Dallas won?

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ICY INFO (continued): • Water freezes from the outside in, expanding as it freezes. Tiny air bubbles are trapped in the water as it freezes, and the air is pushed to the center of an ice cube, which is shy cubes have cloudy, opaque centers. Ice cubes made from tap water have more air content, making them cloudier. If you want your ice cubes to be perfectly clear, start off with hot water, which has less air than cold water from the faucet. Or use bottled water, boiling it briefly before freezing. • When can you trust walking on ice? Ice with a thickness of two inches will support the weight of a man. Ice that is four inches thick will support that man on horseback. • Hail forms inside strong thunderstorm clouds when those clouds with updrafts pick up water droplets and carry them above the freezing level. Hailstones measure between .2 inch and 6 inches in diameter. In North America, “Hail Alley” is where hail is most common, that area where Colorado, Nebraska, and Wyoming meet. Cheyenne, Wyoming is the continent’s most hail-prone city, with about 9 to 10 hailstorms during the time from May to September. Vivian, South Dakota recorded the U.S.’s largest hailstone in July, 2010, with a diameter of 8 inches and a weight of 1.93 lbs.. The world’s largest fell in 1986 in Bangladesh and weighed 2.25 lbs., and was about the size of a cantaloupe. That deadly storm killed 92 people. • What’s the difference between ice and dry ice? Regular ice is frozen water, while dry ice is frozen carbon dioxide. Dry ice is much colder, with temps below -108 degrees F (-78 C). Carbon dioxide does not go through a liquid state as it cools from gas to a solid state, and it also doesn’t melt. Rather, it changes directly from a solid into a vapor.

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ICY INFO (continued): • The word “ice” doesn’t always refer to water that has frozen into a solid form. It can also refer to an air of unfriendliness or animosity, when the atmosphere turns to ice. It can be a snack of shaved ice flavored with sweetened juice. The term can also mean flashy diamond jewelry or a smokable form of an illegal methamphetamine. As a verb, to a hired assassin, it’s slang for killing their victim and to a baker, it’s what they do to a cake. To a hockey player, it’s their skating surface as well as the act of shooting the puck out of defensive territory and far into the opposing team’s territory. If you’re too busy at work to take any time off, you put your vacation on ice when you postpone it. If you’re in an awkward social situation and no one is speaking, you might break the ice by offering the first remarks. But be careful about offensive remarks – they might put you on thin ice, meaning you’re in a difficult situation.

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• A glacier forms when multiple snowfalls occur over many years, even centuries in mountainous or polar regions. Glaciers form only on land, and flow very slowly across the land, powered by gravity, altering the shape of the Earth, creating valleys, morasses, crevasses, and changing landforms. Not surprisingly, the world’s largest glacier, Lambert Glacier is located in Antarctica.

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Happy Holidays

i Yak hair was used to make wigs for characters in the movie “The Hobbit.” i Nepal is the only country in the world whose flag is not rectangular.

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TOOTHPASTE

• No bathroom is complete without a tube of toothpaste. Did you ever notice that there’s no ingredients label on toothpaste? Here’s why! • Toothpaste is about 30% water. Mixed with water is chalk, the crushed remains of ancient ocean creatures. Their exoskeletons retain their sharpness, and they are one of the few things tough enough to clean tooth enamel. • Titanium dioxide is added to the chalk/water mix. That’s the stuff that goes into white wall paint to make it bright. On your teeth, it paints over the yellow for at least a few hours till it dissolves and is swallowed.

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• To keep this chalk/water/paint mixture from drying out, glycerine glycol is whipped in. You know glycerine glycol as an ingredient in anti-freeze. • Next they add a concoction from the seaweed known scientifically as Chrondrus Crispus. This oozes and stretches in all directions and holds the mass together. • A dollop of paraffin (a petroleum derivative) keeps the mixture smooth. • Next it needs a generous amount of detergent, for what good would toothpaste be if it weren’t for the foam and suds? The answer is, it would be perfectly good without foam and suds, but the public demands foam and suds.

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• However, detergent tastes horrible, so into the tube go peppermint oil, menthol crystals, and saccharin. • Is that all there is to toothpaste? Not quite! To kill the bacteria that creep into the tube from the bathroom counter, we need a dose of formaldehyde— the same variety that’s used in anatomy labs. Does this recipe for toothpaste turn you off? Take heart— studies have shown that brushing with plain water can be just as effective.

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TOOTHPASTE DISASTERS • In the 1950s, Pepsodent decided they wanted to sell more toothpaste overseas. They started an advertising campaign in Asia based on their American slogan, “You’ll wonder where the yellow went, when you brush your teeth with If you didn’t use H&R Block last year, bring in your return for a Second Look® Review. We Pepsodent!” However, in that part of the world usually find a ®different result which can mean more money for our clients. We’ll check for missed deductions and credits, to help make sure you get the maximum refund you’re many natives chew on a treat called the betel money for our clients. We’ll check for missed deductions and credits, entitled to to. help We’llmake also certify whether or not your original return is accurate.¶ nut, just as Americans chew gum. Betel nut is sure you get the maximum refund you’re entitled to. We’ll also certify whether or not your original return is accurate.1 quite expensive, and it also stains the teeth. Blackened teeth are a status symbol and a sign of wealth. No one wanted white teeth and the ¶ Based on Second Look Reviews conducted 2009-2011. Fees apply for Second Look® reviews or if you have us prepare a corrected or amended return. Pepsodent campaign failed dismally. Results will vary. If H&R Block makes an error on your return, we’ll pay resulting penalties and interest. If you are audited, we’ll explain your audit notice and the documentation you should provide to the auditor. ©2011 HRB Tax Group, Inc.

Get a professional second opinion onTHE last MOST year’s return GETTING BACK with Second Look. STARTS WITH GETTING If you didn’t use H&R Block last year, bring in your return for a Second THEWeMOST EXPERTISE. Look Review. usually find a different result which can mean more

Based on Second Look Reviews conducted 2009-2011. Fees apply for Second Look® reviews or if you have us prepare a corrected or amended return. Results will vary. If H&R Block makes an error on your return, we’ll pay resulting penalties and interest. If you are audited, we’ll explain your audit notice and the documentation you should provide to the auditor. ©2011 HRB Tax Group, Inc.

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MOMENTS IN TIME

The History Channel

• On Dec. 26, 1908, Jack Johnson becomes the first black American to win the world heavyweight title when he knocks out Canadian Tommy Burns in the 14th round in a championship bout near Sydney, Australia. Johnson held the heavyweight title until 1915.

nesty board to review cases of conscientious objectors who were imprisoned after refusing to serve during World War II. Of the 15,000 violators of the World War II Selective Service Act, only 1,500 were considered entitled to full amnesty.

• On Dec. 25, 1914, just after midnight on Christmas morning, German troops fighting in World War I cease firing their guns and artillery, and commence to sing Christmas carols. At points along the eastern and western fronts, Russian, French and British soldiers even heard brass bands joining the Germans in their joyous singing.

• On Dec. 29, 1956, the New York Times leaks the news that the United States is preparing a major policy statement on the Middle East. The U.S. would oppose any Soviet military intervention in the region, and Middle Eastern powers could count on economic help and military help in opposing any Soviet aggression.

• On Dec. 28, 1938, silent-film star Florence Lawrence commits suicide in Beverly Hills, Calif. Lawrence also was an inventor: She designed the first “auto signaling arm,” a mechanical turn signal, along with the first mechanical brake signal. She did not patent these inventions, however, and as a result she received no credit for -- or profit from -- either one.

• The Colgate company tried to get into the food business when they came out with Colgate Kitchen Entrees but no one wanted to buy food from a toothpaste company. • John Spencer-Churchill, 10th Duke of Marlborough, lived in Blenheim Palace in splendor. Once he spent the night with his daughter, who lived in modest circumstances. In the morning she was surprised to hear him bellowing down the hallway that his toothbrush was not working properly. When she investigated, she found him upset because his toothbrush was failing to foam. She explained to her wealthy father that a toothbrush did not foam unless a toothpaste or powder was applied to it first— a task which the Duke’s valet did for him every morning.

• Judy Schwartz and Rickey Berkowitz were shipwrecked in the Java Sea in 1985. They lived on nothing but toothpaste for three weeks. After their rescue, Colgate-Palmolive awarded them 400 tubes of toothpaste. • Americans use half a million pounds of toothpaste in a day. However, women use more toothpaste then men. About 75% of all women brush their teeth twice a day, but only half of men do, according to the American Dental Association.

• On Dec. 27, 1968, Apollo 8, the first manned mission to orbit the moon, returns safely to Earth after an historic six-day journey. Astronauts Frank Borman, James Lovell, Jr., and William Anders were the first human beings to see the dark side of the moon.

• On Dec. 24, 1972, comedian Bob Hope gives what he says is his final Christmas show to U.S. forces in Saigon. The show marked • On Dec. 23, 1946, President Hope’s ninth consecutive ChristHarry Truman appoints an am- mas appearance in Vietnam. © 2012 King Features Synd., Inc.

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STAR H MAP

by Linda Thistle

Draw a star in exactly 10 of the empty squares in the diagram below so that each numbered square accurately indicates how many immediately adjacent squares (horizontally, vertically or diagonally) contain a star.

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FIVE-FOOT-SOMETHING

Good things come in small packages! Check out these folks who are 5’3” and under. • The career of singer/songwriter Paul Simon began when he met fellow 11-year-old Art Garfunkel while performing in their school’s production of Alice in Wonderland to celebrate the school’s sixth grade graduation. The pair began performing together when they were 13. The 5’2” Simon has earned 12 Grammy Awards for his work and was chosen by TIME magazine as one of the “100 People Who Shaped the World.” Familiar compositions include “Cecilia, “I Am a Rock,” “Sound of Silence,” “Mrs. Robinson,” and “Bridge over Troubled Water.” “Bridge” has sold more than million copies and is ranked #47 on Rolling Stone’s 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.” When Simon writes songs, he says, “The music always precedes the words.”

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Answer

Weekly SUDOKU

• One of history’s greatest philanthropists stood just 5 feet tall. Andrew Carnegie came to the United States at age 13, and went to work in a Pennsylvania factory earning $1.20 a week. At 18, he began a career in the railroad business, and began making investments with his earnings. His wise choices yielded substantial returns which enabled him to go into the steel business. The Carnegie Steel Corporation was the largest of its kind in the world. At age 61, Carnegie sold his business to J.P. Morgan, earning him more than $200 million (about $6.3 billion in today’s dollars). From that point on, he devoted his life to helping others, including the construction of 2,800 libraries and the establishment of Carnegie-Mellon University. By the time he died at 83, had had donated some $350 million.

Answer

• Clement Clarke Moore, the author of “A Visit From St. Nicholas” (more popularly known as “The Night Before Christmas”), was born during the American Revolution and died during the Civil War. • The modern image of Santa Claus was invented by American cartoonist Thomas Nast in the late 1800s. Until his cartoons were published at the end of the 19th century, no one really pictured Santa as a fat, jolly old man with white hair. • The first image of a Christmas tree to be printed in the United States appeared in Boston in 1836. It was an illustration to a book written by a German immigrant. • There is no Biblical or historical reason to place the birth of Jesus on Dec. 25. It was only in the fourth century that the Church officially decided to observe Christmas on Dec. 25. * * * Thought for the Day: “At Christmas play and make good cheer,/ For Christmas comes but once a year.” -Thomas Tusser

King CROSSWORD

• Between 1659 and 1681, it was illegal to celebrate Christmas in Massachusetts. If you were caught celebrating, you would be fined five shillings. • St. Nicholas is actually a historical figure, although the name was spelled differently. St. Nikolaus was the bishop of Myra in Asia Minor, and he died on Dec. 6, 343. In different regions of the world he is known as Klaus, Nickel, Sünnerklas, Seneklos, Pelznickel, Knecht Ruprecht, Weihnachtsmann and Christkindl. Sometimes he travels on foot, and sometimes he’s shown riding a white horse, a reindeer, a mule or even a goat. • In 1712, Cotton Mather said, “The Feast of Christ’s Nativity is spent in Reveling, Dicing, Carding, Masking, and in Licentious Liberty ... by Mad Mirth, by long Eating, by hard Drinking, by lewd Gaming, by rude Reveling.” Doesn’t sound much like today’s celebrations, does it? • If you think that Christmas has only recently become a nightmare of consumerism, consider that as early as the mid-1820s, Santa Claus was being employed to sell Christmas goods.

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Sports Answers

answer

1. Whitey Herzog won 410 games (1975-1979) 2. 1940s - Rose Bowl in 1948 3. 1979: Montreal & N.Y. Rangers

4. Dale Earnhardt 5. Ten titles 6. True 7. One win vs. Eagles. (4 losses)

FIVE-FOOT-SOMETHING (continued): • Although Minneapolis-born Prince Rogers DEERE. DEERE. (continued): Nelson wasJOHN professionally known as Prince • and It was while living in Illinois John noThe Artist Formerly Knownthat as Prince, his ticed the problems that farmers faced when childhood nickname was Skipper. This 5’2” attempting to till has soil.produced Because the had singer/songwriter ten area platinum formerly been woodland, the soil was rich albums and 30 Top 40 singles throughout his with hummus, clung to career, includingwhich 1984’sclumped “Purple and Rain,” which the blades of the plows farmers were accussold more than 13 million copies in the U.S., tomed to24 using. While repairing a broken cirspending consecutive weeks in Billboard’s cular saw, Deere stumbled upon an idea. He No. 1 spot. From 1993 to 2000, Prince’s name employed his smith skills to fashion the steel was an unpronounceable symbol, referred to blade into the shape of a plow. He affixed as the Love Symbol. two wooden spokes, then hitched the device • Mahatma Gandhi, the father of the Indiansoil into a horse. It plowed the heavy Illinois dependence movement, political and spiritual like a charm. In fact, a farmer who happened leader, advocatedthea test practice of non-violent to be observing run immediately put in an ordertoforinjustice. his own John plow. resistance ThisDeere London-trained lived a simple life and believed, “The • lawyer In short order, Deere gave up his blacksmith best way to find yourself is to lose yourself shop and focused on making plows. The incompany the service others.” Gandhi grew of steadily andAlthough added many emwas nominated for 1840s, the Nobel Peace Prize ployees. In the late John relocated the five times, he never received it. A 187-minute entire operation to Moline, Illinois. Ashamed film chronicled hisoflife in 1982, John winning of his own lack education, senteight his Academy including Best Picture. children toAwards, the state’s finest schools. One of Actor Ben Kingsley who portrayed hero his proudest days occurred when sonthis Charles stood 5’8”, was just In earned the although equivalentGandhi of an MBA from5’3”. Bell’s 1948, as Gandhi walked to a prayer meeting, Commercial College in Chicago. washis shot the chest at point-blank range, • heWith soninCharles managing the company, the sixth andtime finaltoattempt on his life. Two John found pursue philanthropic inmillion mourners made up the 5-mile-long (8terests. He co-founded both the First Nationkm) funeral procession. al Bank and the First Congregational Church. He wasDevito electedwas theamayor of Moline 1873, • Danny hair stylist in hisinsister’s where one of his firstinactions – theAmerican replacesalon before enrolling New York’s ment of the city’s open drains with sewer Academy of Dramatic Arts. As a youngaaspiring pipe system – saved countless lives by reducactor, the 5’0” Devito shared an apartment with ing theup-and-coming spread of disease. another actor, Michael Douglas, he John wouldDeere go onlogo, to produce numer• with The whom original registered in 1876, depicted deer thatrole wasasnative to Afri-in ous projects. Forahis 1992 the Penguin ca. Thirty-six later, in strictly 1912, itforbidden was reBatman Returns,years Devito was with image ofmakeup a Northdesign American toplaced discuss thethe top-secret with white-tailed deer.hisInfamily. the decades that folanyone, including lowed, the now-familiar “outline” logo took Thanks for Reading over as the symbol of the John Tidbits! Deere brand. Information in the Tidbits® Paper is gathered from sources considered to be reliable, but the accuracy of all information cannot be guaranteed.

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