Tidbits Grand Forks - November 17, 2016 by Tidbits of Grand Forks - East Grand Forks

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Mrs.

JELLYFISH by Kathy Wolfe

This week, Tidbits goes under the sea to swim with the jellyfish, bringing you some fascinating facts about this gelatinous marine animal.

• Jellyfish swim by contracting their bodies, but they aren’t very good swimmers. They’re usually moved along by water currents, which accounts for the many times they are washed up on beaches. These creatures are especially high in numbers in the tropical oceans around Florida, Malaysia, Australia, Hawaii, and the Philippines. • Jellyfish that swim near the water’s surface nearer to the sunlight are usually colorless or transparent. Those dwelling in the deep can be found in many vibrant colors, including red, purple, green, yellow, and even striped.

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• Jellyfish aren’t really fish at all! Fish are vertebrates, meaning they have a backbone, while jellyfish are invertebrates lacking a backbone. In fact, they don’t even have the basic sensory organs, respiratory system, circulatory system, or even a brain! Jellyfish also don’t have gills that would classify them as a fish. Many public aquariums refer to them as “sea jellies” instead. Their bodies are mostly water, about 94% to 98%. The mushroom-shaped top of the jellyfish is known as the bell.

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JELLYFISH (continued):

• There are about 400 areas in the oceans of the world where jellyfish are the only life form that can survive.

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5. What is the state of Alaska’s nickname? 6. How many chromosomes do human beings normally have? 7. What is the name of the character played by Marilyn Monroe in the movie “Some Like it Hot”? 8. What were the release years of the original three “Star Wars” movies? TRIVIA SPONSORED BY:

1. Where is a jellyfish’s mouth located at? 2. The company of Dunder Mifflin was the location of which television comedy series? 3. What Beatles’ song contains the lyric, “La la how the life goes on"? 4. What year did Apple release the first Macintosh computer?

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• Sizes of jellyfish vary greatly, with the smallest about one millimeter. The two largest species are the Lion’s Mane and Nomura’s jellyfish. The Lion’s Mane’s thread-like tentacles can grow up to 120 feet long, with a bell diameter of 39 inches that is shaped like an eight-pointed star. This jelly’s tentacles are arranged in eight bunches with more than 100 tentacles in each. The largest Lion’s Mane ever seen washed ashore in Massachusetts Bay in 1870. Its bell diameter was 7 feet, 6 inches, and total body length was longer than the largest known blue whale. Lion’s Mane species favor cold northern waters, including the Arctic Sea and northern Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. While their sting is moderately painful, it is seldom fatal. • Nomura’s jellyfish is found in the waters off Japan, Korea, and China. Its bell diameter can reach 79 inches and it might weight up to 440 lbs. • The Stygiomedusa Gigantean jellyfish has only been seen 115 times in the last 110 years. Like the Lion’s Mane, the Stygiomedusa can have a bell diameter of 39 inches wide, but rather than the hundreds of tentacles, it has four thick paddle-like arms about 20 feet long. • Nematocysts are very small stinging cells located in the tentacles that inject toxin into a jellyfish’s prey. Touching a jellyfish can initiate millions of these cells to pierce the victim’s skin. A sting can range from a slight tingling to extreme pain and even to death. ...continued

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We all hope you’re happy now, Chicago. The World Series championship ... I mean, that’s just great for you, Chicago, except for one little thing: You ruined sports. Yes, we know how much you detested being the “loveable losers.” We know how badly you wanted to be like the rest of the obnoxious winners across this great land. We hope you got your money’s worth at the bars in Wrigleyville, hope it was everything you ever wished it could be, because you took away the one charming thing left in team sports. America is now completely devoid of a loveable loser, and there doesn’t appear to be any heir apparent. In essence, the Cubs success has left no successors to the (non) crown. Green Bay fans, New Orleans Saints fans ... they have been satiated. You could have made a case for the New York Rangers fans that had to endure the chants of “1940,” or the Boston Red Sox fans that had to gnash their teeth amid jeers of “1918” while being force fed a steady diet of Babe Ruth fables. The Royals won the World Series. Hell, even the Maryland Terrapins won an NCAA basketball championship. The Cubs were the last team that everyone kind of pulled for deep, deep down (St. Louis being the notable exemption), and there is no team on the horizon that even remotely fits the bill to replace them. First of all, let’s dispel the myth

JELLYFISH (continued): November 14, 2016

Hope You’re Happy Now

that Chicago has been championship starved. This generation has seen the Second City finish first more often than any other city in America since 1990 when it comes to championships. When you add up all of the NBA, MLB, NHL and NFL championship wins from 1990 to today, Chicago leads the pack with 11 wins. Boston (9), New York (9) and Los Angeles (8) bow to you, and you’re not going to get any sympathy from anyone for being forced to watch Michael Jordan win six titles. You were never losers ... and with the exception of those stuck inside O’Hare for a layover, everyone likes Chicago, so knock it off. The question now is, whom do we collectively pull for? The Buffalo Bills would have been a good candidate, but let’s face it, you can’t root for the Ryan brothers. Notre Dame? Nah ... win or lose, they air every week on NBC. Rutgers? No ... they’re too stabby in New Brunswick. You can’t root for the Cleveland Indians as long as they insist on using that ridiculous, racist mascot, although you can now make a case for the Browns — post-Johnny Football. I’m thinking that maybe the St. Louis Blues could work, or maybe the Sacramento Kings, but they’re not sexy enough, really. Army, Navy and Air Force ... imagine if an armed forces squad could make it to the NCAA playoffs and knock off Alabama ... those are teams I think we all can get behind. Sure it sounds a bit crazy, but weirder things have happened ... just ask the newly minted “lifelong” Cubs fan in the next cubicle. But to paraphrase Chicago’s own Chance the Rapper, hope you’re happy, hope you’re real happy, Chicago ... that was such a selfish thing to do. Mark Vasto is a veteran sportswriter who lives in New Jersey.

• More people are killed each year by jellyfish than by sharks. Yet jellyfish don’t purposely attack humans, with stings occurring when a person accidentally touches the creature. • The most poisonous species of jellyfish, the Irukandji Jellyfish, is also the most venomous animal on Earth, with a toxin 100 times stronger than that of a cobra. Effects of a sting include nausea, vomiting, high blood pressure, agonizing pain, and in some cases, death. It’s possible to treat a single sting, but multiple stings usually result in death. • The box jellyfish is one of the Irukandji species, with a sting that can cause death in as little as three minutes. It’s capable of swimming at speeds up to 4 mph, faster than most humans. It is more physically advanced than most other jellyfish, with four brains, and 24 eyes, two of which can see color. With all of these eyes, the box jellyfish has a 360-degree view of its environment. • The 60 tentacles of a single box jellyfish contain enough venom to kill 60 people. Their stingers can release toxin faster than a gun discharges a bullet. • With an abundance of box jellyfish found in the waters surrounding Australia, that continent reports about 10,000 stings every year. Between 20 and 40 people die annually in the Philippines alone from the deadly sting. • Another Irukandji species, the sea wasp, has about half a million darts on each tentacle. In the past 60 years, close to 5,600 deaths have been attributed to this jellyfish. Its bell reaches the size of a basketball, with 60 tentacles, up to 15 feet long hanging down. ...continued

JELLYFISH (continued):

• Even dead jellyfish have the ability to sting when touched, with tentacles able to stay alive for about four days. In 2010, a dead Lion’s Mane jellyfish washed up on shore at a state park in Rye, New Hampshire. It weighed about 50 lbs. , with a bell about the size of a trash can lid, and tentacles reaching 13 feet. When a lifeguard attempted to pick up the jellyfish with a pitchfork, the creature began to fall apart, but its stingers were still active. Nearly 150 people were stung by the dead jelly. • A large group of jellyfish is known as a bloom or a smack, and can contain as many as 100,000 of the creatures. A bloom can grow pretty rapidly, considering that a single jellyfish can release as many as 45,000 eggs each day. The sheer number of the animals can create havoc in the seas. In 1982, the comb jellyfish was accidentally introduced into Eastern Europe’s Black Sea. Within eight years, the creature had caused $350 million in losses to the area’s fishing and tourism industries. By consuming ten times its body weight in food every day, the jellyfish wiped out 900 million tons of fish during that time. They were also responsible for a temporary shutdown of a Japanese nuclear power plant when a large group became stuck in the plant’s cooling system. • Jellyfish can be accidentally introduced into their non-native habitat by attaching to ship hulls and traveling into other areas.

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• If you see Australian lifeguards wearing pantyhose on their arms and legs, it’s because even something as thin as nylon pantyhose will prevent jellies from stinging. • After the first jellyfish sting, it is very important to get out of the water immediately and wash the area with salt water, not fresh water. Salt water deactivates the stinging cells, while fresh water reactivates them. Scraping the area with a credit card is the best way to remove the stinging cells.

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• It was 19th-century British historian and politician Thomas Babington Macaulay who made the following sage observation: "The measure of a man's real character is what he would do if he knew he would never be found out." • Until nylon came to the fore, the most popular material used on the business end of toothbrushes -- starting way back in 16th-century China -- was hog bristles. • Among other artifacts, archaeologists found a bronze razor in King Tut's tomb. It was reportedly still sharp enough to use for shaving. • Those who study such things claim to have found the best way to climb stairs: Evidently, you should exhale before you begin the ascent, inhale for the duration of the first two steps, exhale during the next two steps, and repeat until you've reached the top. Of course, it's interesting to note that what "best" means in this situation isn't clearly defined. • According to pollsters, when divorced people take surveys, women are much more likely than men to report that they're happy about the breakup. • The hyoid, found in your throat, is the only bone in the human body that is not connected to any other bone. Its purpose is to anchor the muscles of your tongue. • There are 12 sovereign nations in South America, and Brazil shares a border with all but two of them: Chile and Ecuador. • Founding Father Benjamin Franklin's final public act was to write a letter to Congress urging the abolition of slavery. *** Thought for the Day: "It's good to have money and the things that money can buy, but it's good, too, to check up once in a while and make sure that you haven't lost the things that money can't buy." -- George H. Lorimer

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• The jaguar is the largest cat in the world, as well as the largest carnivorous mammal in Central and South America. Average size varies considerably, from 124 to 211 lbs. The largest male jaguar recorded weighed 348 lbs. Even with a length of up to 6 feet, they have the shortest tail of any big cat. • Don’t confuse the jaguar with the jaegar, an arctic seabird. These are very aggressive birds, stealing food from other birds. Found in Alaska, northern Canada, and Russia, jaegars are carnivores, with lemmings as the favorite part of their diet. Living most of their life at sea, they only come to shore to breed during the arctic summer, nesting on the Arctic tundra near the water. When it’s time to migrate, they travel to places where winter is about to start. • The beautiful large stork known as the jabiru is found from Mexico to South America. It’s South America’s tallest flying bird, standing as tall as 5 feet. Its wingspan can reach 9.2 feet across. Its plumage is white, except for its featherless upper neck and head, accented by a bright red pouch at the base of the neck. The broad black beak can measure almost 14 inches in length.

• We know that nocturnal animals are active at night, and diurnal, during the day. But have you heard the term crepuscular? This means an animal is most active at dawn and dusk, a characteristic of jackals, animals that belong to the same genus as wolves and dogs. Coyotes are sometimes called the “American jackal.” Jackals are wellsuited for running with their long legs, and can maintain a speed of nearly 10 mph for extended periods of time. • The jacuarundi, also known as an otter cat, is a wildcat related to the cougar, only much smaller. In fact, it more closely resembles a weasel, with short legs, an elongated body, and a long, otterlike tail. These cats only reach a length of 30 inches and weigh between 7.7 and 20 lbs. This very shy and reclusive animal is native to Central and South America, although it can occasionally be seen in southern Texas and Florida.

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Answer

• Jackrabbits aren’t really rabbits at all, but rather hares, which have taller hind legs and longer ears. In fact, jackrabbits were named for their ears, which caused some folks to call them “jackass rabbits,” which was later shortened to jackrabbits. These swift animals can reach speeds of 40 mph and can leap more than 10 feet.

Weekly SUDOKU

Tidbits’ animal focus this week is on the letter “J,” bringing you the details on some unusual species beginning with that letter.

• Sometimes called the “kangaroo of the desert,” jerboas look like a mouse with legs of a kangaroo. These small nocturnal rodents, found in Europe, Africa, and Asia, live in some of Earth’s hottest places. Their very large hind legs enable them to leap great distances. Even though they only measure between 2 and 6 inches, and weigh only a few ounces, they are able to leap up to 7 feet high, and distances of 10 feet in length. The jerboa can hop faster than a person can run.

Answer

"J" ANIMALS

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• On Nov. 23, 1859, the infamous Western outlaw known as "Billy the Kid" is born in a poor Irish neighborhood on New York City's East Side. Before he was shot dead at age 21, Billy reputedly killed 27 people in the American West. • On Nov. 26, 1862, Oxford mathematician Charles Lutwidge Dodgson sends a handwritten manuscript called Alice's Adventures Under Ground to 10-year-old Alice Liddell. Dodgson, better known as Lewis Carroll, later published "Alice in Wonderland," one of the earliest children's books written simply to amuse children, not to teach them. • On Nov. 24, 1944, more than 100 American B-29 Superfortress bombers target the Nakajima aircraft engine works in Tokyo. Bad weather proved an insurmountable obstacle at 30,000 feet, and fewer than 50 bombs hit the main target.

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PUSH-BUTTON PHONES

You probably didn’t know there is a special day devoted to honoring the push-button phone. Here are the facts concerning November 18th, National Push-Button Phone Day. • Although Western Electric had experimented with a touch-tone phone as early as 1941, it wasn’t until November 18, 1963 that the first model was introduced to the public. This came after three years of rigorous customer testing. Consumers first had a chance to view the new gadget at the 1962 Seattle World’s Fair. • Before the push-button’s introduction, folks made calls on a rotary dial phone, a device invented by Almon Strowger in 1891. It used a pulse-dial system, an electromechanical system that used the current pulses generated by the rotary dial to determine the numbers selected. Digits in the phone number were indicated by a series of clicks that corresponded to the digit. The push-button employed dual-tone multifrequency, a method that used audible tones for each of the numbers zero through nine. Specific frequencies are assigned to each column and row of buttons on the keypad, with the columns having higher frequency tones and the rows, lower frequency tones. Combining the row and column results in the signal that is transmitted over the phone line. • The first touch-tone was the Model 1500 produced by Western Electric, with 10 buttons. Engineers had conducted research to determine the best layout for the keypad, whether the numbers should be the same as a cash register with lower numbers at the bottom, or having lower numbers at the top. The “1” at the top was most favorably rated by the study’s participants. ...continued

(Solution on Next Page)

PUSH-BUTTON PHONES (cont.):

• Two Pennsylvania communities were the first customers to receive the new push-button system. Carnegie Answer: Dell. and Greensburg were chosen based on population, average income, and A VERY LARGE NUMBER isolation from metropolitan areas. Those who •wanted Edwardthe Kasner was a mathematician. In 1938 convenience and faster dialing time he was asked to come up with a name for a of the touch-tone paid $1.50 extra per month very large number: the numeral one, followed for the privilege. by a hundred zeros. He asked his two young • When the what touch-tone phone was introduced, nephews name they would suggest. 25% of Americans’ phones were still • Nine-year-old Milton suggested aconnectname edout through party line. of theafunnies. A cartoon strip character was veryand popular. • Innamed 1968,Barney the asterisk poundMilton keys chose were Barney’s last name for the number. added to the keypad layout, expanding it to 12 •buttons Kasneron announced the new name for the2500. big Western Electric’s new Model number inthe his*next altering Although and book, # weren’t put the intospelling. use im•mediately, Sixty yearsthey later, Larry Page and Sergey laid the foundation for theBrin fudeveloped a new internet search engine. Other ture of data transmission, using the telephone searched eachtelephone webpagelines. and tosearch accessengines computers through ranked them according to how many times a From then on, the telephone was no longer just specific term appeared on them, but Page and for talking! In the Brin designed their1970s, searchautomatic engine to redial searchfeafor tures, call forwarding, and digital call switchthe specific term and then find out how many ing were incorporated system. links there were thatinto led the back to that page, which resulted in a better search engine. • The smaller, lighter rotary dial Princess phone •was They decided inthey name that introduced 1959.needed It was aespecially dereflected how many websites the search sirable because it featured an internal light bulb engine was Theylight. tookThe the10-butname that served as asearching. bedside night of Edward Kasner’s very large number, only ton touch-tone Princess made its debut in 1964. they misspelled it slightly, so it ended up being • Itspelled took many years the touch-tone to beexactly theforsame way the cartoon character Barney his last name. What’s come available in spelled some areas. Even in the late it called? of page)customers 1970s, the(Answer majorityat bottom of telephone still had rotary phones. That reversed in the COMPUTER FACTS 1980s when the touch-tone gained thememory advan• In 1981 Bill Gates said, “640 kb of tage. Today, areas no longer even support ought to be many enough for anybody.” pulse dialing, and if they do, those customers • Moore’s Law states that computer performance are charged a higher rate. doubles every 18 to monthly 24 months, and ever since 1971, this has been true. • HP, Google, Microsoft, and Apple were all started in garages. .COM Answer: Google, Of Gfrom rand Fgoogol. orks • East Grand Forks

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