ISSUE 842 A3

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The Stratofortress

A total of 744 B52 Bombers were designed and built by Boeing between 1955 and 1966 at an average cost of around $80 million each in todays dollars. It cost about $70,000 an hour to keep in the air. The 160-foot-long bombersโ nicknamed BUFFs, for โ Big Ugly Fat F.....sโ โ have storied histories, including setting an around-the-world nonstop flight record, patrolling the Soviet Unionโ s border with nuclear warheads 24-hours-a-day for eight years straight, and making a memorable appearance in Stanley Kubrickโ s Dr. Strangelove. For 60 years, the bomberโ s been a constant presence in Americaโ s arsenal, seeing action in Vietnam, the Serbian conflict, the Gulf War, and the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.. there are less than 75 in active service today. They share bombing duties with the supersonic B-1 and the stealthy B-2, both far younger models, and arenโ t going anywhere. The US Air Force Global Strike Command, which maintains the bombers at Barksdale Air Force Base in Louisiana and Minot AFB in North Dakota (with a few at Edwards Air Force Base in California) expects them to keep flying through the 2040s. Thatโ s not a hard ceiling, though, and continued combat success and budgetary factors could keep the B-52 in action until it turns 100 years old.

The Experimental B-52's first flight was April 15, 1952 - over 67 years ago.

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The B-52 was designed to carry nuclear weapons during the Cold War, but it has only carried conventional ordnance in combat.

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A B-52A was used to carry the North American X-15. The X-15 achieved the record for fastest manned powered aircraft, with a speed of Mach 6.72.

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The B-52 can carry up to 70,000 pounds of ordnance, or the equivalent of 30 fully-loaded Cessna 172s.

continued on page 3

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▲ On May 30, 1911, the inaugural Indianapolis 500 is run at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Indiana. The 2-1/2-mile track had been rebuilt with 3 million street-paving bricks after a crushed rock-and-tar surface was abandoned in 1909 due to fatalities caused by unevenness. ▲ On June 2, 1924, with Congress’ passage of the Indian Citizenship Act, the United States confers citizenship on all Native Americans born within its territorial limits. Before the Civil War, citizenship was often limited to Native Americans of one-half or less Indian blood.

▲ On May 31, 1930, actor Clint Eastwood, best known for his role as San Francisco Police Inspector “Dirty” Harry Callahan, is born in California. Eastwood got his start playing Rowdy Yates in the popular TV Western series “Rawhide.” ▲ On May 27, 1941, the British navy sinks the German battleship Bismarck in the North Atlantic near France, where it fled because it was leaking fuel. The German death toll was more than 2,000. Three days earlier, the Bismarck had sunk the British battlecruiser Hood. ▲ On May 28, 1957, National League owners vote unanimously to allow the New York Giants and Brooklyn Dodgers to move to San Francisco and Los Angeles, respectively, on the condition that both teams had to move. ▲ On June 1, 1968, Helen Keller dies in

Connecticut at the age of 87. Blind and deaf from infancy, Keller circumvented her disabilities to become a worldrenowned writer and lecturer. Her teacher, Anne Sullivan, taught Keller sign language at age 6 by using a hand alphabet.

warning Japan to stop using poison gas in its war on China. Japan continued its use of these weapons until the end of the war, managing to keep its activities secret.

▲ On June 6, 1971, “The Ed Sullivan Show” airs for the last time, 23 years ▲ On May 29, 2003, some 35 U.S. after its 1948 premiere. Gladys Knight states declare it to be Bob Hope and the Pips were the musical guests. Day when the iconic comedic actor and entertainer turns 100 years old. ▲ On June 7, 2002, Michael Skakel Hollywood officials renamed the famous intersection of Hollywood and Vine as is convicted in the 1975 murder of his former neighbor, 15-year-old Martha Bob Hope Square. Moxley, with a golf club. Skakel, a ▲ On June 3, 1937, the duke of Windsor nephew of Ethel Kennedy, the wife of -- formerly King Edward VIII -- marries the late U.S. Senator Robert Kennedy, Wallis Warfield Simpson, the American was sentenced to 20 years to life divorcee for whom he abdicated the in prison. In 2018, the Connecticut Supreme Court vacated the conviction British throne in 1936. and ordered a new trial. ▲ On June 5, 1942, President Franklin (c) 2019 Hearst Communications, Inc. D. Roosevelt issues a stern statement All Rights Reserved

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• One researcher injected a radioactive dye into a birch tree and then tracked it as it moved into the network of fungus in the soil and then into a nearby Douglas fir. • One type of fungus is able to release a toxin which kills tiny insects in the vicinity. When these insects decay, they give off nitrogen which the fungus absorbs and shares. TREE DEFENSE SYSTEMS • When giraffes start feeding on the leaves of umbrella thorn acacia trees, the acacia trees start pumping toxic substances into their leaves making them taste bad. The giraffes move off to other trees, but they always move to trees that are either upwind or quite a distance away. This is because the acacia trees also release ethylene gas that warns neighboring trees that the giraffes are in the neighborhood, and those neighboring trees pump their leaves full of the toxins before a giraffe arrives to even take a single nibble. • Some trees can identify the specific type of insect feeding on their leaves

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through compounds in the bug’s saliva. The trees then release pheromones that attract beneficial predators, which arrive and feast upon the marauding invaders. • In tropical countries, leaf-cutting ants can strip a tree of its leaves in a single night. They take the leaves back to the nest where they chew them into pulp and use them as compost to grow fungus, which they eat. To protect itself from being defoliated, the acacia tree secretes droplets of sweet sap near the base of its leaves. A different type of ant loves to eat the sap, and they set up colonies in the large, hollow thorns of the tree. Any time the leaf-cutting ants come around, they are driven away by the sap-eating ants. • Some trees have leaves that fold up and droop whenever they are touched. Researchers theorize that when an animal takes a bite of the leaves, the tree reacts this way in order to look less appetizing. The leaves become nearly invisible to the eye when they are tightly folded up. • Mimosa trees have brackets of leaves that snap closed whenever they are disturbed. One researcher designed an experiment where drops of water fell on the leaves at regular intervals. The leaves closed immediately at first. But after a while, the leaves stopped reacting to the drops and remained open, having apparently “learned” that the water drops represented no harm. Even

more surprising was that the mimosa “remembered” this and repeated the behavior weeks later, even though no drops had fallen on the leaves in the meantime. • The blossoms of the bird cherry tree contain both male and female parts inside each bloom. The flowers are pollinated by bees. When bees are traveling from flower to flower in the crown of a single tree, they tend to spread the pollen of that same tree to its own stigma. Yet when the pollen travels down the tube of the stigma, the tree tests the DNA of the pollen grain, and if it’s a genetic match, the stigma is blocked off and the ovary does not get pollinated, thus preventing inbreeding. TREE FACTS • When researchers placed sensitive microphones against the ground in a forest, they recorded sounds coming from the roots that registered at 220 hertz. This in itself was not all that unusual, but they subsequently found that when they played the recorded noises back, all of the root tips from surrounding trees slowly turned in the direction of the sound. • It benefits the entire forest to keep as many trees alive as possible, for if trees die and fall, that leaves gaps that affect the microclimate negatively. The hot sun and drying winds disrupt the humidity level and raise the temperature, drying out the

forest floor, and leaving the remaining trees far more vulnerable to drought and insects. A COMMUNITY • In one experiment, a researcher sprayed an insecticide on one of the largest and oldest trees in a forest and collected the insects that fell dead into collection nets. There were 257 different species of insects living among the boughs of the tree. A similar study in New England showed that 167 different kinds of insects and small animals were living in a single rotting log on the forest floor. • Researchers in New York state removed forest soil to a depth of one inch and studied it. They found an average of 1,356 living things present in each square foot of dirt (microscopic creatures not included). Some 95% of insects live in the soil at one point or another during their life stages. BENEFITS • Researchers found when studying a group of women that when they took a walk through a forest, their blood pressure dropped, their lung capacity expanded, and the elasticity of their arteries improved. When taking a walk of identical length through town, none of these benefits were noted.

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adopted this method, the process was bulky and time-consuming. The criminal’s appearance tended to change over time. If two people measured the same body, July 15th - 19th 5 Days - 4 Nights they were likely to come The Creation Museum/ Ark Encounter (Life Size Ark)/ Riverboat Dinner Cruise up with slightly different / Shakers Village/ Historic Auto Attractions Museum/ 9 Meals Included and measurements. • Next, Bertillon much, much, more! Only $745 Per Person added a standardized set of photographs of each Johnny Cash Experience Tour criminal: a front view, September 16th – 23rd 8 days - 7 Nights and a side view. These were the first mug shots, Johnny Cash Boyhood Home/ Graceland/Johnny Farm Tour/ Grand Ole Opry/ named for the common Johnny Cash & Patsy Cline Museum/ Country Hall of Fame/13 meals and slang term meaning much more! Only $1249 Per Person “face.” • This successful development encouraged Bertillon to consider November 18th – 23rd 6 Days & 5 Nights other ways photography Danny O’Donnell Christmas Show/Million Dollar Quartet/ Dolly Parton’s could be used in solving crimes. He asked police Stampede Christmas Showboat Branson Belle Dinner Cruise/ Crystal Gayle officers to photograph Country Christmas Show/ 12 Meals and much more! Only $745 Per crime scenes before they were disturbed, and All Prices are double occupancy & Include the Motor invented a tall tripod Coach, Hotels, the Meals & Admissions to Events so that pictures could Bus pick-ups in Cokato, St. Cloud, Elk River, and the Twin Cities be taken from a high viewpoint to encompass the entire room. He Free Brochure Call: 320-200-4045 or visit www.americanatrips.com created a “metric grid” that could be laid over the space to give a better idea of the space between objects and their Identity was created for the Paris Prefecture adding fingerprints to the police repertoire of Police, and Bertillon became its head. of methods. dimensions. Bertillon died on Feb. 13, 1914, • Bertillon also pioneered methods By the mid-1890s, he had become an • of preserving footprints and championed international celebrity, known far and wide having lived long enough to see the handwriting analysis. He pushed to for his publications, his exhibitions, and his methods he developed revolutionize develop ballistics. He developed a speeches. Police departments worldwide police work around the globe. The royal contraption called a “dynamometer” that adopted his methods. When fingerprinting was first commissioner of police in Dresden, measured how much force was required • developed in India in the 1890s, Bertillon Germany wrote “Paris [was] the Mecca of when breaking and entering. • In 1888 the Department of Judicial initially fought hard against it. Eventually Police, and Bertillon their prophet.” he saw the usefulness of it, and advocated

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• Alphonse Bertillon was born in France in 1853. His father was a noted physician and statistician who taught him methodology. • As a young adult, he went to work as a records clerk in the police department in Paris. One of his duties was to tediously copy down the physical descriptions of everyone who had been arrested that day. He realized this method was useless for tracking career criminals or identifying those who had been arrested multiple times, sometimes using multiple names. At the time, criminals could only be identified through eyewitness descriptions or by photographs that were kept in disorganized piles. • In an attempt to remedy this situation, Bertillon revolutionized forensic police work over the course of his lifetime. • His first idea was to come up with a list of systematic measurements of the human body. Each perpetrator would be carefully examined and the description and measurements of their body would be recorded: how wide was the mouth? What shape were the lips? What was the distance between the ears? How long were the eyebrows? How long were the arms? How big were the feet? All in all, eleven different measurements were recorded on cards, along with eye color, hair color, height, and skin tone. The process was dubbed “bertillonage.” In 1884 alone, French police used Bertillon’s system to help capture 241 repeat offenders, which helped establish the system’s effectiveness. • Although many police departments

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In 1964, a B-52, configured as a testbed to investigate structural failures, flew through severe turbulence, shearing off its vertical stabilizer. The aircraft was able to continue flying, and landed safely.

In 1961, a B-52G broke up in midair over Goldsboro , NC . Two nuclear bombs on board were dropped in the process, but didn't detonate. After the bombs were recovered, the Air Force found that five of the six stages of the arming sequence had been completed.

After the Soviet Union fell in 1991, 365 B-52s were destroyed under the START treaty. The aircraft were stripped of usable parts, chopped into 5 pieces with a 13,000 pound steel blade, and sold for scrap at 12 cents a pound.

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JET, THE WONDER DOG • James Baldwin was a soldier during World War I and saw how effectively the German army used dogs. Dogs had been used to carry first aid to wounded soldiers, to run messages, and to help lay landlines. When World War II started, Baldwin petitioned Parliament to set up a program to use dogs for various functions just as the Germans did. • Baldwin set up a demonstration and invited over 80 Army officers. The demonstration was very effective. As a result, he was named Dog Advisor and Chief Training Officer in 1942, serving under the Royal Air Force. • What Baldwin needed now was dogs, and he placed an advertisement in newspapers throughout England asking for donations of puppies. A litter of five German Shepard pups was donated. One of the pups, a pure black dog named Jet, was particularly intelligent. • After initial training as a guard dog, Jet was posted to the American Army Air Force in Northern Ireland, to work with a handler on anti-sabotage duty around airfields. • Meanwhile, Colonel James Baldwin was watching a film called “The Seige of Stalingrad.” It was during this film that he decided that dogs could be trained to point snipers in the same way bird dogs point birds. He collected several dogs in training, including Jet, and then took them to a bombedout neighborhood in Birmingham. Twelve “snipers” had hidden in the wreckage, and the dogs were given the command to find them. After all but one of the snipers had been found, Jet remained behind, digging at a small hole no larger than a man’s hand. • Jet’s handler found the last man hiding twelve feet down. He had gone below ground and wormed his way to the cellar of another building, sealing off the entrance hole. There he lay in wait with just the small opening that Jet had found for a breathing hole. • This gave Colonel Baldwin the idea that if a dog could detect the presence of someone so far below ground, then dogs could be used to find people buried during the bombardment of London. In 1944, Jet received training as one of the Britain’s first search and rescue dogs. • Jet attended his first air raid rescue in 1944. Together with his handler, Jet went on to recover 125 people, 50 of whom were alive. • In one remarkable instance, Jet was searching the rubble of a bombed-out hotel when he indicated a survivor high overhead. The rubble had already been checked over and rescuers were sure no one remained in the wreckage, yet Jet refused to leave the tall brick chimney shaft. He stood his ground for 11 agonizing hours, until tall ladders could be found that would reach the top of the leaning chimney stack. There rescuers found a 63-year-old woman, covered in plaster dust, and stuck on a narrow ledge which was all that remained of the top floor of the hotel. For this remarkable rescue, Jet was awarded a medal. • When the war ended, Jet was called out on a search and rescue mission when a coal mine erupted in explosion. Jet was called to the scene to help locate bodies of the dead miners. While searching deep underground, Jet suddenly whined and backed up, forcing his handler to step backwards as well. The handler called for everyone to retreat, seconds before the ceiling collapsed in rubble in the exact spot where they had been standing moments earlier. • Jet went on to learn sheep herding and was entered in many obedience trials. He also served to help train other search and rescue dogs. Jet died of heart and kidney problems in 1949 at the age of 7. Today a memorial to Jet’s faithful service stands in a park in Liverpool.

Lines and Wisdom from the Ages

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I'm so happy, because I live at number 72. So it's not too far to walk home afterwards. And it's the same side of the street. I don't even have to cross the road! ~~~~~ Answering machine message, "I am not available right now, but thank you for caring enough to call. I am making some changes in my life. Please leave a message after the beep. If I do not return your call, you are one of the changes." ~~~~~ Aspire to inspire before you expire. ~~~~~ My wife and I had words, but I didn't get to use mine. ~~~~~ Frustration is trying to find your glasses, without your glasses. ~~~~~ Blessed are those who can give without remembering, and take without forgetting. ~~~~~ The irony of life is that, by the time you're old enough to know your way around, you're not going anywhere. ~~~~~ God made man before woman, so as to give him time to think of an answer for her first question. ~~~~~ I was always taught to respect my elders, but it keeps getting harder to find one.

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Rowing Machines Are Ideal for Workout If you’ve been going to the gym to work out, or have at least wandered through one to look at the facility and equipment, you might have seen a slightly strangelooking piece of gear. Chances are that no one was using it. It was probably a rowing machine. Rowing machines, or rowers, are still a niche item among those who work out, and that’s good news for us. It means you might have a chance of using one at the gym without waiting for a turn. Rowers might turn out to be one of the best pieces of workout equipment

for seniors, for a number of reasons. Rowing is done indoors, so it can be done all year. The rowing action uses the major muscle groups -Ð arms, legs, shoulders and back. The rower has easy-to-difficult settings. But best of all, it’s low to the floor. To see what an excellent rower looks like, go online and look up the Concept 2. This is not something you want to rush out and buy. First, these pieces of equipment are expensive, even used. Second, they take up a lot of room -- an area nearly 9 feet in length. If you plan on using a rower at the gym, look first at some online videos to see how it’s done. Note the angle of how you sit -- don’t lean too far forward or backward. Then, ask for help in learning the pattern of pulling the chain and bending your knees. Within a few minutes you’ll have it right, and chances are you’ll have the machine all to yourself. Before you start, ask your doctor about rowing. Chances are you’ll get a big thumbs up, especially if you combine it with a walking routine. (c) 2019 King Features Synd., Inc.

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Page 7

Thoughts for the Day: “Give all power to the many, and they will oppress the few. Give all power to the few, and they will oppress the many. Both therefore ought to have power, that each may defend itself against the other.� -Alexander Hamilton “The moral test of government is how that government treats those who are in the dawn of life, the children; those who are in the twilight of life, the elderly; and those who are in the shadows of life -- the sick, the needy and the handicapped.� -- Hubert Horatio Humphrey (c) 2019 King Features Synd., Inc.

â—? Those who study such things say that not all your fingernails grow at the same rate. It seems the nail on your middle finger is a bit of an overachiever -- it grows faster than the nails on your other fingers.

â—? Even though he was arrested and put on trial numerous times, famed 19th-century outlaw Frank James was never convicted of anything and never went to prison. He died in 1915, at the age of 72, of natural causes.

� The word “conspire� means, literally, “to breathe together,� meaning to be in harmony.

� Squid are well known for their uncanny ability to camouflage themselves by changing their color to match their background. What’s really odd, though, is the fact that the creatures are color-blind.

â—? Wearing skinny jeans can cause varicose veins.

â—? You might be surprised to learn that some fish can hibernate. During the long, dark winters, the Antarctic cod will burrow under the seabed and stay there for days at a time, cutting its metabolism by two-thirds.

â—? Those who study such things say that automatic teller machines are three times more likely to be robbed between 6 and 9 p.m. than at any other time of day.

â—? A 22-year-old man who was trying to board a flight in Cairo, Egypt, bound for Saudi Arabia was stopped by security officers when the X-ray of his hand luggage showed some strange results. It seems that the man was attempting to transport 250 baby crocodiles and -- wait for it -- a live cobra. (Animal lovers will be pleased to learn that the creatures were not harmed; they were turned over to the Cairo zoo.)

â—? A researcher calculated that across the country of Great by: Samantha Weaver Britain, the weight of all the insects that are eaten by spiders in a year would be more than the combined weight of all the people who live there.

� Before the iconic reclining armchair was dubbed “LaZ-Boy,� the names “Sit-NSnooze,� “Slack Back� and “Comfort Carrier� were considered.

â—? You might be surprised to learn that a male lion can mate up to 50 times in one day.

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Nominated for Best Come along with Tidbits as we admire the Real Estate Agent intelligence of trees! for 2018 & 2019 A DISCOVERY in the Minnesota • In 1630 a physician named Jean Baptista Monthly & van Helmont went against the word of Midwest Magazine Aristotle, who insisted that trees grow by consuming soil. To prove this theory wrong, he planted a 5-lb. willow sapling in a pot commited dedicated containing exactly 200 lbs. of dirt. For the compassionate next five years, he added nothing but water. Then he weighed the tree and the soil again. __ 763-232-4274 __ The willow weighed 169 lbs. The dirt weighed laurababneau@edinarealty.com only two ounces less than it had originally. He concluded that trees do not consume dirt, and he was correct. However, he wrongly guessed that trees receive all their nourishment from water. It was years before scientists discovered photosynthesis, the process whereby plants turn sunlight into energy. ANOTHER DISCOVERY Hirin • Foresters working to thin overcrowded Bonu g s** beech forests in Germany noticed that the more they thinned the forest, the worse the HR and up remaining trees fared. This was the opposite of what they expected to find. Wouldn’t each tree *depending on location benefit from the extra sunlight, the additional No Experience Necessary space, and more room for roots? Researchers Free Training - Flexible Hours set out to discover why beech forests thrive then the trees are crowded together, but falter when they are spread apart. www.firstgroupcareers.com • What they found surprised them: trees or Call: 763-421-2219 share. Twined together, the roots pass nutrients ** bonus is for a limited time call today for details from one tree to another using a network of fungus that interconnect all the neighborhood Helping New and trees by tapping into the hair-like fibers of Existing Businesses the smallest roots. When one tree is short of water, a nearby tree with extra water to spare will pass some over through the fungus highway. When that tree is short of nutrients, it receives a helpful supply in return from the trees surrounding it. Meanwhile, the fungus +Custom Support keeps part of the nutrients for itself, and and Training constantly expands to connect as many tree roots as possible. A single ounce of forest soil III Wayne A. Blosberg PA may contain two miles of fungus strands.

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Coon Rapids, Anoka, Andover, Ramsey, parts of Fridley & Spring Lk Park Issue 842 Published by: Falcon Prince Publishing For Advertising Call: 763-218-0033

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