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A Minnesota Minnesota Minneapolis history before the middle of the Minute Minute

A Hard History

19th Century is really the history of the Dakota (Sioux) American Indians. It is believed that the Dakota people lived and flourished in the area to be known as Minneapolis before Daniel Greysolon, Sieur Du Luth (known as Duluth), and Father Louis Hennepin visited the area in the 1680s. In 1829, a Dakota Mdewakanton village was located on the west shore of a lake known as Lake Calhoun in what would become part of Minneapolis. Other Mdewakanton villages included Chief Wabasha's at Winona, Wacouta's at Red Wing, Little Crow's at South St. Paul, Black Dog's the power plant on the Minnesota River, Pennesha's near Nine Mile Creek in Bloomington, and Chief Shakopee at the community of Shakopee. There was also another dominant Indian Nation in the area, the Ojibwe. The federal government recognizes 11 Indian Tribes in Minnesota: four Dakota and seven Ojibwe (Chippewa) Bands. Three of the Dakota tribes are Mdewakanton: Shakopee, Prairie Island, and Lower Sioux. The Upper Sioux is Sisseton Wahpeton. The seven Ojibwe tribes are: Bois Forte, Fond du Lac, Grand Portage, Leech Lake, Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe, Red Lake Nation, and the White Earth Nation. Intertribal fighting between the Ojibwe and the Dakota had a long history and early White/Indian intervention played an important role in their disputes. Leonard E. Wabasha is quoted as saying: "My people are the Mdewakanton Oyate". Mdewakanton means the People of Spirit Lake. Today that lake is known as Mille Lacs. In about 1750, the Chippewa (Ojibwe) moving westward from Lake Superior captured the Mille Lacs village, and by this decisive battle drove the Sioux permanently into southern Minnesota. The French-sponsored Sieur DuLuth's 1760s Vineland battle, also helped drive the Sioux from the Mille Lacs area. Centuries of conflict between tribes is hard to rectify, but things have a way of working out, sometimes not in the most pleasant of ways. By 1800, many Dakota Mdewakanton had settled along the lower Minnesota and Mississippi Rivers below the sacred site of the Falls of St. Anthony. In 1825, under the auspices of United States government agents, the Dakota and the Ojibwe agreed to the establishment of a demarcation between their tribal areas. The line ran northwest across Minnesota from the St. Croix River on the east to the Red River on the northwest. In the late summer of 1862, four wandering Sioux hunters killed five settlers at Acton, in Meeker County. Over a decade prior to this event the Sioux had surrendered a numerous part of their land to the whites when they expanded westward into Minnesota. In all, they surrendered 28 million acres through different treaties, 21 million of those acres coming from the Traverse des Sioux Treaty of 1851. After these treaties were reluctantly agreed upon, the Sioux were left with two reservations for 7,000 of them in the Minnesota River valley. That and the promise of annuities for their land was their fortune. The government back then was rarely on time with their payments and the tribes had to trade with the fur traders for essentials on credit. When the money did arrive, the fur traders grabbed most of it and the tribe was left with virtually nothing. In 1861, there was massive crop failure, and combined with the continued bureaucratic hold up of land payments, the Sioux became desperate for supplies. The Dakota were accustomed to living through hard times but now, as they were finding it difficult to find food, they saw the settlers and the soldiers having adequate rations. In a weakened condition due to health, lack of resources and food, life grew harder, alcoholism spread and the debt they owed to the traders increased; many faced starvation. The Sioux growing resentment for the white settlers was obvious, and after the killing in Acton, and with many of the able bodied white men off fighting the Civil War, they rallied behind their chiefs Little Crow and Shakopee for an all-out commitment to the use of force. Like a prairie fire, their bitterness burned across the countryside and quickly turned into one of historyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s bloodiest Indian Wars. Within five weeks, however, they were defeated, and though many Indian families attempted to flee into the Dakota territory for safety, 1700 Sioux and mixed blood sympathizers were captured. Three hundred or more of these were tried and sentenced to death waiting the final word from President Lincoln. The Presidentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s decision however reflected leniency. On the day after Christmas in 1862, thirty eight Sioux, instead of 300, were hanged at Mankato in a mass execution. The remaining prisoners and their families were banished to what is now South Dakota. Not only did that end the Sioux uprising with the white man but also ended the perpetual struggle between the Mdewakanton and the Ojibway tribes.

Legal Bits Why Not Incorporate? Why form a business entity anyway? After all, you can run a business under your own name. From a lawyerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s perspective though, it is always best to incorporate. Hereâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s why: First, if you form a corporation or LLC, you can protect your personal assets from creditors or other liabilities of the business. So if someone sues your plumbing company when a pipe you installed breaks their head open, you donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have to worry about losing the cabin to cover the loss. Second, you get a level of name protection in forming a business, so if someone starts using your business name, your incorporation documents may be good proof of your ownership and/or prior use of the name. Third, properly formed businesses can have perpetual existence. So if you or your partner dies, the business can continue operating and will not have to be dissolved. Finally, there could be tax advantages. For example, in a corporation, the ability to determine and deduct owner salaries may enable the owners to take other distributions at a lower tax rate.

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▲ On Feb. 21, 1885, the ▲ On Feb. 23, 1954, a group of children from Arsenal 520 passengers were asphyxiated.

Washington Monument, built in honor of America’s revolutionary hero and first president, is dedicated in Washington, D.C. The 555-foot-high marble obelisk was the tallest structure in the world when completed, and it remains today, by District of Columbia law, the tallest building in the nation’s capital.

Elementary School in Pittsburgh receive the first injections of the new polio vaccine developed by Dr. Jonas Salk. After mass inoculations began in 1954, everyone marveled at the high success rate -- some 60 percent to 70 percent. ▲ On Feb. 22, 1980, in one of the most dramatic

upsets in Olympic history, the underdog U.S. hockey team, made up of college players, defeats the four-time defending gold-medal winning Soviet team at the XIII ▲ On Feb. 20, 1902, the famous Western photographer Olympic Winter Games in Lake Placid, N.Y. Ansel Adams is born in San Francisco. Adams’ dramatic black and white images of Yosemite and ▲ On Feb. 25, 1862, the U.S. Congress passes the West are some of the most widely recognized and the Legal Tender Act, authorizing the use of paper admired photographs of the 20th century. Adams was notes to pay the government’s bills. This ended the dedicated to the use of “straight” images free from long-standing policy of using only gold or silver in darkroom trickery. transactions, and it allowed the government to finance the enormously costly Civil War. ▲ On Feb. 19, 1942, President Franklin Roosevelt signs Executive Order 9066, initiating a controversial World ▲ On March 2, 1944, a train stops in a tunnel near War II policy with lasting consequences for Japanese Salerno, Italy, and more than 500 people on board Americans. The document ordered the removal of suffocate and die. The train’s locomotives were burning resident enemy aliens from parts of the West vaguely low-grade coal substitutes that produced an excess of identified as military areas and into detention camps. odorless and toxic carbon monoxide. Approximately • When Harris landed unhurt, one of the people who helped him celebrate his good luck in Ham Lake was Leslie Irvin, the man who had designed the parachute. (Cont’d next page) • Irvin had been experimenting with parachutes and trying to convince people to use them. Irvin was the first man to voluntarily jump out of a working aircraft with a parachute. He did it to prove that manually operated parachutes could work, and he made his point when he landed with only Fully Equipped Electric Kitchen w/self Cleaning Oven • Washer a broken ankle, when & Dryer • Cable TV and Computer Hook-ups • Individually most people thought he was jumping to his Controlled Central Heating & Air • Community Gathering death. The Air Corps Room with a Golf Course Patio • Exercise Room & Library immediately ordered 300, and Irvin found himself in the parachute business. • When his lawyer filed papers, Irvin's name was misspelled as 'Irving.' Irving Parachutes made Irvin a wealthy man by Independent Living for Seniors the time he reached the age of thirty. • After Harris jumped from his plane, men at McCook CATERPILLAR CLUB Field collected souvenirs of the incident: pieces of the (continued) crashed plane, the used parachute, and photos of Harris next to the wreck. They displayed the items proudly in their tiny museum. A newspaper reporter wrote an A CLUB IS BORN article and suggested that they start a club for people • On October 20, 1922, U.S. Air Corps test pilot Lt. who owed their lives to a parachute, and the Caterpillar Harold Harris walked out to a fighter plane at McCook Club was born. Field in Dayton, Ohio. The plane had been fitted with • It was only a few weeks later when a second man experimental ailerons the previous day and he was to qualified to join the Caterpillar Club. Lt. Tyndall jumped test it. Harris stopped to clip on his parachute, but was for his life when his aircraft's wings tore off. Tyndall annoyed to find that the straps were too tight. He traded volunteered to keep the records of the Caterpillar Club. For the next 17 months Harris and Tyndall were the it for a different one but found that the straps were too only members of the club. But in 1924, a stunt jumper tight on that one as well. He decided to fly without one. dove out of an airplane with six chutes on, intending to After all, no one had yet had their life saved by one open one right after the other in an airshow exhibition. of the new-fangled contraptions. But suddenly Harris The first five failed when they became entangled, and it changed his mind and decided to wear one. was the sixth reserve emergency parachute — an Irvin • In a friendly dogfight with another test pilot, Harris chute — that saved his life. was turning, diving, and zooming when his plane • The first British man to enter the Caterpillar Club suddenly went out of control. He went into a dive and was a man named Scholefield. Two years later he was could not recover. When pieces of the wings started killed when his plane went down while he unfortunately tearing away, Harris jumped. He felt for the ripcord on was not wearing a chute. his parachute and pulled three times. Nothing happened. • S.L.G. Pope bailed out when the rudder gave out. He discovered he'd been pulling his leg strap fitting. He He was only 800 feet (244 m) off the ground when he yanked the ripcord when he was just 500 feet (152 m) jumped. He yanked on the ripcord again and again with off the ground— far too low for a safe jump. The chute no result— then discovered he'd been pulling the string opened, and he drifted down, landing unhurt in a grape holding a pencil to the knee pad that he scribbled flight arbor. Lt. Harold Harris was the first person ever to have data on. He was only 300 feet (91 m) off the ground his life saved in an emergency situation by a manually- when he found the ripcord. The chute opened barely in operated parachute. time to save him. Pope was the first Royal Air Force • Harris was able to refute many myths. Many people pilot whose life was saved by a parachute. His friends felt that a falling human would become unconscious. sent a telegram: "Congratulations. Forwarding clean Others maintained arms and legs would be pinned by pair of pants." the wind or would flail helplessly. Parachute trials were • When World War II hit, the demand for parachutes limited because pilots believed if someone jumped out skyrocketed and Irvin's factory went from a pre-war of a plane, the sudden loss of weight would send the output of 100 parachutes per week to nearly 1,500. Applications for membership in the Caterpillar Club plane into an uncontrollable spin.

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▲ On March 1, 1961, President John F. Kennedy

establishes the Peace Corps as a new agency within the Department of State, which would send trained American men and women to foreign nations to assist in development efforts. ▲ On Feb. 24, 1981, socialite Jean Harris is convicted

of murdering Dr. Herman Tarnower, the author of the bestselling “The Complete Scarsdale Medical Diet.” Harris claimed that she had been trying to kill herself but that Tarnower was shot when he tried to wrestle the gun away from her. He was shot four times. ▲ On Feb. 28, 1993, at Mount Carmel in Waco, Texas,

agents of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) launch a raid against the Branch Davidian compound as part of an investigation into illegal possession of firearms and explosives by the Christian cult. During an extended gun battle, multiple agents and Branch Davidians were killed or wounded. (c) 2014 King Features Synd., Inc. shot up, and at the parachute factory a huge bulletin board held pictures and letters from pilots who owed their lives to Irving Parachutes. By the end of 1943 there were over 27,000 members, with a hundred or more applications arriving daily. One pilot wrote: "I am going to name my son (when I have one) Irvin as it was due to one Irvin in particular that I am alive enough to woo, marry, and get me a son." • Irvin himself witnessed the effectiveness of his parachutes when the crew of an American bomber bailed out near his factory while he was watching. He drove to where they were floating down, and five minutes later the two lucky pilots were in his office being signed up for the club and toasting their luck with the inventor's whisky. • Leslie Irvin agreed to give a gold pin to every person whose life was saved by one of his parachutes. At the end of World War II the number of members with Irvin pins had grown to over 34,000 though the total of people saved by Irvin parachutes is estimated to be 100,000.

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February is Black History Month, and this week, Tidbits takes some time to recognize the achievements of some noted AfricanAmericans in various fields. • U.S. President Gerald Ford officially declared this tribute in 1976 as part of America’s Bicentennial, prevailing upon citizens to “seize the opportunity to honor the too-often neglected accomplishments of black Americans in every area of endeavor throughout our history.” But the observance traces its roots back to 1926, when African-American historian and author Carter Woodson declared the second week of February to be Negro History Week. Woodson, one of the first scholars to study black history was also the founder of the Association for the Study of African American Life and History. That particular week was chosen because the birthdays of both Abraham Lincoln and Frederick Douglass fell at that time. • Frederick Douglass was born a slave in Maryland around 1818. After being shuffled around from one plantation to another, he was given to a Baltimore family. Although it was illegal to teach slaves to read, the owner’s wife began teaching Douglass when he was 12. Soon he was reading newspapers and political material, molding his views on freedom and human rights. • Frederick Douglass began teaching other slaves to read, a practice that went unnoticed for some months. When it was discovered, he was sent to a farmer who was well-known as a “slave-breaker.” After repeated beatings, Douglass was nearly psychologically shattered, and began to plot his escape. After one failed attempt, he was finally successful at age 18, boarding a train posing as a free black sailor. Less than 24 hours later, Douglass was sheltered in a safe house of a New York abolitionist. Eleven days later he married a free black woman who had helped him escape, a union that would endure 44 years. He spent

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t remainder of his life speaking out on the rracism, editing a black newspaper, writing tthree autobiographies, and gaining fame worldwide as an inspirational speaker. w • On Independence Day, 1881, the doors of “Tuskegee Normal School for Colored Teachers” opened with a young principal named Booker T. Washington at the helm. This 25-year-old leader began classes in a run-down old church. The institute was founded by former slave Lewis Adams and George W. Campbell, an Alabama banker and former slaveholder, who were both committed to the education of blacks. Adams had no formal education, yet could read, write, and speak several languages. In 1882, the school bought a plantation, and new campus buildings were constructed. By 1900, the university sat on nearly 2,300 acres. Today it’s ranked as one of the “Best Regional Colleges in the South,” offering 35 bachelor’s degrees, 12 masters’ programs, an architecture program, two doctoral degree programs, and a school of veterinary medicine. • Born into slavery, George Washington Carver went on to become one of the world’s most renowned botanists and scientists. Because the soil of the south had become depleted by planting nothing but cotton for years, Carver developed methods of improving the soil through crop rotation. Alternating the cotton planting with peanuts, soybeans, and sweet potatoes, nitrogen was restored to the soil while providing nutritious crops for farm families. Through years of research and development, Carver came up with 300 uses for peanuts, including cosmetics, plastics, gasoline, adhesives, linoleum, synthetic rubber, and nitroglycerin. He also discovered hundreds of uses for soybeans, pecans, and sweet potatoes, and developed 536 different dyes while experimenting with plant leaves, fruit, stems, and roots. The scuppernong grape alone yielded 49 of these dyes. At age 32, Carver was invited by Booker T. Washington, the president of Tuskegee Institute, to head up the school’s Agriculture Department, and Carver remained there as an educator for 47 years, all the while continuing his famous research. Continued Pg. 6

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â&#x20AC;˘ On April 15, 1947, Jackie Robinson stepped to the plate at Ebbets Field as a member of the Brooklyn Dodgers and the first African-American to play major league baseball. After being raised in poverty, he attended Pasadena Junior College, excelling in football, basketball, track, and baseball, chosen as the regionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Most Valuable Player in baseball in 1938. Dodgersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; president Branch Rickey chose Robinson to help integrate the major leagues. Robinson was Rookie of the Year in 1947, National League MVP in 1949, and World Series champ in 1955. During his decade-long career with the Dodgers, he became their highest-paid player. He closed out his career in 1957 with a .311 batting average. â&#x20AC;˘ Rosa Parks, the â&#x20AC;&#x153;Mother of the Modern-Day Civil Rights Movement,â&#x20AC;? made history in 1955 when she refused to surrender her seat in the 11th row of a Montgomery, Alabama bus. Parks was arrested for violating city code and for disorderly conduct, although she had not technically broken any law. Montgomeryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 50-year old law stated that no passenger could be forced to give up a seat or stand on a crowded bus. Nevertheless, her 30-minute trial resulted in a guilty verdict, and Rosa was fined $14 plus court costs. Rosaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s actions spurred a 381-day boycott of the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s buses, organized in part by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., who said, â&#x20AC;&#x153;â&#x20AC;Śit is more honorable to walk in dignity than ride in humiliation.â&#x20AC;? Since 75% of the bus customers were black, the finances of the public bus companies plunged, but by the end of the boycott, the segregation of the buses was at an end. When Rosa Parks died in 2006, newly-appointed Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice spoke at the memorial service, declaring to mourners that she would not be standing there as Secretary of State without Rosa Parks.

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: 0DLQ 6W Ä&#x201A; $QRND ZZZ WRPVUDGLDWRU FRP â&#x20AC;˘ Condoleezza Rice was the second woman to serve as Secretary of State, but was the first African-American female to hold the position. Prior to her work for the George Bush administration, Rice had been a professor of political science at Stanford University, and in 2010, she returned to the faculty of that institutionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s graduate school of business. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s appropriate that her name Condoleezza, comes from a musicrelated term, con dolcezza, which in Italian means â&#x20AC;&#x153;with sweetness,â&#x20AC;? as she spends much of her time playing the piano. At 15, her goal was to become a concert pianist, and she still plays with a chamber music group on a regular basis.

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The Fasting & Prayer Conference includes meals. -------------------------The sermon this morning: 'Jesus Walks on the Water.'The sermon tonight:'Searching for Jesus.' -------------------------Ladies, don't forget the rummage sale. It's a chance to get rid of those things not worth keeping around the house. Bring your husbands. -------------------------Eight new choir robes are currently needed due to the addition of several new members and to the deterioration of some older ones. -------------------------Don't let worry kill you off - let the Church help. -------------------------Irving Benson and Jessie Carter were married on October 24 in the church. So ends a friendship that began in their school days. -------------------------The ladies of the Church have cast off clothing of every kind. They may be seen in the basement on Friday afternoon. -------------------------The eighth-graders will be presenting Shakespeare's Hamlet in the Church basement Friday at 7 PM. The congregation is invited to attend this tragedy. -------------------------Low Self Esteem Support Group will meet Thursday at 7 PM. Please use the back door. -------------------------Weight Watchers will meet at 7 PM at the First Presbyterian Church. Please use large double door at the side entrance. -------------------------At the evening service tonight, the sermon topic will be 'What Is Hell?' Come early and listen to our choir practice. -------------------------And this one just about sums them all up. The Associate Minister unveiled the church's new campaign slogan last Sunday: 'I Upped My Pledge - Up Yours.'

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SENIOR NEWS LINE by Matilda Charles

Brain Training Really Does Work

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Research on seniors who underwent brain training shows that the effects were still there 10 years later. The 3,000 seniors, with an average age of 74, only had to participate in a dozen or so training sessions lasting about an hour each to get years of gain. The study, done by Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, was called the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly study, or ACTIVE. Participants were divided into four groups: three receiving training in memory (word lists), processing speed (identifying objects) or reasoning (looking for number patterns), plus a group who didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t get any training. They were tested at intervals of one, two, three, five and 10 years. More than half got additional training to increase the effects. The results: Memory gains seemed to drop off after five years, but processing speed and gains in reasoning ability still were evident 10 years later. Compared to those who didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t get the training, participants were more able to handle daily activities such as cooking, money and medications. More than 73 percent of those whoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d had reasoning training still scored above their pre-training levels. In processing speed, some 70 percent scored at or above their pre-training levels. When it came to memory, however, the trained group and the control group scored equally. To see the processing-speed training in action, go online to www.positscience.com and sample a few of the questions. Youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ll be asked to enter your name and a password, but instead look for the tiny â&#x20AC;&#x153;maybe laterâ&#x20AC;? button and click that to continue without signing up. (The cost is $8 a month if paid annually.) And on the front screen, scroll down the right side and click on Landmark Study Shows Benefits of BrainHQ Training Last 10 Years to learn more about the research. Matilda Charles regrets that she cannot personally answer reader questions, but will incorporate them into her column whenever possible. Send email to columnreply2@gmail.com. (c) 2014 King Features Synd., Inc.

763-218-0033 - WWW.TIDBITSTWINCITIES.COM

Page 7

Get Advertising information at www.TidbitsTwinCities.com Or call:763-218-0033

▲ The name of the state of Vermont comes from the French “mont vert,” which means “green mountain.” (If the explorers who named the state saw green mountains, they obviously were not there in the winter.)

▲ If insects give you the creepy-crawlies, you might not want to read the following tidbit: Researchers have discovered a kind of caterpillar that emits a sound eerily like a human scream. This particular species is often a victim of predatory wasps. When the wasps approach, the caterpillar rubs two special organs together to produce the sound. The “scream” calls a troop of ants that protect the caterpillar, and in return the caterpillar secretes an amino acid that the ants need.

▲ Everyone knows you should not drive while under the influence of alcohol, but riding a bike? A "stationary" bike? It seems that in Tennessee in 2007, a woman was arrested at her gym while riding an exercise bicycle while drunk. BUI, or simply disorderly conduct? The record isn’t clear.

▲ Two-thirds of all Tony award-winning composers and lyricists have been Jewish.

▲ Some people enjoy novelty when dining out, but restaurateurs take a big risk when adding new items to a menu; it seems that less than a third of diners will actually try a new menu item.

▲ The White House was not designed by an American. It was Irish architect James Hoban who won the competition to create the architectural plans for the home of the political leader of the United States.

▲ Accident or not? At an evening event in 1989, a bottle of wine once owned by Thomas Jefferson was up for sale. The asking price? $500,000. It seems nobody was willing to pony up the cash, and at the end of the night there was no sale. At that point, a waiter (inadvertently?) dropped the bottle, destroying the unprofitable item. The bottle was insured, however, and the merchant did end up with $250,000.

▲ The name of the state of Alabama comes from the Choctaw word “albah,” which means “plant-cutters.”

▲ Those who study such things say that if you happen to find lint in your belly button, it’s more likely to be blue than any other color.

▲ You might not be familiar with the National Chicken Council, but it’s making predictions about you nonetheless. If you ate wings while watching the Super Bowl, you contributed to the 1.25 billion wings that the council’s 2014 Wing Report projected to be consumed during that event.

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In 1928, Paul Fisk Collins jumped from a disabled plane over Pennsylvania and was saved by his parachute. On February 11, 1944, his son, Paul Liske Collins, jumped from a disabled plane near Fairbanks, Alaska, and his life was also saved by his parachute. Together, they were the first father-son team to join the Caterpillar Club, whose membership is entirely composed of people whose lives were saved by parachutes. Come along with Tidbits as we consider the Caterpillar Club! The Father of Parachutes • Leslie Irvin didn’t invent parachutes, but he did revolutionize them by packing them into backpacks. In 1922, he founded the Caterpillar Club, honoring those who had to place their lives in the hands of their parachutes. Because the parachutes were made out of silk, and the silk came from caterpillar cocoons, the Caterpillar Club was born. The club’s motto is, “Life depends on a silken thread.” • Charles Lindbergh's life was saved by an Irvin parachute four times in two years. In 1925 he was involved in a mid-air collision and bailed out. Three months later he jumped when his plane would not come out of a spin. In 1926 he ran out of fuel and jumped. Seven weeks later he was caught in a snowstorm and bailed out.

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