IN[FRESH]STRUCTURE KEEP COOL AND CARRY ON [POST HARVEST & HANDLING]
GLOBALIZATION HAS MADE THE RELATIVE DISTANCE BETWEEN REGIONS OF THE WORLD MUCH SMALLER. HOWEVER, THE PHYSICAL SEPARATION OF THESE REGIONS IN THE GLOBAL FOOD SYSTEM IS STILL A VERY IMPORTANT REALITY.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Unloading_frozen_meat_from_%27Clan_MacDougall%27.jpg
HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF GLOBAL COMMODITY CHAINS 1870s - 1880s Cold storage becomes key component of food trade between colonial powers and their colonies
1797 British fishermen use natural ice to preserve fish stock piles while at sea *
1902 First reefer ship for the banana trade introduced by the United Food Company
late 1800’s Industrialization leads to movement of food from rural areas to urban markets
France receives shipments of frozen meat and mutton from South America
Great Britain imports frozen beef from Australia and pork from New Zealand
* This import of meat was incited by a shortage of meat in Europe and substantial surpluses in developing countries http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch5en/appl5en/ch5a5en.html
ORIGIN
deterioration begins
THE GOAL OF POST HARVEST & HANDLING IS TO DELAY FOOD DETERIORATION IN TRANSIT AND IN STORAGE.
TODAY, ANY MAJOR GROCERY STORE AROUND THE WORLD IS LIKELY TO CARRY... TANGERINES FROM SOUTH AFRICA, APPLES FROM NEW ZEALAND, BANANAS FROM COSTA RICA, AND ASPARAUS FROM MEXICO.
USA APPLES
COSTA RICA BANANAS
ARGENTINA BEEF
SOUTH AFRICA CARROTS NEW ZEALAND LAMB
http://www.nextgenerationfood.com/news/british-food-imports/
TEMPERATURE
THE TEMPERATURE CONTROLLED SUPPLY CHAIN potential integrity breach
potential integrity breach
ORIGIN
UNLOADING
TRANSPORT PRE-COOLING
LOADING
WAREHOUSE COLD STORAGE FACILITY
DESTINATION
TRANSPORT
GLOBAL SUMMERTIME jan
feb
mar
apr
may
jun
jul
aug sept
apples argentina
oct
nov dec
chile
new zealand
united states
citrus
australia chile peru united states
bananas
ecuador, costa rica, colombia
avocados
peru
chile
mexico
pineapples
ecuador, costa rica, philippines
grapes peru
mexico
chile
brazil
chile peru
united states
AVAILABILITY OF FRESH PRODUCE BY SEASON + REGION http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch5en/appl5en/availability_produce.html
IN[FRESH]STRUCTURE noun 1. The basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g., buildings, roads, and power supplies) needed for the operation of the GLOBAL SUMMERTIME AND FRESHNESS ECONOMY
THIS ISN’T FRESH.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Giampietrino-Last-Supper-ca-1520.jpg
WHY FRESH?
“With that there came in rare dishes of the richest foods,
FRESH MEAT in plenty...” -Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
FRESH = RARE + RICH
(PRE-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES)
http://www.ethesis.net/dinner/dinner.htm
FRESH DEMAND FUELS GOVERNMENT & INDUSTRY INVESTMENT
MARKET DEMAND FOR PERISHABLES
As the industrial revolution of the 19th century increased the buying power of workers in the U.S. and Western Europe, market demand for “fresh” foods began to rise.
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Freidberg, Susanne. Fresh: A Perishable History. Cambridge, MA: Belknap of Harvard UP, 2009. Print.
“ THE DESIRE TO EXPORT FRESH MEATS WAS THE FATHER OF ALL IDEAS OF REFRIGERATING TRANSPORTATION, BOTH BY LAND AND SEA.” William G. Sickel “Refrigeration on Ocean Steamships” (1908)
Freidberg, Susanne. Fresh: A Perishable History. Cambridge, MA: Belknap of Harvard UP, 2009. Print.
http://www.beefcentral.com/s/image/resize/u/lib/cms/export-beef-1-shipping.jpg/980x980/85
FRESH WATERS
oresund dover strait
tsugaru
bosporus
gilbraltar suez canal
taiwan strait
yucatan channel
mona passage panama canal
straight of malacca sunda
strait of hormuz bab el-mandeb
torres
cape of good hope
magellan passage Maritime routes are a function of obligatory points of passage, strategic places, of physical constraints (coasts, marine currents, depth, reefs, ice) and political borders. Main shipping lanes are those supporting the most important commercial shipping flows. Secondary shipping lanes are mostly connectors between smaller markets. http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch3en/conc3en/main_maritime_shipping_routes.html
core route secondary route
FOODS IMPORTED INTO THE U.S. 11.569 M
FISH + SHELLFISH
10.998 M
FRUIT + NUTS
10.184 M
DAIRY
9.243 M
MEAT
8.545 M
VEGETABLES COFFEE + TEA
3.73 M
SUGAR + COCOA
2.684 M
IMPORTED FOODS HAS INCREASED
CEREALS
2.093 M www.kanhaul.com
2M
18.228M IN THE LAST DECADE 4M
6M
8M
10M
12M
(METRIC TONS)
argentina new zealand
chile united states
JAPAN <1%
CANADA 3%
BRAZIL 1% ARGENTINA 1% NEW ZEALAND 28%
boat air http://www.gis.smumn.edu/GradProjects/BernatzG.pdf
SOUTH AFRICA 1%
CHILE 68% WEIGHTED AVERAGE SOURCE DISTANCE OF APPLES
= 10,392 km or 6,457 miles
australia chile peru
united states
SPAIN 1%
ITALY 1%
MOROCCO 1%
MEXICO 16% DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 1%
PERU 4%
AUSTRALIA 21%
boat air http://www.gis.smumn.edu/GradProjects/BernatzG.pdf
CHILE 1%
SOUTH AFRICA 53%
WEIGHTED AVERAGE SOURCE DISTANCE OF ORANGES
= 11,452 km or 7,116 miles
ecuador, costa rica, colombia
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 1%
MEXICO 1%
HONDURAS 13%
GUATEMALA 31% COSTA RICA 21%
COLOMBIA 13%
ECUADOR 19% PERU 1%
boat air http://www.gis.smumn.edu/GradProjects/BernatzG.pdf
WEIGHTED AVERAGE SOURCE DISTANCE OF BANANAS
= 3,461 km or 2,151 miles
GLOBAL SUMMERTIME WEIGHTED AVERAGE SOURCES DISTANCE
km 15000 9000 3000 0
jan
feb
mar
apr
may
jun
jul
aug sept
oct
nov dec
0 1000 3000 5000 MJ
AVERAGE ENERGY EXPENDITURE (ENERGY/TON)
http://www.gis.smumn.edu/GradProjects/BernatzG.pdf
In 1930’s New York, Schrafft’s
chain of restaurants detailed the mileage its exotic produce had travelled to reach the table of its privileged diners.
The fame of the menu... Schrafft’s fruit cocktail could be delivered fresh after 7,800 miles and the ingredients of the vegetable salad had covered 22,250 miles.
But that was when miles travelled meant status and not irresponsible depletion of global energy resources.
Freidberg, Susanne. Fresh: A Perishable History. Cambridge, MA: Belknap of Harvard UP, 2009. Print.
FRESH PRESTIGE
FRESH FOOD = LOCAL
PRE-INDUSTRIAL AGE
FRESH DEMOCRACY
FAITH IN FRESHNESS IS QUESTIONED “Few labels can top the prestige value of the locally grown...”
“FRESH-NESS” TRANSCENDS TIME AND SPACE
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
RE-FRESH GLOBAL SUMMERTIME POST-INDUSTRIAL AGE
UNITED STATES EMBRACES COLD CHAIN
“FIRST REFRIGERATED SOCIETY”
WORLD WAR AGE
FOREIGN FOOD = RISK + CONTAMINATION
DISTANCE TRAVELLED
= BRAGGING RIGHTS
ROADS?... WHERE WE’RE GOING, WE DON’T NEED ROADS.
EVOLUTION OF CONTAINER SHIPS
EARLY CONTAINER SHIP (1956-) 500 - 800 TEU 137 x 17 x 9m
TEU = TWENTY-FOOT EQUIVALENT UNITS
FULLY CELLULAR (1970-) 1,000 - 2,500 TEU 215 x 20 x 10m PANAMAX (1980-) 3,000 - 3,400 TEU 250 x 32 x 12.5m PANAMAX MAX (1985-) 3,400 - 4,500 TEU 290 x 32 x 12.5m POST PANAMAX (1988-) 4,000 - 5,000 TEU 285 x 40 x 13m POST PANAMAX PLUS (2000-) 6,000 - 8,000 TEU 300 x 43 x 14.5m NEW PANAMAX (2014-) 12,000 TEU 366 x 49 x 15.2m
TRIPLE E (2013-) 18,000 TEU 400 x 59 x 15.5m http://www.naftrade.com/3/post/2013/02/how-much-bigger-can-containerships-get.html
CNN: Will there be an even bigger ship in the coming years? We are not thinking about it and
I actually think an even bigger vessel may become problematic at least in the near future. I think we have reached a point where it will become more difficult. From an infrastructure point of view, the Triple E's can't call at all the ports in the world. A longer vessel will make it more difficult to maneuver in the ports that we are looking at. I'd say there has been a tendency that vessels have been built bigger and more energy efficient as years have gone by but I don't think we will see container vessels becoming any larger for quite a long time.
Maersk COO Morten H. Engelstoft http://edition.cnn.com/2013/06/26/business/maersk-triple-e-biggest-ship/index.html
MAJOR EUROPEAN RAIL-FREIGHT CORRIDORS The European Commission’s “Transport 2050” plan, adopted two years ago, promises to get half of all the continent’s medium-distance goods transport off roads and on to rail (or water) by 2050.
HAMBURG
ROTTERDAM
PRAGUE
GENOA
ISTANBUL
TOTAL ANNUAL FREIGHT VOLUME PER CAPITA 3,500-5,500
5,500-8,500
8,500-12,500
http://www.economist.com/news/business/21583703-eu-wants-more-goods-be-moved-train-progress-slow-quest-ryanair-rail
BILLION TONS-KM / HAB.
MAJOR U.S. RAIL-FREIGHT CORRIDORS Rail freight in the United States has experienced a remarkable growth since deregulation in the 1980s (Staggers Act), with a 77% increase in tons-km between 1985 and 2003. Intermodal rail accounts for close to 40% of all the ton-miles transported in the United States, while in Europe this share is only 8%.
TRAINS PER DAY 50-100 15-50 ANNUAL FREIGHT TONNAGE
volume scale (tons/year) 250M
125M
62.5M
Double stack trains have unit capacities of up to 400 TEU and a total length above 2 km
http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/freight/freight_analysis/nat_freight_stats/images/hi_res_jpg/tonhwyrrww2007.jpg
THE INTERMODAL NORTH AMERICAN LANDBRIDGE TRAILER-ON-FLATCAR/CONTAINER-ON-FLATCAR (2010)
WA - seattle
NY-NJ >4M TEU
VA - norfolk 500k-2M TEU
CA - oakland
CA los angeles long beach
GA - savannah 2-4M TEU
INTERMODAL-NET TON (millions) <1.8 1.8 - 6.2
TX - houston
FL - miami
6.2 - 16.6 >16.6 http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/gallery/Map_NA_Landbridge.pdf
LANDBRIDGE = long distance rail corridor connecting two major port gateways on different maritime facades
THE NORTH AMERICAN LANDBRIDGE WAS THE OUTCOME OF GROWING TRANSPACIFIC TRADE AND HAS UNDERGONE A CONTAINERIZED REVOLUTION. Container traffic represents approximately 85% of all rail intermodal moves.
$3000 $9000
HOWEVER, ROAD CONGESTION, INFRASTRUCTURE CAPACITY ISSUES, AND HIGHER FUEL PRICES TODAY CHALLENEGE THE ADVANTAGES OF THE LANDBRIDGE... For instance, in 2007, shipping a forty foot container from New York to Korea cost about $3,000 if the all-water maritime route through the Suez Canal is used... and cost about $9,000 if shipped by rail to a West Coast port and then across the Pacific. Thus, this form of rail intermodalism appears to have reached a phase of maturity. http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch2en/appl2en/ch2a1en.html
FOOD TRANSPORATION MODES IN THE UNITED STATES
17% via RAIL 8% via SHIP
70.5%
of food transportation in the US is via TRUCK
4.5% via Air
http://kanhaul.com/news/kan-hauls-food-transportation-infographic/#text-only
TRIPLE-E
3g
18 g TRAIN
47 g TRUCK
GRAMS OF CO2 EMITTED TRANSPORTING 1TON OF GOODS 1KM
AIRPLANE
560 g http://www.worldslargestship.com/
500 ft
1000 ft
TRANSPORT COSTS PER UNIT
ROAD In Europe, due to higher market densities, the breakeven distance is in the range of 1050 km (650 miles)...
RAIL MARTIME ...while in the United States it is around 1,200 km (750 miles)
ROAD IS MOST PROFITABLE
RAIL IS MOST PROFITABLE
D1 ~750km point of departure
MARITIME IS MOST PROFITABLE D2 ~1500km
DISTANCE
In the United States, only around 5% of the intermodal rail traffic concerns distances of less than 750 miles underlining the clear supremacy of trucking for such a service range.
http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch3en/conc3en/transcost.html
U.S. FREIGHT LANDSCAPE
AVERAGE DAILY LONG-HAUL FREIGHT TRUCK TRAFFIC ON THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY SYSTEM (2007)
STATES PRODUCING THE MOST FOOD >$10M $5M - $10M $1M - $5M Long-haul freight trucks typically serve locations at least 50 miles apart, excluding trucks that are used in movements by multiple modes and mail.
truck volume/day FREIGHT ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK 50,000 25,000 12,500
http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/freight/freight_analysis/nat_freight_stats/docs/11factsfigures/figure3_9.htm
18,000 TEU The twenty-foot equivalent unit (TEU)
is an inexact unit of cargo capacity often used to describe the capacity of container ships and container terminals.
= 1 TEU The 20-foot-long intermodal container, can be easily transferred between different modes of transportation (ships, trains and trucks).
truck volume/day 50,000 25,000 12,500
http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/freight/freight_analysis/nat_freight_stats/docs/11factsfigures/figure3_9.htm
TEU MUCH TRAFFIC!
U.S. FREIGHT LANDSCAPE (2040) AVERAGE DAILY LONG-HAUL FREIGHT TRUCK TRAFFIC ON THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY SYSTEM (2007)
By 2040, long-haul freight truck traffic in the United States is expected to increase dramatically on Interstate highways and other arterials throughout the nation. Forecast data indicate that truck travel may reach 662 million miles per day.
truck volume/day FREIGHT ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK 50,000 25,000 12,500
http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/freight/freight_analysis/nat_freight_stats/docs/11factsfigures/figure3_10.htm
GROWTH OF CONGESTION
BOTTLENECKS IN THE TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE OF THE U.S. ACCOUNT FOR 40% OF THE NATIONAL CONGESTION PROBLEM INTENSITY 30% average delay
INTENSITY 11% average delay
63% of travel
29% of travel 1982 4.2 hours per day
DURATION
EXTENT
EXTENT 2005 7 hours per day
DURATION MORE HOURS OF DELAY = MORE COLD CHAIN INTEGRITY BREACHES http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/otps/freight.cfm
REEFER TRUCK TEMPERATURE VARIATION PRE-COOLING: The middle of the bins or pallets generally cannot precool properly. Field and environmental heat is thereby trapped in the middle of the load. When the load goes into the trailer, this heat migrates out over time and results in a warming trailer.
°F 40 38 36 34 32 30
passenger side driver side
temper ature pr o
file of p
allets
Both the produce’s and the trailer’s ambient temperatures rise, resulting in shortened shelf life, returns, rejects and lower yields. http://www.foodsafetymagazine.com/magazine-archive1/december-2011january-2012/ the-impact-of-temperature-and-routing-on-produce-shelf-life-truckings-role-in-the-blame-game/
PARTLOW CHART
REEFER TEMPERATURE CHART
http://www.drwild.de/Home/Refrigeration/Claims/claims.html
Partlow chart of a reefer addresses any variations in temperature readings for both chilled and frozen cargoes
FRESH-MESS
IDENTIFIED WITH HPMS SCAN METHOD + TRUCK SPEEDS (2006)
2006 INTERCHANGE TRUCK DELAY (hours) 100,000 1,000,000 Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/otps/freight.cfm
ANNUAL TRUCK MILES (in millions of miles) FOOD PRODUCTS 22,013
MIXED FREIGHT 14,659
NO PRODUCT 28,977
construction machinery, tools miscellaneous manufactured products, fuel oil, plastic, rubber, mail, wood products, vehicles, waste, recyclable products empty shipping containers, etc.
?!
U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, 2002 Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey: United States, EC02TV-US (Washington, DC: 2004), available at www.census.gov/prod/ec02/ec02tv-us.pdf as of June 2, 2010.
PRE-INDUSTRIAL AGE
IN[FRESH]STRUCTURE THRESHOLD?
“FRESH-NESS” TRANSCENDS TIME AND SPACE
HAS IN[FRESH]STRUCTURE JUST BECOME INFRASTRUCTURE?
http://www.marineinsight.com/marine/marine-news/videos/video-amazing-timelapse-video-of-the-triple-e-vessel-on-its-maiden-call/
BANANAS IMPORTED INTO THE U.S. IN 2012 = 413,640 TEU = 23 TRIPLE-E MAERSK SHIPS AMOUNT OF
The current MAERSK fleet has only 20 TRIPLE-E ships http://pierstransportation.wordpress.com/2013/04/02/u-s-banana-imports-rise-sharply/
LOCAL FOOD MOVEMENTS TODAY REFLECT CONSUMER DISILLUSIONMENT WITH THE FACELESS IDENTITY OF GLOBAL FOOD IN[FRESH]STRUCTURE.
BUT!
LOCAL FOOD DOES NOT NECESSARILY MEAN FRESH. “Produce coming in from local farms, few of which have adequate post harvest cooling equipment, need to be placed in refrigeration to help slow respiration. Food from distant locales that has been kept cold will be fresher than local produce that travels by truck bed on a hot day.” David Lively, Marketing Director Eugene-based Organically Grown Company (OGC)
http://www.organicgrown.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=newsInfo&rowid=52
ULTIMATELY, HOW FAR OUR FOOD TRAVELS MATTERS A LOT LESS
THAN WHAT KIND OF FOOD IT IS. 2004
1997
2004
25%
INCREASE
DISTANCE TRAVELED BY AVERAGE AMERICAN’S DINNER
1997
5% INCREASE
CARBON EMISSION FROM FOOD TRANSPORT (thanks to the efficiencies of vast cargo container ships)
THE KEY TO IN[FRESH]STRUCTURE TODAY = LOCALITY + SEASONABILITY http://www.marketplace.org/topics/life/eating-locally-not-necessarily-better
LOCALITY
noun 1. A specific place or area; location: 2. The state or fact of having a location
SEASONABLE
adj. 1. In keeping with the time or the season. 2. Occurring or performed at the proper time; timely.
IN[FRESH]STRUCTURAL GEOGRAPHY
1 NORTE GRANDE
1 horticulture camel raising fishing + scallops olive oil 2 horticulture pisco production goat raising
2 NORTE CHICO
3 CENTRO 4 CENTRO SUR 5 SUR FRONTERA 6 SUR: ZONA DE LOS LAGOS
7 EXTREMO SUR
IN[FRESH]STRUCTURAL GEOGRAPHY During the winter in the North East of the United States (Summer in Chile), close to 70 million boxes of Chilean fruit arrive supplying the entire East coast of the country,
3 vineyards wine production fresh fruit 4 fresh fruit vineyards forestry fishing 5 grains + cereal cattle dairy forestry 6 cattle dairy forestry salmon fishing
FRESH FRUIT EXPORT TO U.S. = 25% of the fruit exports made by Chile worldwide Table grapes, blueberries, apples, oranges, plums and cherries are the most demanded Chilean fruits in this market.
7 sheep + cattle farming salmon farming forestry
http://www.freshplaza.com/article/108680/Philadelphia-pays-homage-to-Chilean-fruit-growing
IN[FRESH]STRUCTURAL GEOGRAPHY
1 SAN JOAQUIN 2 STANISLAUS 3 MERCED 4 FRESNO 5 TULARE 6 KERN
CALIFORNIA PRODUCES MORE THAN 90% OF ALL U.S. ARTICHOKES, BROCCOLI, GARLIC, TOMATOES, ALMONDS, BERRIES, FIGS, NECTARINES, OLIVES, & WALNUTS
LEADING COMMODITIES 4 grapes 6 lettuce 1 milk 2 milk 3 milk 5 milk almonds strawberries grapes almonds chickens oranges poutry broccoli walnuts chickens almonds cattle milk grapes cherries cattle cattle grapes tomatoes silage potatoes alfalfa hay http://www.motherjones.com/files/2agovstat10_web-1.pdf http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/14/magazine/californias-central-valley-land-of-a-billion-vegetables.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0
jan
feb
mar
apr
may
CALIFORNIA SUMMERTIME
jun
jul
aug sept
oct
nov dec
apples citrus bananas avocados pineapples grapes cherries kiwi peaches pears plums strawberries watermelons artichokes broccoli cabbage tomatoes http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch5en/appl5en/availability_produce.html
IN[FRESH]STRUCTURAL GEOGRAPHY
~60 miles equator
CHILE AND CALIFORNIA’S CENTRAL VALLEY ARE THE GLOBAL SUMMERTIME. (at least for most of North America and Europe, Asian markets trends may vary)
CHILE’S EXTREME NORTH-SOUTH ORIENTATION PRODUCES 7 DISTINCT MACRO-REGIONS DISTINGUISHED BY CLIMATE AND GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES, WHICH ALLOW THE COUNTRY TO STAGGER HARVESTS AND EXTEND HARVESTING SEASONS.
http://www.amchamchile.cl/UserFiles/File/Agribusiness%20Industry1.pdf
WHAT IF GLOBAL FOOD PRODUCTION AND POST-HARVEST HANDLING INFRASTRUCTURE WAS REIMAGINED WITHIN THE EXTENTS OF VERTICAL MACRO-CORRIDORS? (MAXIMIZED FOR HIGHEST LOCAL AND SEASONABLE CROSS-SECTION POTENTIAL)
http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/otps/freight.cfm