Terraforming Cultivation landformation for agricultural continuity
1
Pacha Year
2
mama I 2273
Ica Valley, Peru lat -14.15째 lon -14.08째 3
C
icero descended the B-Plot terrace, taking a left at the production plant the way he always used to. He hadn’t been here in over sixty years. Nobody had. Back then it was always sandas, shovel in hand, the faded Pashama logo on his father’s cap. The Barra Plaza, once a place of cool, was now a barren wasteland, home to whatever creatures dared face the scorching sun.
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6
W
hy was he here? What did he hope ot achieve?
Gone was the asparagus, the fog catchers, the community. What once was Ica Valley’s pioneer settlement was now old sculpture, earth shaped ruins, symbolizing a global stand against the harsh extremities of climate. To understand Cicero is to understand the ground he walked on. To know Cicero is to know Terraforming.
7
Welcome to Terraforming
8
Enjoy your stay
9
Climate
10
Landform
Terraform
New Localized Climate
11
T
oday, a gargantuan 35-gigatons of earth are moved annually, a number that rivals that of geomorphologic processes. The sculpting of the planet’s surface has fallen on human hands, along with the reshaping and reclamation of the uninhabitable. Although dominated by titans of industry and engineering, this is a crucial role that lies at the very foundations of the landscape discipline. From Capability Brown’s Croome Park to Alphand’s Parc des Buttes Chaumont, adapting land for human use through large topographic moves has always been part of landscape architecture. In a clever twist of fate, present day conditions have paved the way towards repossessing this act and pushing it to new levels.
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Due to climate change, temperature is projected to shift greatly over the next two-hundred years, placing many of the world’s major agricultural production zones at risk. Enter terraforming: the design of dissipative multi-scalar land-formations in order to create viable microclimates for agricultural productivity. Through careful manipulation of geometry, agricultural risk can be mediated by curating specific microclimates, altering temperature, solar exposure, wind velocity and hydrologic retention. From crop to landform, from terraform to a new form of agriculture settlement, from localized climate interventions to a catalogue of terraform typologies. This thesis is centered on the geometric composition, formation, and implications of terraforming for agricultural productivity. The goal is a developed system of terraforming, applicable to multiple sites, that functions as a reference for the future landscape architect and a tool for dissipative land formation.
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Reverse Climatic Morphogenics 14
How far can landform be pushed to generate new localized climates?
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Chapter I Chapter II Chapter III Chapter IV Chapter V Chapter VI 16
The Road to Terraforming
p.18-29
Ground Zero: The Ica Valley
p.30-53
Terraform Investigations
p.54-87
Terraformation Processes
p.88-125
Terraform Designs
p.126-163
Looking Ahead
p.164-177
17
hapter I The Road to Terraforming
We find ourselves at a crossroads. A series of trends lie ahead, coalescing to form a singular opportunity. These trends lie within the discipline of landscape architecture, emerge from farming practices, and engage issues of climatic change.
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19
Projected Shifts in Agricultural Productivity, 2100
Maple Syrup, Vermont
Rice, Mekong Delta
Asparagus, Ica Valeey
-50%
20
-15%
0%
15%
Our food is in a state of risk. Global climate projections indicate a sharp decrease in agricultural productivity over the next 100 years. A large percentage of the world’s most productive food regions are in danger, most of which are economically, socially, physiologically, and culturally dependent on the crops they produce.
35%
no data 21
13°C 12°C
The world is getting (much) warmer. Temperature projections demonstrate a specific 120 year span, “The Terraform Zone”, where elevated temperatures inhibit agricultural productivity and where landformed microclimates can still mediate this 8 degree change.
Global-Mean Air Surface Temperature Relative to 1840-1899
11°C 10°C 9°C 8°C 7°C 6°C 5°C 4°C 3°C 2°C 1°C 0°C -1°C
1900
22
Temperature Projections, 2220
The Terraform Zone
±8°C
Crop Risk
Crop Ideal
120 Year Span
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
2020
2040
2060
2080
2100
2120
2140
2160
2180
2200
2220
SRES A1F1 Global-Mean Surface Temperature Projections
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Developments in Agricultural Land Techniques
500 BC Aztec Andenes Terraced Farming 1200 BC Mesopotamian Irrigation Ditches
2500 BC
24
1800 Mechanization 800 Clearings and Crop Rotation
1980 Precision Autom and Forecasti
Agricultural methods have evolved substantially. 2040 Terraform Strategies
From the early terrace farming of the Incas, to crop rotation techniques, to mechanization, to the use of precision forecasting, agricultural methods have developed to the extent where new possibilities emerge.
mation ing
Through a combination of these new techniques, the ability to control localized climates through landforming is within our reach. 2500
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The landscape architect holds the key to terraforming. From Capability Brown’s Croome Park to Battle i Roig’s Vall d’en Joan, the landscape architect has always manipulated topography to domesticate uninhabitable sites. The profession’s increased use of simulation techniques, paired with its expertise in geometry, attunement to ecoligcal flows, and knowledge of shaping the ground, make the landscape architect well-equipped to deal with large scale terraforming.
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Croome Capability 1752
Park y Brown 2
Parc des Buttes Chaumont Jean-Charles Alphand 1867
Vall d’en Joan Battle i Roig 2010
Landscape Architecture and Terraforming in Time
27
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New, more dissipative formations are required. Existing agricultural forms are ill-equipped to deal with climate change’s increased input of thermal energy. They will fail and implode, with substantial repercussions. Terraforming offers a more dissipative formation, better suited to engage this thermal influx.
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hapter II Ground Zero: The Ica Valley
Peru is the world’s largest exporter of fresh green asparagus, and home to one of the greatest ancient landforming agricultural civilizations. The Ica Valley is its largest and most endangered producer of asparagus. It is a region in risk, whose longstanding Incan history makes it the perfect starting point for processes of terraformation.
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The Ica Valley Located in the southwestern desert region of Peru, the Ica Valley is a major global supplier of asparagus. It is facing several issues tied to climate change and the intensity of its agricultural activities.
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Rainforest
Coastal Desert
Major Routes
Mountains
Ica Valley
34% of Global Asparagus Exports 1950
2014
33
Global Asparagus
Ica Valley Asp Active Months
Active Months
Jan
Dec
Jan
Productive Life-Span
2 Years
Productive Life-S
22 Years
2 Years
Optimal Temperature
O C
Optimal Temperatu
18-22 C
O C
Solar Exposure
Solar Exposure
6 Hours
5 Mt/ha
8 Hours
Irrigation
Irrigation
Yield Rate
Yield Rate
Sandy Soil Low Wind Velocities
34
18
11 Mt/ha
paragus
Dec
Span
ure
8-22 C
e
22 Years
The most effective producer of asparagus The Ica Valley produces asparagus at a rate that is nearly double that of other global asparagus producers. This happens because of its ideal sandy soil, subtle variations in temperature, and constant irrigation, which allows asparagus to grow throughout the entire year.
35
36
jan
feb
mar
apr
may
jun
jul
aug
sep
oct
nov
dec
Mexico USA Canada Argentina Chile Ecuador Peru China Spain France Netherlands Italy Portugal Germany New Zealand Australia
37
Temper
Why the Ica Valley? The Ica Valley is facing three major issues that make it the perfect testing ground for agricultural terraformation.
-1째C 1900
1920
1940
First, it is at immediate risk from climate change. Temperature projections make asparagus unfeasible in the Ica Valley starting from 2030.
1960
1980
2000
2020
Second, it is facing issues of drought and water shortage. Its current water usage has almost depleted the Ica Aquifer, impacting surrounding communities.
2040
2060
2080
2100
Third, it is a region that exists solely due to asparagus production. Over 60% of the population works in the asparagus industry, which has led a previously impoverished region into having 0% unemployment.
2120
2140
2160
2180
2200
2220
38
0째C
1째C
rature Increase
2°C
3°C
4°C
5°C
6°C
7°C
8°C
9°C
Drought/Water Shortage
Regional Dependency
10°C 11°C 12°C 13°C
Asparagus Production Risk Line
Asparagus Employment
317 million cubic meters/year
0%
unemployment
Depleting Ica Aquifer
39
a History of Agricu
40
ultural Landforming
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Agricultural Terraces of the Inca Large-scale landforming for agricultural use is a key characteristic of the Inca civilization. The remains of these topographic moves can be seen throughout Peru. One particular site is of interest, the Moray Agriculture Lab, sunken terraces that manipulate local temperatures. Terraforming emerges as an evolution of these methods, a hybrid of the old and new.
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Moray, the first Agricultural Terraform The Moray, a series of terraced depressions, makes use of level changes and existing shade generating topography to create an agriculture lab of varying microclimates. There is an 8째C temperature variation from the bottom of the landform to the top. It is the basis for new processes of terraformation.
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“La Panza de Burro”
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Identifying a Prototype Transect A viable Ica Valley transect, for terraform investigations, is located based on proximity to the existing asparagus infrastructure and the large coastal fog event named “La Panza de Burro�. It must contain several highpoints and is sized in accordance to existing production by hectare standards.
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Ica Valley
1 Hec
7000 hectares
14 tons
385,645 tons (2014)
5 Full t
0.1 Proc
“Panza de Burro�
Identifying 48
ctare
Prototype Site
of Asparagus
time Employees
cessing Plants
80-100 Hectares 1400 tons of Asparagus 500 Full time Employees 10 Processing Plants
10km
Asparagus Farms
4km x 2.5km
a Transect 49
2km x
Drainage + Wind Exposure 50
500m
Solar Radiation 51
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Terraforming a Desert The identified transect is a barren, un-utilized space. It stands as a topographic canvas for the articulation of new, cooler localized climates. It is the new home for asparagus farming in the Ica Valley.
53
hapter III Terraform Investigations
Geometry is key in the design of landformations for the production of new microclimates. Using a wide range of methods, from simulation to precedents to deliberate diagramming, a series of context-dependent terraforms are produced. These establish the underlying logic for terraforming the Ica Valley.
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Method I: Precedents Preliminary investigations identified advantages and disadvantages in using each specific method of design inquiry. Designing through the use of precedents was beneficial in that it provided concrete, functional examples that could be appropriated for further design. At the same time, however, precedents did not provide the dynamism, innovation, or site relations needed for designing terraforms.
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Method II: Simulation The use of simulation software allowed for rapid testing and projections of fluid and temporal flows. Simulation proved beneficial when designing for wind movement, solar exposure, and radiation retention. Nonetheless, simulation also provided all of the known issues associated with the managerial surface. Closed boundaries, limited variables, and biased organizational logics reinforced the mistake of relying solely on simulation techniques.
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+
60
-
+
Method III: Deliberate Diagramming Method III consisted of diagrammatic investigations based on extensive research. Mimicking the investigative potential of the flow diagrams of Howard Odum, these allowed for rapid inferences, free experimentation, and the constant questioning adjustments of system boundaries. Despite this, Method III relied heavily on conjecture and a non-statistical, mostly pre-modern approach. The key to designing microclimatic terraforms is in not relying heavily on any one of these methods but constantly jumping between all three.
Valley
Angled Depression
Sloped Mountain
Berm Combination
61
Valley
Angled Depression
Sloped Mountain
Berm Combination
Wind Barrier
Angled Terraces
High Point Depression
Full Enclosure
Precedent In 62
Wind Barrier
Stepped Deppression
Slant Upright 2째
Angled Terraces
High Point Depression
Full Enclosure
Stepped Terrace
Semi-Closed Enclosure
Half Enclosure
Slant Upright 10째
Slant Down 3째
Slant Form 30째
nvestigations 63
Stepped Deppression
Stepped Terrace
Semi-Closed Enclosure
Half Enclosure
Slant Upright 2째
Slant Upright 10째
Slant Down 3째
Slant Form 30째
Heating/Cooling Slope Investigations 64
Heating/Cooling Slope Site Adapatations 65
Wind Flow Dynamics for Fog Collection 66
Fog Collection Adaptations 67
AM-PM Shade Investigations 68
350°
N
10° 20°
°
340
30
° 30
3
°
10°
40
° 20
°
3
50
31 0°
20°
°
30°
30 0°
°
60
40°
290
70°
°
50°
60°
280°
80°
70°
80°
E
100°
260°
W
250
°
110 °
2
0°
° 40
12
°
23
0°
13 0
14
0°
0°
22
15
0°
0°
21
160
°
200
° 170°
S
190°
Ica Valley Sun Path 69
Transect Type I
Catalogue of Terraforms Transect Type II
Transect Type III
70
Design Methodology
Terraform Settlement Typologies
Site Deployment
71
+
-
+
pm
Terraform ID: T1
72
noon
am
+
+
Function:Cooling Terraces
+
Terraform ID: T2-f
-
+
Function: Cooling Fin
73
Terraform ID: Ts1-am
74
Function: Shade Structure PM Minor
Terraform ID: TS2-pm
Function: Shade Structure AM Major
75
Terraform ID: WH1
76
Function: Fog Collector Major
Terraform ID: wH2
Function: Fog Collector Dendritic Minor
77
Terraform ID: h1
78
Function: Shaded Irrigation Channel
Terraform ID: H2-Re
Function: Groundwater Recharge Well
79
Terraform ID: H2
80
Function: Crop Irrigation Channels
crops skylight
Terraform ID: THo1
Function: Slope Housing Structure
81
Temperature Gradient
82
Shade Topography
Fog Collector
Drainage System
Crop Fields
Circulation
Aggregation Study I 83
Temperature Gradient
84
Shade Topography
Wind Exposure
Drainage System
Crop Fields
Circulation
Aggregation Study II 85
Temperature Gradient
86
Shade Topography
Fog Collector
Drainage System
Crop Fields
Circulation
Aggregation Study III 87
88
hapter IV Terraformation Processes
Peru is the world’s largest exporter of fresh green asparagus, and home to one of the greatest ancient landforming agricultural civilizations. The Ica Valley is its largest and most endangered producer of asparagus. It is a region in risk, whose longstanding Incan history makes it the perfect starting point for processes of terraformation.
89
The Asparagus Economy The Ica Valley’s asparagus production chain is heavily subsidized, sponsored by research universities and government institutions alike. It consists of a series of inputs common to traditional farming methods, with significant emphasis placed on logistics. Dealing primarily with fresh green asparagus, logistics of exportation are crucial.
90
Inputs
The Asparagus Process
Financial Services
Fertilizer
Seeds
Related
Institutions for Collaboration (IPEH,ADEX,AGAP,PROMPEX)
Gastronomy
Logistics
Pesticides
Ports
Asparagus Growers Irrigation
Machinery
Green Asparagus
Cold Chain Transportation
Railways
Processing Equipment Airports
Packing Material
Government Institutions (PROMPERU,SENASA,UNAM,ANTCS)
Customs Agencies
Other
91
The Asparagus Structure The Ica Valley’s agricultural structures have evolved to make use of greater vertical integration. Large agricultural corporations, like Camposol S/A, have integrated farms and processing plants in order to streamline the distribution of fresh asparagus. This vertical integration allows corporations to create an extensive distribution infrastructure, allowing for regular sale to importers and distributors as well as direct sales to major supermarket chains in Europe.
92
Structural Organization
Coordination of Processes
Agricultural Corporations
Corporate farms Drip irrigation Hybrid Seeds Professional Agronomists
Processing Plants
Direct Sales Importers+ Distributors
Wholesale Markets
Retailers
U.S. Market
Supermarket Chains
European Market 93
Farm Entity Distribution
Large Corporate
94
Medium-Scale Farms
Small-Scale Farms
Market Share Distributio
Large Corporate
Medium-Scale Farms
Small-Sc Farms
on
Unbalanced Market Share The current state of the asparagus economy is an unsustainable one. While small and medium-scale farmers occupy a large portion of the asparagus farms, they only contribute to a small portion of all asparagus sales. As a result, they are projected to be subject to fluctuations in employment and profit.
cale s
95
A Manual Process The asparagus farming process in the Ica Valley is both labor intensive and mostly manual. Tractors are only used for initial terrain preparation, at which point manual methods are used to sow, cut, and process green asparagus. Key to the process is large scale crown plantation followed by crown transplants.
96
97
How can terraforming b re-structure th
98
be integrated into and hese dynamics?
99
100
Looking to the Incan Mit’a The Mit’a was a form ofpublic service used by the Inca civilization. The Inca people would devote 65 days of labor per year, working mostly in construction. In exchange, the Inca government would provide food, security, irrigation, and farming infrastructure. Considered to be one of the premier forms of ancient utopic socialism, it allowed the Incas to construct enormous structures. Terraforming provides a perfect opportunity to establish a new Mit’a contract, creating a new dynamic for construction, farming, and profiting in the Ica Valley.
101
EL CONTRATO MIT’A
102
“Asegur futuro Valle d
Ca
osol Mi mp
A
t’a
rando un para el de Ica�
en colaboracion con
E
M
I
Agricultores de Ica
Dep. Ica
103
Ca
A
E
M
I
Agricultores de Ica
104
osol Mi mp
t’a
t’a
osol Mi mp
Construccion del campo local y agricultura
Ca
Construccion del campo empresarial y formacion
A
E
M
Pos-construccio mantenimiento y servicios
I
Agricultores de Ica
Dep. Ica
on o
A Construction Based Contract The new Mit’a contract would be an agreement between a major asparagus corporation, like Camposol S/A, the largest producer of Asparagus in the country, and the local farmers of the region. The local farmers would help in the construction of three major corporation terraform farms. In exchange, they would receive terraform training and receive land plots to terraform their own farms. The corporation would provide irrigation, transit infrastructure, and processing services in exchange. Local terraformed farms would sell asparagus directly to the corporation, which would focus on export logistics.
105
Mit’a Phase I Local farmers help construct large, corporate, terraforms. They receive training in terraformation techniques. The Corporation gains labor for construction at low immediate costs.
106
Construccion del campo empresarial y formacion 107
Mit’a Phase II The Corporation provides the local farmers with group land plots. The Corporation also provides the irrigation, transit, and mechanic support for terraforming and asparagus farming. Local farmeres terraform their own farms. The Corporation begins to profit from their already constructed terraforms.
108
Construccion del campo local y agricultura 109
Mit’a Phase III Local farmers provide a year long supply of asparagus, recieving in exchange the consistency of year long asparagus sales. The Corporation faces minimum production competition, gaining significant income from a depleted marketplace. As more local farms are constructed, local government and subsidies provide support through hospitals, police stations, and road maintenance.
110
Pos-construccion mantenimiento y servicios 111
Mit’a Contract Services Exchange
Corporate Terrafarm Terraform Training
Terraforming
Crown Growth
Crown Growth
Land
Individual Terraformation
Irrigation
Asparagus Growth
Processing Exports
112
An Exchange of Services
Individua Terrafarm
The interplay between the major corporation and local farmers establishes a mutually beneficial agreement, where collaboration allows for the proliferation of terraforming as a viable agricultural method and a more balanced flow of goods. A new economic model is developed, focusing on vertical integration in regards to export processes while re-balancing market share distribution.
113
New Economic Model
Mutually Beneficial Contract
Agricultural Export Corporation
114
Small/Medium Farms
Supermark Chains
Processing Plants
Wholesal Markets
Corporate farms Importers+ Distributors
Retailer
European Market
ket s
Nueva Distribucion Economica
U.S. Market
le s
rs
Corporacion
Agricultores Medianos
Agricultores Menores
115
A Collaborative Ica
While corporate and local farmers come together, through the Mit’a contract, to create a new form of agricultural practice, the government and subsidy organizations provide the funding and support to make these terraformed spaces functional living spaces: agricultural settlements built on large landforms.
oso mp
Ca
The new economy of the terraformed Ica consists of a collaborative relationship between large corporations, local farmers, government agencies, and economic subsidies.
Camposol
Corporate
116
Support Services
Funding
Health/Security
Pachamama Terraform
Mit’a Contract
t’a
ol M i
l Mit’a
e Entity
A
E
M
I
Agricultores de Ica
ICA
AEMI
Departamento de Ica
AGAP
Agricultores de Esparragos Mit’a de Ica
Local Government
Asociacion de Gremios Productores Agrarios del Peru
117
Distributing the Land Key to the Mit’a contract is a process of land distribution, where large corporate farms with processing plants anchor smaller local terraform plots, which can range from small to medium-scale group farms.
118
119
Driven by Irrigation The distribution of the larger corporate farms and the smaller local farm parcels is defined by the site’s existing topographic basis. Large corporate farms are located on highpoints for maximum fog collection, while smaller land plots areas are defined by irrigation channels. The forms of these channels are informed by gravitational pull, generating a series of irregular spaces in which one or multiple small scale farms can exist.
120
I Existing Site
II High Point: Corporate Farm + Fog Collection
121
III Hydrologic Land Distribution
IV Local Farm Construction
122
VI Support Components
V Local Farm Proliferation
123
A2B
A5B
A4
A5A
A3B
A6B
A6A
A7B
A7A
A3A
A2A
A7C
A1
B1
A8C
B5B
B4
B3
A9
A8B
B2
B5A
B6
A8A
A12B
A12B
A10
A11 A12C B12
A12D
B11C A13A
A14
Zone A
A13B
Zone B
B10E
Land Distrib 124
B7E
B7D
B8F
C11
C3 C4C
C10A
C2D B8E
B7C
C5B C8C
B8D
B8C
B7B
C5A
C2C
C12B C6D
B8B
B7A
C9A
C6C
C8B
C7C
C4B
C2B
C6C
C6B
C8A
C7B
B11A
C12A B8A
C1
C4A
B10A
B11B
C2A C6A
C6B
C6
C7A C13C
C13A
B10B
C13B
B10C
B10D
C18
B9A
B9B
C14
C16
Zone C
C17
C15A
C15B
C15C
bution Plan 125
126
hapter V Terraform Designs
Geometry is key in the design of landformations for the production of new microclimates. Using a wide range of methods, from simulation to precedents to deliberate diagramming, a series of context-dependent terraforms are produced. These establish the underlying logic for terraforming the Ica Valley.
127
Corporate Farm Designs
128
Local Farm
Typologies
Construction
129
The Corporate Farms The Ica Valley Terrraform consists of three major corporate farms, operating at a significant agricultural scale, collecting irrigation wtater through fog collectors, and holding processing plants that serve large portions of the region. These three farms represent three terraform typologies and are each defined by large public spaces. The corporate farms provide water, processing infrastructure, and civic spaces to the local farmers of the Ica Valley Terraform.
130
131
132
Pachamama I: the Stadium 133
Ataguchu I: the Slope 134
135
136
Apu I: the Sling 137
138
The Local Farms The Local Farms operate within the land distribution irrigation channel and coordinate point system. As a result, a series of typologies emerge, where variables of downslope and upslope, single or dual coordinate point, and unified or segregated farms are key. These Local Farms allow for freedom of design, where the distribution of crop, open, and living space can be adapted based on individual or group preferences.
139
N
CA TA D1: The Standard 1 Coordinate Point | Downslope | No Subdivision
140
N
CA TA D2: The Valleys 1 Coordinate Point | Downslope | Subdivided
141
N
CA TB D1: The Exposed 1 Coordinate Point | Upslope | No Subdivision
142
N
CA TB D2: Central Artery 1 Coordinate Point | Upslope | Subdivided
143
N
CB TA D1: The Elongated Standard 2 Coordinate Points | Downslope | No Subdivision 144
N
CB TA D2: Double Valleys 2 Coordinate Points | Downslope | Subdivided 145
N
CB TB D1: Double Exposure 2 Coordinate Points | Upslope | No Subdivision 146
N
CB TB D2: The Artery Split 2 Coordinate Points | Upslope | Subdivided 147
Market Plaza
CS A
Security/Policing Structure
Processing STructure Hospital Structure
Asparagus Processing 28 cubic meters
148
Ica 12 cubi
Police ic meters
CS B CS C
Service Centers Through the combination of corporate and livable, local farms, an agricultural settlement formation emerges. As a result, the necessity of support infrastructure is required. This support is manifested through Service Centers, containing asparagus processing, hospital, and police structures as well as a market plaza space for the exchange of external goods.
Hospital 18 cubic meters
Market Plaza 1200 square meters
149
Terraform Moments Diving deeper into the complexities of terraform construction, one finds a series of moments. These deal with hybrid circulation and irrigation systems, reinforced cooling slopes, excess material redistribution strategies, stair-irrigation hybrids, and joint mound-processing structures. One of these is the cooling slope, constructed with sandstone retention structures.
150
Sandstone Slope Retention
151
crop ramp drainage ditch
152
stair circulation
The Drainage Stair The Drainage Stair integrates three major flows: irrigation flows, human circulation flows, and asparagus crop flows. By combining stairs, slopes, and ditches, all three flows coalesce into a single formation.
153
6m
5m
12.5m
154
The Shade Irrigation Road The irrigation infrastructure that organizes land distribution in the Ica Valley Terraform also functions as a road. The road is depressed in order to generate significant shade, maintaining the irrigation water cool and shielding man and vehicles from the heat.
155
Cut + Fill/Structure
156
The Integrated Processing Structure Located within large shade mounds, the Asparagus processing structure is acessible at multiple elevations, linking asparagus terraces directly to the site’s road infrastructure for efficient movement of goods.
157
158
Excess Material Distribution Mounds Excess material is organized in order to create temporal terraces, providing sitewide views, that ultimately erode to allow for downward circulation.
159
350°
N
10°
20°
°
340
30
0°
33
°
10°
40
°
0 32
°
° 50
31 0°
20°
30°
0° 30
° 60
40°
70°
290 °
50°
60°
280°
80°
70°
80°
E
100°
260°
W
°
° 250
110
24
0°
12 0°
23
0°
0°
13
14
0°
0°
22 15
0°
0°
21
160
°
200
°
170°
S
190°
Downslope
Land Surveying
160
Initial E
Excavation
Calcium Nitrate Bacteria Solution
Frame
Sandbrick Retention Structures
Urea
Sand microbial-induced calcite precipitation
Sand Brick Formation
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The Terraform Toolbox While initial excavation is conducted by heavy machinery, the details of terraform design are produced through manual means. The key to this manual construction is the Terraform Toolbox, consisting of the Terraform Shovel, a hybrid shovel including thermometer, compass, and digital protractor elements, a Terraform Manual, explaining a step by step process, and a calcium nitrate solution for sandstone brick construction.
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Footrest Dig/Trench Shovel Head Hybrid
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Minor
Compass/Thermometer Keychain
Digital Protractor Grip
Major Grip
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hapter VI Looking Ahead
Geometry is key in the design of landformations for the production of new microclimates. Using a wide range of methods, from simulation to precedents to deliberate diagramming, a series of context-dependent terraforms are produced. These establish the underlying logic for terraforming the Ica Valley.
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Ica Valley 2015 A barren desert. 167
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Ica Valley 2030 Initial Excavations 169
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Ica Valley 2060 A fully functioning Ica Terraform. 171
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Ica Valley 2080 A flourishing agricultural settlement. 173
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Ica Valley 2150 Depleting agriculture, new methods of shade are found. 175
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Ica Valley 2200 Home to builiding structures. 177
18th century, Khmer reg
19th cent French ca system
Looking Beyond Salvaging asparagus farming in the Ica Valley is the first step in a larger terraform strategy. It is also only one of several other regions around the world facing significant agricultural risk.
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In order to test the effectiveness of terraforming, the next sites must operate and different scales and must face very different climatic issues. Looking at major agricultural regions, two stand out: rice plantations in the Meekong Delta and maple syrup production in Vermont.
Doi Moi Reform
2050 Sea Level Rise
71% of Asian rice Exports
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gime
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Civil War Metal bucket tap
exports
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20% of Global rice Exports
40% of United States Production
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Pacha mama I Year 2273
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Epilogue Climatic Terraformations
Cicero paced himself. He was looking for something but did not know what. He was driven by an all consuming madness, a desire to find hope in an age of disillusionment. And so he searched. Amidst the land formations, deep within the lonely heart of Kon 1, he found life.
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and so it
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Room Key
start
Presentation Path
Wanderer Path
Terraforming Cultivation landformation for agricultural continuity by Timothy Wei advised by David Mah
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Terraforming Cultivation landformation for agricultural continuity by Timothy Wei advised by David Mah
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