CONTENT Conjecture . Penang . Unesco . Scenario
#1 Refreshing Georgetown #2 Boxing Up #3 Shophouse Megastructure
. Drawings . Preservation of Form Tower Formation
Exercising Preservation
. Preservation of Ornaments Facade Floral Air Vent Column
Aircon Compressor Signage Roof Lighting Mechanical Air Ventilator Antenna
.
Preservation of the Genius Loci Coffeshop “Kopitiam” Traditional Handcrafts Mini Markets Pos Laju Streets of Georgetown Independent Street Businesses Guesthouse Courtyard 5 foot walkway “Goh Kaki” Hawker Stalls Rooms Neighbouring lifestyle
.
Preservation of Events and History Transportation System Elevator Power Generator Water Tanks
Timeline . House Address . Other Detail Drawings . Endless Preservation and Progress . Bibliography .
CONJECTURE If the heritage represents the image of a city, what are the chances of creating a futuristic architecture ?
Preservation Living in the time of Preservation. Preserving the old benefits the younger soceity historically and culturally. The valuable achievements by the masters protected from generations to generations to tell the stories for the people of different times. Buildings will last forever as long as it is paid attention to. Preservation is the closest thing to freezing time, recording every detail to its authenticity. We are living in the time of preservation where everything becomes more and more valuable overtime.
Progress Progress on idle Whenever progress is framed next the preservation, it is often seen as a wage of war against the preservationist. Like evolution, progress is a gradual adaptation of the past carrying necessary information forward to fit itself into current situation. In the process of progressiveness, there is no denial of its traits for its continuous growth.
Image 1 Source: VideoBlock.com, High Aerial Drone Shot Over George Town, Penang, Malaysia Stock Video Footage. Edited: Author
Penang, Malaysia Georgetown
Established by a British Colonial Officer, Francis Light, Georgetown started as a trading port and has brought a majority of Chinese businessmen settling in the island. The establishment since then has given Georgetown its international influence of multicultural and architectural style. In the year 2008, Georgetown was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site locating along the Straits of Malacca. Georgetown is known for its highest well preserved heritage builings dated before the world war in Southeat Asia, namely the Chinese Shophouses and the Colonial style buildings. Many locals grew up in these heritage buildings that was past down generations before them and the shophouses gave Penangites the sense of an architectural identity.
Chinese Shophouse Shophouses in Penang are long and narrow, with width ranging between 12-18 feet and length between 60- 140 feet. The longer shophouses have 2-3 pitched roofs (approx. 30 degrees gradient) punctured Built in rows with shared party walls, they with air-wells between each pitched roof were used as family dwellings (and ancestral for ventilation. worship), stores, commercial premises and mixed use of commercial with families or Shophouses are laid out in rows or blocks. Each block is bounded by a main street workers living above. (at the front), side lanes and a back lane. Shophouses are characteristic of the urban Each block is also joined by a continuous architecture of towns in Asia from the sheltered five-foot walkway (kaki lima) 18th – 20th century. The early architecture in front to provide shelter from tropical 1 was an amalgamation of cross cultural weather conditions.” values, ideas, traditions of immigrants and indigenous builders, and the adaptation to the availability of building materials, skills, “The Shophouses of Georgetown”, George Town transportation, as well as appropriateness 1 “The shophouse is an urban building form that dominates the built cultural heritage of George Town. George Town has the largest number of shophouses in Southeast Asia.
World Heritage Inc. (GTWHI), accessed June 23, 2018, http:// penangshophouse.com.my/?page_id=115
Room
Room
5ft walkway
Foyer
Kitchen
Room
Family Room
5ft walkway
Business
Courtyard
Room
Backyard
Outstanding Universal Value “Melaka and George Town, Malaysia, are remarkable examples of historic colonial towns on the Straits of Malacca that demonstrate a succession of historical and cultural influences arising from their former function as trading ports linking East and West. These are the most complete surviving historic city centres on the Straits of Malacca with a multi-cultural living heritage originating from the trade routes from Great Britain and Europe through the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent and the Malay Archipelago to China. Both towns bear testimony to a living multi-cultural heritage and tradition of Asia, where the many religions and cultures met and coexisted. They reflect the coming together of cultural elements from the Malay Archipelago, India and China with those of Europe, to create a unique architecture, culture and townscape. Criterion (ii): Melaka and George Town represent exceptional examples of multi-cultural trading towns in East and Southeast Asia, forged from the mercantile and exchanges of Malay, Chinese, and Indian cultures and three successive European colonial powers for almost 500 years, each with its imprints on the architecture and urban form, technology and monumental art. Both towns show different stages of development and the successive changes over a long span of time and are thus complementary. Criterion (iii): Melaka and George Town are living testimony to the multi-cultural heritage and tradition of Asia, and European colonial influences. This multi-cultural tangible and
intangible heritage is expressed in the great variety of religious buildings of different faiths, ethnic quarters, the many languages, worship and religious festivals, dances, costumes, art and music, food, and daily life. Criterion (iv): Melaka and George Town reflect a mixture of influences which have created a unique architecture, culture and townscape without parallel anywhere in East and South Asia. In particular, they demonstrate an exceptional range of shophouses and townhouses. These buildings show many different types and stages of development of the building type, some originating in the Dutch or Portuguese periods. The integrity of the nominated areas in both towns is related to the presence of all the elements necessary to express their Outstanding Universal Value. The properties have retained their authenticity; listed monuments and sites have been restored with appropriate treatments regarding design, materials, methodologies, techniques and workmanship, in accordance with conservation guidelines and principles. The protective measures for the properties are adequate. Both towns exhibit a generally acceptable state of conservation, although efforts are required to ensure the conservation of shophouses. The management plans and structures are adequate, and can be enhanced through the continuing conservation programs of the State Party.�1 1 Outstanding Universal Value, UNESCO, accessed June 23, 2018, https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1223
Image 2 Source: Tan Yeow Wooi Extracted from http://penangshophouse.com.my
Image 3 Source: [Penang Shophouse-styles Booklets by the Georgetown World Heritage Incorporated]
Image 3 Source: [Penang Shophouse-styles Booklets by the Georgetown World Heritage Incorporated]
Living in the time of Preservation Any sort of modification or upgrade to the shophouse in Georgetown has become a taboo. From reorganizing the nescessary spaces, down to the details of its material, architects have to find their way to mimick the design proposal from the original state to the maximum. While building developments that has no similar features to a shophouse leaves an alienated impression to its surrounding. This taboo creates an akward gap between the old and new. In order to keep the city healthy, it needs to grow organically through time in adaptation to the lifestyles of the people in the present.
Rem Koolhaas, Preservation is Overtaking us, GSAPP Transcipts, 20.14. Image Source: Author
“We then looked at the history of preservation in terms of what was being reserved, and it started logically enough with ancient monuments, then religious buildings, etc. Later, structures with more and more(and also less and less) sacred substance and more and more sociological substance were preserved. to the point that we now preserve concentration camps, department stores, factories and amusement rides. In other words, everything we inhabit is potentially susceptible to preservation.�
To achieve a duality between both worlds, 3 scenarios were exercised to open up the possibilities of looking at preservation and progress differently.
SCENARIOS #1 Refreshing the Present #2 Boxing Up #3 Shophouse Megastructure
Image 4 Source: VideoBlock.com, High Aerial Drone Shot Over George Town, Penang, Malaysia Stock Video Footage. Edited: Author
SCENARIO 1 Refreshing the present Reimagining Georgetown that begins with the Shophouses and has kept its tradition of practicing one architectural style buildings throughout the entire Island.
Image Source: Author
Image Source: Author
if the starchitects were to propose a shophouse in georgetown
SCENARIO 2 Boxing up Georgetown Barricading Georgetown with a glass box to make sure that no further changes to be done.
Image 5 Source: by Cooltemper,Jelutong Expressway & Penang Marina, Penang Island. Edited: Author
Boxing up Georgetown The images illustration the alienation of future development in the surrounding region of Georgetown. These foreign entity are built over the glass box of Georgetown, where no body is allowed to enter into the old section of the city but are only allowed to view from bridges and viewing decks above.
Image Source: Author
Megastructures The Antwerp Porthouse designed by Zaha Hadid Architects builds a diamond shaped spacecraft resting above the old fire station.
Image 6 Source: by Luis DĂaz DĂaz, Antwerp Porthouse. Edited: Author
100 years later Given another century, now that the extension of the Antwerp Porthouse has rightfully become part of the heritage building, perhaps it only make sense to build a megastructure bigger than before over it. By that time, megastructures over old structure might already have become a norm.
SCENARIO 3 Shophouse Megastructure While scenario 1 and 2 expresses the idea of future development as a foreign entity, the exercise of scenario 3 is to propose a superbly futuristic tower megastructure that sits above the shophouses. The challenge was to show the sense of constant growth that must be influenced by the culture and architecture from the past.
Sillhouette of the shop house
A recognizable section cut of the shophouse was used as a key element to exegarate the formation of the structure that grows upwards overtime. Every floor that builds higher encourages the preparation of preservation for the floors below. The image on shown was prepared conceptually.
Image Source: Author
Perspective
Side Elevation
Image Source: Author
Front Elevation
Section
Preservation Preservation of Form Preservation of Ornaments Preservation of Genius Loci Preservation of History and Events
Preservation of Form Tower Formation
The First 5 levels are offset backwards from the originial row of shophouses to avoid overpowering any floors below. The Courtyard, Backyard and the Back Rooms are merged back to back.
Tower Formation
The initiation of cantilevering Shophouse after a suitable height above the Shophouses below.
Tower Formation
The continuation of the cantilevering that is pushed forward to bring back the backyard section that was given up in the initial phase of the tower. Mutation of the form started showing. A Central Courtyard is created.
Tower Formation
The Mutation at this stage shows signs of the formation straying off course from the floors below.
Tower Formation
A New Baseline was introduced to avoid any further off coursed design establishment, as every floors design has to be preserved.
Tower Formation
A standardized frame of the shophouse is created to prepare itself for structural preservation. Other than the frames, anything else can be altered for the occupant.
Tower Formation
A distortion of the standardized structure frame by scale is introduced to create a recognizable sillhouette of a shophouse from distance away.
As wild as the internal layout goes, the sillhouette of every levels are related from the level above and below.
Preservation of Form Exercising Preservation
The Original Shophouse at the ground floor has been converted to a structural footing for the tower above. This freezes the internal function entirely.
As the lowest level begin to filled up with concrete the walls of the second level started thickening to provide structural support.
Every single layer of the thickening walls has a date for its own, to the very first layer, it exposes some of the details that can never be found in the higher floors.
The occupants installed an interior wall panels to avoid damaging the actual walls, eventhough the standardized structure framing is meant to be altered.
Occupants offseting spaces from shell of the shophouse.
Miniature disposable shophouses found within the higher levels.
Preservation of Ornamentation Facade Designs
The first level of the facade mimicks the original shophouses excluding signage, aircon compressor, and antenna, etc because these are considered a foreign element at the time.
The next two floors uses the simplified version of the shophouses window design. The facades appears to be cleaner and small signage are allowed to be install. The installation of signage came back in the higher floors.
Facades from the 6th floor onwards started to simplify to the basics, Some occupants who prefered the traditional look but did not want to damage the existing facade started installing artificial wall panels.
The facade is designed with two layers, to provide flexibilities for alteration and for preservation. The exterior layer as a main skin to tie every other shophouses while allowing change from the inside.
A full shophouse facade appearing on a large LED panel somewhere below the baseline level.
The ultimate minimalist approach during the standardization of the sillhouette of the shophouses. No details can be seen because the entire flat surface of the shophouse is a huge window.
Integration of advance facade system introduced.
As time goes by, a high tech facade panel is introduce to unify the entire megastructure as a complete whole.
Facade Details
Floral Air Vents
The airvent can be found at the ground floor entrance of every shophouse to provide natural air ventilation back in the days.
Although some levels of the shophouses have been distorted but the placement of the floral air vent is still accurate.
Traditionally, the Floral air vent can also be found on the sides of the shophouse.
Cables for the panel going through the Floral air vent to avoid any damage on the walls.
Drons hanging on the wall, mimicking the patterns of the Floral air vents.
Floral air vent used as windows within the shells of the shophouse.
Redesigned Floral air vents with sharper edges installed at the higher level.
Scaled natural air vents for visibility from afar.
A internet hotspot area applying the WiFi icon as natural air vent to not only allow natural air ventilation but to notify bypasser the programme it provides.
Facade Details
Columns the decorative column with a praying alter from a traditional shophouse.
A translated version of the column to a building block.
The decorative column found on the original shophouse.
As the megatestructure starts to grow in scale, Few columns of the shophouses from the new baseline is formed in a way that it looks like a column for the tower.
Preservation of Ornamentation The Loudspeakers in the Vatican City The photograph was taken in the St. Peter’s Basilica. It is fascinating to see how it was installed beside some of the statues and was painted the same texture as the wall behind to blend in.
Image Source: Author
Image Source: Author
The Informal Facade Details Having foreign components install on the facade of the shophouse may be a taboo but with a change of time, items such as the aircon compressor, antenna and etc may someday become part of the recognizable face of the shophouse. For that very reason, these components falls under the category of informal facade details.
Informal Facade Details
Aircon Compressor
There was a time when the aircon compressor was considered a taboo for its obstruction of the natural beauty on the facade of the shophouses. Given the duration of its existence alongside the shophouse in 2095, it finds its rightful place for an informal blend in to the norm, hence was officially regulated for preservation.
Aircon compressor seen still attached on the facade of the original shophouse by the previous owner who did not follow the rules of hiding the aircon compressor.
A roll of aircon compressor installed away from the main facade but within the courtyard, generating heat within the courtyard airwell.
A compilation of aircon compressor shared by multiple occupants installed on the facade of a shophouse. A sound panel can be seen on the left side of the deflect noise while on the right, the vacant space has been converted into an elevator.
A newer model of the aircon compressor blending in with the Floral air vent.
A designed aircon compressor attached to the facade to avoid any speculation.
Informal Facade Details Signage
A formal way of business promoting since the early days of Georgetown. Initially signage was also considered as an obstruction but unlike the aircon compressor, old signages that stands the test of time tells a meaningful story of its legacy in present times. Therefore, when a signage is installed, it should be done in a way that it is able to express the era of its time.
Business signs are craved onto the columns traditionally.
Signage panels attached onto the Original shophouses.
Occupants of the higher floors did the ways from the past but with a hint of a better technological signage installation.
Huge signage installed within the courtyard
A vacant sign in the courtyard to informal other local occupants that the unit is currently available for sale.
A Mixture of different types of signage all in one.
A traditional craved version of signage seen somewhere below the new aseline
Beyond the new baseline, it is regulated that signage are only allowed within the courtyard for the locals to promote business while keeping the exterior facade clean as there is no longer reasons to install it outwards
A signage bigger than the size of the shophouse promoting the best VR experience in the tower.
Signs that are installed into the walls of the shophouse emitting light.
Holographic sign projection within the Central Courtyard.
Informal Facade Details Roof
The material of the rool tiles affects the spaces within.
Traditionally roof tiles on the original and the level above it.
Occupants installed solar panels on the roofs.
Solar panels becoming a norm for the locals
The integrated solar panels into the roofs of the shophouses on the higher level.
When buildings are all covered by the shell of the shophouse, it nolonger function as a protection from the weather. Instead of the solar panels, occupants at these floors, installed lighting panels on the roof to brighten up the spaces.
Shophouses without roofs.
Integrated solar panel on a large scale over the highest level of the roof.
Informal Facade Details
Lighting
A collection of different lighting installed from street lamps to spotlights that are attached to the walls different areas.
Street lamp erected in front of the original shophouse.
A scaled up verion of the spotlight.
As the courtyard gets higher, artificial sun light LED tubes are installed in between the gaps of the roof and floor.
The singular artificial sun as the center core of the tower.
Informal Facade Details
Mechanical Ventilator
Old shophouses rely on mechanical ventilator to discharge hot air within the shophouse.
Different kinds of ventilator indicating the timeline of the space.
A design of a propeller-less mechanical ventilar that does not creates any noise.
The central core that also functions as a air ventilator and eletric generator wind mill at the bigger scale.
Informal Facade Details
Antenna.
Before people rely on the internet to stream videos, antennas were the only way to watch a movie.
A variety of different components found at the front facing facade of the original shophouse.
A large disc plate that is directly linked to the satelites.
Integrated roof antennas.
Preservation of the Genius Loci Spirit of the Place Genius Loci is about the life and spirits of the place, the culture and the lifestyle of the people through time. In the unverse of PENAG 2095, Progress with preservation becomes the main idea to keep on preserving. Meaning, new spaces that invovles new activities will eventually become part of the culture.
“Kopitiam” is the term for coffeeshop in Penang Hokkien Language. Kopitiam can be found throughout Georgetown. It is part of the local’s place to get food and drinks. Like the city of Georgetown, many kopitiams can easily be found within the tower. This is one of the example of an early kopitiam on the lower levels of the tower.
The modern version of a kopitiam which is a cafe found abode the old kopitiam.
The term kopitiam can also be described as restaurants.
Street food hawker stall is also part of the culture in Penang.
Traditional bamboo handcrafts business.
The old HUAT MINI MARKET.
The same HUAT MINI MARKET that has a operating business above the old shops.
Post office and the delivery system works remotely with drons to send packages to the windows of the units.
The fully self operating delivery system that is built by the hyperloop for distance delivery. At this point in time, everybody buys groceries via the internet.
The original Streets of Georgetown
The replicated Streets of Georgetown on the top portion of the megastructure
Small independent food businesses becomes a profession to keep the culture going.
The one and only guesthouse available for visitors to the tower.
Preservation of the Genius Loci Spatial Transformation
Courtyard
Courtyard was introduced to allow natural ventilation across the shophouse. As the tower grows upwards, the definition transformed itself into a long strip of a vertical airwell. Commonly used for dining, tea time, clothes drying.
The courtyard above the ground becomes a private platform for the occupants.
Some occupants still use the courtyard the traditional way. Occupants are required to keep the space decorated and clean.
At the higher levels, some of the courtyards were covered up for privacy purposes.
The occupants has replicated the impression of dining in the courtyard.
The drawing illustrates definition of a backyard and courtyard as a blurred line.
While some of the units only managed to enjoy the luxury of having a balcony as their own courtyard.
Two backyard created an open space that is defined as the very first Central coouryard of the tower.
The new Central courtyard above the new baseline.
Spatial Transformation Opening Skylights from the traditional Courtyard
The skylight was meant to be an openning for the courtyard traditionally. The idea of the skylight was adopted in the future shophouse as a construction point for growth and also the entry point for the hooks of the facade to clad on.
Spatial Transformation 5 Foot Walk Way
Known as the “Goh Kaki� in Penang Hokkien Language, the 5 foot walkway serves as a shade for the walkways and the entrance of the shophouses. Used as a place for the locals to sit and relax.
Some businesses would tend to put their goods in the 5 foot walkway, disrupting the flow of the walkway but in this case, the business owner is responsible for the extention route of the walkway along with a expandable roof cover.
A 5 foot walkway that directs people to go through the shophouse and into an internal walkway.
A practice of the culture.
Private 5 foot walkway that is safe for the kids to play in.
Replicating the functions into different spaces.
Formation of an inside out 5 foot walkway.
As the building goes higher, the 5 foot walkway becomes redundant as people do rather face inwards and outside. So the columns and the space is used a hanging aid for the new facade.
While the new 5 foot walkway is constantly transforming itself, the original 5 foot walkway is used as a queuing line for tourist that is visiting the one and only functioning preserved shophouse.
Spatial Transformation
Food Court
This section shows the old foodcourt is being abandoned while it’s pending for it’s preservation proceed and the hawker stall business that was spreaded up across the new baseline.
Spatial Transformation Rooms
Entering the shophouses with a foyer that slowly transit into the courtyard then the kitchen at the backyard. while private rooms are all on the higher floor.
The spatial arrangement has no dramatic transformation in the beginning phase.
The foyer has transformed into a room affected but the removal of the second floor of this unit.
When several floor levels begin to merge, the use of a foyer transformed into a common space between the rooms. Rooms now turn into subrooms to flow along the organic growth of space within the shophouse.
Partitioning rooms into subrooms for different uses.
When floor levels are scraped from the shell of the shophouse, the application of different shaped internal spaces cause spatial mutation.
A single pax unit was generated sandwiched in between the preserved structure and the double wall built by the owner of the space.
The illustration shows the change of spatial occupancy affected by the programme.
Preservation of Events and History Transporation System
Tram system was part of geogetown’s history back in the days is brought back again, running across the open courtyard space. There were sign of a directional line change constructed.
High speed bullet train was later introduced to bring people to a further distance. Constructed when the lower floor space started its preservation process. 5mins delayed showed on the time table.
The first hyperloop was installed inbetween the opening space of two back yard.
Hyperloop 2.0 constructed right below th new baseline, serving as an underground transportation system for the levels close to the new baseline.
Hyperloop 3.0 cutting through shophouses, the same reoccuring situation as the tram.
Futuristic floating trainline that travels through the central courtyard with light weight structure resting to the roof portion of the shophouse
The diagonal tram line is inspired by the existing Penang Hill Tram, used to carry passangers to the top of the hills of Penang Island. The single deck tram is designed to fit into a size of a shophouse travelling across the central courtyard into the block across.
The triple deck tram was only introduced in the recent years of 2095.
Elevator System The elevators can be found scattering around the whole block and only serves a maximum of 10 level travel distance. This is due to the fact that, the elevator was installed solely to serve specific built levels. It may be the reason of private unit ownership issues that resulted in several stream lines of elevator in a floor. Thus, elevators at the higher floors started incooparating multidirectional elevator system to a on-facade operating elevator. Lastly, the magnecticly operating elevator that is attached to the facade of the walls without any physical attachment, allowing the flexible of expansion and redirection.
The first model of the shophouse-converted power generator
A power house that has adapted the structural framelines of a shophouse.
The water tank is usually hidden away from the public and it is also installed in the highest floor. This first image shows the tanks marks the time when the tower was at it’s highest point.
The second water tank installed on the new baseline level, flushing along the walls of the column blocks.
This tank was recently installed, some time around 2080s.
Preservation of Events and History Marking of the years from 2095
Wawasan 2020 means the 2020 Vision of Malaysia, written on the wall in the year 2000s. Much has changed since due to the transformation of spaces and occupants.
Written on the year itslef,2030, to imark the era where by the first mutation of the shophouse started. Minimal transformation can be seen because it was designed for readaptation for its facade and interior spaces.
Year 2055 marks the beginning of a new baseline, new order, new guidelines for preservation and a requirement for technological application into the building environment.
Holographic projecting 2095 to celebrate its 2 weeks of completion while the otherside is still under construction.
B B2 A2
House Address
A
B B2 A2 A B
A
B1 A
B
A1 B AB
A B A
The address works in only 3 axis. There are only two blocks; A & B with a subgroup of A1, B1, which is located at below the new baseline and A2, B2 which comes after the new baseline. The height is measured by meters the sea level. The unit numbers go by the units along the shophouses from left to right. Lastly the distance is measured from the center core marking the distance of its growth away from the center.
A/0. Block A, Ground 0.
A/30/5+. Block A, 30meters above sea level, 5 units to the left.
The markings for B1 and B.
The markings for B2 and B.
B2/170/8+/1. Block B, 170 meters above sea level, 8 units to the left and 1 units after the Central Core.
Other Detailed Drawings
Praying Altor
Items of Interest
Lanterns
Chairs and Tables
Games
Trishaw
The alternative facade design.vv
Endless Preservation and Progress The duality of preservation and progress is a process where both exists in one another, Progress as the growing force and preservation in its core. No future is built without a past. Only with the past builds a better future. A window today may be a door tomorrow, so everything could be designed to be preservable-ready from the beginning of the process in order to achieve a futuristic building with a age of a thousand years old.
Image Source: Author
Image Source: Author
Bibliography Koolhaas, Rem. Preservation is Overtaking Us. GSAPP Transcipts, 2014. Spiller, Neil. Visionary Architecture: Blueprints of the Modern Imagination. Vol. 10. Thames & Hudson, 2007. Tjoa-Bonatz, Mai Lin. “Ordering of Housing and The Urbanisation Process: Shophouses in Colonial Penang.” Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 71, no. 2 (1998): 123-36. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41493367. Tjoa-Bonatz, Mai Lin. “Penang’s Historic City Centre before the Repeal of the Rent Control Act.” Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 73, no. 2 (2000): 53-69. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41493427. Engelhardt, Richard A.,ed. Asia Conserved Lessons Learned from the UNESCO Asia-Pacific Heritage Awards for Culture Heritage Conservation (2000-2004). Bangkok: UNESCO Bangkok, 2007. Image 1. High Aerial Drone Shot Over George Town, Penang, Malaysia Stock Video Footage. https://www. videoblocks.com/video/high-aerial-drone-shot-over-george-town-penang-malaysia-sdvg6h txj1bd0maa. Image 2. Arts~ED. Penang Shophouse-styles Booklets. Georgetown World Heritage Incorporated, 2013. Image 3. Tan Yeow Wooi, Characteristics & Features, Traditional Shophouses. From: Penang Shophouse Online Guide. http://penangshophouse.com.my Image 4. High Aerial Drone Shot Over George Town, Penang, Malaysia Stock Video Footage. https://www. videoblocks.com/video/high-aerial-drone-shot-over-george-town-penang-malaysia-sdvg6h txj1bd0maa. Image 5. Cooltemper, Jelutong Expressway & Penang Marina, Penang Island. https://cdn.picoodle.com/ i3598a/66m_4c2a93c.jpg Image 6. Luis Diaz Diaz, Antwerp Porthouse. http://www.luisdiazdiaz.com/portfolio/antwerp-port-house/