Constructing Environments Log Book Week 1
Tania P. Kanadi
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Week 1
Loads
Static
Applied slowly
Dead load Live load Settlement load
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Materials
Dynamic
Applied suddenly
Strength Stiffness Shape Material behavior Economy Sustainability
Wind load Earthquake load
Forces
Something that change the shape/movement of a body
Tension
Compression
(Ching, F., 2008) (Newton, C., 5th March 2014)
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In the lecture we experiment with how a structure holds when given a load. A sheet of A4 paper is to be folded in any way to enable it to hold the weight of a brick. The A4 is mostly folded into layers and taped to make a tube. The many layers that the paper has make the structure stronger, and able to hold the brick. Another tube is folded to make a tube with many folds. The folds that it has make the paper stiffer and so the structure is not easily bent by the brick’s weight (Newton, C., 5th March 2014). It is stronger and suitable to hold the brick’s weight. Other structures were made to be short and thick. The structure is very strong since it has many layers, and can easily hold the brick.
Tania P. Kanadi
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In the studio, the exercise given was to make towers out of MDF blocks. MDF is an abbreviation for Medium Density Fiber block. It is a light and strong material commonly used to make cabinets. We were divided into groups and construct our tower in any way we prefer. Since the goal is to make the tower as high as possible, we decided to make a strong foundation to hold the whole dead load of the tower, so we applied a double layer of the stretcher bond. Because we made two layers of it, the load upon reaching the bottom will be less per area. We chose the stretcher bond to ensure that the tower will still stand even if some bricks are taken away, rather than using the stack bond in which the load path is only one. The structure will fall if a brick is to be removed from a stack bond.
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An arc was also built to act as a door. We still use the stretcher bond instead of a beam for the arc because the beam is unstable due to rubbers sticking out. The tower was then built by arranging a single layer stretcher bond in the middle of the two layers of stretcher bond, so that the load path is distributed well. The upper part then was arranged still with stretcher bond but with the MDF placed on its narrower side to enable faster building and higher tower with less weight. Our tower was the highest in our class, and I can say that it is quite strong. The MDFs were slowly removed in the middle and the structure can still hold itself after about 40 or 50 MDFs are removed. This concludes that stretcher bond distributes the load very well.
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Constructing Environments Log Book Week 2
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Week 2 Structural systems
Skeletal
Solid
Membrane
Enclosure
Structural Compression
Planar
Joints
Hybrid
Surface
ESD
Construction systems
Efficient
Performance requirement Aesthetic qualities Economic efficiencies Environmental impact
Service
Fixed
Water harvesting Reflective cool roof Natural lighting Solar panel Thermal mass Passive solar shading
Pin
Roller
Cheap
(Ching, F., 2008) (Newton, C., 9th March 2014)
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In the lecture, we experiment with different ways on how a water tank is built. The frame of the water tank will be made from straws, and pinned onto a plastic container with the help of some pins. The container will be filled with weight later on. At first, only 4 pins are given, and one of the examples is a model with four straws pinned on the container and positioned carefully for the straw to be straight. This method doesn’t work as it is not stable enough. More pins were then given and different models are created. We have concluded from the experiment that shorter frames are stronger than longer frames, because it is more stable (Newton, C., 2014). Also uses of folds on the straw give it a stiffer characteristic, allowing it to hold more weight. However these folded straws were not connected at the bottom, resulting them to sprawl outwards. Uses of ‘feet’ are implemented, and it holds the weight if the feet are connected at the bottom. http://thumbs.dreamstime.com/z/oldwatertank-8755274.jpg
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The tutorial this week requires us to use balsa wood to build towers. The balsa woods are cut into 40 thin slices and are to be made as frames for the tower. Balsa wood is flexible and very light, furthermore it easily breaks. To build the tower, we use balsa glue, which dries very quickly, to connect the balsa together. We chose to make a triangle for the base; the reason is mainly to conserve the balsa sticks. We then connect two balsa sticks to each side of the triangle and cut pieces of balsa around half the length of the base, and connect it together to form a converted triangle. As the balsa is flexible and is not very strong, we put small pieces of balsa sticks on the corners and where it is weak to make it stronger. We put a lot of balsa support on the first and second level to ensure that the tower can hold its weight and not topple over.
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From the third level and onwards, we decided to build the tower straight upwards rather than continuing the converted triangle.
Only this part snaps.
As a result, the third level onwards were built much faster than the first and second level, nevertheless, it fails to rival the strength of the converted triangle structure. The frames wobble and cannot stay straight. To strengthen it, more balsa sticks are connected from the lower left corner to the upper right corner. This makes the structure a lot more stable, it cannot sway right or left because of the tension of the supporting balsa sticks. Our tower is not the highest. It only went up to the fourth level. The tower can only carry the weight of four pieces of paper, because the sticks on the uppermost level were not connected properly, as such it became the weak point and the glue cannot hold it. However, only that point broke. This shows that it still has potential to carry more weight.
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Constructing Environments Log Book Week 3
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Week 3 Masonry Structural elements
Foundation Strong in compression, weak in tension
Keep building from moving
Strut (eg. column): strong
Shallow footings
Tie (eg. cables): efficient use of material
Slab/plate: designed to perform in both directions Panels (eg. Walls): prevent overturning
Deep foundation s
Pad
End bearing piles
Distribute load to large area
Beam: to hold loads, tend to curve Strip
Substructure, holding the weight of the building (superstructure)
Partly/wholly below ground
Friction piles
Load from walls/column spread linearly
Raft Stability, join individual strip to one mat
Extend to rocks/soil to hold building
Use soil friction to hold building
Concrete: stiff, poor conductor of heat & electricity, durable, can be reused / crushed to be aggregates. Bespoke (decorative concrete). Concrete shrinks (water in cement paste evaporate) over time, clary bricks expand (absorb water). Movement joints required for each. Bricks: Stiff, soaked in long contact with water, poor conductor of heat & electricity, durable, recyclable Stone: Igneous (formed by cooled molten lava)(granite, basalt, bluestone). Sedimentary (particles collect and pressured moderately) (limestone, sandstone). Metamorphic (when sedimentary/igneous structure changes due to high temp., pressure, or chemical process) (marble, slate). Monolith (large individual stone), ashlar (stone carved into small modulelike elements). Rubble stone (used as they are found). Poor conductor of heat & electricity, extremely durable, very high reusability
(Ching, F., 2008) Tania P. Kanadi
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(Newton, C. 2014)
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Tutorial 3
University swimming pool Uses of minimum walls at the side Shear walls applied at both sides of the buildings to prevent it from collapsing Steel columns to support the building Uses of portal frame in windows to enable the building of wide areas with minimum materials
Using membrane Structure is called tensile membrane structure Strong cables to keep the structure stretched All cables are in tension The blue beams are in compression, because its keeping the roof upright while being pulled down by the cables
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University Carpark: from concrete. Framework should have no contact with air, will rust.
Stairs beside the union house Made up of steel beams and wires Steel beams consist of I-beam and C-beam C-beams used as sides of the staircase to make it easier to attach the stair treads Steel beams are welded together to form a single structure of a staircase Wires are not in tension Wires doesn’t help hold the load of the stairs Wires are for aesthetic reasons Weight of stairs are entirely held by the structure itself
Framework used to shape concrete. Concrete will take the shape of framework. Hollow inside, used for trees and collect water for the lawn on top.
bricks are arranged in stack bonds main purpose isn’t to hold up steel beam, since for that only the center part is distributing the load downwards for aesthetic reason steel beam does not hold any weight Concretes are made in-situ, because; Quality of concrete is low Length of concrete makes it impossible to transport The cables here does not hold any of the load. It is loose. The dead load are already transferred down to the ground by the beams themselves.
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Arts West Steel trusses supported by the building and concrete structure on the other end Wood beam attached to it does not help carry the weight of the steel trusses The wood beam is hanging from the steel trusses The steel trusses carry the weight of the wood beam Steel trusses do not touch the concrete structure It is supported by a beam in the middle of the concrete structure, can’t be seen from the side New Architecture building Has a huge 3 stories cantilever The cantilever’s weight is hold up by a long diagonal steel beam The structure is now still supported by additional beams which will be taken off at a later stage When building it, deliberately arched the cantilever higher, because when concrete slabs and heavy materials are applied, the cantilever will bend down a little.
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Constructing Environments Log Book Week 4
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(Newton, C., 2014)
Week 4
Flooring and framing (Newton, C., 2014)
Span and spacing
Span: distance between 2 structural support (horizontal /vertical) (Newton, C., 2014).
Spacing: repeating distance between a series of similar elements (center line to center line) (Newton, C., 2014).
Concrete Cement(Portland, lime), fine aggregates(sand), coarse aggregates(crushed rock), water (1:2:4:0.4-0.5)
Concrete: thickness=slab span/30 Can be 1 way or 2 way span
Steel: Heavy weight beams or light steel frames can be used. Open web steel framing can service cables and water pipe going through it.
Timber: combinations of bearers (primary beam) and joists (secondary beams).
Sometimes combined with concrete slabs as decking, become sacrificial decking (Ching, F. 2008: p. 4.03)
When water added to concrete powder, hydration (release heat) occurs, form crystals bound in the concrete. Fluid before it sets. Formwork used to shape concrete. Wall formwork (Ching, F., 2008:p.5.07). wet concrete is heavy, formwork needs props and bracings. Need usually 28 days to reach required concrete strength. Concrete strong in compression, not tension, need reinforcements. Concrete is permeable, reinforcements cannot be to close to surface (might get oxidized) (Newton, C., 2014). In-situ concrete usually used for footings, retaining walls, and non-standard structural elements. Construction joints: manage concrete to many small sections, Control joints: gap between slabs for when it expand and contracts(Newton, C., 2014). Pre-cast concrete(Ching, F., 2008:p.5.10): higher quality, faster, controlled environments. Construction joints: joints necessary when 1 pre-cast element meets another. Structural joints: structural connections are critical. Limited in size due to transport (Newton, C., 2014).
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Lecture 4
Steel roof. Thin
Oval Pavilion Building The walls of Oval Pavilion Building are mainly made of timber.
Timber is a poor conductor of heat; this property makes it feel warm to the touch. On the other hand, the roof is mainly made up of steel. In the design, the roof is supposed to be thin. Steel can be thin and strong. Furthermore, thin strips of steel for the roof is more economically advantageous rather than using timber which would be hard to make thin strips of. The back wall is made of bricks to create a border with the Osmond College. Aside from this reason, bricks also have good thermal properties. The use of 3d modeling makes the whole designing process much faster. 3D modeling makes it easier for the consumer to imagine the finished product, rather than looking at plans which they might not be experienced with
Timber walls, warm to the touch, poor conductor of heat.
http://pcs.unimelb.edu.au/projects/current_projects/images/mel bourne_uni_sports_pavillion_view_1.jpg
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The information seen directly from the building is much less complete compared to the drawing set. This is particularly obvious for the measurements. When seen directly, the measurements will not be accurate, aside from that the materials used are also accurate only in the drawing set. Structural joints are also available in drawing set, but cannot be seen directly. In conclusion, the information in drawing set is much more reliable than the information gathered by looking at the building itself.
Pic: example of symbols to indicate floor levels Pic: example of 1:5 detailing
The scale of the drawings are 1:20, 1:100, and 1:5 for details. They vary, but they are all drawn smaller than the real one.
Door type code
In architectural drawing, there are more plans, sections, and elevations. In structural drawing, there are more details on how the joints are built and frames of the building.
Number code of the room the door is in
Window type code
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Pic: examples of symbols to indicate windows and doors
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Case study: Title block: The title block contains information of:
Details: links, canopy, and junctions are detailed. Break lines used to skip parts which don’t need detailing.
Consultants-to know who to contact key plans-to highlight the important features in complex drawings clients & project name revision-where more details can be added or changed during constructing period drawing title and number
Plans: What are shown: legend (provide information of the symbols), material used, dimension, scale, section and elevation lines and floor level. There is a grid, alphabet and numbers are used to determine locations.
Pic: section (upper) and elevation(lower) Numbers to indicate where in the drawing set is the detail of the part of the plan shown
Elevations: shows height of building, only has horizontal dimension. Grids are only vertical lines going through columns. Provide annotations concerning walls, doors, and windows because they can’t be seen fully in the plan. Sections: cut through the middle of the building Pic: symbols used for section, dimensions, and clouds to indicate changes Tania P. Kanadi
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Constructing Environments Log Book Week 5
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(Newton, C., 2014)
Week 5
Columns Considered short if ratio of length to the smallest crosssection is less than 12:1, will fail by crushing. Long columns become unstable and fail by buckling. How they are fixed at top and bottom determine how they will buckle and load capacity (Newton, C., 2014) (Ching, F., 2008:p. 2.13).
Walls, grids, and columns (Ching, F., 2008:p.5.03-05 Structural frames: concrete, steel, or timber(post and beams) frames.
Concrete: grid of columns Steel: grid of steel columns connected by girders and beams (Ching, F., 2008:p.5.35). Timber: grid of timber post and poles connected to timber beams.
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Load-bearing walls: concrete, masonry Stud walls: light gauge steel framing, timber framing
Concrete: in-situ/pre-cast (Ching, F., 2008:p. 5.13). Masonry: Reinforced masonry, constructed from core filled hollow concrete blocks and grout filled cavity masonry (Ching, F., 2008:p. 5.1821). Solid masonry: walls with single/multiple masonry Cavity masonry: 2 skins of masonry. Advantages: better thermal properties and waterproofing (drain water in cavity), opportunity for insulation and services in cavity.
Stud walls: light gauge steel framing, timber framing
Metal and timber stud frame: use small sections of light gauge steel framing/timber frame (Ching, F., 2008:p.5.42) Structural members have smaller intervals.
Noggings to prevent buckling Brick veneer construction: timber framing but covered by brick walls. Load carried by timber frame.
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Timber
Early wood: rapid growth, lighter colour, thin, large cells. Late wood: slower growth, darker colour, thick, small cells. Growth: generally 1 ring per year. Grain direction determines strength and stiffness. Strong with forces parallel to grain direction, weaker when perpendicular forces applied to grain direction. Seasoned timber only has 15% its original water. Softwoods: radiate, cypress, hoop pines. Douglas fir. Hardwood: Victorian ash, brown box, spotted gum, jarrah, Tasmanian oak, balsa wood. Sawing method: quarter sawn, back sawn, radial sawn (Newton, C., 2014). Disadvantages: knots, fungal attack (moisture above 20%), swelling/shirkage (water) can cause cracks. termites Protect against water: paint, avoid moisture (Newton, C., 2014). Engineered timber: LVL(structural use, longitudinal), Glulam(mainly structural, dressed sawn timber glued), CLT(glue and press thin laminates together, alternate), plywood (structural bracing and flooring, joinery, marine), MDF(non-structural), chipboard/strandboard(flooring) (Newton, C., 2014).
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Lecture 5 New Architecture Building Pre-cast concrete The pre-cast concrete are those made in factories instead of in-situ due to it’s size or demand in quality. A normal concrete’s color would be pale grey. In pre-cast concrete, it can be manufactured and mixed with different types of aggragates to create a concrete of different color, usually white or darker black. Pre-cast concrete can be made faster with controlled environments in a factory and can be stored by leaving a frame on its side which can stand the concrete to store it.
LVL beam : Retrieved from http://www.calco.com.au/Images/lvl.jpg
These are 2-stories column for the architecture building made in the factory. The steel frames can be seen in the middle which is a space for the concrete flooring between 2 floors. It will be covered with concrete later.
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plywood beam : Retrieved from http://upload.wikimedia.org/w ikipedia/commons/f/fe/Spruce _plywood.JPG
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Overhang/cantilever
Materials needed:
Balsa wood Balsa glue/super glue Sticky tape Cutting board Razor Pencils and erasers Cardboard pins
In order to create an accurate miniature of the cantilever, we have to measure the drawing which has a scale of 1:200 into a scale of 1:20. Then, we redrew the 1:20 scale drawing into an A1 paper. The drawing is one of the steel trusses which made up the roof. The steel trusses will be represented by balsa wood. Using the measurements, the balsa wood it cut to scale with a width of 90mm on the cutting board.
Pic: Materials needed
Pic: Measured drawing
trusses
column
Pic: Redrawn to 1:20 scale
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Pic: Cut balsa wood placed into position
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The cantilever comprises of 7 parts. With the same method of redrawing it into scale, the other trusses are made. After they have been cut into scale, they balsa woods are joined together with balsa wood/super glue. The Joints those are not strong enough to hold on its own will be supported by sticky tapes. After the 7 steel trusses are done, they would be joined together to form the 3d model of the miniature cantilever frame. The glue takes long to dry, and it is not strong enough. Pins are used to secure the structure from falling. The whole structure was then be placed on a cardboard as it’s base. The structures of other groups’ are the other half of the cantilever and the frame of the kitchen. The building method is more or less the same; however no pictures are available since the structures were not finished.
Pic: to compromise for the structural joints, pins are used to secure it.
Pic: the load of the overhangs will go to the columns and transferred to the ground. Tania P. Kanadi
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Pic: The trusses being put together
Pic: The finished model 25
Constructing Environments Log Book Week 6
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(Newton, C., 2014)
Week 6 Metals
Roofing system Non-ferrous Flat roof Pitch:1-3째 Pitch for preventing pooling and thus leaking
Pitched and sloping roof
Pitch:>3째
Trussed roof: framed roof of open web steel/timber elements. Efficient (long distance with few materials), need to be braced for stability (Ching, F., 2008:p.6.08-09).
(Ching, F., 2008:p.6.03)
Concrete: sloped towards drainage points and coated with waterproof membrane (Ching, F., 2008:p.6.04)
For very flat roofs, waterproofi ng membrane
Structural steel framed roofs:
Tiles need to be >15째
Flat: primary and secondary roof beam to hold heavy finishes (metal deck/ concrete), roof beams and purlins for lighter finishes (light sheet metal roofing). Slope: Roof beams and purlins with light sheet metal roofing
Ferrous: iron. Magnetic, good compressive strength.
Space framing: 3D plate type structure that span in 2 directions (Ching, F., 2008:p.6.10).
Light framed roof: gable roof. Vertical triangular wall section at both ends of roof. Hip roof, vertical triangular wall section on 1/both ends of roof. Materials: timber, cold-formed steel sections (Ching, F., 2008:p.6.19)
Portal frame: braced rigid frames (2 columns and a beam) with purlins for roof and girts for walls (Ching, F., 2008:p.6.07).
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Steel: alloy of iron and carbon as primary element. Strong and resistant to fracture. Used in reinforcing concrete due to good tensile properties.
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Malleable, ductile, not brittle
Alloys: combine 2/more metal. Ferrous if contain iron.
Oxidation and corrosion: avoid prolonged contact with water (crevices and flat horizontal surfaced), seal (enamel/paint), chemical (galvanized) Hot-rolled steel: generally for primary structural elements.
Cold-formed: from previously cooled sheets. Used as secondary structures.
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Site 3 The site consists of 4 townhouses. The foundation of the building is concrete raft slab. The building is made of timber frame. In house unit 1, there is only 1 steel beam holding the building up. It is designed this way because it is only a 2-storey building and it does not need to hold much weight. Using more steel beams will also lead to economic problems. Party wall is used to separate between two houses. Party wall is a fire-proof material, it is also soundproof.
The floor trusses are open web joists, reinforced with steel trusses to strengthen it. Open web joists are useful to put cables and pipes through it. The joists are made in the factory. The floor joists are secured in place with saddle bracings. The walls are supported by plywood bracings and hoop iron bracings to keep it from tilting to the sides. Hoop iron bracings prevent the building from tilting due to horizontal forces such as wind. Not many hoop iron bracings are needed because the wind speed is not very fast. Sisalation paper is a kind of insulating layer. It is waterproof and it provides insulation. Sisalation paper is installed in house wherever possible, because the insulation of the house is important to keep the house’s environment (temperature, humidity) as stable as possible. Yellow tongue floorings/chipboards are used for floorings. Its arranged in alternate positions to distribute the loads to a large are. Pipes for laundry and toilets are installed before concrete is poured, and it needs to have lagging (wrappings around it which are foamy) to keep the pipe from getting crushed by the concrete’s pressure when it cools down.
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Site 2 The site is a two level building. The building is not meant for heavy loading, because of that it uses wood stud framing. The foundation of the building is a waffle slab concrete. This waffle slab concrete is useful in terms of economic, because the amount of concrete used is much less than a normal concrete slab. Waffle slab is used in this construction site because:
The soil is stable The weight the foundation needs to carry is adequate There is no ground frost Economically and environmentally friendly
LVL (Laminated Veneer Lumber) beam are used for the flooring. Small rocks are spread around the site. This is used as a safety measure to reduce the friction with the boots, to reduce slipping. The walls are cladded with a blue membrane. This membrane is cladded with chemicals that prevents pest from going inside the house.
The building uses a one-way spanning system. It’s floor joists has a hole in the middle, allowing pipes and cables to go through it. When working for the second floor, temporary fences will be built for security. The temporary supports will be removed from the structure when the structure can hold its own weight. However, the temporary structures are not thrown away; it is grinded in a machine and compressed together to form the floorboards. The different directions of the boards’ grains make the recycled board strong.
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Site 1 This construction site is located on a hill, with a 30-40째 slope. The structure is mainly made of steel frame. With C-beams, I-beams, etc. (Ching, 2008 p. 4.16). The building is a residential building, so far it already has 3 floors. The steel beams are welded and also connected by clips and metal joints. The walls are solid masonry, mostly concrete. There are brick walls; however, since the brick walls are from clay, it is not strong enough to hold the pressure. Open web joints are used to form the frame of the building.
Fiberboard is fire proof and light. It acts as insulation and will give the residents 2 hours to escape from the building in case for fire. This is used all around the building for fire safety. Aside from the fiberboard, hebel, which is manufactured from sand, lime, cement, and a gas-forming agent, is added into the walls. This hebel can prevent fire for 1 hour, which will add to the safety of the building, and can block sound. Particle board/yellow tongue board is used for the 1st and 2nd floorings, because it is light, easy to install, and environmentally friendly. For the front of the building, they use timber frame instead of steel frames like the rest of the building, because the front does not hold as much weight as the back. Tania P. Kanadi
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Constructing Environments Log Book Week 7
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(Newton, C., 2014)
Week 7 Domes, arches, shells
Domes: Spherical surface structure with circular plan. Made of stacked continuous rigid material like reinforced concrete or short linear elements for geodesic dome (Ching, F., 2008:p.2.25-27)
Shells: thin, curved plate structure normally from reinforced concrete. Transmit applied forces by membrane stresses. Has small bending resistance due to its thinness. Unsuitable for concentrated load.
Arches: Curved structures for spanning. Support vertical load primarily by axial compression. Rigid arches from curved timber, steel, or reinforced concrete which can hold some bending stresses. Vault behaves like an arch extended in third dimension, need buttresses to keep the vault from expanding and break to the sides.
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Heat and moisture (Ching, F., 2008:ch. 7) Moisture: Tanking (waterproof membrane around construction), gutters (eaves, box), double skin walls (brick cavity wall), where materials join each other is a high potential for water to penetrate. Stop water penetrating: silicon sealants, gaskets (preformed shaped artificial rubber), sloping, overlapping roofing elements (roof tiles, weatherboard), flashings, slope ground away from building, drip/break to keep water away from underside structures, air barrier, pressure equalization chamber (PEC).
Stop heat transfer (conduction): Heat insulation reduce heat conduction, thermal breaks (use low conducting materials (rubber/plastics) to cover high conducting materials (metals), double or triple glazing to reduce heat transfer with the air spaces between.
Stop heat transfer (radiation): reflective surfaces (low e-glass) stop building becoming hot, shading (verandas, eaves) stop radiation striking building envelope. Control (thermal mass): use masonry, concrete, water bodies (absorb heat and release when needed) Stop air leakage: air barrier (sarking), weather stripping around doors and windows.
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Rubber, plastics Rubber: resist abrasion, waterproof, ductile, flexible, poor conductivity of heat and electricity, durable, reusable. Uses: natural: seals, gaskets and control joints, insulation, hosing, piping. Synthetic: epdm (mainly in gasket and control joints), neoprene (control joints), silicon (seals). Can deteriorate when exposed particularly to sunlight (avoid exposure)
Plastic: thermoplastic (malleable when heated, recyclable), thermosetting plastic (can only be molded once) Won’t shatter or break, ductile, flexible, many are waterproof, lightweight, good insulator. Plastic can degrade when exposed (sunlight), avoid exposure.
Paints: Oil-based & water-based. Waterbase safer. Water-based latex more flexible than oil-base.
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Constructing Environments Log Book Week 8
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Week 8
Doors and windows
Glass From: formers (basic ingredient) (silica), fluxes (help former to melt at lower temp.) (soda ash/potash/lithium carbonate, stabilisers (combine with formers and fluxes to keep the finished glass from dissolving/crumbling) (limestone/alumina/magnesia).
Waterproof, high density, low ductility, fragile. High durability, high reusability, high embodied energy but can be recycled
Pic: door &frame terminology (Ching, F., 2008:p.8.08-17) Pic: window &frame terminology (Ching, F., 2008:p.8.22-33)
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Flat glass:
Shaped glass and other:
Float glass: molten glass floated on molten tin.
Tinted, wired, patterned, curved, photovoltaic, glass channels, slumped and formed glass, glass fibres
Clear float glass(annealed glass), laminated glass (tough plastic interlayer (PVB) sandwiched between 2 glasses. Sharp fragments stick to plastic when cracked, tempered glass (toughened glass) (heating annealed glass to approx.. 650째C when it begins to soften and cool it rapidly to create high pressure.
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Double and triple glazing: reduce heat and sound transfer
(Newton, C., 2014)
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1:1 Scale Drawing The object to draw is the Oval Pavilion Building. We are to draw from the 1:10 drawing in the plan and redraw it in the A1 paper to implement the use of scales.
This is the cantilever roof to draw
To convert the scales to 1:1 drawing, a scale ruler is used. The drawing target is the structural drawing of the cantilever roof of the pavilion in cross-section.
Pic: The actural Oval Pavilion Building
This is the scale ruler with 1:10 measurements
Pic: Scale ruler
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The red marker indicates where the boundary of the A1 paper would be. The black surface is the flashings. From below it cannot be seen, however, the flashing is sloped to allow water to flow and not stay on that surface which could cause corrosion. It can be seen that the surface is fiberglass, because it is transparent. This allows the light to penetrate and enable natural lighting.
Pic: The cantilever roof viewed from below. Materials used are timber and steel.
Pic: 1:10 drawing of the structure
From below, we cannot see any bolts/screws securing the timber. According to the drawing, it is clipped to a hanger screwed above, so no bolts will be seen. It increases the aesthetic value.
Pic: clipped timber
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Pic: Cantilever roof from below. Timber beams have gaps to allow light to penetrate through. 683664
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1:1 scale drawing
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Constructing Environments Log Book Week 9
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(Newton, C., 2014)
Week 9 Composite material
Construction detailing
Movement joints (Ching, F., 2008:p. 7.48-50) Cleanable surface and maintenance access Health and safety
Repairable surface/ resistance to damage Constructability Ageing
Monoliths are single material/ materials combined until indistinguishable (metal alloys). Composites are 2 or more material combined but individual materials are still distinguishable. Composites: mix of materials with different composition/form. Remain bonded together. Retain their identities and properties. Act together to provide improved specific or synergic characteristic not obtainable by any of the original elements acting alone.
4 main types: fibrous, laminar(sandwich panels) , particulate (gravels and resins), hybrid (combination of 2 or more composite types). FRC (Fibre Reinforced Cement): from cellulose/glass fibre, Portland cement, sand & water. For cladding of exterior/interior walls, floor panels (under tiles). Will not burn, resistant to permanent water & termite damage, rotting & warping, reasonably inexpensive. Fiberglass: mix of glass fibres and epoxy resins. For transparent/translucent roof/wall cladding and preformed shaped products (water tanks, baths, swimming pool). Fire-resistant, weatherproof, lightweight & strong. Aluminium sheet composites: from aluminium and plastic. For feature cladding in interior and exterior applications. Less aluminium required, lighter, less expensive, weather resistant, unbreakable, shock resistant. Timber composites: from solid timber, engineered timber, galvanized steel. For beams and trusses. Min. materials for max. efficiency, cost effective, easy to install and accommodate services. Fibre reinforces polymers: from polymers (plastic) with timber, glass or carbon fibres. For decking (or external cladding), structural elements (beams and columns) for pedestrian bridges. High-strength FRP with glass or carbon fibre reinforcements provide strength to weight ratio greater than steel. Corrosion resistant.
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Site visit
Glass façade
Currently, the highest level is the 10th floor. The finished building will be 28 levels, with 2 levels used as gym and 2 basements for carparks. The building follows the PCA premium grade guidelines, which should include 5 star greenstar design and AS Built. Currently, what is viewed as a ‘Premiumquality’ building is a ‘high performance, green building.’ (Madew, cited in Jamal, K., 2011). AS built drawings are the original drawing plan, which could then be used to make changes or to be kept for further renovations in the future (Ellis, R., 2001). The estimated time of completion of the building is 4 July 2015 Glass façade used to maximize natural light into the building. This is one of the methods to use energy efficiently Pic: finished building. Retrieved from http://movingtimes.colliers.com.au/imag e/0/uploads/images/567-collinslandscape.jpg
Less elevator above (less demand)
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Steel plate roof for every floor, with concrete slab build in situ. Uses wire reinforcements to strengthen the slab.
Concrete poured PL cables put in tension while concrete is being poured and left to settle.
Level 10 The steel plate is placed on position first, it provides the mold for where the concrete would then be poured on. On top of the steel plate, the wire frameworks are placed. PT (Post-Tension) cables are placed for reinforcements of the concrete slab. The steel plates are supported by table formwork from the floor below, because wet concrete is heavy. Before the concrete is poured, the PT cables are stretched, and concrete is then poured. After the concrete has reached the required strength, the cables are released from tension and allowed to compress, the concrete will then have more compression force. Concretes reinforced like these are called prestressed concrete (Construction & Utilities, 2003).
Pic: steel plate roof with reinforcement cables
Pic: concrete pumping machine pouring concrete on steel plate indentation. Tania P. Kanadi
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Concrete has finished being cured; its compression is added because PL cables are released from tension, compressing the concrete.
PL cables released from tension
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Level 2 On level 2, Thermal sheets can be seen on the top. These thermal sheets act as insulation and also block noises. The thermal sheet would be covered with ceilings, but leaving a gap between the two to enable cables and pipes being passed through. There are recess in the building, extendable deck needed to work on upper floor.
The building separates its sewerage and greasy waste in different pipes.
Ground floor The ground floor needs to have a huge aesthetic value, because people will pass through it every day. It is made to have high ceilings to enable maximum light intake. Large space for people to walk through gives the essence of a ‘Premium grade’ building. The high ceiling is supported by wide columns 7.5m high. The diagonal columns are made up of 2 columns put up one by one, with a bracket in the middle to keep it together until the concrete dries.
Pic: thermal sheet without ceiling covering
Pic: location of recess on the building
Gap for services (pipes and cables)
In planning the ground floor, extensive research on how light will shine, color changes, pedestrian flow is needed because it is the high focus of the building. Pic: 7.5m high diagonal column with bracket
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Pic: Thermal sheet when finished, will be covered by ceiling with gap between 42
Constructing Environments Log Book Week 10
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(Newton, C., 2014)
Lateral support
Week 10
Collapses and failure for beach houses (Ashford, P., 2014)
Corrosion
Heroes and culprits
Statue of liberty: Wind
Earthquake
Size of exposed structure.
mass above foundation
Minimum value at base, max. at top.
max. at base of structure, minimum at top.
Resisting: Bracings on shear walls, weight of wall, seismic base isolator (allow substructure and superstructure to move independently during earthquake), moment resisting frames
Wind design: tall, thin building and overhangs more affected. Tania P. Kanadi
Earthquake design: asymmetrical buildings, reentrant (internal) corner, stressed points and soft story more affected
Thin and white fascia exposed to sun, cracks. Zinc-aluminium wall cladding with sealants to glue it to the timber studs. The cladding expand due to hot weather and sealants become ‘debonded’, water can come in then through holes. Zincaluminium cladding is cut on site, potential to rusting.
Galvanic corrosion, statue of liberty was made of copper skin, copper turns to copper oxide which is green Corrosion between copper skin and iron frame may occur, 1st solution: separate the materials with shellacimpregnated cloth, but it became porous overtime, water comes in. 2nd solution: replace iron frame with Teflon-coated stainless steel structure.
Issues: Health, waste, energy use, pollution, life cycle Materials: building materials responsible for: 30% raw material use, 42% energy use, 25% solid wastes, 40% atmospheric emission Culprit->heroes:
Oil-based paints -> water-based Timber->bamboo (grows quickly)/recycled timber Chemicals for termites->termimass Chemical cleaner->fibre cloth Timber joist->smart joist Aluminium-> recycled aluminium Hardwood(grow slower)->softwood Overseas product->local product PVC flooring(plastic)->linoleum flooring (made from cork)
Choose materials with high reusability and long life cycle (Hes, D., 2014).
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Detailing: Pic: 3D representation drawn on tracing paper
The 1:1 drawing of the section is going to be traced on the tracing paper in order to create a 3D representation of the section.
There is an insect screen here. The insect screen prevents insects from staying on that area and thus can be seen from below. Since there is an open space in-between, insects can move freely. The insect screen is a wire like plate.
The black flashing covers the corner of the cantilever to make sure no water will penetrate through
Pic: finished 1:1 drawing
The timber here is also drawn, because the insect screen is a seethrough material.
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The Z-purlins can be seen behind the timber battens The timber battens can be clearly seen, however, it cannot be seen in the plan that it spans in a diagonal direction. On-site, there are some details that can be seen, however, it is not included in the plan. For example, there are beams behind the timber battens spanning on the other diagonal direction from the battens. This detail is not included in the plan.
Pic: Cantilever from below.
The possible reasons are it was revised on-site and so it is not included in the plans; and that it is drawn on other sections.
Eaves gutter- used on places with overhangs
Rainwater head- to prevent water being clogged in the box gutter in case there is something stuck inside and blocking the water flow.
Pic: the end of the box gutter Tania P. Kanadi
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Reference: Ashford, P. (2014). Collapses and Failures. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNEl-fYRi_I&feature=youtu.be Ching, F. D. K. (2008). Building Construction Illustrated (4th Edition). Hoboken, New Jersey; Wiley. Construction & Utilities. (2003). Post-tensioning Prestressed Concrete Elements. Retrieved from http://www.worksafe.vic.gov.au/forms-andpublications/forms-and-publications/post-tensioning-prestressed-concrete-elements Ellis, R. (2001). As Built Drawings. Retrieved from http://www.qseng.com/publications/rte/01/esmag01jun.htm Jamal, K. (2011). 'Premium' equals 'green' in Property Council of Australia's new guide to office building quality. Retrieved from http://www.gbca.org.au/news/premium-equals-green-in-property-council-of-australias-new-guide-to-office-build/33715.htm Hes, D. (2014). Heroes and Culprits. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FhdfwGNp_6g&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). A Tale of Corrosion. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2IqhvAeDjlg&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). Basic Structural Forces. Retrieved from https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/courses/ENVS10003_2014_SM1/WEEK%2001/Basic%20Structural%20Forces%201.pdf Newton, C. (2014). Composite Materials. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uem1_fBpjVQ&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). Concrete. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c1M19C25MLU&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). Construction Detailing. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yqVwAV7yJCI&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). Detailing For Heat and Moisture. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lhwm8m5R_Co&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). Engineered Timber Products. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YrYOGSwtVc&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). ESD and Selecting Materials. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=luxirHHxjIY
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&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). Ferrous Metals. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SQy3IyJy-is&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). Floor Systems. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=otKffehOWaw&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). From Wood to Timber. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YJL0vCwM0zg&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). Glass. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_I0Jqcrfcyk&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). In-situ Concrete. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3zW_TBGjfE&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). Introduction to Materials. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s4CJ8o_lJbg&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). Introduction to Metals. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RttS_wgXGbI&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). Lateral Supports. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BodoWgcQapA Newton, C. (2014). Load Path Diagrams. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y__V15j3IX4&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). Openings: Doors and Windows. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7QQIue58xY&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). Paints. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WrydR4LA5e0&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). Plastic. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5pfnCtUOfy4&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). Pre-cast Concrete. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=scYY-MMezI0&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). Roof System. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q5ms8vmhs50&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). Rubber. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPhjDijdf6I&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). Short and Long Columns. Retrieved from https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/courses/ENVS10003_2014_SM1/WEEK%2005/SHORT%20AND%20LONG%20COLUMNS.pdf Tania P. Kanadi
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Newton, C. (2014). Span and Spacings. Retrieved from https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/courses/ENVS10003_2014_SM1/WEEK%2004/SPAN%20AND%20SPACING.pdf Newton, C. (2014). Structural Joints. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kxRdY0jSoJo&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). Structural System. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l--JtPpI8uw&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). Timber Properties and Considerations. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ul0r9OGkA9c&feature=youtu.be
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Constructing Environments Log Book Construction Workshop
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Materials used: 3 hardwoods 1 plywood Tools used:
Hammer Nails Drills Saw Tape measurements Tri-square
Our team decided to make a ladderlike structure for the bridge. The 2 hardwoods will be used for the sides, and the other hardwood is sawn to 6 equal pieces to support the structure horizontally. The plywood is also sawn to 6 equal pieces to support it horizontally. The plywood is very good at compression, it will help lessen the pressure of the load. However, the load will then be distributed unevenly.
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Group 1 has 2cm deflection and holds 270kg
The failures are mostly on connections where the elements are joined together by nails.
Group 2 (ours) has 3cm deflection and holds 470kg Group 3 has 5cm deflection and holds 430kg. All the structures weak points are mostly on the spot where the nails are hammered in. Aside from that, it is the knots.
Pic: 3 bridges and their failures.
The nails place holes in the once smooth beam. The holes create an opening for cracks, making it easier for that area to break.
Traces of nails hammered in
Drawing in architectural plan is very different compared to actual building. Factor such as where it will fail and what makes it fail is much more considered here than in the architectural plan
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Pic: failure because of the nails. 683664
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