UDOT Construction Inspection Guide - Chap 3 by TLCS

UDOT Construction Inspection Guide CHAPTER 3: Demolition & Earthwork

Published November 2012

Table of Contents Demolition & Earthwork 3.0

Introduction

3.3

Demolition and earthwork are broad terms that generally encompass all the initial site work to be completed by the contractor … 3.1

Site Preparation- Earthwork

This section applies to all material placements throughout the following sections and should be referred to during the phases.. 3.4

The inspector has many duties before work begins. The duties in the following checklist should be carried out for every phase of construction prior to embankment …..

01571 - Environmental Controls

The purpose of this section is to provide basic guidance to inspectors addressing environmental controls during project construction….

01572 – Dust Control and Watering

Dust control should be maintained throughout construction. The inspector should ensure that the contractor has provided and applied…

02231 – Site Clearing and Grubbing

The contractor must clear, grub, remove and dispose of trees, stumps, and debris within the designated limits of the roadways, channels, easements, and other areas….

02221 – Remove Structure and Obstruction To remove all structures and obstructions, the contractor must remove, dispose of, or salvage buildings, fences, structures, ….. 3.2

Excavation

This checklist covers inspection of the excavation of roadways, structures, and ditches.…..

02316- Roadway Excavation

Roadway Excavation is material that is removed as designated in the plans ….

00725 – Use of On-Site Materials (Scope of Work)

This section addresses the use of on-site materials in the scope of excavation…

02317– Structural Excavation

This section includes the excavation and backfill for constructing bridges, foundations, box culverts….

02318 – Ditch Excavation

Material Placement

Inspection of the excavation for ditches and trenches is an important part of an inspector’s job because…..

02056- Embankment, Borrow and Backfill

This checklist covers the materials and procedures for inspection of the construction of.…..

Embankment

Embankments are constructed using either roadway excavation of borrow material ….

Borrow (Granular & Granular Backfill)

Borrow is material used to construct embankments and includes classifications A-1 through A-4…..

Embankment for Bridges

The contractor should use granular borrow for bridge embankments….

Free Draining Granular Backfill

Free draining granular backfill must meet the following gradation requirements…..

02832 – Select Backfill for MSE Walls

Mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) is soil constructed with artificial reinforcing…

Geotextiles

This section includes the inspection of the geotextiles shown on the drawings and at other locations….

Flowable Fill

Flowable Fill has been called “liquid soil” requiring no compaction and includes bedding and backfill… 3.5

02324 - Compaction

This secti on describes the purpose and general practices for measuring and evaluating the compaction of construction materials….

CHAPTER 3: DEMOLITION & EARTHWORK

3.0 INTRODUCTION

Chapter 3

Demolition and earthwork are broad terms that generally encompass all the initial site work to be completed by the contractor before a highway can be constructed. Proper preparation is critical to ensuring the completed project meets plan specifications. As explained in Chapter 1, the first duty of an inspector is to become thoroughly familiar with the contract plans, standard plans, special provisions, standard specifications, and any right-ofway agreements that apply to the particular project. The sections of this chapter are divided into the following three parts: • General briefly familiarizes the inspector with the section and describes the work covered in the section. • Inspection Checklist describes the actions the contractor must take before construction begins and actions the inspector must take during the course of work. This checklist also includes the measurements and payments the inspector must complete. This provides the guidelines for measuring and paying for the work covered in the particular section. • Submittals Checklist ensures the inspector gathers all necessary documentation during each phase of work for submission to the Project Oﬃce.

3.1 SITE PREPARATION The inspector must ensure that the contractor has provided for the safe and efficient movement of traffic whenever lane closures are required during construction, as well as the safety of the public and all work zone personnel. Of course, the contractor should minimize traffic disruptions by restricting lane closures to the locations and times essential to the prosecution of construction work.

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EARTHWORK PREPARATION – GENERAL CHECKLIST: The inspector has many duties before work begins. The duties in the following checklist should be carried out for every phase of construction prior to embankment or backfilling to ensure the contractor has completed site preparation properly before proceeding with construction. Special attention should be paid to environmental and dust controls. Again, the inspector must refer to this checklist during each phase of construction involving site preparation and excavation, including site clearing & grubbing, removing structures and obstructions, and excavation.

EARTHWORK PREPARATION  Utilities Location and Protection: Ensure that the contractor has contacted “blue stake” prior to construction. The known locations of utilities should be marked and all utilities should be protected throughout the duration of the project. Refer to Sections 00820 and 01571.  Traffic Control: Traffic control must be designed and planned by the contractor and approved by the Resident Engineer and/or UDOT’s Region Traffic Engineer. The inspector must request this documentation from the contractor. In addition, the inspector must ensure that the approved traffic control plan is in use and that it is effective. Refer to Section 01554.  Layout and Grade Controls: Layout and grade should be marked by the placement of various stakes that will guide the grading work itself and ensure finished grade meets plan specifications.  General Earthwork Inspection: All organic material, including topsoil, must be removed before placing embankment material, and drainage should be maintained throughout construction. The inspector should ensure that the underlying road surface is broken so that no piece exceeds 3.0 ft2.  Excavation and Backfill: Check that excavation and backfill limits are in accordance with the plans, including correct depth and slopes. Refer to OSHA for further information: See OSHA Web Site.  Environmental and Dust Control: Environmental commitments during the construction phase of projects may include: installing erosion or sediment controls, following the SWPPP, avoiding sensitive areas, installing noise abatement measures, and following permit conditions. Ensure the contractor’s plan to control water pollution has been approved and implemented before beginning work. Refer to 3.1 b) and c).  Documentation: The basis of payment for excavation operations is usually paid by plan quantity based on the construction plan set. The inspector should refer to the Special Provisions section on Measurement and Payment and verify the plan quantity within 5 percent of field quantity observations.

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A) ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS â&#x20AC;&#x201C; SECTION 01571 General The purpose of this section is to provide basic guidance to inspectors addressing environmental controls during project construction. Protection of environmental resources during the construction phase is vital. Environmental commitments during the construction phase of projects may include installing erosion or sediment controls, avoiding sensitive areas, installing noise abatement measures, and following permit conditions, such as the SWPPP, described below.

Contractor Submittals The contractor assumes certain responsibilities for environmental protection during construction. Before the contractor begins any earth-disturbing activity, he or she needs to prepare and submit a Notice of Intent (NOI) for Storm Water Discharges associated with Construction Activity to the Division of Water Quality at the Utah Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ), when applicable. NOI forms can be completed online at Division of Water Quality website. Refer to: State of Utah, Division of Water Quality website. The contractor also needs to submit a signed copy of the NOI to the Engineer, if disturbing one or more acres. To terminate the permit, the contractor needs to submit a Notice of Termination (NOT) form to the Division of Water Quality, along with a signed copy to the Engineer at the end of construction. The inspector is expected to be familiar with the stormwater and erosion control devices and materials described in Section 01571 of the Standards Specifications and the UDOT Standard Drawings, EN series. These drawings can be found at the UDOT website. The 2012 Standards and Specifications can also be found on this same website.

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Inspectors should be familiar with the Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) and application of Best Management Practices (BPMs) for specific use on the project. For general and permitting information, see: UDOT website. Ensure the contractor complies with the SWPPP provided in the plan set. If a SWPPP is not provided in the plan set, and earthdisturbing activities are required, see that the contractor created and submitted a plan to the Engineer. The contractor must maintain a copy of the approved SWPPP on the project site at all times. This copy must include the SWPPP title sheet, the applicable EN Series Standard Drawings, the erosion and sediment control plan sheets, and the project specific details and all contract specifications. Inspectors should also refer to the Special Provisions and keep in mind any additional environmental or archaeological requirements for the construction area that are specific to the project. These requirements could include recycling trees removed during clearing and grubbing, special wetland protection, or alerting the Project Engineer if artifacts are discovered in excavated or borrow materials. Particular attention should be paid to all federal environmental or tribal requirements.

Environmental Control Supervisor When the contract includes a bid item for an â&#x20AC;&#x153;Environmental Control Supervisorâ&#x20AC;? (ECS), the contractor designates a person to fulfill the responsibilities described in Section 01571 of Standards Specifications. All inspectors should be familiar with the responsibilities of the ECS.

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CHAPTER 3 The inspector needs to verify that anyone performing this work for the contractor has received an ECS training certification from the Department and is on the approved list to perform this work. The inspector should consult with the engineer when seeking clarification of any environmental control inspection requirements.

Contractor Responsibility for Erosion and Sediment Control The contractor should have an approved Erosion Control Plan. The inspector should ensure the contractor installed a temporary environmental or silt fence, if required, before construction began. The contractor should have obtained certification for any SWPPP materials used. If a conflict occurred between erosion and sediment control specifications and federal, state, or local agency laws, rules, or regulations, the contractor should have used the most restrictive requirement. Erosion and sediment control measures should be installed in accordance with applicable EN Series Standard Drawings. These drawings can be found at: UDOT website. For additional information on erosion and sediment controls, see the UDOT Erosion and Sediment Control Manual which is available through the UDOT website. Perform weekly and post-weather event project walk-through reviews with the contractorsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; personnel to verify the plan is working and correct any deficiencies. Ensure that the contractor properly maintains and subsequently removes all temporary erosion control features.

Documentation and Payment All inspectors should be familiar with inspection and documentation requirements for environmental controls. Payment for the items associated with this section includes all costs for labor, equipment, and materials for installation, inspection, maintenance, and removal, as required. Inspectors should document this information on the C-111 form, to be completed daily.

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Submittal Requirements Prior to performing inspection, verify obtainment of the following documents. 1. NOI to the DEQ 2. NOI to the Engineer (if disturbing one or more acres) 3. NOT to the DEQ 4. Certification to the Engineer of ECS training 5. Copy of approved SWPPP 6. Certification of any SWPPP materials used, including silt fences or fiber rolls

Common Issues Encountered 1. Silt fence collapse 2. Water drainage inlet protection gets displaced

01571: ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS

Pre-Inspection Items  Submitted NOI to the DEQ and Engineer, when required.  Contractor did not begin any earth-disturbing activity until the NOI form was completed and submitted, if required.  Obtained certifications for any SWPPP materials used, such as silt fences or fiber rolls.  Submitted ECS certification to the Engineer.  Temporary erosion control measures are in place, and the SWPPP materials used have been certified, maintained throughout construction, and subsequently removed after project completion.

Field Documentation Items  Contractor addressed all disturbed areas including, but not limited to, staging areas, haul roads, borrow sites, stockpiles, and disposal areas.  Compliance with the SWPPP provided in the plan set.  Contractor properly maintained and subsequently removed all temporary erosion control features.  Contractor maintains a copy of the approved SWPPP with the required information on the project site at all times.  Submitted NOT form to the DEQ and Engineer to terminate the permit at the end of construction.

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B) DUST CONTROL & WATERING – SECTION 01572 General Dust control should be maintained throughout construction. The inspector should ensure that the contractor has provided and applied water for dust control and prewetting, mixing, or compacting materials in quantities and locations as directed by Engineer. Dust control may be required at any time during construction so it is important that the inspector is always on the lookout for fugitive dust. The water provided must be free of dirt, silt, or other detrimental matter and in adequate quantities for dust control and watering requirements. The Department will not pay separately for furnishing or applying water used for items of work for which water is desired as incidental to and included in payment. The contractor should not waste water.

Submittal Requirements Prior to the beginning of construction, request a copy of the projects’ Dust Control Plan, approved by the Engineer. 1. Dust Control Plan 2. Water source quality approval. 3. Document & verify individual truck water quantity loads. 4. Document the number of water loads used. 5. Ensure contractor air quality regulation compliance, using an appropriate amount of water to prevent dust particulate air infiltration.

Common Issues Encountered 1. Contractor uses insuﬃcient amount of water to control project generated dust. 2. Contractor uses contaminated water that is an ordinance violence and/or may be a human health risk.

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01572: DUST CONTROL & WATERING  Contractor has used equipment capable of proper application.  Inspector observes no fugitive dust.  Contractor has ensured optimum moisture for compaction.  Contractor has used adequate methods of monitoring and documenting quantities for proper payment veriﬁcation.  Contractor has reapplied water at no additional cost to the Department when materials are allowed to dry due to the contractor’s mistake or neglect.

C) SITE CLEARING AND GRUBBING – SECTION 02231 General The contractor must clear, grub, remove and dispose of trees, stumps, and debris within the designated limits of the roadways, channels, easements, and other areas required by the plans.

Before Work Begins Before work, the inspector should review the plans, special provisions, right-ofway agreements, and discuss requirements with the Resident Engineer. The inspector should understand the location and limits of areas to be cleared and, perhaps more importantly, understand areas that are to remain undisturbed. The inspector should assure that the contractor is aware of and does not violate any environmental restrictions or disturb private property. Take steps to ensure that environmentally sensitive areas are protected.

During Construction The inspector should verify that the contractor has properly staked the work area to guide the grading work itself and to ensure finished grade meets plan specifications. The contractor must cut the grade to the required tolerance, meaning not more or less than necessary. By checking grade during clearing and grubbing the inspector will ensure that the contractor is not using more fill than required by the plans to construct the grade as designed. Assistance in this Page | 8

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CHAPTER 3 matter by the inspector does not relieve the contractor of responsibility for the proper grading of the entire project.

Materials Disposal (For Discussion) The inspector should assure that disposal operations do not violate permit requirements or local ordinances. Before disposing of material outside of the highway right-of-way, review any planned disposal sites. If some of the material will be left on-site, ensure that the material is properly broken down or processed and its placement does not jeopardize contract work or future work. Ensure the quality of any materials to be stored on-site for future use. When burial of debris within the right-of-way is permitted, ensure the debris will not act as a permeable layer, does not block drainage, and will not interfere with future maintenance. Any cavities resulting from grubbing must be backfilled with material approved by the Engineer. This material must be compacted to at least 95 percent of its maximum density. Observe the contractor’s operations to assure that the work is completed as specified. The inspector should ensure that erosion and sediment control materials are in place and maintained throughout construction. Ensure that the approved Traﬃc Control Plan is in use and that it is eﬀective. Also ensure that dust is controlled during all phases of construction.

Documentation and Payment The inspector should document all activities on the daily forms. Site clearing and grubbing is considered incidental to other items of work and not measured or paid for separately when there is no pay item included in the contract. Include all costs in other items of work. Measure and pay separately for materials used for backfilling under “Roadway Excavation” or “Borrow.” Consider “Roadway Excavation” and “Borrow” as incidental to the work when these items are not included in the bid proposal. A checklist showing locations where clearing is incomplete may be necessary in the final stages of the operation. Complete payment should not be made until all areas have a neat and finished appearance.

Submittal Requirements Prior to performing inspection, verify copies of the following documents: 1. Utility Location and Protection (Blue Stakes receipt form) 2. Documentation for Wasted Materials Disposal

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3. Approved Dust Control Plan 4. Environmental Control requirements, including SWPPP certifications

Common Issues Encountered Document these common contractor mistakes: 1. Grade not cut to the required tolerance 2. All organic materials and obstructions are not removed 3. Improper material disposal, on or oﬀ site 4. Drainage is not maintained 5. Contamination of materials to be left on-site for future use

02231: SITE CLEARING & GRUBING

Pre-Inspection Items  Utilities are protected. Refer to Sections 00820 and 01571.  Environmentally sensitive areas and private property are protected.  Approved material disposal documentation. Materials disposal operations do not violate permit requirements or local ordinances.  Area for clearing is staked according to the plan or as approved by the Engineer.  Disturbance is limited to the areas identiﬁed in the plans.

Field Documentation Items  Grade cut to the required tolerance.  Debris is properly disposed of or covered as speciﬁed. Refer to Section 01355 for disposal and to Section 02221 for tree removal.  Ensure the quality of any materials to be left on-site for future use. The material should be properly broken down or processed and its placement should not jeopardize contract work or future work.  When burial of debris within the right-of-way is permitted, ensure the debris will not act as a permeable layer, does not block drainage, and will not interfere with future maintenance.  Ensure the contractor has grubbed the areas 2 feet below natural ground within the limits of clearing of all stumps, roots, buried logs, and all other underground obstructions.

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D) REMOVE STRUCTURE

AND

OBSTRUCTION â&#x20AC;&#x201C; SECTION 02221

General To remove all structures and obstructions, the contractor must remove, dispose of, or salvage buildings, fences, structures, pavements, curb, gutter, driveways and approaches, sidewalk and similar hard surfaces, abandoned pipelines or utility items and other obstructions that interfere with construction. This includes obstructions on or oďŹ&#x20AC; the site including, but not limited to, foundations, bridges, culverts, guardrail, concrete work, septic tanks, and trees. The contractor should salvage as specified in the plans, or dispose of in a manner approved by the Engineer. The inspector should ensure that the contractor has removed all organic materials in any areas to be backfilled or compacted and assure the quality of the underlying materials. Contact and coordinate testing and evaluation for organic presence with materials test technician if any suspect material or uncertainty exists.

Submittal Requirements Prior to performing inspection, request copies of the following documents: 1. Utility Location and Protection (Blue Stakes receipt form) 2. Documentation for Wasted Materials Disposal 3. Environmental Control requirements, including SWPPP certifications 4. Demolition Permits from the Health Department or local government

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Common Issues Encountered 1. Grade not cut to the required tolerance 2. All organic materials and obstructions are not removed 3. Improper material disposal, on or oﬀ site 4. Drainage is not maintained 5. Contamination of materials to be left on-site for future use 02221: REMOVE STRUCTURE & OBSTRUCTION

Pre-Inspection Items  Contractor has obtained all necessary local government permits for demolition, as required when demolishing buildings or homes.

Field Documentation Items  Obstructions are removed to required depth below surface or broken to required size limits if allowed to remain in place.  Organic materials have been removed and the quality of the underlying materials has been assured.  Areas are backﬁlled and compacted as speciﬁed.

3.2 EXCAVATION This checklist covers inspection of the excavation of roadways, structures, and ditches. Specific sections on each type of excavation follow this brief checklist. Generally, the contractor should excavate all material within designated areas to the designed grade and elevation. The inspector should properly document the estimated quantity of material excavated, placed and/ or disposed of each day, along with information on labor and equipment used on the weekly embankment report Form 348.

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CHAPTER 3 EXCAVATION

Pre-Inspection Items  Environmental and Dust Control: Ensure that temporary erosion control measures are in place, SWPPP materials used have been certiﬁed, maintained throughout construction, and subsequently removed after project completion.  Site Preparation: Clearing and grubbing within the designated area is completed before starting excavation. No organic material remains that could contaminate the embankment or backﬁll. Refer to Section 02231.  Safety: Contractor submitted proposed method of blasting, delay pattern, explosive types, and type of blasting mat cover, if applicable. Contractor has complied with all applicable regulations when excavating and trenching, such as the shoring system standards established by OSHA. Refer to Section 00820. If applicable, contractor provided a cofferdam for underwater work and removed all cofferdams, sheeting, and bracing when no longer needed.

Field Documentation Items  Wasted Materials Disposal: Contractor has furnished copies of disposal permits or agreements, or letter certifying the destination of the material, if applicable.  Materials Inspection: Materials are tested in accordance with the MS&TR and material placement is in conformance within specified lift thickness. Contractor finished to design grade and within specified tolerance.  Use of On-Site Materials: Contractor obtained written approval before using excavated materials found on the work site that are suitable for completing other bid items of work and before excavating material outside grading limits. Contractor established an approved method of measuring quantity of on-site material used.  Documentation: The basis of payment for excavation operations is usually paid by plan quantity based on the construction plan set. The inspector should refer to the Special Provisions section on Measurement and Payment and verify the plan quantity within 5 percent of field quantity observations. Weight tickets must be collected and submitted.

A) ROADWAY EXCAVATION – SECTION 02316 General Roadway excavation is material that is removed as designated in the plans. This material is obtained from roadway cut sections, ditches and channels, and is used for constructing required embankments, backfilling structures, or placed in other areas as allowed by the plans and specifications. When roadway excavation is used as fill it falls under Section 02330 on embankment. The contractor should excavate all material within designated areas to the designed grade and elevation, including channels with a bottom width of 12.0 ft. or greater.

Wasted Materials Roadway excavation material is wasted when it is unsuitable for use in embankment or backfill or if the quantity exceeds the amount of fill required to construct the project. The contractor should have a letter, approved by the Resident Engineer, stating the location for wasted materials disposal and the method of disposal or intended future use. The inspector should

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request a copy of this approved letter. When roadway excavation material is unsuitable it is sometimes necessary to import material such as borrow or granular borrow in order to construct embankments or backfill structures.

Blasting When blasting is anticipated, the contractor should submit a proposed blasting plan that contains the method of blasting, delay pattern, explosive types, and type of blasting mat cover to the Engineer. This approved blasting plan should address blast area security, electrical storms, radio transmissions, warnings, and signals and other required information. The inspector should request a copy of this plan from the contractor.

Documentation and Payment The inspector should document the estimated quantity of material excavated, placed and/or disposed of each day, along with information on labor and equipment used. The inspector should verify that embankment, backfill and any wasted materials are properly documented on the weekly embankment report Form 348. UDOT forms can be found on UDOTâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s website under the Inside UDOT tab, then follow links to Project Development, then Construction Materials and Civil Rights Division, then Contract Management, and finally click on Construction Forms.

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CHAPTER 3 Payment for roadway excavation is by the cubic yard, according to plan quantities. No adjustment is made to payments if staked quantities vary from plan quantities by 5 percent or less. The contractor should notify the Engineer in writing before beginning excavation in any area if the contractor determines during excavation that the staked quantities diﬀer from the plan quantities by more than 5 percent. Those approved quantities become the adjusted plan quantities and are paid at the original unit bid price when the Engineer determines the staked quantities diﬀer from plan quantities by more than 5percent. Payment includes excavation, removal, transportation, and disposal when existing pavement is included in Roadway Excavation plan quantity.

Submittal Requirements Prior to performing inspection, request copies of the following documents: 1. Utility Field Identification Markings, Location and Protection (Blue Stakes receipt form) 2. Disposal permits or agreements, if applicable 3. Environmental Control requirements, including SWPPP certifications 4. Proposed method of blasting, delay pattern, explosive types, and type of blasting mat cover, if applicable

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Pre-Inspection Items  Clearing and grubbing within the designated area is completed before starting excavation. No organic material remains that could contaminate the embankment or backﬁll. Refer to Section 02231.  Contractor proposed blasting plan deﬁning method of blasting, delay pattern, explosive types, and type of blasting mat cover, if applicable.  Contractor has furnished copies of disposal permits or agreements, or letter certifying the destination of the material, if applicable.

Field Documentation Items  Material placement is in conformance within speciﬁed lift thickness.  Imported materials are tested in accordance with the MS&TR.  Density requirements have been met.  Payment is plan quantity by the cubic yard. If staked quantities differ by 5 percent or less make no adjustment to plan quantities.

B) USE

ON-SITE MATERIALS – SCOPE

WORK – SECTION 00725

This section addresses the use of on-site materials in the scope of excavation. There are established conditions and procedures under which alterations may be made to the project through contract modification (change order). Any change related to the type or quality of materials to be furnished and incorporated into the finished project on a major item is considered a major change requiring Engineer approval or authorization to proceed before work begins. This provision allows the contractor to use materials found in the work for other bid items. For example, materials found in roadway excavation may be used for other bid items such as topsoil, riprap, granular borrow, or untreated base course. Unless otherwise specified in the contract, salvageable material is the property of the contractor. It is the contractor’s responsibility to ensure the quality and suitability of excavated materials to be stored and used for other items of work. The contractor is then paid for the quantity of roadway excavation at the contract unit price for roadway excavation in addition to the other items that incorporate the material. If it should then become necessary to import material for constructing embankments or backfill, imported material is at no cost to the Department. Imported material must be of greater or better quality than the excavation material used by the contractor for other items of work. Page | 16

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Submittal Requirements Prior to performing inspection, request copies of the following documents: 1. Approval for use of on-site materials 2. Approval for excavation outside of grading limits, when required 3. Material Classification Approval 4. Approved job mix formula (gradation targets) 5. Approval of method to measure quantity 6. Weight Tickets for Measurement & Payment 7. Documentation for Wasted Materials Disposal

Common Issues Encountered Document these common contractor mistakes: 1. All organic materials not removed from materials to be used for other bid items 2. Improper material disposal or storage, on or oﬀ site 3. Drainage is not maintained 4. Contamination of materials to be left on-site for future use 5. Quantities are incorrectly measured 00725: USE OF ON-SITE MATERIALS - SCOPE OF WORK

Pre-Inspection Items  Approval for using excavated materials found on the work site that are suitable for completing other bid items of work.  Materials tested and approved by Department to ensure suitability for intended application.  Written approval for excavating material outside grading limits.  Approved method of measuring quantity of on-site material used.

Field Documentation Items  Contractor replaced excavated material used for completing other bid items of work with acceptable material at no additional cost to the Department.

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C) STRUCTURAL EXCAVATION – SECTION 02317 General This section includes the excavation and backfill for constructing bridges, foundations, box culverts, pipe culverts, drains, and other structures.

Excavation The inspector should observe the excavation to ensure that sloping or shoring conforms to the contractor’s approved plan. To anticipate changes resulting from the foundation’s condition, the inspector should periodically inspect the excavation and order additional excavation as necessary before fine grading begins. Inspection is required after excavation and foundation preparation has occurred to verify that the foundation materials and compaction meet requirements.

Backfilling Before backfilling, inspect all structures to ensure construction was completed as specified in the plans and that any strutting or bracing is in place. During backfilling, verify that the backfill materials meet contract requirements and that compaction also meets those standards. This includes required moisture, placement within specified lift thickness, and testing for compliance with plan specifications in accordance with the MS&TR. The frequency of these inspections should be random until it is verified that the contractor is adequately controlling the quality process, and then the frequency of inspection can be reduced. Foundations for forms for footings should receive careful inspection. Page | 18

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CHAPTER 3 The contractor should use imported suitable backfill material or granular backfill borrow when specified suitable backfill material is not available from roadway excavation. Particular attention should be paid to drainage when backfilling structures. If the plan requires weepholes, the material adjacent to weepholes should be permeable but not erodible. Geotextiles can assure separation of coarse rock surrounding the weephole from finer materials further away. Refer to Chapter 4 of this Manual, Drainage.

Documentation and Payment Structural excavation is considered incidental to other items so no separate measurement or payment is paid for as extra work except for over-excavation directed by the Engineer, the necessary import of suitable backfill material directed by the Engineer, or both. If overexcavation is required, make suﬃcient notes in the daily reports to support additional payment and document the orders to increase excavation. Imported backfill material cost is paid as extra work and may include transportation or freight costs. Placement of imported backfill material is at no additional expense to the Department. When separate payment is included, measurement is usually “as staked,” meaning quantities are computed based on the dimensional limits regardless of the quantities actually excavated.

Submittal Requirements Prior to performing inspection, request copies of the following documents: 1. Utility Location and Protection (Blue Stakes receipt form) 2. Disposal permits or agreements, if applicable 3. Documentation of Density Testing 4. Documentation of Lift Thickness 5. Weight Tickets for Measurement & Payment

Common Issues Encountered Document these common contractor mistakes: 1. Grade not cut to the required tolerance 2. Excavation and backfill are not compacted according to the plans

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3. Quality of materials was not ensured 4. Improper material disposal, on or oﬀ site 5. Drainage is not maintained 6. Contractor didn’t comply with applicable regulations 02317: STRUCTURAL EXCAVATION

Pre-Inspection Items  Backfill materials meet specification requirements and job mix gradation is satisfied by lab results and approval from the Department.  Contractor used imported suitable backfill material or granular backfill borrow when specified suitable backfill material was not available from roadway excavation.  Contractor provided a cofferdam for underwater work and removed all cofferdams, sheeting, and bracing when no longer needed, if applicable.

Field Documentation Items  Excavation and backfill limits are in accordance with the plans, and the contractor has not over-excavated unless directed to do so by the Engineer.  Contractor finished to design grade and within specified tolerance.  Density requirements are met.  Wasted materials are properly disposed of as directed by the Engineer.  Contractor has complied with all applicable regulations when excavating and trenching. Refer to Section 00820.

D) DITCH EXCAVATION – SECTION 02318 General Inspection of the excavation for ditches and trenches is an important part of an inspector’s job because of the safety precautions and regulations involved. It is essential for inspectors to be familiar with OSHA and UDOT regulations on ditch excavation, as well as the plan specifications and the intended site for the ditches. UDOT’s Construction Safety and Health Manual is available online through the UDOT website. Precautions can include testing for gases, halting work until accumulated water is removed, or installing structural support systems. OSHA’s construction regulations can be found online through the Occupational Safety and Health Page | 20

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CHAPTER 3 Administration website under the Regulations/Standards section, subtopic of Construction. The plans for some ditch excavations require the contractor to create a detailed plan showing the design of shoring, bracing, sloping, or other provisions for workersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; safety. If so, the inspector should ensure this has been completed and approved by an Engineer and that it conforms to the shoring system standards established by OSHA.

Before Work Begins Before the contractor excavates ditches, review the plans and the site to determine if the original ground needs to be cross-sectioned. If cross sections are necessary, the slope staking to calculate quantities can usually be accomplished at the same time as slope staking.

During Construction The contractor should form the ditch as shown in the plans along the contour of the ground. The contractor should place and compact excavated material in embankments as required in Section 02056. Placing excavated material on the downhill side of the ditch ensures slope stability during excavation and worker safety. Finished grade should meet plan specifications. For example, the inspector should look for slopes that would facilitate seeding and future maintenance such as mowing. Watch for slides or slipouts and ensure contractor takes appropriate corrective action, if required. These actions may be included in the contract or paid for as extra work requiring written approval from the Engineer, so refer to the contract provisions for payment information.

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3. Environmental Control requirements, including SWPPP certifications 4. Proposed method of blasting, delay pattern, explosive types, and type of blasting mat cover, if applicable 5. Materials are properly tested in accordance with UDOT MS&TR. Refer to Section 00725

Common Issues Encountered Document these common contractor mistakes: 1. Grade not cut to the required tolerance 2. Excavation and backfill are not compacted according to the plans & specifications 3. Improper material disposal, on or oﬀ site 4. Drainage is not maintained 5. Contamination of backfill material.

02318: DITCH EXCAVATION

Pre-Inspection Items  Erosion control measures are in place.  If cross sections are necessary, ensure the slope is staked to calculate quantities.  Excavation and backﬁll limits are in accordance with the plans, including correct depth and slopes. Refer to OSHA and UDOT regulations.  If the plans require the contractor to create a detailed plan showing the design of shoring, bracing, sloping, or other provisions for workers’ safety, the inspector should ensure this has been completed and approved by an Engineer and that it conforms to the shoring system standards established by OSHA.

Field Documentation Items  Material removed has been placed on the downhill side.  Areas are backfilled and compacted as specified.  Density requirements are met.  Material placement within specified lift thickness.  Compacted material has adequate moisture tested in accordance with the MS&TR.  Wasted materials are properly disposed of as directed by the Engineer.  If slides or slipouts occur, ensure the contractor takes appropriate corrective action.

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CHAPTER 3

3.3 MATERIALS PLACEMENT General This section applies to all materials placement throughout the following sections and should be referred to during the phases of construction after site preparation is completed. Inspectors have many duties during these phases of construction including verifications and submissions that must be completed before contractors are paid or work can be completed. For more detailed information, see Chapter 5 & 6. Dust control and drainage are important during all phases of construction so the inspector should always alert the contractor if dust or pooling water is observed. Inspectors should also ensure that an approved Traffic Control Plan is in place and that it is effective. Refer to Traffic Control, Chapter 2, in this manual. If the contractor is not abiding by the traffic control plan or if it is ineffective the inspector should alert the Engineer. This includes having adequate acceleration and deceleration lanes, effective track out areas and signage, and reversing alarms on all construction vehicles.

Certifications Inspectors are required to obtain certifications from the Western Alliance for Quality Transportation Construction (WAQTC) through the UDOT Transportation Technician Qualification Program (TTQP). These qualifications ensure that inspectors are competent to engage in quality control and quality assurance activities during construction work such as in place density testing. Further information about the Qualification programs can be found on the UDOT website.

Submittals An important part of an inspector’s job is ensuring that the Job Mix Gradation submittals are accurate and complete. The inspector must check that the contractor has submitted and secured approval of the gradation analysis to the Resident Engineer and the Regional UDOT Materials Lab for comparison to the field samples the inspector will take throughout construction of embankments. The maximum dry

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density and optimum moisture determination must have been completed prior to delivery. These are determined on a lot-by-lot basis, so for each type of material the inspector should refer to the corresponding section of the Standard Specifications. The supplier and source of materials need to be verified before delivering materials to the project. If applicable, the soil classification also needs to be completed.

Documentation and Payment The inspector must collect weight tickets for all materials delivered to the job site. These tickets include the approved job mix gradation and material type that matches the approval from the Engineer. These tickets are then submitted to the oďŹ&#x192;ce manager or lead inspector for payment. Many projects use imported borrow for fill material if inadequate supplies of cut materials are available on-site. If this is the case, inspectors will need to collect and submit those weight tickets. Frequently, however, excavated materials are saved and used later as fill. Cut fill then needs to be quantified and tracked by a method to be determined and approved by the Engineer and explained in the Special Provisions. For smaller projects or projects of shorter duration it is likely that quantities will be determined according to plan quantity. This quantity is sloped and staked by the contractorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s survey crew. Since this method is paid by plan quantity, the inspector does not need to check those load amounts. For larger projects or projects of extended duration, the Department prefers to set up a scale onsite so loads can be weighed and counted as excavated. This method of quantifying and tracking is also used when unanticipated excavation and fill are required. All inspectors should complete a C-111 form every single day spent on the project. This form includes collected weight tickets for measurement and payment. Inspectors record all construction activities, material quantities, placement techniques, weather & temperature, manpower, equipment, correspondence, roadway conditions, and incidents, along with any other important construction information.

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CHAPTER 3

Submittal Requirements Prior to performing inspection, request copies of the following documents: 1. Approved job mix formula (gradation targets) 2. Documentation of Density Testing 3. Weight Tickets for Measurement & Payment 4. Engineer inspection of working platform

Placement Checklist Document the contractorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s actions and other issues encountered: 1. Lift thickness 2. Added moisture and mixing 3. Compaction equipment 4. Equipment breakdowns 5. Time beginning and ending work 6. Weight ticket collection: verify proper materials, supplier and quantity. 7. Describe material appearance 8. Embankment materials are properly spread 9. Defective materials are removed and replaced

Common Issues Encountered Document these common contractor mistakes: 1. Improper or incomplete site preparation 2. Delivery of incorrect materials 3. Grade not cut to the required tolerance 4. All organic materials and obstructions are not removed 5. Improper material disposal, on or oďŹ&#x20AC; site

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6. Contamination of materials from waste or other aggregate 7. Materials placed on snow or frozen grade 8. Segregation of materials from too much spreading 9. Soft or yielding spots revealed during hauling, placing or compacting

MATERIALS PLACEMENT

Pre-Inspection Items  Effective trafﬁc, dust, and environmental controls are in place.  Drainage is maintained during construction.  All organic material, including topsoil, is removed before placing materials.  Underlying road surface is broken so that no piece exceeds 3.0 ft2.  Visually verify the acceptability of underlying surface.  Contractor has sampled and tested materials in accordance with UDOT MS&TR.  Ensure the contractor has submitted and received approval for the job mix gradation analysis, the soil classiﬁcation if applicable, the maximum dry density and optimum moisture determination, and the supplier and source of materials before delivering materials to the project.

Field Documentation Items  Collect and submit weight tickets for Measurement & Payment.  Material placement is in conformance with specified lift thickness.  Materials provided are free of contamination from chemical or petroleum products.  Contractor has removed any material found defective and replaced with acceptable material at no additional cost to the Department.  Embankments are constructed according to plan limits, finished to specified line and grade, and meet density requirements.  Proper compaction after placement. Document density test locations and results, retest areas identified and tied to follow-up testing.  Finished granular borrow surface within ±0.1 foot of line and grade.  Wasted materials have been measured and those quantities have been provided to the Engineer.

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CHAPTER 3

3.4 EMBANKMENT, BORROW AND BACKFILL â&#x20AC;&#x201C; SECTION 02056 General This section covers the materials and procedures for inspection of the construction of embankment, backfill, and bridge approach embankments. Since the embankment provides the basic support of the entire roadway, it is very important that it is properly constructed in accordance with all plans and specifications. Grades, slopes, density, and all other controls must be accurately and cautiously monitored during construction.

Before Work Begins Before embankments are placed the inspector should double check that all clearing, grubbing, stripping, and stockpiling of topsoil is complete. Besides understanding the structure of the roadway, the inspector should be familiar with soil types and corresponding characteristics because the soil type often determines the type of treatment that may be necessary to properly build the embankment. The inspector must be vigilant in enforcing applicable provisions of the Standard Specifications. Placement and compaction of fill material during the formation of embankments is critical so the inspector should observe the action of fill materials under the weight of equipment as an indicator of embankment stability. The entire area should be uniformly compacted to at least 95

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percent of the dry density for soil. The contractor should place roadway excavation or borrow in the embankment with the highest quality material in the top portion of the embankment.

During Construction The inspector should notify the Project Engineer if any unstable embankment materials are noticed. When embankments are unstable, though the contractor complied with all specifications and requirements, corrective procedures are necessary. These are paid for as extra work, but might require clearance from the Department.

Testing Always ensure density and compaction requirements are met and verified by adequate testing. Communicate & coordinate all project testing needs with the materials technician. Embankment densities are determined with proctor tests. Typically, nuclear density gauges are used to determine field densities for comparison with densities from the laboratory. The inspector should request a Proctor density test and determine moisture levels at the time a source sample is taken and submitted to the laboratory for approval of a borrow pit. Before the field density tests are run, the inspector should be familiar with both material samples. These samples are then compared. Finally, the inspector should ensure that compaction of the embankment is suﬃcient.

Documentation and Payment The inspector should document the estimated quantity of material placed each day with detailed work location information including stationing, oﬀset, and elevation references, as well as information on labor and equipment used, compaction methods, rolling patterns, etc. The inspector should also verify that all materials are properly documented on the weekly embankment report, Form 348. Forms can be found on UDOT’s website under the Inside UDOT tab, then follow links to Project Development, then Construction Materials and Civil Rights Division, then Contract Management, and finally click on Construction Forms.

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A) EMBANKMENT â&#x20AC;&#x201C; SECTION 02056 General Embankments are constructed using either roadway excavation or borrow material.

Before Work Begins The inspector should review any requirements to ensure that the contractor meets all commitments, including any measures pertaining to providing necessary access roads. Before embankment construction begins all embankment areas should be examined to determine any need for corrective treatment.

During Construction During the course of embankment construction the inspector should observe and bring to the attention of the engineer any and all locations where the grade appears soft or yields under the loading of construction equipment. Some areas of questionable support may only require subgrading. Others will require extensive systems of underdrains, filter blankets, rock trenches, or rock embankment. The inspector should verify that any underlying roadway surfaces are broken so that no piece exceeds 3.0 Sq Ft and that no oversized material is placed in the embankment. The inspector should also verify that there is suitable space between large materials to fill voids and allow for proper compaction. No large materials should be placed within 1.0 foot of the subgrade surface. If embankments are constructed against a hillside or existing embankment, the contractor should terrace the hillside or embankment to prevent slipping. The inspector

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should also observe the spreading and compacting operation to ensure it conforms to the layer thickness set forth in the plans. The material needs to form a firm, stable base.

Sampling and Testing The inspector must test embankment materials to ensure compaction uniformity. The decision on how much testing is necessary should be based on the material’s uniformity and the particular operation. Generally, if the operation is uniform and well within specifications, testing can be done less often. For non-uniform operations with varying results, increase testing frequency. The type and frequency of measurement will depend on the measurement and payment clauses of the contract. Density requirements vary by job mix gradation so inspectors should refer to the density references in Section 02056. Acceptance is on a lot-by-lot basis when average density is not less than 96 percent of maximum laboratory density and no single determination is lower than 92 percent.

Documentation and Payment Subbase materials are generally paid for by the ton, so take suﬃcient moisture samples at the time of weighing to accurately determine pay quantities. As the subbase is being spread the inspector should watch for significant segregation. Normally, this is accomplished through simple observation, but if problems persist, double check with a Inspectors should document the sieve analysis. Sometimes segregation can be avoided by wetting contractor’s actions and other issues encountered, including the following the material before spreading operations begin. It is important that items: the proper amount of water is evenly distributed at the time of • Weather compaction. • Lift thickness • Added moisture and mixing • Personnel Present • Compaction equipment • Equipment breakdowns • Time beginning and ending work

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The inspector should note in the daily report any inspections performed on items that are not otherwise part of a permanent record. For instance, there is no need to note any compaction tests taken because these are recorded elsewhere. However, any absence of testing should be explained in the daily report.

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Submittal Requirements Prior to performing inspection, request copies of the following documents: 1. Approved job mix formula (gradation targets), including: a. b. c. d.

Gradation Analysis Soil Classification, if applicable Dry Density and Moisture Determination Supplier and Source of Material

2. Weight Tickets for Measurement & Payment

Common Issues Encountered Document these common contractor mistakes: 1. Locations where the grade was found to be soft or yielding were not corrected 2. Improper material disposal, on or oﬀ site 3. Drainage is not maintained 4. Contamination of embankment materials 5. Compaction or moisture are incorrect 6. Embankments are constructed according to plan specifications

02056: EMBANKEMENT

Pre-Inspection Items  Ensure the contractor has submitted and received approval for the job mix gradation analysis, the soil classiﬁcation if applicable, the maximum dry density and optimum moisture determination, and the supplier and source of materials before delivering materials to the project.

Field Documentation Items  Material placement is in conformance with specified lift thickness.  Contractor has removed any material found defective and replaced with acceptable material at no additional cost to the Department.  Embankments are constructed according to plan limits, finished to specified line and grade, and meet density requirements.  Contractor has sampled and tested materials in accordance with UDOT MS&TR.

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B) BORROW – SECTION 02056 General Borrow is material used to construct embankments and includes classifications A-1 through A-4. It is generally obtained from a source outside the right of way. If the contractor wants to secure borrow from within the right of way, written permission needs to be secured from the Engineer. For oﬀ-site sources, the contractor should notify the Department of a desire to use a certain borrow pit so that samples can be taken to determine if the source is acceptable for the intended use, meaning that borrow excavated must conform to the required classification. Check the specifications for classification, change, and possible gradation maximum.

Before Work Begins The inspector should review the contract for the specific types of borrow the contractor will use. Borrow excavation may involve environmental requirements or other commitments including compliance with the Surface Mining and Reclamation Act, permits and right-of-way agreements, and other items that may aﬀect borrow excavation.

Borrow Excavation Before any material is removed from the borrow pit, the contractor must gain approval from the Department or the Regional Materials Lab. This approval process involves many steps, the first of which should be the determination of the basis of payment. If by the cubic yard, the material is to be measured in its original position. Cross-sections of the pit are necessary. Refer to the specifications for survey requirements. If by the ton, scales need to be provided to weigh the material. Scales must be certified by the State’s Department of Agriculture. Following approval, the contractor needs to prepare the borrow pit for excavation Page | 32

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CHAPTER 3 of aggregate. This process includes the stripping of vegetation and unsatisfactory material, and when possible, the cross-sectioning of the pit after clearing and grubbing are completed. If the top surface of the pit is very rough and cross-sections are necessary, the pit should be leveled off to permit accurate cross-sections. If the source contains different qualities of material, the best quality material shall be placed in the top portion of the embankment. Borrow should be hauled from the borrow pit and placed in the embankments in lifts in the same manner as in Section 02330. The contractor should not place material on snow or frozen grade. As in roadway excavation, borrow lifts should be graded off smoothly so water is not trapped. Care should be taken to ensure that the material is not wasted and is placed only in required areas.

Compaction Compaction requirements are the same for borrow as embankment. To obtain proper compaction it is necessary for the material to be near optimum moisture. Deviations from optimum moisture content should be recorded in the daily diary. The contractor should route the haul equipment uniformly over the whole grade to aid the compaction. The inspector should make daily checks of the lift depth and record the information. Soft and yielding spots should be corrected for proper compaction. The contractor should remove any place that is yielding or pumping under wheel load test. If these spots are found in the embankment, any necessary correction is at the contractor’s expense by methods determined by the Engineer.

Sampling and Testing Samples should be obtained to check classification and proctor information according to specification requirements or when a change in material occurs. When the embankment and excavations are brought to the elevations specified in the plans, typical section checks should be made by survey verification. The subgrade surface must be checked to see if it conforms to true line and grade. Tolerances can be checked with a straightedge, string line, or survey instrument. The finished slopes should be dressed and uniform.

Types There are two types of borrow. Granular borrow has a classification of A-1-a, it is non-plastic, it is well-graded, it meets AASHTO M 145, and it has a 3 inch maximum. Granular

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backfill borrow is classification A-1-a, it is non-plastic, it is well-graded, it meets AASHTO M 145, and it has a 2 inch maximum. The following checklist applies to both types of borrow.

Site Inspection Inspect the site for proper construction and document the contractor’s actions: 1. Compaction Equipment 2. Uniform compaction meeting MS&TR 3. The material placement is in conformance with specified lift thickness 4. The contractor removed any defective material and replaced with acceptable material 5. Report all locations where the grade appears soft or yields under the loading of construction equipment on Form C106, Notice of Unacceptable Work or Material 6. The finished the granular borrow surface is within ±0.1 foot of line and grade.

Common Issues Encountered Document these common contractor mistakes: 1. Material placed on snow or frozen grade 2. Locations where the grade was found to be soft or yielding were not corrected 3. Improper material disposal, on or oﬀ site 4. Drainage is not maintained 5. Contamination of borrow materials 6. Material placed with significant number of aggregate pieces larger than allowed by specification. Page | 34

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CHAPTER 3 02056: BORROW (Granular Borrow & Granular Backﬁll Burrow)

Pre-Inspection Items  Contractor has sampled and tested materials in accordance with UDOT MS&TR.  Approved job mix formula.  Soil classiﬁcation meets the speciﬁed requirements.  Erosion control measures are in place.  Drainage is maintained during construction.

Field Documentation Items  Material placement is in conformance with speciﬁed lift thickness.  Material has not been placed on snow or frozen grade.  Materials provided are free of contamination from chemical or petroleum products.  Contractor has removed any material found defective and replaced with acceptable material at no additional cost to the Department.  Wasted materials have been measured and those quantities have been provided to the Engineer.  Density requirements have been met for compacted borrow and backﬁll materials.  Finished granular borrow surface within ±0.1 foot of line and grade.

C) EMBANKMENT

FOR

BRIDGE – SECTION 02056

General The contractor should use granular borrow for bridge embankments. Refer to 3.3B (above) for inspection requirements. Additionally, ensure the Engineer has inspected and accepted the working platform or foundation before the embankment is placed.

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Site Inspection Inspect the site for proper construction and document the contractor’s actions: 1. Compaction Equipment 2. Uniform compaction meeting MS&TR 3. The material placement is in conformance with specified lift thickness 4. Materials delivered meet specifications 5. The contractor removed any defective material and replaced with acceptable material 6. The finished surface and grade meets plan specifications 7. Embankment materials are properly spread

Common Issues Encountered Document these common contractor mistakes: 1. Material placed on snow or frozen grade 2. Locations where the grade was found to be soft or yielding were not corrected 3. Improper material disposal, on or oﬀ site 4. Drainage is not maintained 5. Contamination of borrow materials 6. Contractor hasn’t over-excavated unsuitable material 7. Approach embankments are not properly constructed

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CHAPTER 3

02056: EMBANKMENT FOR BRIDGE

Pre-Inspection Items  Approved job mix formula.  Soil classiﬁcation meets the speciﬁed requirements.  Erosion control measures are in place.  Drainage is maintained during construction.

Field Documentation Items  Material placement is in conformance with specified lift thickness.  Contractor has sampled and tested materials in accordance UDOT MS&TR.  Materials provided are free of contamination from chemical or petroleum products.  Contractor has removed any material found defective and replaced with acceptable material at no additional cost to the Department.  Density requirements have been met for compacted borrow and backfill material.  Finished granular borrow surface is within ±0.1 foot of line and grade.  Engineer has inspected and accepted the working platform or foundation before embankment is placed.  Embankment materials are spread uniformly in layers not exceeding 1ft (uncompacted depth).  Contractor has reduced the lift thickness if tests showed unsatisfactory density.  Contractor has over-excavated unsuitable material such as soft, springy, organic, or otherwise yielding material at natural ground level.  Contractor has constructed approach embankments from the original existing ground up with the specified material to the limits defined by the Section and in accordance with DD series Standard Drawings.

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Construction Inspection Guide D) FREE DRAINING GRANULAR BACKFILL – SECTION 02056 General FREE DRAINING GRANULAR BACKFILL GRADATION

Sieve Size

Percent Passing

1½ inch

100%

1 inch

95 - 100%

½ inch

25 - 60%

No. 4

0 - 10%

Free draining granular backfill must meet the gradation requirements in the table above.

Submittal Requirements Prior to performing inspection, request copies of the following documents: 1. Approved job mix formula (gradation targets) 2. Weight Tickets for Measurement & Payment

Common Issues Encountered Document these common contractor mistakes: 1. Material placed on snow or frozen grade 2. Locations where the grade was found to be soft or yielding were not corrected 3. Drainage is not maintained 4. Lift thickness or moisture is incorrect 02056: FREE DRAINING GRANULAR BACKFILL  Approved job mix formula.  Gradation requirements have been met.  Material placement in conformance within speciﬁed lift thickness.  Contractor has backﬁlled to 12 inches above the top of any pipe.

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E) SELECT BACKFILL

FOR

MSE WALLS – SECTION 02832S GENERAL

Mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) is soil constructed with artificial reinforcing. It can be used for retaining walls, bridge abutments, dams, seawalls, and dikes. Only select backfill should be used for MSE walls. The reinforcement materials of MSE can vary widely from steel grids to geotextiles. The inspector should ensure that materials used meet plan specifications and that density requirements are met.

Submittal Requirements Prior to performing inspection, request copies of the following documents: 1. Approved job mix formula (gradation targets) 2. Weight Tickets for Measurement & Payment

Common Issues Encountered Document these common contractor mistakes: 1. Material placed on snow or frozen grade 2. Drainage is not maintained 3. Lift thickness or moisture is incorrect 4. Material not placed to plan dimensions 5. Material not placed to plan dimensions 6. Material not properly compacted 02832S: SELECT BACKFILL FOR MSE WALLS  Approved job mix formula.  Density requirements have been met.  Soil classification, gradation, and other soil requirements satisfy the materials specification.  Material placement in conformance within specified lift thickness.

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Construction Inspection Guide F) GEOTEXTILES – SECTION 02075 General This section includes the inspection of the geotextiles shown on the drawings and at other locations as directed by the Engineer. Geotextiles are permeable fabrics which, when used in association with soil, have the ability to separate, filter, reinforce, protect, and drain.

Before Work Begins Ensure the contractor places materials in the correct area with correct overlap and anchoring using proper placement methods. The inspector should be familiar with the manufacturer’s recommended installation instructions. Including the overlap and anchoring requirements. Additionally, the contractor must protect the materials from direct sunlight, chemicals, mud, dirt, and debris during shipment and storage. The contractor must replace, at the contractor’s sole expense, any geotextile damaged or deteriorated during shipping, storage or construction.

Sampling and Testing The contractor must test each individual lot of geotextile prior to shipment and send those testing reports with the shipment to the job site. All rolls should be clearly labeled as part of the same production run. Additionally, the contractor must certify they meet all material requirements. The contractor must submit copies of invoices or bills of lading to the Department before any materials are delivered to the project site. Ensure the material tags display the appropriate information.

Submittal Requirements Prior to performing inspection, request copies of the following documents: 1. Materials approval 2. COC 3. Invoices or Bills of Lading 4. Measurements of area placed prior to installation

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Common Issues Encountered Document these common contractor mistakes: 1. Improper site preparation 2. Geotextile placed on snow 3. Drainage is not maintained 4. Improper installation 02075: GEOTEXTILES

Pre-Inspection Items  Manufacturer’s COC with appropriate tags or labels from the materials has been delivered to the project.  Contractor has submitted copies of invoices or bills of lading.  Contractor has tested materials in accordance with UDOT MS&TR prior to shipment and sent testing reports with the shipment to the job site.  Contractor has protected the geotextile from direct sunlight, chemicals, mud, dirt, and debris during shipment and storage.

Field Documentation Items  Correct area, overlap, anchoring, and placement methods.  Contractor has replaced, at the contractor’s sole expense, any geotextile damaged or deteriorated during shipping, storage or construction.  Rolls are clearly labeled and tagged as part of the same production run and materials are certiﬁed to meet all material requirements.

G) FLOWABLE FILL – SECTION 03575 General Flowable fill has been called “liquid soil” requiring no compaction and includes bedding and backfill for utility trenches, paving subbase, bridge abutment, and retaining wall backfill. Flowable fill mixtures are usually comprised of combinations of cement, water, fine aggregate, and fly ash or slag. Materials include cement (Section 03055), pozzolan (Section 03055), sand, coarse aggregate, and admixtures. Unless prior written approval is granted, UDOT requires that flowable fill be used as backfill under paved areas in all urban areas and on rural highways with high volume traﬃc, as determined by the Department. This must be done in conformance with

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the Standard Specifications. In areas where flowable fill is not required, backfill used must still be in conformance with respective requirements.

Submittal Requirements Prior to performing inspection, request copies of the following documents: 1. Approved job mix formula (gradation targets) 2. Certified Strength Test Results 3. Batch Tickets during inspection

Common Issues Encountered Document these common contractor mistakes: 1. Improper site preparation 2. Material placed on snow or frozen grade 3. Drainage is not maintained 4. Improper material selection or placement 03575: FLOWABLE FILL  Contractor has selected materials with an approved mix design.  Materials were combined to meet the requirements for strength and constructability as required.  Strength determined from trial batches at 28 days and submitted certified test results or laboratory trial batch to verify strength prior to placement. Strengths as follows:  Minimum strength: 50 psi. ASTM D 4832.  Maximum strength: 150 psi. ASTM D 4832.  Slump: 5 inches to 10 inches.  A suitable aggregate size and gradation of flowable fill for the intended application was used.  Submitted batch tickets supporting approved design to Engineer at least seven days before placement.  Proper placement methods.

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3.5 COMPACTION

A) COMPACTION – SECTION 02324 General This section describes the purpose and general practices for measuring and evaluating the compaction of construction materials. Proper compaction of materials is a critical step in ensuring that infrastructure will provide the intended function and service life. Items of work that involve compaction include roadway excavation, structural excavation, embankment, backfilling around drainage pipes and utilities, bedding for concrete work, pavement base courses, hot mix asphalt pavement, and open graded surface course. Types of material that are compacted include subgrade, common fill (borrow, granular borrow, granular backfill borrow, embankment for bridge, sand, clay, topsoil), untreated base course, and hot mix asphalt. Testing is used to evaluate whether proper compaction of various materials has been achieved.

Before Work Begins Compaction directly aﬀects the supporting strength of soil, and the contractor must choose the best method for achieving the required compaction. The less compaction, the lower the supporting power when the material is saturated. The contractor may choose to use wetting agents, provided no detrimental eﬀects result.

During Construction Moisture and compactive eﬀort are two factors that are important in achieving the proper compaction of materials. To attain the required compaction, ensure that the contractor suﬃciently dries material that contains excessive moisture. Then ensure that the resulting embankment is firm and stable. Compaction is evaluated in relative terms by comparing the measured density of a material to a target density. The required level of compaction and testing frequency varies depending on the item of work and type of material being compacted. For example, hot mix asphalt usually requires more compaction and testing than borrow. Likewise,

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UDOT

Construction Inspection Guide

untreated base course used for sidewalk will usually require less compaction and testing than untreated base course used for hot mix asphalt pavement.

Sampling, Testing and Certifications Inspectors should refer to the applicable special provisions, standard specifications, and the Minimum Sampling and Testing Guide (MS&TR) to determine specific compaction and testing requirements for each item of work. The MS&TR can be found on UDOTâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s website on the same page as construction forms. Inspectors are responsible to become certified to perform compaction testing associated with inspection duties by attending and completing the Safety Training for Nuclear Density Gauges. Information about UDOT safety courses is available on the UDOT website. Entry-level inspectors can perform compaction testing as on the job training under the supervision of a certified inspector and have the required safety training with film badge. Inspectors are required to obtain and maintain current certifications to perform testing for items that they will be responsible to inspect. Study the specific requirements associated with the type of material that is being compacted. Obtain the required equipment that is necessary to perform the compaction testing. A sample of the material to be compacted must be analyzed to determine soil classification, optimum moisture, and density (lb/cu ft). These results are necessary to determine the relative density. When the layer has been compacted and prepared for the next lift, a certified operator should take compaction tests by means of the nuclear device at a random location. Any area outside the random that visually looks diďŹ&#x20AC;erent from the other areas should also be tested.

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CHAPTER 3: DEMOLITION & EARTHWORK

CHAPTER 3 It is critical that technicians and engineers understand the significance of randomly determining sample and test locations or intervals. Use of random numbers and application of the principles introduced in this section gives every portion of the lot or sublot an equal chance of being sampled or tested without introduction of bias. It is also important to accurately document the assumptions and/or specifications governing random number generation, and what method was used to obtain them.

Submittal Requirements Prior to performing inspection, request copies of the following documents: 1. Approved job mix formula (gradation targets) 2. Documentation of Density Testing 3. Documentation of Random Sample and Test Location or Interval

Site Inspection Inspect the site for proper construction and document the contractor’s actions. Note the compaction equipment being used and document whether uniform compaction meeting MS&TR standards was achieved.

Common Issues Encountered Document these common contractor mistakes: 1. Improper site preparation 2. Drainage is not maintained 3. Density testing is incomplete 4. Proper compaction is not achieved 02324: COMPACTION  Contractor has generated and documented the random Sampling and Testing frequencies, locations or intervals as determined from MS&TR.  Compacting testing is documented to show that the required numbers of tests have been performed and proper compaction has been achieved.  Density testing forms competed daily and placed in the project ﬁle.  Compaction equipment type used and compaction method/pattern noted.

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Construction Inspection Guide Chapter Links

1-Preface & Introduction

2-Traffic Control

3-Demolition and Earthwork

4-Drainage

5-Pavement & Materials

6-Structures

7-Traffic Signals, Lighting, ATMS

8-Striping, Signing, Safety Features

9-Landscaping, Fencing, Incidental Const.

10-Utilities

11-PDBS

12-Crash Cushion & Barrier End Treatments

Construction Inspection Guide

udot.utah.gov/go/construction