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Human Microbiome Presentation by: Taylor Ledet Rachel Firmin Johnson
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Outline What
is the Human Microbiome?
Health How How
Benefits of Micro-biota
it is affected by diet
to Achieve Healthy Gut
Chronic
Disease Associations
Current
Research
IHMC
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What is the Human Microbiome?
Microorganisms also
known as flora
Mutualistic Flora
naturally present in the human body
relationship
present from esophagus to rectum
Composed
of Bacteria, Archaea & Eukarya
Causes
no harm to humans
Some
are even beneficial
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Biome vs. Biota Microbiome bacteria
encompassing your entire body
Micro-biota bacteria
in a specific part of the body
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Eyes
Where can they be found?
Most Everywhere!
Eyes
Mouth and Saliva
Surface and deep layers of skin
GI tract
Reproductive Tracts
Mouth and Saliva
Skin GI tract
Reproductive Tracts
The Normal Flora of Humans Location
Bacteria
Skin
Corynebacterium diphtheria, Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epidermis, Strains of Streptococci
Eye
Staphylococci, Streptococci, Neisseria, Haemophilus
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Upper Respiratory Tract
Staphylococci, streptococci, spirochetes, Neisseria, Haemophilus, Branhamella
Mouth and Saliva
Staphylococci, streptococci, Lactobacillus acidophilus, anaerobic spirochetes
GI Tract
Lactobacilli, Enterococci, Clostridium, E. Coli, Pseudomonas
Reproductive Tract
Lactobacilli and Mycobacterium
http://www.uiweb.uidaho.edu/micro_biology/250/Week10.pdf
Area of Concentration •
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Micro-biota of the gut
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Gut Microbiota Diverse Adult 10
& Complex
GI harbors up to 100 trillion microorganisms
x that of the cells in human body
Plays
an important role in:
Digestion Production Health
of Essential Vitamins
of GI tract
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http://www.customprobiotics.com/_images/intestinal-microflora-410.jpg
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Introduction of the Gut Micro-biota Infant
gut is sterile
Micro-biome Route
of delivery
Antibiotic Early
is introduced early
use
nutrition
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Breast Milk vs. Formula Both
breast milk and formula introduce a variety of bacteria
Research
has found that breast milk better than infant formula
Breast
milk provides oligosaccharides
Infant
Micro-biome Project
http://ffhi.ucdavis.edu/prog/fg/proj/im
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Health Benefits: Metabolism Bacteria
of the gut produces many vitamins…
B Vitamins: riboflavin, thiamin, folic acid, and biotin
Vitamin K
Assists
in absorption of certain electrolytes, micronutrients, minerals, & amino acids
Breaks Aids
down Fiber
in the biotransformation of bile
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Health Benefits: Protection “Good” & “Bad” bacteria Aids
compete for nutrients
in immune function
Breaks
down dietary toxins and carcinogens
Friendly Bacteria L. acidophilus, L. salivarius, L. casei, L. thermophilus, B. bifidum, B. longum, etc.
Unfriendly Bacteria Pathogenic bacteria and fungi, such as Candida albicans, etc.
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Diet and the Microbiome Probiotics Bacteria
that are beneficial to humans
Consists
of many populations
What
Prebiotics
Food
for the bacteria in humans
Stimulate
growth and increase number of bacteria in the gut
you eat has an effect on the gut micro-biota Increase number Increase certain types
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How diet affects the Human Microbiome ď Ž Examples
of food that contains Probiotics
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How diet affects the Human Microbiome ď Ž Examples
of foods that contain Prebiotics
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Associated Chronic Diseases IBS Cardiovascular
Disease
Diabetes
Type I & II
Obesity Cancer Many
Others…
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ST_7l5HTGbo/T3pj3IMg6wI/AAAAAAAAA
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How to Achieve Gut Health Diet
& Nutrition
Prebiotics & Probiotics
FIBER: Soluble & Insoluble
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The Magic of Fiber Insoluble
Promotes Regularity
Treatment for IBS
Decreases Risk of Colon Cancer
Soluble
Adequate consumption decreases risk of CVD
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Soluble Fiber & LDL
http://www.drugs.com/health-guide/images/205065.jpg
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How to Achieve Gut Health Diet
& Nutrition
Prebiotics & Probiotics
FIBER: Soluble & Insoluble
Drink
plenty of Fluids
“Healthy” Body Weight Lifestyle
Patterns
Preventative
Measures
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http://www.docbig.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/stage-4-colon-cancer-colonoscopy-image81.jpg
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www.loveyourgut.com Everyday
tips for Improving Gut Health
Gut Food, Gut in Shape, Gut Active & Lifestyle Tips
Sponsored
by
Yakult
IBS Network
CORE
ISCC
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Current Research International
Human Microbiome Consortium
NIH Human Microbiome Project
META-HIT
Gut
& Psychology Syndrome
THE HUMAN MICROBIOME PROJECT SAYS THE HUMAN BODY HAS 100 TRILLION MICROSCOPIC LIFE FORMS LIVING IN IT.
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You call this LIVING?
The Human Microbiome Project
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NIH Human Microbiome Project Emphasis
on:
Impacts on Health
Microbiome Analysis
Reference Genomes
http://hmpdacc.org/ Collaboration
of Individual Researchers
50 Institutions & Individual Researchers
http://commonfund.nih.gov/hmp/fundedresearch.aspx
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Metagenomics of the Human Intestinal Tract Objective:
Association of Bacterial Genes with Human Health and Disease
Project
Includes:
Catalog of Genes
Microbial Profiling
Function Analysis
Technology Transfer
http://www.metahit.eu/
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Gut Microflora and Energy Storage Germ
Free Mice Inserted with Microbiota of Conventional Mice
60% Increase in Body Fat Composition
Increase in Insulin Resistance in 14 days
Dietary
Polysaccharides
Greater Absorption
The Gut Microbiota as an Environmental Factor that Regulates Fat Storage; Backhed et al, 2004 Sept. 24
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Gut Microbiota and Obesity
Metabolic
Activities of the Gut Extract Calories
High-fat-diet induced Metabolic Syndrome
Obese
Mice and Humans tend to have:
Fewer Bacteroidetes
More Firmicutes
Set
Point Theory
Host Energy Homeostasis
Gut Microbiota and Its Possible Relationship with Obesity; DiBaise et al, 2008
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Pathophysiology Dominant
Bacterial Divisions:
Bacteroidetes
Firmicutes
Increased
of Obesity
Capacity to Harvest Energy
Transmissable
Genetics?
An Obesity-Associated Gut Microbiome with Increased Capacity for Energy Harvest; Turnbaugh et al, Dec. 2006
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Genetics
http://www.bestdietsupplements.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/overweight-family-300x200.jpg http://www.health.gov/paguidelines/blog/category/Healthy-People.aspx
http://assets.nydailynews.com/polopoly_fs/1.399379!/img/httpImage/image.jpg
http://pcmlifestyle.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Healthy-Families-01.jpg
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http://download.journals.elsevierhealth.com/pdfs/journals/00256196/PIIS0025619611607027.pdf
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GAPS Dr. Natasha
Campbell-
McBride
Growth of Epidemics
Dr. Andrew Wakefield
Inflammatory condition in bowel of Autistic Children
Autistic Enterocolitis
Dr. Curtis
Dohan
Digestive abnormalities in schizophrenia patients
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Summary What
is the Human Microbiome?
Health Benefits of Micro-biota
How it is affected by diet
How
to Achieve Healthy Gut
Chronic
Disease Associations
Current
Research
IHMC
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ME T AG E N OMI P R G U T R P O M I C RO BI L E I L B O I I T O O I N T C I S C M I C R O OR GA N I M S S
M I CR O B I OT A N C S O L U Insoluble Metagenomics B Prebiotics Soluble L Microorganisms ME Gut Trillion Microbiota Probiotics Microbiome Colonoscopy
C O L O N O S O L U B L E C O P Y Across
Down 2. Fiber that promotes regularity 4. Beneficial bacteria that can be ingested by humans 6. The adult GI harbors up to 100 ___ microorganisms 7. ___ are food for bacteria in humans 8. A ____ is a way to check for colon cancer
1. ___ refers to bacteria in a certain part of the body 3. The study of microbial communities 5. An interchangeable term for intestines 9. ___ refers to bacteria in the entire human body 10. Fiber that decreases cholesterol levels 11. ____ are naturally present in the human body
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References
Pussinen, PHD, Pirkko J. "American Diabetes Association."American Diabetes Association. 34.2 page. Web. 5 Nov. 2012. <http:// care.diabetesjournals.org/content/34/2/392>.
(2010): n.
Talley NJ. Irritable bowel syndrome. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. Sleisenger & Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. 9th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2010:chap 118.
Burkholder, P. R. "Synthesis of Vitamins by Intestinal Bacteria." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 28.7 (1942): 285-89. Pubmed. Web. Oct 25, 2012. <http ://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1078469/>
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References
Vyas, Usha, and Natarajan Ranganathan. "Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics: Gut and Beyond." Gastroenterology Research and Practice 2012 (2012): 1-16. Pubmed. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. <http:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3459241/>.
Rook, GA W., and LR Brunet. "Microbes, Immunoregulation, and the Gut." GUT: An International Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 54.3 (2005): 317-20. Pubmed. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. <http:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1774411/>.
Cabrera-Rubio, R., M.C. Callado, K. Laitinen, S. Salminen, E. Isolauri, and A. Mira. "The human milk microbiome changes over lactation and is shaped by maternal weight and mode of delivery." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 96 (2012): 544-51. Pubmed. 13 Nov. 2012 <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22836031>.
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References ď Ž
Duke Medicine News and Communications. "Breast Milk Promotes a Different Gut Flora Growth Than Infant Formulas." Current Nutrition and Food Science (2012). DukeHealth.org. 27 Aug. 2012. 13 Nov. 2012 <http:// www.dukehealth.org/health_library/news/breast-milkpromotes-a-different-gut-flora-growth-than-infantformulas>.
ď Ž
Donovan, Sharon M. "Human Milk: Role of Indigenous Prebiotics and Probiotics." International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics. 2012. 13 Nov. 2012 <http://www.isapp.net/docs Donovan_plenary_abstr.pdf>.
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