OBSOLETE ? [WORK CULTURE IN THE SECOND MACHINE AGE]
OBSOLETE ? [WORK CULTURE IN THE SECOND MACHINE AGE]
A thesis presented to the Undergraduate Faculty of The Newschool of Architecture & Design By: Tyler Dinis June 2018 San Diego, CA In partial fulfillment of requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Architecture
Copyright Š 2018 by Tyler Dinis All rights reserved, including the right to reproduce this book or portions thereof in any form whatsoever (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without the express written permission of the publisher. Bachelor of Architecture Newschool of Architecture & Design First Edition, 2018 Manufactured in the United States of America
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OBSOLETE ? [WORK CULTURE IN THE SECOND MACHINE AGE]
A Thesis Presented to the Undergraduate Faculty of The Newschool of Architecture & Design By: Tyler Dinis
Undergraduate Chair
Michael Stepner, FAIA
Date:
Thesis Supervisor
Eric R. P. Farr, Ph.D.
Date:
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This thesis book is dedicated to my parents, Manuel and Geraldine Dinis, for their never-ending love, sacrifices and support to give me a chance at success. I could have never accomplished all that I did without them. A great deal of gratitude also goes to my thesis supervisor Dr. Eric Farr, for inspiring in me a new excitement for architecture and a future of hopeful creativity.
ABSTRACT
This thesis begins at the intersection of architecture, technology and sociology. It is a speculative response to the future of work culture in the next 20-30 years when artificial intelligence (A.I.) and robotics will begin to automate more cognitive jobs. Our digital economy will soon combine with an emerging Second Machine Age to create a new crowd-based Capitalism where microentrepreneurship changes society’s model of earning a living. As technology grows and evolves to improve our everyday lives, it also poses the question of relevance. Do we and the jobs we do become obsolete as newlyinvented automated processes come to replace us? Historically, automation has always threatened to replace human labor since the invention of the first fully automated spinning mill driven by water power. Although we are much more advanced and using technology to our advantage, the inevitable push towards A.I. will drive us from our current forms of work and force us into new jobs. If we look to the past, we find generations of people that adapted and changed their lifestyles and occupations to fit the current climate. The answer to our success lies in our ability to adapt and invent new modes of work. This project focuses on entrepreneurs and freelance workers who have historically been the inventors of new ideas and thus new modes of work. We must then analyze the type of working environment necessary to facilitate the work of constant invention and adaptation.
CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 15
Problem Statement
17
Critical Position
19
Thesis Statement
REVIEW OF LITERATURE 22
Work Is Our Life
24
The Second Machine Age
26
Hierarchy vs Heterarchy
28
T h e Fu t u r e o f Wo r k
CONCEPT STUDIES 32
Homo Ludens
38
Entrepreneurship
44
Adaptive Reuse
50
Tr a n s f o r m a t i o n
DESIGN PROCESS 58
Site Selection
74
Programming
80
Form Generation
88
Building Representation
108
Animations
133
CONCLUSIONS
137
APPENDICES
01 | INTRODUCTION
15
Problem Statement
17
Critical Position
19
Thesis Statement
Figure 1: Spinning Mill
P R O B L E M S TAT E M E N T AUTOMATION
W
e are at the point in job automation where artificial intelligence and robotics will soon perform more cognitive functions by 2035, putting about 55% of U.S. jobs at risk and challenging human labor to respond in creative ways (Chen, 2017). According to the International Monetary Fund, the digital economy will combine with an emerging second machine age to create a new crowdbased Capitalism where micro-entrepreneurship changes society’s model of earning a living (Sundararajan, 2017).
IS
COMING
of work that can be complimented by machine automation rather than be made obsolete. Our ability to change with the inevitable automation of the future will determine our relevance among A.I.
(Chen, 2017) Future job automation to hit hardest in low wage metropolitan areas (Sundararajan, 2017) The Future of Work
The future work culture will consist of creative entrepreneurs and freelance workers who will need to invent modes INTRODUCTION | 15
INTRODUCTION | 16
Figure 2: New Babylon
C R I T I C A L P O S I T I O N
FREELANCE IS THE FUTURE
I
n the early 1960s, radical thinkers like Constant Nieuwenhuys and the architecture collective Superstudio imagined a future that was freed from work with the help of machine automation. From this imagination came the global project New Babylon by Constant, which was designed for a Utopian society that was free to travel, play and create at their leisure in a global architecture that was always manipulated to fit users’ needs (Wigley, 1998, p. 12).
the most prominent occupation in which individuals with focused skills in cognitive-creation will work in symbiosis with AI and robotics on a projectby-project basis. We must then question current work environments and how they will change when the workforce will become more flexible in both productions of work and necessity of space.
(Wigley, 1998) Constant’s New Babylon: The HyperArchitecture of Desire
Although Constant’s vision is not our current reality, it questions our necessity for work and offers us a lesson for dealing with our future of job automation. To accommodate this future, freelance work will become INTRODUCTION | 17
INTRODUCTION | 18
Figure 3: Labyrinth
T H E S I S S TAT E M E N T FLEXIBILITY / ADAPTABILITY
D
espite the fact that we cannot predict exactly what jobs will exist alongside AI and robotics in the future, we do know the skills these jobs will require. Skills such as flexibility, adaptability and innovative thinking can be used a basis for understanding the needs of future workplaces. This thesis will investigate creative work that is assisted by technology in both digital and manufacturing production. A new workplace will be established as a hub for all creative freelance work and entrepreneurship. Working environments must be physically adaptable to user needs similar to the ever-changing vision of New Babylon (Wigley, Constant’s New Babylon, 2015).
(Wigley, 2015) Salon | Architect Talk | Constant’s New Babylon
INTRODUCTION | 19
02 | REVIEW OF LITERATURE
22
Work is Our Life
24
The Second Machine Age
26
Hierarchy vs Heterarchy
28
T h e Fu t u r e o f Wo r k
WORK IS OUR LIFE “Work saves a man from the three great evils: boredom, vice, and need.” - Voltaire, 1759, Candide
Figure 4: Sensory Input
W
ork has been a part of our lives for a long time now, and the demands of Capitalism further increase our need to work.
(Popova, 2017) Taken from Theodor Adorno’s essay Work and Pleasure, 1994.
The German philosopher Theodor Adorno believes that we have come to see everything in terms of its economic value. Everything we do is now tied, in some way or another, to our work. Adorno went so far as to say that Capitalism rules us, and makes us behave in ways contrary to our nature (Popova, 2017). We recognize each other not by who we are, but more by what we do for a living. Telling someone about yourself will commonly include a description of your job occupation, regardless of financial hierarchy.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE | 22
Work is a more important aspect of our lives than we sometimes realize. More than just a means of earning a living, work is what gives us our self-worth, structure and value to society. As quoted in his book Drive, Daniel Pink discusses even the most seemingly menial jobs like warehouse stocking. Those previously unemployed were given more than a regular paycheck again, they were given a sense of pride (Brynjolfsson & McAfee, 2014, p.129). Although the life of freeroaming nomadism may seem enticing as described in Constant’s New Babylon project, a sociological study of a life without work shows a contrary view. Sociologist William Julius describes the consequences of high neighborhood joblessness
Figure 5: Man as Industrial Palace
when compared to high neighborhood poverty. The study found the issues of inner-city crime, broken families and low social organization could all be linked to the disappearance of work (as quoted in Brynjolfsson & McAfee, 2014, p.129). The need for work is directly linked to how we find meaning in our lives and connect with other members of society. This is why generations of people before us have fought to adapt in the face of job automation and why we must do the same.
(Brynjolfsson & McAfee, 2014) The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies
REVIEW OF LITERATURE | 23
THE SECOND MACHINE AGE “A good receptionist needs to be helpful, friendly and organized. But do they need to be human?” - Peter Miscovich, The Future is Automated
Figure 6: JiLL
T
(Sundararajan, 2017) The Future of Work (Miscovich, 2017) The future is automated. Here’s how we can prepare for it.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE | 24
he Second Machine Age is a phrase coined by Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew Mcafee to describe the next wave of technology coming to perform cognitive tasks that were previously exclusive to human labor. New technologies to come present the threat of automation in the fields of finance, medicine and legal services that could begin to displace people from their current positions (as quoted in Sundararajan, pg.3). The First Machine Age saw advancements in machinery specifically for the automation of manufacturing work. This was made possible by the practice of Taylorism which broke down manufacturing tasks into smaller tasks that could be done quick and
repeatedly. The Second Machine Age will be made possible by the same means of Taylorism. AI and robotics can be programmed to perform cognitive, repetitive work that is lowskill like manufacturing. In a typical office setting, these tasks might include client profile updates, insurance claims and appointment scheduling(Miscovich, 2017). At the JLL Carrington Street office in Sydney, Australia, the role of receptionist had been filled by a new humanoid robot named JiLL. This task was previously thought to be exclusively filled by people with skills like being helpful, friendly and organized, all of which can be programmed now. JiLL is able to assist in a delivery, contact members
WATT STEAM ENGINE INTRODUCED, 1775
Figure 7: Development Graph
for meetings and recognize both employees and guests. (Miscovich, 2017). With the implementation of self-checkouts and autonomous cars already happening, the rate of technological advancement will only continue to move progressively forward. Such a rate of advancement is explained by Moore’s Law. Moore’s Law is a statement about the computer industry which observes the constant progressive success that is not present in any other industry (Brynjolfsson & Mcafee, 2014, p.26).
This is due to the power of ‘brilliant tinkering’ on the part of many different individuals in fields of engineering. Limitless modifications in technology has allowed for the discovery of new horizons in all fields affected by its advancement.
(Brynjolfsson & McAfee, 2014) The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies
Despite predictions of the coming end of Moore’s Law since early 2013, it has continued to move forward and prove true every day. REVIEW OF LITERATURE | 25
HIERARCHY VS HETERARCHY “Horizontal architecture for a horizontal society” - Mark Wigley on Constant Nieuwenhuys’ New Babylon project
Figure 8: Supersurface 01
A
(Leavitt, 2003) Why Hierarchies Thrive (Sundararajan, 2017) The Future of Work (Leavy, 2010) How Technology Changes Demands for Human Skills
REVIEW OF LITERATURE | 26
heterarchy is a system of organization where the elements are unranked or can be ranked in different ways. In social and information sciences, heterarchies are networks of elements in which each element shares the same “horizontal” position of power and authority, each playing a theoretically equal role. Hierarchies sort groups into progressively smaller categories and subcategories. A hierarchy ranks individuals as one above the other according to different variables of status, authority, etc (Leavitt, 2003). As we move into a new mode of work, the very structure of society will begin to change. With micro-entrepreneurship as the prominent source
of income for a growing percentage of individuals, the structure of hierarchies seen in business models today will transform into a series of heterarchies. This is being predicted as a shift from Capitalism into a form known as crowd-based capitalism (Sundararajan, 2017). What this translates to in society is a level landscape of opportunity. Individuals who can utilize a set of skills for expert thinking, complex communication and creative adaptability will make the transition from labor provider to capital owner. (Levy, 2010, p.6). They will be able to offer their services to other individuals rather than serving a single corporation that operates on its own behalf. In 1974, Architect
and Painter Constant Nieuwenhuys imagined the project ‘New Babylon’, in which the complete automation of work gave people the freedom roam as nomads. He believed that with the automation of all ‘useful and repetitive activities’, we would have ownership of our creative energy again. Although Constant’s vision was not full realized, we can see a connection in the ideas as the automation of today’s work has given us the freedom to create our own idea of work. A new ‘horizontal architecture’ must then be considered for a ‘horizontal society’ that is free to work how they see fit (Wigley, Pg.3).
(Wigley, 1998) Constant’s New Babylon: The HyperArchitecture of Desire
REVIEW OF LITERATURE | 27
THE FUTURE OF WORK “The ‘liquid workforce’ and the ‘human cloud’.” - Miscovich, pg.4
I
(Sundararajan, 2017) The Future of Work
nstead of trading dollars for time from a large organization, capital inputs will come from individuals in different backgrounds of specialty. In this scenario, individuals will be called upon to work on projects on a case-by-case basis. This is known today as the “Hollywood model”. These non-employment arrangements will take fulltime jobs from companies and convert them into smaller sets of projects or tasks. (Sundararajan,2017). Today, the ‘human cloud’ of freelance workers makes up about 35% of the total workforce but is projected to grow to 75-80% by 2030. Digital platforms like Upwork currently exist to connect more than 12 million freelance workers to potential work in jobs
REVIEW OF LITERATURE | 28
ranging from administration to web development. Other platforms like Airbnb and Uber show the growth of crowd-based capitalism giving rise to the potential of self-employment in many other industries. The creation of new digital platforms to come will give more individuals the opportunity to participate in the ‘human cloud’ (Sundararajan, 2017). We must then reevaluate the work environment that will accommodate a completely different workforce than today. The future workforce will be adaptable and crowdsourced to work ondemand or as individual entrepreneurs. This fastmoving, temporary environment is in contrast to the stagnant long-term
Create iterations
Find a co-founder
Display it
Make a prototype
Official launch
Follow up with users
If users do not return, re-interate and re-launch
Grow 5% a week
Figure 9: How to start a start-up
workforce of today and the workplace will need to reflect that change. The workplace will serve as a temporary environment for individuals or small groups to work for a time of a few weeks to just a few days. Here people will work on a specific task, fabricate an idea for a personal business or meet with a small group before going their separate ways. Even larger companies that continue to exist will change for their needs for space configuration. This means requiring less space for a ‘liquid workforce’, but making sure it is also flexible and adaptable space (Miscovich, 2017).
(Miscovich, 2017) The future is automated. Here’s how we can prepare for it.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE | 29
03 | CONCEPT STUDIES
32
Homo Ludens
38 Entrepreneurship
44
Adaptive Reuse
50
S p a c e Tr a n s f o r m a t i o n
CONCEPT STUDY 01: HOMO LUDENS
HOMO LUDENS - MAN AT PLAY
T
he term Homo Ludens was first coined by Constant Nieuwenhuys to describe the New Babylonian society that valued play and creativity rather than production of work.
(Lang, 2013) Superstudio: Life Without Objects
New Babylon culture is not about competition, it is a classless society. Dwellings are like a non-commercial hotel in which occupants frequently change location and are not permanent residents. Social spaces are defined by a play of stairs, platforms and movable walls to create a variety of volume spaces and ambiances. The Supersurface project was an invisible grid, and infrastructural system of zero density that defines the global territory without
CONCEPT STUDIES | 32
object or hierarchies. Superstudio envisioned technology as having the capacity to satisfy all primary needs of living. This resulted in the transformation of the land into an open landscape, free for anyone to roam without need (Lang, 2003, p.20). In a world of machine automation, we only have creativity to retain our humanity.
Figure 10: Lebbeus Woods New Babylon Figure 11: Supersurface 02
CONCEPT STUDIES | 33
[Reactionary manipulations of space caused by adjacent users]
[Diagram by author based on New Babylon by Constant Nieuwenhuys and the relationship to ‘Obsolete?’]
The nature of truly flexible space is that of adaptability. Since the work environment is occupied by many users with various needs, the space will change as a result of reactionary manipulations (citation needed). This will happen on a day-
CONCEPT STUDIES | 34
by-day basis that affects the way the space is experienced each time a new user comes or goes.
[Horizontal architecture for a horizontal society.] This particular phrase was used by Mark Wigley in his book Constant’s New Babylon: The HyperArchitecture of Desire. It describes the architectural language of New Babylon as it was designed in large horizontal levels (Wigley, pg.12). The ground floor was an untouched plane for car traffic. Elevated buildings
called ‘Sectors’ contained all social space including living. The top of the sectors were left for sports arenas and airports. The language of horizontal architecture will be used to express a contrast to the vertical skyscrapers of office buildings today.
[Diagram by author based on New Babylon by Constant Nieuwenhuys and the relationship to ‘Obsolete?’]
CONCEPT STUDIES | 35
[There is constant living at every point on the global grid from A (departure) to B (arrival).]
[Diagram by author based on Supersurface by Superstudio and the relationship to ‘Obsolete?’]
CONCEPT STUDIES | 36
Supersurface was designed as a global grid with basic living needs at every intersection point. Inbetween the grid points was open to the individual to decide. People would roam from point to point, living where they choose and interacting with others
along the way (citation needed). Applying the same logic to a future workforce of individual entrepreneurs, the workplace would need to function like a grid point on the Supersurface. Similar to the way WeWork functions by allowing temporary uses of workspace at any location.
[Free gathering and dispersing, interpersonal relationships without established hierarchy are characteristics of a society free from work.] As previously described, the Supersurface society was free to roam and live anywhere on the global grid. Without work to create class hierarchies, groups are made up of equal individuals instead (citation
needed). Our future workforce will naturally contain hierarchies as individuals rise to different levels of success. However, the starting point of entrepreneurship will give every person a similar beginning. Here they will be free to gather, share ideas in free-formed groups and disperse to share those ideas with others.
[Diagram by author based on Supersurface by Superstudio and the relationship to ‘Obsolete?’]
CONCEPT STUDIES | 37
CONCEPT STUDY 02: ENTREPRENEURSHIP ENTREPRENEUR / FREELANCE
E
ntrepreneurship and freelance work will become more prevalent in the workforce, requiring an evaluation of their current work environments. Wework facilitates work spaces for entrepreneurs, freelancers, and small startups doing mostly digital work. Individuals can rent single office spaces or temporary working desks for any period of time. Small companies can rent larger spaces or conference rooms as well. A membership with WeWork allows members to check into any location around the world and work at their convenience. Fab Lab is a world-wide company that rents space to people wanting to teach classes in manufacturing for
CONCEPT STUDIES | 38
business or for themselves. These classes are open to the public and use cuttingedge technologies for fabrication. A study of these projects was conducted to further the programmatic understanding of the project ‘Obsolete?’.
Figure 12: Fab Lab SD Figure 13: WeWork SD
CONCEPT STUDIES | 39
[Education in innovation, ideation, digital fabrication and rapid prototyping for small business creation.]
[Diagram by author based on Fab Lab, SD and the relationship to ‘Obsolete?’]
CONCEPT STUDIES | 40
What makes Fab Lab unique is the ability to educate the public on cutting-edge technology. This allows people freedom to flex their own creativity and realize the potential for creating almost anything they can imagine.
In the micro-entrepreneurship economy, this type of education is important for constant innovation of new ideas. Individuals must be able to utilize these tools and even create new ones as technology advances in the near future.
[3D Printing, laser cutting, genetic engineering, and many other technologies to be used in the innovation economy.] Classes at Fab Lab range from fabrication to genetic modification. Fabrication classes teach individuals to use laser cutters, woodcutting tools and 3D printers. Electronic classes teach the use of CRISPR and Arduino boards (citation needed).
These will be some of the technologies being used in the new workplace. Creative entrepreneurs will be able to utilize these technologies to quickly produce prototypes of their ideas.
[Diagram by author based on Fab Lab, SD and the relationship to ‘Obsolete?’]
CONCEPT STUDIES | 41
[Common areas connect all people from various companies and skill-sets for cross-collaboration.]
[Diagram by author based on WeWork, SD and the relationship to ‘Obsolete?’]
By putting entrepreneurs of various backgrounds in the same space, individuals are able to share ideas from unrelated disciplines (citation needed). In this case, shared and open spaces become valuable for allowing cross-
CONCEPT STUDIES | 42
collaboration. Common space here is not always designed specifically for these scenarios. These types of meetings typically happen in informal spaces.
[Community engagement is valued for small startups success. Event spaces cater to both public and private use.] WeWork hosts many events to bring people from the outside that may need services from inside members. These events can also be hosted by individual members to showcase their services (citation needed).
Event space in this form can also be used as formal meeting space.
[Diagram by author based on WeWork, SD and the relationship to ‘Obsolete?’]
CONCEPT STUDIES | 43
CONCEPT STUDY 03: ADAPTIVE REUSE ADAPTIVE REUSE + ADDITIONAL DEVELOPMENT
W
ork environments will need to change over time, but the change will happen gradually. The old work culture will become obsolete and require an update, prompting a reuse, or reconfiguration of the existing work environment. Hughes Warehouse was chosen to study as it is an abandoned warehouse turned into an open office space. It is a unique study due to the mix of program similar to ‘Obsolete?’. The project includes a smallscale fabrication shop surrounded by desk spaces. The Museum for Decorative Arts was chosen as it adds an addition development to an existing villa. The additional development bridges to the villa in a way that respects it and creates CONCEPT STUDIES | 44
a relationship with surrounding nature.
the
This new work culture of the second machine age will not develop in isolation, but rather it will grow out of existing work environments. This can happen in either of the two studied ways, either by complete adaptive reuse or by re-purpose and additional development.
Figure 14: Hughes Warehouse Figure 15: Museum Connection
CONCEPT STUDIES | 45
[A workshop is included to build models, full-size mock-ups, and materials research/ fabrication.]
[Diagram by author based on Hughes Warehouse by Overland Partners and the relationship to ‘Obsolete?’]
CONCEPT STUDIES | 46
The placement of the workshop in this office is in the corner, away from working desk space. This is a practical application as it reduces noise and distraction from those who wish for a quiet workspace (citation needed).
Although this approach is practical, it does not incorporate the workshop into the work-flow completely. By separating the two programs there is a clear distinction between different modes of work.
[An exterior brick wall is kept in place to create an enclosed courtyard for meeting areas while recessing the entrance.] Outdoor meeting space is used as a buffer for the entrance to the offices. The enclosed courtyard also gives a view to outside greenery for those working inside (citation needed). The courtyard can become valued public space and
even host events for the office. By keeping elements of the existing building, the public receives the project openly with familiar elements.
[Diagram by author based on Hughes Warehouse by Overland Partners and the relationship to ‘Obsolete?’]
CONCEPT STUDIES | 47
[A series of bridges connect program within the new museum as well as with the historic Villa Metzler.]
[Diagram by author based on Museum for the Decorative Arts by Richard Meier and the relationship to ‘Obsolete?’]
CONCEPT STUDIES | 48
The bridges create connections between the museum and itself as well as the historic villa. They also allowed the project to overcome topological barriers. Openings are framed in specific ways to create a sense of discovery through various scales
of entrances needed).
(citation
A bridged connection is useful in developing an architectural language that distinguishes between old and new. While the new workforce seems very different, its roots stem from current modes of work and must be recognized as such.
[By separating from the villa, the museum responds to history, typology, and the public context.] The villa is incorporated into the new building by being strategically placed inside the new 16 square orthogonal grid. This grid is then overlaid on a second grid of the same size but skewed to match the adjacent river bank. The superimposition
of grids creates a formal flow throughout the project (citation needed). Although not directly a part of the new building, the architectural language suggests a strong relationship between the new and historic. This is important for keeping a relationship to past modes of work.
[Diagram by author based on Museum for the Decorative Arts by Richard Meier and the relationship to ‘Obsolete?’]
CONCEPT STUDIES | 49
CONCEPT STUDY 04: TRANSFORMATION ADAPTABILITY/ FLEXIBILITY OF SPACE
T
o study flexible spaces, two projects were chosen that would each provide their own unique approach. Architect Gary Cheng used transformable walls to improve his own apartment in the project Life in 32sqm. The architect saw a problem in the way he was forced to live in a small Tokyo apartment. His solution of movable walls gives him the freedom to enjoy amenities and space that similar apartments cannot. The Naked House by Shiguru Ban was studied for its ability to transform space in a larger way. A series of bedroom modules were used to change the way space was used for a family. The traditional Japanese family valued common or
CONCEPT STUDIES | 50
shared space more than personal space and the modules allowed for just that. The dwelling was seen as temporary place of stay rather than a permanent location (citation needed). Transformable spaces are typically seen in living situations but not work environments. To accommodate for a flexible and adaptable workforce, the work space itself must be flexible. The program involved in the work environment will dictate how this transformation happens.
Figure 16: Life in 32sqm Figure 17: Naked House
CONCEPT STUDIES | 51
[Vertical stacking by pushing and pulling walls on ceiling tracks.]
[Diagram by author based on Life in 32 sqm by Gary Chang and the relationship to ‘Obsolete?’]
CONCEPT STUDIES | 52
By placing components for the kitchen, bedroom and living room in movable walls, space is saved when these room functions are not in use. Since space is very limited, it is a smart strategy to only use a certain kind of space when needed (citation needed).
This strategy may be implemented in office space by expanding and collapsing desk space depending on its demand.
Lift
Fold
Slide
[A series of transformations within the walls and furniture create extra scenarios.] A variety of transformation actions give the building elements their ability to be collapsed or expanded. These actions can also produce variations on single elements to transform their use.
[Diagram by author based on Life in 32 sqm by Gary Chang and the relationship to ‘Obsolete?’]
CONCEPT STUDIES | 53
[Mobile rooms on wheels create various arrangements in an open plan that values shared space.] [Diagram by author based on Naked House by Shigeru Ban and the relationship to ‘Obsolete?’]
CONCEPT STUDIES | 54
The rooms can be arranged to either come together or exist on their own. In these two scenarios, occupants either walk through all of the modules at once or have their own privacy. The rooms can also be drawn out into the garden to free the
interior space completely for family gathering (citation needed). This strategy could be implemented with a series of movable workstations. These could be configurable by user needs and change the space as different users are introduced.
[Sliding doors create privacy, while structural integrity allows the rooms to be used at different levels.] The use of modules at different levels gives new uses for children living in the house. They can play either inside or on top of a module while other activities occur on the shared floor. There is almost a second level to the house even though it is only a single story.
The mix of private and shared space in one open plan is useful for understanding how entrepreneurs of different backgrounds will share temporary space.
[Diagram by author based on Naked House by Shigeru Ban and the relationship to ‘Obsolete?’]
CONCEPT STUDIES | 55
04 | DESIGN PROCESS
58
74 Programming
80
Form Generation
88
Building Representation
116 Animation
Site Selection
SITE SELECTION LONG BEACH, CA
The search for a site began with an understanding of areas to be affected most by job automation in the future. The selected site needed to be within reasonable distance to visit so this limited the scope to California. Many areas were available but Southern California had a larger population to be affected. The options presented in this area were DESIGN PROCESS | 58
Los Angeles, Santa Ana, San Bernardino, Long Beach or San Diego.
Figure 18: Job Loss Map
DESIGN PROCESS | 59
Rank and location
% of people self-employed
Selfemployed earnings/ mo $2,179
Median Monthly rent in 2014 $1,084
1. Austin, TX
6.6%
$183
2. Nashville, TN 7.4%
$1,671
$887
$184
3. Dallas, TX
5.9%
$1,713
$861
$195
4. Atlanta, GA
4.4%
$1,820
$962
$196
5. Louisville, KY 4.4%
$1,574
$721
$144
6. San Francisco 8.5%
$2,658
$1,587
$235
7. Mesa, AZ
5.8%
$1,717
$888
$143
8. Fort Worth, TX 6.4%
$1,616
$913
$226
9. Sacramento
$1,903
$993
$239
$1,806
$1,144
$173
6%
10. Long Beach 8.5%
Health Care premium/ mo.
Figure 19: Top Cities for Freelancers
15.7%
OFFICE & ADMIN SUPPORT
10.4%
SALES
9.4%
PRODUCTION/ MANUFACTURING
7.4%
TRANSPORTATION
4%
ARTS, DESIGN & ENTERTAINMENT
Figure 20: Long Beach Job Occupations
A second site selection criteria was to find a location where freelance work thrived. An analysis was conducted of different factors ranging from monthly rent to percentage of self-employed individuals to select the best city for freelance workers and entrepreneurship. The city of Long Beach was selected to begin looking for a site of development DESIGN PROCESS | 60
for this project. Long Beach fit the site selection criteria for being both heavily affected by job automation in the future and its ability to adapt to the Second Machine Age. The next step was to find a site with a historic building that could be re-purposed for the future of work. The site also needed room for an additional development to take place.
Willmore
North Pine
Downtown
East Village
North Alamitos Beach Alamitos Beach
Port of Long Beach
Figure 21: Long Beach Map
DESIGN PROCESS | 61
Downtown
1
Los Angeles River
Downtown Core
Legend Walking Distance Significant Building Green Space Site Options Figure 22: Downtown Analysis Diagram
DESIGN PROCESS | 62
2
in.
5m 10 n.
mi DESIGN PROCESS | 63
Los Angeles River
New Developments
Legend Residential Government Mixed-Use Indicates Adaptive Reuse Figure 23: New Developments Diagram
DESIGN PROCESS | 64
DESIGN PROCESS | 65
1
1
100’ Underground parking
B
ro
a
d
w
a
y
New Civic Center
Pacif ic LOOKING SOUTHWEST
Ave
Figure 24: Site 01 Southwest
Site option #1 is located at the corner of Chestnut Ave. and Broadway. To the South of the currently exists the Long Beach City Hall. The site is planned for future development of a new civic center that will give the city a new library and city hall, fresh retail establishments, and more offices for city employees.
DESIGN PROCESS | 66
LOO
1
’
150
d
s
en
ue
Q ay W New Civic Center
.
d
lv
n ea
B
c
LOOKING NORTHEAST
O
Figure 25: Site 01 Northeast
There are bus stops and bike parking stations along Broadway that offer options for alternative transit. The site includes an existing building with no room for additional development.
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2
2
50’ 50’
100’
Pro
Blvd.
B
ro
ad
w
ay
Long Beach
Adaptive Reuse + Development
LOOKING SOUTHWEST Figure 26: Site 02 Southwest
Site option #2 is located at the corner of Broadway and Long Beach Blvd. To the East is a transit stop in the middle of the street and trolley tracks running down Long Beach Blvd. There is also a transit center to the South on 1st St with many bike parking stations along the way. The overall site includes an existing building with on-site DESIGN PROCESS | 68
parking that can be pushed underground for further development on site.
LOO
euse + ment
Adaptive Reuse + Development
2
75’ Broadway B roadway
Broadway 250’
Promenade
1st St. LOOKING NORTH Figure 27: Site 02 North
To the Northeast of the site is the location of Bertrand Smith Acres of Books. The bookstore has long been abandoned and is planned for an adaptive reuse plus additional development in the future. The site will be mixed-use with residential, commercial and creative office.
This is a main public walkway that runs through middle of its crossing blocks. The open parking lot to the South is designated for the existing transit station with no future plans of development.
To the West of the site is the Promenade that stretches from Ocean Blvd. to 3rd St. DESIGN PROCESS | 69
Figure 28: interTrend
Site option #2 was selected to begin further development alongside the existing building. Built in 1905, the Psychic Temple was declared is a historic landmark in 1989. It is the second-oldest commercial building in downtown Long Beach. It has since been retrofitted for occupancy but interTrend, an advertising DESIGN PROCESS | 70
agency. This site was selected for its connection to the history of Long Beach and the public interest of preserving it. An additional development for future modes of work is complimentary to the idea of the adaptive reuse already in place here.
Figure 29: Entrance
Figure 30: Psychic Temple Figure 31: Column Detail
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Figure 32: Back of Building
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PROGRAMMING FREELANCE | ENTREPRENEUR | START-UP
P
rogramming began by researching the building code for the city of Long Beach. This was done to understand the floor to area ratio or F.A.R. and the allowable building height. The program was then developed to try and maximize the F.A.R. which would include the existing building. The use of sector-based programming was important to understanding the needs of different types of work that would take place. 3 modes of work were established and their space requirements calculated. Consumerbased work included small retail pop-up shops for startups and entrepreneurs. Since consumer-based work deals more in the public realm, it was set in the
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existing building as a point of reference. This would be something familiar to help adjust people to the future modes of work. Office-based and manufacturing-based work would take place in the additional development. These are typically more free and innovative modes of work and therefore belonged in an innovative environment. Various jobs specific to entrepreneurs, freelance workers and startup companies were considered for programming needs. The challenge came at the point of integrating these widely different forms of work into one building.
01
Office-based work
255,000SF
1700 Person Capacity x 150SF/person
02
Consumer-based work
30,000SF
20 Spaces x Avg. size (1,500 SF)
03
Manufacturing-based work
50,000 - 60,000SF
20 Spaces x Avg. size (2,500 - 3,000 SF)
Repair Shops (Bike, machine) Upholstery Salon/ Barber Delivery Services
Hydroponic Farming Small Engine Repair Robotics Repair (manufacturing)
Accountant Planning Architecture Firm Marketing Graphic Designer Photographer Editorial Services Circulation (30%)
Common Areas
Event Spaces
Empty space for future expansion (5-10%)
Training/ Education
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MASSING OPTION 01: ENVELOPE THE EXISTING
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MASSING OPTION 02: BRIDGE TO EXISTING
FORM GENERATION ARCHITECTURE REFLECTS SOCIETY
A
different approach was used to begin creating the form for this project. The more conventional approach takes into account site and environmental constraints to begin cutting away at an overall site mass. This creates an architecture without and overarching narrative for why it exists other than concerns for environmental conditions. For this project, a series of moves were implemented that mimicked Constant’s New Babylon. In that project, Constant imagined a future society and designed specifically for their new way of life. The first step for this project was to develop the narrative that would drive the design. The narrative was based DESIGN PROCESS | 80
on the work culture and society that would exist in the automated future. A series of metaphorical representations dictated the steps in form generation from beginning to end.
TOWER AS A REPRESENTATION OF HIERARCHY [COLLECTION OF FLOORS]
The form begins with a contrast to the existing work culture of a top-down hierarchy that is typically represented in the form of a high-rise office building.
parts as a collection of floors.
A tower here symbolizes the systematized power of a hierarchy able to place individuals above one another based on class. The tower is then broken down into its fundamental DESIGN PROCESS | 81
LEVEL LANDSCAPE PRODUCES HETERARCHY [BROKEN WALLS AND BARRIERS]
The tower is turned on its side as we move from a vertical society towards a horizontal one. The collection of floors becomes a series of walls that can be broken by a heterarchy.
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GRID AS UNIVERSAL GEOMETRY [FREEDOM FROM THE GROUND]
A grid is used to lift the geometry off the ground to free the workforce and give back the land to the people. The grid is also used as a visual-verbal metaphor for an even distribution of resources.
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REDISTRIBUTION AND DISPLACEMENT [REMOVE ANY ASSOCIATION WITH POWER STRUCTURE]
The next move addresses the issue of equality of outcome versus equality of opportunity. Displacement due to environmental conditions occurs after everyone has been given an equal opportunity.
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GEOMETRY BECOMES STRUCTURAL [ROOM FOR INTERNAL SHELL]
An external structure is generated from vertical elements and combined with the grid. This creates an empty interior for programmed spaces to fit inside.
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INTRODUCTION OF INNER SPACES [SOCIETY VERSUS SYSTEM]
The interior space is formed with the goal of maximizing program as previously planned. A space is kept between the structural frames and building exterior. This is a metaphorical representation of struggle between a free society and controlling system.
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FINAL FORM [CONTEMPORARY REFINEMENT]
A refinement of the form was needed to make it more contextual in both the place and the time that it exists.
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BUILDING REPRESENTATION QUESTIONING CONVENTION
T
he representation of this project carried the spirit of questioning influenced by Peter Eisenman’s writing Strong Form Weak Form. “The only way to advance in a discipline is to displace knowledge. And the only discourses that remain healthy are those that are displacing discourses. The ones that cling to their theory and their tradition and their rationality, die”. (Eisenman, p.3) Displacing knowledge, taking an interdisciplinary approach of influences outside of architecture was the seed to this thesis and the final representation. Architecture is traditionally represented through plan, section and elevation, but none of these were used for this project. Experiential
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renderings and animations were the most capable of explaining the nature of the building. Since the automated systems within the building became a focal point of the thesis, animations were crucial to show how these systems worked. A traditional floor plan would either cut through or not show workstation modules at all. Different methods of representation were needed to explain the relationship of these automated systems and the building itself.
OR FLO G / H I T 6 EET N ACE P M D NT S E AR EVE SH
OR FLO ING H K T 5 OR ESK D W D B. / E X FA MI
OR FLO ING H K T 4 OR ESK W ./D D IXE FAB
M
OR FLO ING D K 3R OR ESK W ./D D IXE FAB
M
OR FLO FAB. D 2N ALE AGE C R E-S STO RG E LA DUL O P. M
TEM
OR / LO T F BBY N S 1 LO IO CT ELE ES UL
D
MO
EXPLODED AXONOMETRIC DESIGN PROCESS | 89
AXONOMETRIC FLOOR PLAN DESIGN PROCESS | 90
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SECTION PERSPECTIVE DESIGN PROCESS | 92
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EXISTING TO NEW
A FREE PUBLIC GROUND
OBSERVING AUTOMATION
TEMPORARY WORKSPACES
ITERATIONS AND MODULE PRINTS
DESIGN ITERATION #1
DESIGN ITERATION #2 DESIGN PROCESS | 102
DESIGN ITERATION #3
DESIGN ITERATION #4 DESIGN PROCESS | 103
FABRICATION MODULE #1
FABRICATION MODULE #1 DESIGN PROCESS | 104
FABRICATION MODULE #2
OFFICE MODULE (CLOSED) DESIGN PROCESS | 105
WIREFRAME SYSTEMS MODEL 1/8”=1’-0”
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INTERNATIONAL CITY BANK
DESIGNORY
SITE MODEL 1”=50’
THE FEDERAL BAR
RENAISSANCE HOTEL
BROADWAY
LONG BEACH BLVD.
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ANIMATION MODULE SELECTION / DELIVERY
The system of modules, tracks and delivery became an important element of the project that needed special representation. An animation was used to illustrate the process by which users interact with the automated systems within the building. The animation was also able to show the process in full from users ordering a desired module to the point at which it could DESIGN PROCESS | 116
be used. The feasibility of the system can be better understood this way.
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LOBBY SCREEN The lobby includes screens
where users select the module they would like to check out. Here they can wait either indoor or outdoor and watch as their selection is delivered through the distribution tower.
LOBBY SCREEN
SHARED WORKSTATION Designed as a 2 person workstation with an optional privacy divider between the two desks. Each desk space is equipped with lighting, power and temporary storage. A module may be reserved for anywhere from a day to a week at a time.
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SHARED WORKSTATION
FABRICATION MODULE #1 This module is designed for single person fabrication on a slightly larger scale. A single table space can be equipped with prescribed fabrication tools such as saw, laser, etc. The inside of the space is 12’ X 12’ with a 10’ ceiling height to fit larger materials for fabrication.
FABRICATION MODULE #1
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FABRICATION MODULE #2 Designed as a 2 person workstation with an optional privacy divider between the two desks. Each desk space is equipped with lighting, power and temporary storage. A module may be reserved for anywhere from a day to a week at a time.
FABRICATION MODULE #2
CUSTOM ITEMS DELIVERY Order personal items to be delivered to any specific space. Designed large enough to fit items such as couches, desks and fabrication equipment.
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CUSTOM ITEMS DELIVERY
CUSTOM ITEMS DELIVERY
MODULE SELECTION
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2ND FLOOR TEMP. STORAGE Modules that are requested more often are stored here rather than underground for quicker access.
2ND FLOOR TEMP. STORAGE
2ND FLOOR TEMP. STORAGE
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DISTRIBUTION CAP A distribution cap was developed to pick up modules via a dual-arm lift. Many of these caps exist throughout the track system to pick up and delivery modules at any time.
DISTRIBUTION CAP
DISTRIBUTION CAP
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DELIVERY PROCESS
DELIVERY PROCESS
TRANSFER TO TOWER LIFT The distribution cap runs inside a track system which allows it to transfer into the distribution tower for delivery at multiple levels. A lift exists autonomously inside the tower separate from the distribution cap and runs on its own vertical track system.
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TRANSFER TO TOWER LIFT
DISTRIBUTION TOWER The tower is a central element in this project. It handles all automated deliveries of modules large and small. Glass on either side makes it a focal point for users to observe the delivery process both inside and outside the building.
DISTRIBUTION TOWER
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DELIVERY AT FLOOR LEVEL At every floor level the tower doors open to the East and West to deliver or receive modules on that floor.
DELIVERY AT FLOOR LEVEL
DELIVERY AT FLOOR LEVEL
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RAIL SYSTEM TRANSFER Here the distribution cap transfers from the tower lift onto a set of tracks at the ceiling level.
AUTOMATIC RAILING To allow modules in and out of their designated spots, the handrails must rotate temporarily out of the way. A red light strip on the floor lets users know not to step in that area until the rails rotate back into position.
AUTOMATIC RAILING
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AUTOMATIC RAILING
SPOT ILLUMINATION Ground lights will indicate which spot a module is being delivered to. The rails will automatically reset their position once a module is lowered into its designated spot.
DISTRIBUTION CAP RETURNS The distribution cap will automatically return to the tower. From here it can either pick up another module from storage or pickup a module from a spot that is no longer in use.
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DISTRIBUTION CAP RETURNS
MODULE UNPACKING The shared workstation is designed to automatically unpack itself once placed in its spot.
MODULE UNPACKING
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MODULE UNPACKING The table folds down while the chair extends to the correct position. Table and chair legs slide out of their locked positions and into place for the module to be used.
MODULE UNPACKING
MODULE UNPACKING An optional privacy divider can be deployed to give each user their own space. The divider can also remain down for users to crosscollaborate ideas.
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SCAN THIS QR CODE WITH YOUR SMARTPHONE OR GO TO https://youtu.be/87olFCInLSE TO VIEW THE ENTIRE ANIMATION
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05 | CONCLUSIONS
Critical Feedback & Personal Account
CONCLUSIONS
A
fter nine months of research, discussion and critical thinking, I was able to assess the degree of success reached in this thesis. A personal account allows me to reflect on whether or not the intended goal was met. At the onset of research, I sought to understand the meaning of work in our lives and how it would be affected by future automation. I was then challenged with designing a workplace specifically for entrepreneurs, freelance workers and start-ups. These modes of work were temporary in nature and varied in necessity of space. As dictated by the sociological climate, the future workplace needed to facilitate work for microentrepreneurship. This
meant that individuals could come and go as they pleased. At the end of the design process, it was clear that the automated system was crucial to develop rather than the overall building. This was in response to the critical position of creating physically adaptable work environments. The idea of creating a workplace as the cornerstone for all future workplaces was farfetched. Instead of a single solution, a system was developed that could be implemented in different buildings around the world.
with the amount of detail placed on creating a complete building as the end product. This feedback was welcomed but defended against as this was not the intention of the thesis. The intention was to create temporary and flexible workspaces for individuals and the system developed achieved that goal.
During the final thesis defense, the critical feedback received mostly focused on the lack of architectural development. The jurors were unsatisfied
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THESIS DEFENSE PRESENTATION
06 | APPENDICES
Bibliography & Figures
BIBLIOGRAPHY Brynjolfsson, E., & McAfee, A. (2014). The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies. W. W. Norton & Company. Chen, J. (2017, May 3). Future job automation to hit hardest in low wage metropolitan areas like Las Vegas, Orlando and Riverside-San Bernardino. Retrieved from Institute for Spatial Economic Analysis : https://www.iseapublish.com/index.php/2017/05/03/future-job-au tomation-to-hit-hardest-in-low-wage-metropolitan-areas-like-las-vegas-orlando-and-riv erside-san-bernardino/ Lang, P. (2003). Superstudio: Life Without Objects. Skira Leavitt, H. J. (2003, March). Communication. Retrieved from Harvard Business Review: https://hbr. org/2003/03/why-hierarchies-thrive Levy, F. (2010), “How Technology Changes Demands for Human Skills”, OECD Education Working Papers, No. 45, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5kmhds6czqzq-en. Miscovich, P. (2017, January 12). The future is automated. Here’s how we can prepare for it. Re trieved from World Economic Forum : https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/01/the-fu ture-is-automated-here-s-how-we-can-prepare-for-it/ Popova, M. (2015, September 11). Retrieved from Brain Pickings: https://www.brainpickings. org/2015/09/11/theodor-adorno-work-pleasure-gadgeteering/ Sundararajan, A. (2017, June). The Future of Work. Finance & Development, 54(2). Wigley, M. (1998). Constant’s New Babylon: The Hyper-Architecture of Desire. Rotterdam: 010 Publishers . Wigley, M. (2015, June 18). Constant’s New Babylon. (H. d. Jager, Interviewer) Art Basel. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bgv4cL77n38&index=10&list=PLssir3O1uLkI-F_ PFQzkLWKcpg1kTTCRt&t=1175s
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FIGURES Figure 1: Spinning Mill [digital image] Retrieved from https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/drt02 Figure 2: New Babylon [digital image] Retrieved from https://jstrong.co.uk/2016/02/08/new-babylon-by-constant-nieuwenhuys/ Figure 3: Labyrinth [digital image] Retrieved from https://stichtingconstant.nl/work/mobiel-ladderlabyrinth Figure 4: Sensory Input [digital image] Retrieved from http://cyberneticzoo.com/bionics/1926-dermensch-als-industriepalast-man-industrial-palace-fritz-kahn-german-jew/ Figure 5: Man as Industrial Palace [digital image] Retrieved from http://cyberneticzoo.com/bionics/1926-der-mensch-als-industriepalast-man-industrial-palace-fritz-kahn-german-jew/ Figure 6: JiLL [digital image] Retrieved from http://www.jll.com.au/australia/en-au/news/1096/ introducing-jill-a-humanoid-robot-receptionist-at-jlls-newest-office Figure 7: Development Graph [digital image] Retrieved from http://www.sharpsightlabs.com/blog/ second-machine-age-welcome/ Figure 8: Supersurface 01 [digital image] Retrieved from http://www.maxxi.art/en/events/superstudio-50/ Figure 9: How to start a start-up [digital image] Retrieved from http://calgarybusinesscentre.com/ pros-and-cons-of-starting-a-business/ Figure 10: Lebbeus Woods New Babylon [digital image] Retrieved from https://lebbeuswoods. wordpress.com/2009/10/19/constant-vision/ Figure 11: Supersurface 02 [digital image] Retrieved from http://cycle-space.com/the-salt-flat-experiment/supersurface-superstudio-01/ Figure 12: Fab Lab SD [digital image] Retrieved from http://www.innovateli.com/4353-2/ Figure 13: WeWork SD [digital image] Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/WeWorkBStreet/ photos/a.1202887589766838.1073741827.1175222805866650/1202887516433512/?type=3&is_lookaside=1 Figure 14: Hughes Warehouse, Photographer Dror Baldinger, AIA [digital image] Retrieved from https://www.archdaily.com/548804/hughes-warehouse-adaptive-reuse-overland-partners Figure 15: Museum Connection, Photographer Ezra Stoller/ESTO, Scott Frances [digital image] Retrieved from http://www.richardmeier.com/?projects=museum-for-the-decorative-arts Figure 16: Life in 32sqm, Photographer Bobby Yip [digital image] Retrieved from http://www.businessinsider.com/gary-chang-transforming-apartment-hong-kong2016-5
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Figure 17: Naked House [digital image] Retrieved from http://blog.kineticarchitecture.net/2011/01/ nakedhouse/ Figure 18: Job Loss Map [digital image] Retrieved from https://www.iseapublish.com/index.php/2017/05/03/future-job-automation-to-hit-hardest-in-low-wage-metropolitan-areas-like-las-vegas-orlando-and-riverside-san-bernardino/ Figure 19: Top Cities for Freelancers [table] Retrieved from https://www.nerdwallet.com/blog/utilities/best-places-for-freelancers/ Figure 20: Long Beach Job Occupations [table] Retrieved from http://www.city-data.com/city/ Long-Beach-California.html Figure 21: Long Beach Map [digital image] Retrieved from Google Maps (diagram by author) Figure 22: Downtown Analysis Diagram [digital image] Retrieved from Google Maps (diagram by author) Figure 23: New Developments Diagram [digital image] Retrieved from Google Maps (diagram by author) Figure 24: Site 01 Southwest [digital image] Retrieved from Google Maps (diagram by author) Figure 25: Site 01 Northeast [digital image] Retrieved from Google Maps (diagram by author) Figure 26: Site 02 Southwest [digital image] Retrieved from Google Maps (diagram by author) Figure 27: Site 02 North [digital image] Retrieved from Google Maps (diagram by author) Figure 28: interTrend [digital image] Retrieved from http://www.intertrend.com/itblog/tag/psychic-temple/ Figure 29: Entrance [digital image] Taken by author Figure 30: Psychic Temple [digital image] Taken by author Figure 31: Column Detail [digital image] Taken by author Figure 32: Back of Building [digital image] Taken by author
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