Participatory Intervention Thesis Proposal Book Fall 2017 Toban Shadlyn
Participatory Intervention Thesis Proposal Book Fall 2017 Toban Shadlyn
Rhode Island School of Design Toban Shadlyn 2018 ©
Abstract
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PROLOGUE Introduction
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The Future of Our Mobility
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ANALYSIS History of Gas Stations
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The Gas Station
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DESIGN CONCEPT Gas Station as a System + Network
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Proposed Energy Model
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Providence Case Study
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METHODS FOR PARTICIPATORY DESIGN Interview as Data Collection & Visualization
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Game Simulation for Future Scenario Planning
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Design Fiction as Speculation
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Specialist Advisor Image Credits Annotated Bibliography
112 113 115
Abstract
As the automobile industry continues to evolve with car sharing services, electric vehicles and soon autonomous driving, the infrastructure that supports these dependencies will become obsolete. So what are we to do with this abundance of available property and land? Considering the various types of supporting infrastructure, gas stations in particular, are the most complex and problematic. Though, the conversion of gas stations is not a new notion. These sites have been renovated into cafes, restaurants, and breweries. However, these are only solutions to the slow abandonment of a single unit. A different approach, is to consider this infrastructure as part of a larger system — one that consists both on-site and off-site. Beginning from the extraction of resources to the production, distribution, use, and finally waste. The reliance on fossil fuels, gasoline in this case, will likely decrease as the trends begin to favour alternatives in the automotive industry. As one energy phases out, we will have the opportunity to replace the unsustainable, inefficient and harmful model with one that is sustainable, efficient, healthy and inclusive. Updating one system with a new one. Using a combination of both natural renewable energy resources and human generated energy through movement, these sites could act as “Energy Hot Spots.� Connected with the surrounding communities, they would provide power and heat to nearby homes and buildings as well as store excess heat. Depending on location, climate and energy sources available, each station could result in many different design outcomes. Rather than depicting the many possible scenarios, the intent of this exploration will focus on the design of a collective interface in which people can engage with to create a collaborative design proposal as part of an inclusive design approach.
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PROLOGUE
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Traffic Congestion in Los Angeles Image by Kevork Djansezian / Getty
Introduction For some generations the car has meant freedom and status, for some it has meant necessity and an appliance for mobility. When I packed up my belongings from Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, and moved across the country and border to Providence Rhode Island USA, I left some things behind. My car being one of the more important ones. Although I had become dependent on my vehicle living in a car centric city, I was not concerned with the absence of one in my new home. However, my decision was not made on a whim. After researching the options for mobility in Providence, services like Uber and Lyft, Zipcar as well as public bus transit and walking were all available to me. I decided that I would not transport or drive my car from one coast to another and could not afford to purchase or maintain a new vehicle once settled. As a millennial, we are more mobile and transient then past generations. We rely on technology to provide us with freedom and accessibility. Innovations such as carsharing, electric vehicles and autonomous driving are already reshaping our idea of mobility or auto-mobility. It is certain that the car industry as we know it will look completely different in the future, but my inquiry is not about the future of cars. I am interested in the effects this will have on the supporting
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infrastructures that are tied to this system such as, auto repair shops, parking lots, and gas stations. Out of all the supporting infrastructure, gas stations are the most fascinating and problematic. Although they may be mundane structures today, they are iconic spaces that hold both a historical and symbolic significance in our society. Adapting gas stations is not a new notion. These sites have been renovated into cafes, restaurants, and breweries. However, these are only solutions to the slow abandonment of a single unit. How will we approach adapting and reusing these spaces when the automobile industry begins to tip at a mass scale? And how can we start planning and designing for that now?
Are we planning our cities for cars, or do we recognize cars for what they are, a mobility tool, and a mobility tool with severe limitations. — Jennifer Keesmatt
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Plans unveiled to pedestrianise London’s Oxford Street in 2018 Image by Sadiq Khan Mayor of London UK
The Future of Mobility The year is 2050, no longer are the days when our cities were built for vehicles. Our cities in this year are built for humans. The city prioritizes people above all else. 30 years ago, our cities were congested with single cars and single travellers. As our urban cores became more dense with people, so too did our streets with space to accommodate for the car to move, park, and sleep. City planning had failed us creating tangible constraints on our quality of life. We have seen non combustible engines, electric, and autonomous vehicles come and go. This has resulted in the disuse of spaces once dedicated to serving the automobile. We now have the opportunity to reclaim this land and integrate them back into our societies with a more human–centric approach.
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HISTORY OF GAS STATIONS Fall Thesis Proposal Book
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1859
First successful oil well is drilled in Titusville, Pennsylvania
1893 1898
build and test the first American gasoline-powered automobile the first gas dispenser pump and first underground storage tank shopkeepers fill a five-gallon can from behind the store and bring it to the customer's car to fill it
1905
First Sidewalk Gas Pump in the USA
1908
300,000 automobiles on the road introduction of the first affordable Model T leads to a rapid growth in automobile sales within several years.
1909
Reighard's gas station in Altoona, Pennsylvania, opens. It is the oldest U.S. gas station still in operation.
1910
Gilbert & Barker Manufacturing Co. manufactures its first gas pump. using a pull-push motion to draw gas from an underground storage tank
1913
Gulf Refining Co. opens the nation's first drive-up service station specifically designed to sell fuels and other related products This is also the first architect-designed station and the first to distribute free road maps
1913
William Burton invents the process of thermal cracking doubles the yield of gasoline that can be refined from crude oil
1916
The first canopy is introduced, as Standard Oil of Ohio unveils a prefabricated canopy prototype.
1919
Gasoline finally surpasses the sales of kerosene and becomes the top petroleum product sold in the United States.
1949
The first self serve gas station
1957 1961
The term convenience store is used
1961
The Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Act establishes the country's first emissions standards.
1999
The Honda Insight is the first hybrid vehicle sold in the United States; 17 are sold that year.
2010
The Nissan Leaf is introduced and is the first mass-produced electric vehicle to hit the U.S. market.
2013
100 year anniversary of the first purpose-built drive-up gas station
2017
Toban researches gas stations in Providence
2050
?????
The National Association of Convenience Stores is founded 1971, only 6.8% of all convenience stores sold motor fuels; today 83% of convenience stores sell fuels. U.S. convenience stores sell an estimated 80% of all the motor fuels purchased in the country.
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Gas Stations Over the 20th Century The first gas stations were not what we would recognize today. With the rise of mass produced cars in America in the early 1900’s and the advancement of pavement and road construction, people were able to move farther and faster than horses, bikes or feet had allowed prior. However, limitations existed; similar to grass fed horses, cars too were reliant on oil to fuel them. Limited storage in cars meant more frequent stops to fill up. The initial distribution of gasoline for the car was integrated with convenient stores that already sold oil products. Oil was distributed out of cans that required funnels, making the fill up process quite messy and hazardous. The move towards pumps was a result of this. These pumps were set up along streets outside as a common curbside fixture. Eventually the storage of oil evolved into storage tanks that were buried underground to further improve the safety. Into the 1920’s these stations began to be designed with more consideration. As the motorcar became more complex, the need for maintenance and repair required more
dedicated space to work on the vehicle. Away went the curbside station and instead came the increase in building, lot size, paved driveways, and island pumps. The stations evolved from solely offering “filling” to “service”. The gas station became the most frequent roadside commercial environment in the 1940’s. Visibility, accessibility, and frequency became important considerations for the growth of gas stations. As the industry competition grew, the need to attract customers became a visual priority. This was done through signage, staffing, and modern amenities. These marketing tactics went as far as individual building types — teapot–shaped, windmill–shaped, and even dinosaur–shaped. After World War II, standardization, efficiency and economy took precedent. The station was stripped down as more economic materials such as, plastic and concrete, were used for building. Self service finally caught on in the 1970’s with the technology improvement of remotecontrol, automated fuel pumps.
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1915 Bowser Company Manual. Image by Margolies, John. Pump and circumstance.
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1900 Margolies “Pump and Circumstance”
1910 Lawrence’s ‘filling station in Clapham, south London,1921
1920 MIL station. Aamo, Mulholland. The petrol station: a visual history.
1930 Nagy, The Amazing Architectural Evolution of the Filling Station
1940 Nagy, The Amazing Architectural Evolution of the Filling Station
1950 Nagy, The Amazing Architectural Evolution of the Filling Station
1960 Nagy, The Amazing Architectural Evolution of the Filling Station
1970 Smith, I-75 at Athens-Boonesboro Road Lexington, KY
1980 Gas Station Pumps. nissan cherry europe gti - JohnyWheels.
1990 Barker, Daily Management Review.
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2010 200 Union Ave, Providence, RI 02909 Google Maps
Decline In 2007 the Census Bureau counted 118,756 gas stations in the United States. By 2012 that total had fallen by 3.6%. In the 15 years from 1997 to 2012, almost 10% of America’s gas stations disappeared. Americans are driving less and buying less fuel for their newer, more fuel-efficient vehicles. Americans who live in larger U.S. cities with good public transportation are less likely to have a car than they were five years ago. These trends will continue to have an impact on the number of gas stations in the United States and the number of gas stations in the country will get smaller. ¹ Currently there is an estimated 112, 000 gas stations in the United States ²
# of Gas Stations
200 000 150 000 100 000 50 000 0 1994 1997 2000 2004 2007 2010 2012
1 Ausick, Paul. May 22, 2014 2 Census profile: Census Tract 117.02, Provdence, RI.
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THE GAS STATION Fall Thesis Proposal Book
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Gasoline stations, also considered a filling station or service station, are roadside facilities designed to sell gasoline and other closely related products, such as lubricants, tires, and batteries, for the automobile. —Jakle & Sculle The History of Gas Stations 1994
Painting by Edward Hopper Gas, 1940
Gas Station as a Typology The gas station building has evolved throughout the 20th century, from curbside pumps, to house-like structures. The evolution of these structures is indicative of its period and provide us with insight of that time. There are of course the anomalies of station architecture, however there is a distinct structural evolution of the typical building types.
Images from: The History of Gas Stations Jakle & Sculle 1994
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Images from: How to Design a Petrol Station Copyright of Minale Tattersfield Design Strategy
1920 Barn
1920 Arches
1925 Columns
1930 Palladium
1935 Deco
1935 Constructivist
1936 Twin
1940 Tiled
1960 Angled
1962 Inverted
1963 Batwing
1970 V Wing
1970 Angled Nosing
1970 Mushrooms
1989 Curved Nosing
2000 Umbrella
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Coffee/Bar Station
High Turnover Goods
Non-perishable Goods
Public Bathroom
Cash Desk
Circulation
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Coffee/Bar Station
Semi–Public
Public
High Turnover Goods
Non-perishable Goods
Public Bathroom
Cash Desk
Zones
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vent pipe u–shaped bollard
spill bucket
double wall fuel line
hold down straps
10 000 gasoline tank
Section of a gas station
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3 000 diesel tank
dispenser pump
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Snacks
Drinks
Checkout
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Steel
Pump
Lighting
Light Gauge Metal
Asphalt
Signage
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Shell signage over 100 years Todd Anderson
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The evolution of Standard Oil Jeff Desjardins
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Gas Station as a Source of Energy Gas stations provide gasoline or oil to fuel automobiles. Prior to arriving on site, the process includes exploration, extraction, refining, and transporting. The most amount of oil production is for the use of gasoline in addition to fuel oil (burned in a furnace to provide heat for our homes). “This industry is the largest industrial source of emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), a group of chemicals that contribute to the formation of ground-level ozone.”¹ This energy is a non-renewable natural resource, that will eventually deplete in supply.
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1 “Air Emissions Sources.” EPA. June 02, 2017.
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Brownfield Gas stations are categorized as a brownfield. A brownfield defined by the Environmental Protection Agency is “a property on which expansion, redevelopment, or reuse may be complicated by the presence , or perceived presence, of contamination.”¹ A petroleum brownfield is a type of browfield where the contaminant is petroleum. According to the EPA, “of the estimated 450 000 brownfield sites in the United States, approximately one-half are thought to be impacted by petroleum, much of it from leaking underground storage tanks (UST’s) at old gas stations.” “These sites blight the surrounding neighborhoods and threaten human health and the environment. Petroleum can contaminate groundwater, the source of drinking water for nearly half of all Americans.” ²
Gas tank removal, Broadway Street, Providence, Rhode Island.
1–2 “Overview of the Brownfields Program.”EPA. November 17, 2017.
Abandoned gas station on Elmwood Ave., Providence Rhode Island
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Remediation In order to revitalize a neighbourhood or community, remediation efforts can be implemented to clean up the blighted areas. There are numerous strategies to clean up contaminated sites. These include capping, phytoremediation, and bioswales. Brownfield sites may seem unappealing to developers as they need to incur additional costs such as testing and cleaning up the site before redevelopment. However, with government funding and incentives, brownfield remediation is becoming easier and more appealing as they prove to have economic and environmental gain.
Bioswales
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Sand + Gravel Drainage Layer
Capping involves placing a cover over contaminated material such as land, waste or contaminated soil. Such covers are called “caps.” Caps do not destroy or remove contaminants. Instead, they isolate them and keep them in place to avoid the spread of contamination. Caps prevent people and wildlife from coming in contact with contaminants. Phytoremediation is a generic term for the group of technologies that use plants for remediating soils, sludges, sediments and water contaminated with organic and inorganic contaminants. Phytoremediation can be defined as “the efficient use of plants to remove, detoxify or immobilise environmental contaminants in a growth matrix (soil, water or sediments) through the natural biological, chemical or physical activities and processes of the plants”.
Clay
Vegetative Layer
Geomembrane
Contaminated Soil
Clean Soil
Clean Soil
Water Table
Capping
Bioswales are landscaping features used to slow, collect, infiltrate, and filter stormwater.
Phytoremediation
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PRECEDENT Brownfield Typology
The Steel Yard Klopfer Martin Design Group 27 Sims Ave, Providence RI 2010 **Images by KMD
Remeditaion Plan
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The Steel Yard, currently a non for profit organization that fosters the local artist community scene was previously an abandoned steel fabrication facility called the Providence
Steel & Iron. The long time presence of lead paint used in its operations left this site contaminated and designated as a brownfield. In order to adapt and reuse this site, remediation
considerations were a cap of 12 inch clean fill and the use of non permeable materials and moats that direct the stormwater into bioswales.
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Brownfield Site Before Remediation
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Bioswale Solution
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Capping and Remediation Strategies
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GAS STATION AS A SYSTEM + NETWORK Fall Thesis Proposal Book
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Too much American geography has been reoriented to the nations roadsides for them to suddenly recede and disappear. Indeed, a major revolution in transportation would be necessary. Certainly, abandonment of the automobile would be even more momentous than the automobile’s adoption. —Jakle & Sculle The History of Gas Stations 1994
Left: John Held Jr. 1928. The New Yorker Magazine 1956.
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PRECEDENT System
New York City Wifi Hotspots LinkNYC New York, USA 2016
The public pay phone was a common street structure around the world. Now an outdated system, they have fallen into disuse. New York has adapted and reused their unused public pay phones for free public wifi access to millions of New Yorkers. The map with the blue dots on the following page represents the distribution of the free public wifi hotspots scattered throughout New York. The dispersion of wifi hotspots could be compared with the distribution of gas stations within a city. The main difference between the two systems is the new infrastructure in New York is an interconnected network of internet providers. Whereas the gas stations operate in isolation from one another.
New LinkNYC systems installed in New York City replacing the old phone booths with free wifi
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Map of New York City indicating the dispersement of wifi hotspot locations (blue dots) NYC Opendata
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Active gas stations located in Providence RI USA
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PRECEDENT System
Parc de la Villette Bernard Tschumi Paris, FRA 1984
Parc de la Villette is a reuse and revitalization of the old French national wholesale meat market and slaughterhouse land in Paris. Given the task to design a new tourist attraction, Tschumi’s design proposal was a new take on the urban park for the 21st Century. Although each park structure is different from one another, Tschumi used repetition of colour and material to create a dispersed collective sense of place. This idea is not dissimilar to how we familiarize ourselves with gas stations currently. Although they are standardized in form (pumps in front), they too, respond to their own unique brand and location. As a strategy for reuse, how do we create “uniqueness amongst the sameness?”
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Right: The various forms of urban park structures designed by Bernard Tschumi Left: A few structures in built form in Paris
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PROPOSED ENERGY MODEL Fall Thesis Proposal Book
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As technology progresses and political initiatives strive for greener cities around the world, the reliance on fossil fuels, gasoline in this case, will likely decrease as the trends begin to favour alternatives in the automotive industry. As one energy phases out, we will have the opportunity to replace this unsustainable, inefficient and harmful model with one that is sustainable, efficient, healthy and inclusive. Updating one system with a new one. If we look at gas stations as part of a larger system — one that consists both on-site and off-site — then we must consider the process from its beginning to end. Starting with extraction of resources to the production, distribution, use, and finally waste.
However, automobiles are not the only ones reliant on fossil fuels. Our cities, homes, and buildings also rely on this energy source. Although our cities have continued to develop and the demand for power has increased, we are still using an inefficient and wasteful way of distributing electricity. Could we adapt and reuse the site of gas stations as "Energy Hot Spots". Using a combination of both natural renewable energy resources and human generated energy through movement, could we connect these "Energy Hot Spots" with the surrounding communities? Thus providing power and heat to the nearby communities as well as a place to store the excess heat. Creating a constant feedback loop of distribution and collection.
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NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY LIFE CYCLE
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PROPOSED RENEWABLE ENERGY CYCLE
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Our shift in energy models As our electrical energy network ages and becomes harder to maintain, different models are being explored and tested. These models are going away with petroleum, an unsustainable and toxic resource, to a system that offers clean and renewable energy to power and heat cities.
Energy. “United Nations Environment Programme.� DISTRICT ENERGY IN CITIES INITIATIVE.
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Centralized Energy Our current electricity network relies on a few mass centralized power plants located far from the areas it is distributing to.
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Decentralized Energy A more efficient model is decentralized energy. These smaller systems are located closer to the homes and building they are powering. Unlike the centralized model which relies on fossil fuels, this system uses renewable energy sources like solar and wind to generate electricity.
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Thermal Energy — District Energy These systems capture wasted heat from coal plants, distributing it through underground pipes also known as combined heat and power (CHP) or recovered heat. This is used to heat, cool, provide hot water and electricity to homes and buildings in the nearby communities
District Heating District heating enables the use of a variety of heat sources that are often wasted, as well as of renewable heat. The system can use diverse sources of heat and can allow consumers to supply heat as well.
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District Cooling Distric cooling systems supply cold water through pipes in combination with cold storage. Cold water can be produced from waste heat (from power generation or industry), through the use of steam turbine-driven or absorption chillers.
District Heating
District Energy System. Energy. “United Nations Environment Programme.” DISTRICT ENERGY IN CITIES INITIATIVE.
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District Cooling
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Thermal Storage
District Energy System. Energy. “United Nations Environment Programme.” DISTRICT ENERGY IN CITIES INITIATIVE.
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Superposition — exposed interwoven energy infrastructure. Rendering by Toban Shadlyn.
ENERGY HOTSPOTS FOR THE MACHINE
The decentralized model requires smaller areas connected more closely with the infrastructure they are providing energy for. Vacant gas stations could become a prime site to host these more efficient and renewable energy sources. They would become energy hotspot machines. Housed within these gas stations would require an integration of a variety of energies, both thermal and electric.
We could reuse wasted energy from the nearby power plants to heat and cool our homes, as well as collect and store energy from the sun and wind to power our buildings. These energies would be distributed right from the gas stations to the nearby communities. This would be a more sustainable approach for our future.
Our perception of clean renewable energy are of these structures, machines and technology that interact directly with nature, sun to shine on solar panels or wind to turn turbines. This process however, does not require much human effort. Humans are mostly isolated from this equation. We have minor role in this current process
Left: A diagram of a decentralized energy system Right: A map of Providence RI indicating the locations of active gas stations with a 1000km radius The pairing is indicating whether the potential in combining the distribution of energy resources with the land distribution and lot size that existing gas staions in Providence could provide to host these energy systems and technologies
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ENERGY HOTSPOTS FOR THE HUMAN
So what about the Human? Could humans also be included as a part of this energy chain? If these new energy hotspots are embedded into our living spaces, we have created an opportunity to integrate humans into our energy production methods. We can create a relationship between the people living nearby and the technologies on site.
We have the technology today to translate human activity into energy and power. Within these new energy hot spots we could create a place to accommodate for people to become energized while at the same time generating energy. If we look at the human circulatory system, the flow of blood within our bodies is both generated and distributed from our hearts,
leaving in one state and returning in another as a closed feedback loop. These micro energy hotspots could function the same way, producing and transporting energy from the physical site to nearby infrastructure, but also collecting and storing excess energy returned from buildings and human activity.
CHARLES
HOPE
WANSKUCK
Left: A diagram of the human circulatory system, indicating the flow of blood from the heart and back to the heart
BLACKSTONE
MOUNT HOPE
ELMHURST
MOUNT PLEASANT SMITH HILL
OLNEYVILLE
FEDERAL HILL
DOWNTOWN FOX POINT
HARTFORD
SILVER LAKE
Right: A map of Providence RI indicating the locations of active energy hot spots in a closed feedback loop. Both generating, storing, distributing, and returning energy to its site.
COLLEGE HILL
VALLEY
UPPER SOUTH PROVIDENCE
WEST END
The pairing is indicating whether the potential in combining the distribution of energy resources with the land distribution and lot size that existing gas staions in Providence could provide to host these energy systems and technologies
LOWER SOUTH PROVIDENCE ELMWOOD RESERVOIR
WASHINGTON PARK
SOUTH ELMWOOD
0
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0.5
MILE
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Detail of “Der Mensch als Industriepalast� (Man as Industrial Palace)
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ELECTRICAL ENERGY RESOURCES
Solar
Biogas
Windpower
Green Roof
Geothermal
THERMAL ENERGY RESOURCES Above: examples of electrical energies that could be integrated into the proposed site Left: Different ways to incroprate district energy into the proposed site
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PRECEDENT Typology and Energy
Mies van der Rohe Nun’s Island Gas Station FABG Architect Firm (renovation) 201 rue Berlioz, Verdun, QuÊbec, Canada 2011
Before renovation: Gas Tanks Stored Underground to fuel cars
After renovation: Gas tanks were replaced with geothermal piping to heat the building
Proposed plan for Mies van der Rohe renovation
After renovation
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POSSIBLE PROGRAMS FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION THROUGH HUMAN ACTIVITY
Adult Playgrounds We could start integrating the already existing human activity with energy generating technologies. Adult parks or playgrounds that promote movement could be hooked up to generators in order to capture, store and use the energy to then power our homes and buildings.
Community Basketball Courts Current materials and technology allow us to transform human step and pressure into power. Community basketball courts, or activities that require lots of movement and lots of people could produce a lot of energy if connected with these energy hot spots. We could connect the energy produced on these spaces, to the technologies and machines placed on reused gas stations to feed the surrounding areas.
Public Geothermal Sauna We know that to remediate and clean up contaminated sites, there is opportunity to excavate the ground and remove the gas tanks from below. By replacing these tanks with geothermal energy (heat within the earth, that we can use as steam or hot water to heat from the ground up. We could reuse the holes from excavation and have naturally heated public baths
Outdoor Free Public Adult Park in Beijing
Outdoor Free Public Basketball Court designed by Pigalle Image by: SpacesXplaces
Outdoor Public geothermal heated sauna bath in Reykjavik Iceland
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Program scenario renderings
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PROVIDENCE
AS A CASE STUDY
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Active gas stations located in Providence, RI, USA Vision Government Solutions & Rhode Island Office of Energy Resources
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Providence Rhode Island USA For the purpose of this exploration, Providence Rhode Island is used as an initial case study. Providence has a unique landscape, geography and climate, different from many cities throughout the US. For this reason, consideration for other cities and scenarios will also be researched and included in the exploration. Not every gas station will be a viable host for adaptive reuse nor will every neighbourhood or city be a good candidate for this adaptive reuse proposal. However, the purpose of this exploration is not to prove the feasibility of this proposed design. Rather, the purpose is to use this topic as a speculation and a platform for conversation. Creating the content with information around specific renewable energies, technologies, and systems, I will design a series of interfaces or methods for which the stakeholders, the ones with decision-making power and the ones without, will be able to convene around this collective topic. The purpose of these interactions is to create and test an environment where collaborative and inclusive design can exist.
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Providence population 178,652 Population Density 9,704 Median Age 28
Providence Stakeholders City Planners Community Members Energy Consultants Government Agencies
EPA. “2015 TRI Factsheet: State – Rhode Island .
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The Total Square Feet of Gas Station Asphalt in Providence
A
B
Providence Gas Station Asphalt 155,132 Square Feet Providence Gas Station Asphalt = 3 Football Fields
Football Field 57,600 Square Feet
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Analysis of Gas Stations: Federal Hill As a case study, I analyzed the gas stations in the Federal Hill neighbourhood. I analyzed gas stations in use, abandoned and ones that have been adapted. I also analyzed
gas station embedded in communities as well as ones off of highways. The three gas stations that follow are examples of one located in a community, right off of a highway, and one that sits abandoned.
CHARLES WANSKUCK
HOPE
CHARLES
HOPE
WANSKUCK
MOUNT HOPE
ELMHURST
BLACKSTONE
MOUNT HOPE
ELMHURST
Top: Xpress Gas Broadway Street Status – Active
BLACKSTONE
Middle: 775 Cranston St Providence, RI Status – Active
MOUNT PLEASANT
MOUNT PLEASANT
SMITH SMITHHILL HILL
OLNEYVILLE OLNEYVILLE
FEDERALHILL HILL FEDERAL
DOWNTOWN DOWNTOWN
FOX FOXPOINT POINT
HARTFORD HARTFORD
SILVER LAKE SILVER LAKE
Bottom: Elmwood Ave Providence, RI Status – Abandoned
COLLEGEHILL HILL COLLEGE
VALLEY VALLEY
UPPER SOUTH UPPER SOUTH PROVIDENCE PROVIDENCE
WEST END
WEST END
LOWER SOUTH
LOWER SOUTH PROVIDENCE PROVIDENCE ELMWOOD
ELMWOOD RESERVOIR
WASHINGTON PARK
RESERVOIR
WASHINGTON PARK
SOUTH
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Federal Hill population 7,546 Population Density 13,939 Median Age 28.6
Federal Hill Employment Information
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Xpress Gas Broadway Street Status – Active
CHARLES
HOPE
WANSKUCK
BLACKSTONE
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MOUNT PLEASANT SMITH HILL COLLEGE HILL
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HOPE
WANSKUCK
BLACKSTONE
MOUNT HOPE
ELMHURST
MOUNT PLEASANT SMITH HILL COLLEGE HILL
VALLEY
OLNEYVILLE
FEDERAL HILL
DOWNTOWN FOX POINT
HARTFORD
SILVER LAKE
UPPER SOUTH PROVIDENCE
WEST END
LOWER SOUTH PROVIDENCE ELMWOOD RESERVOIR
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Elmwood Ave Providence, RI Status – Abandoned
CHARLES
HOPE
WANSKUCK
BLACKSTONE
MOUNT HOPE
ELMHURST
MOUNT PLEASANT SMITH HILL COLLEGE HILL
VALLEY
OLNEYVILLE
FEDERAL HILL
DOWNTOWN FOX POINT
HARTFORD
SILVER LAKE
UPPER SOUTH PROVIDENCE
WEST END
LOWER SOUTH PROVIDENCE ELMWOOD RESERVOIR
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METHODS FOR PARTICIPATORY DESIGN Fall Thesis Proposal Book
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1 Interview As Data Collection + Visualization
ME Design the interview Questions
PARTICIPANTS Provide the information, conent, answers, opinions, expertise
ME Translate provided content into a visual representation (in addition to the written narrative)
2 Game Simulation for Future Scenario Planning
PARTICIPANTS Engage people to interact with the information, game, simulation to create multiple outcomes
ME Design the game, parameters, medium, and content
ME Document the process from creation to interaction to outcome
3 Design Fiction As Speculation ME Design “mock” incentives for people to engage with ie. “competition proposal”
Toban Shadlyn
PARTICIPANTS Deploy the medium to the public in an accessible location and format with feedback loops
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ME Document the process from conception to design
Participatory Methods to Design for this Thesis Toban Shadlyn
Playful ways of integrating the user into the design process, focusing on interactive experimentation as design method and thus putting the process and the context thereof, rather than the medium-specific end result centre stage — Luna Maurer from Studio Moniker
“Participatory design is an approach to the assessment, design, and development of technological and organizational systems. The impetus of Participatory Design is to encourage the active involvement of potential or current end-users of a system in the design and decision-making processes.” (Stanford University) There are many methods, tools and mediums deployed to achieve an inclusive design process. The result is a more responsive, holistic, and adaptable outcome. Games such as Ticket to Ride, Metropolis, and Settlers of Catan require a level of strategy, planning, and even some collaboration to build railroads, cities, and develop new land. The important factor though, is that these simulations provide us the context to understand complex topics, providing a more accessible platform to engage with. Scenario testing through a game interface is one way to experiment with participatory design. I will explore through the design of different mediums and methods how we as creative thinkers can provide many platforms and points of entry throughout the design and decision–making process.
To do this, I will use my proposal of converting gas stations into “energy hot spots”, as an entry point. These “energy hot spots” will replace the old system, now relying on a combination of both natural energy resources, like solar and wind, and human–generated energy through movement. But what will these new spaces look like? Which specific energies and activities exist on each site and why? There are many different scenarios that could determine the transformation; such as location, climate, and the local activity or inactivity. For example, a gas station in Scottsdale Arizona may be converted into a shaded basketball court with solar panels installed on the overhead canopy. Or a geothermal powered outdoor sauna in Seattle Washington. Or an outdoor garden that turns food waste into biogas energy through an on–site anaerobic digestion process in Miami Florida. The outcomes are endless. Therefore, it is not feasible for me, the sole designer, to create all the scenarios, but rather create a framework that can produce many design outcomes.
The intent will be to design and build various interfaces focusing on future scenarios and game simulations that will enable others to participate in the design of these departed gas stations.
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1 Interview As Data Collection + Visualization
ME Design the interview Questions
PARTICIPANTS Provide the information, conent, answers, opinions, expertise
ME Translate provided content into a visual representation (in addition to the written narrative)
2 Game Simulation for Future Scenario Planning
PARTICIPANTS Engage people to interact with the information, game, simulation to create multiple outcomes
ME Design the game, parameters, medium, and content
ME Document the process from creation to interaction to outcome
3 Design Fiction As Speculation ME Design “mock” incentives for people to engage with ie. “competition proposal”
Toban Shadlyn
PARTICIPANTS Deploy the medium to the public in an accessible location and format with feedback loops
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ME Document the process from conception to design
PRECEDENT Stakeholder Data Collection
The Day Labour Station Liz Ogbu + Public Architecture 2005-2010
Liz Ogbu, a former designer at the firm Public Architecture, worked with her team to create an “innovative design and advocacy campaign that worked with day laborers across the country as clients.”¹ The purpose of this project was to “address critical issues of space, dignity, and community.”² The design challenge was to find an architectural solution for “the 110,000 day laborers in the U.S.”³ who occupy public spaces, from parking lots to street corners, waiting and hoping for work each day. This current situation is not ideal. These workers stake out all day on these sites that have other dedicated programs, resulting in a lack of amenities available to them, like bathrooms and shelter.
1–3 “Day Labor Station.” Liz Ogbu. 4 “Public Architecture » ProjectsPublic Architecture.” Public Architecture.
The proposed solution, The Day Labour Station, is a temporary flexible structure that can be installed at these daily sites. The structure can be manipulated for various likely activities such as an employment centre, meeting space and classroom.⁴ The result of this project was both a flop and a success. Although the physical design of the station was never actualized, the success of the project created an awareness around a topic that was not given much spotlight prior. The advocacy campaigns continued after the project wrapped up, resulting in education and outreach programs to improve the working conditions for day labourers. This is an example of how design in the built environment can converge with social issues, providing a platform for awareness and participation.
Images and project by Liz Ogbu and Public Architecture
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PROPOSED STAKEHOLDER INTERVIEWS Stakeholder Data Collection
IDEO Peter Jackson
Sitra Justin Cook
DOER Danny Musher
City Planning Allen Pennimen
RI Innovation League
DOT Julia Gold
Oil Industry
Landscape Katy Foley
Energy Kurt Teichert
Community Member
DEM Corey
New Urban Mechanics Nigel Jacob
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INTERVIEW VISUALIZATION Stakeholder Data Collection
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1 Interview As Data Collection + Visualization
ME Design the interview Questions
PARTICIPANTS Provide the information, conent, answers, opinions, expertise
ME Translate provided content into a visual representation (in addition to the written narrative)
2 Game Simulation for Future Scenario Planning
PARTICIPANTS Engage people to interact with the information, game, simulation to create multiple outcomes
ME Design the game, parameters, medium, and content
ME Document the process from creation to interaction to outcome
3 Design Fiction As Speculation ME Design “mock” incentives for people to engage with ie. “competition proposal”
Toban Shadlyn
PARTICIPANTS Deploy the medium to the public in an accessible location and format with feedback loops
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PRECEDENT Interactive Game
World Game Report Buckminster Fuller 1961
In 1961, Buckminster Fuller created The World Game, a logistics simulation tool “that would facilitate a comprehensive, anticipatory, design science approach to the problems of the world.”¹The intent of the game encouraged players to rethink the allocation of resources on a systemic global perspective. Fullers’ intention was serious, despite the use of an informal— even playful— format. The choice to deploy this particular medium allowed for a participatory and collaborative result, one that wasn’t solely geared towards the few in power or in decision–making roles, but rather accessibility for all. The goal of this game was to “make the world work, for one hundred percent of humanity, in the shortest possible time, through spontaneous cooperation, without ecological offense or the disadvantage of anyone”.¹ However ambitious this idea was, the notion was quite simple: How can we turn data into a digestible and actionable format? Similarly, how else can accessibility to information empower others? What would true participation and collaboration look like throughout the whole process; from planning to design to implementation? 1 “About Fuller.” World Game | The Buckminster Fuller Institute Images: Buckminster Fuller World Game 1961
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PRECEDENT Interactive Game
Games for Cities Website Database 2017
Games for Cities is an online database, research forum and event-programme that explores the role of gaming for complex urban issues. Documenting both the prototype phases and actualized games. Their three guiding principles: 1. A guidebook for policy makers and regulators to employ city gaming in their daily work. 2. Activation and growth of the City Gaming community through public events and an online network. 3. A comprehensive City Gaming database on the Games for Cities website. This is a resource that documents the specific issues in which to solve, the process of protoyping different games that are both analog and digital, and testing them on users.
Images by "Inclusive City / Utrecht." "Play the City Projects."
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PRECEDENT Participatory Design
Ultramarine Fungus Studio Moniker NADA Miami Beach 2014
Images by Studio Moniker
Ultramarine Fungus is a participatory installation designed by Studio Moniker in 2014. Launched at the NADA Museum in Miami Beach, visitors to the museum were given a sticker sheet upon entry. The sticker sheet provided instructions for participants to follow that would ultimately lead to an ever–evolving installation. The stickers, designed by Studio Moniker, included four shapes and three directions: 1 2 3
Sticker may only be attached to the floor or the wall. Place your stickers next to other stickers that are already in position.Affixing stickers in a new location is not allowed. The distance between stickers may not exceed the size of a single sticker. Stickers may not overlap.
Provided with these parameters, participants were free to add their piece however the wanted. This is an example of a designed system that enables users to determine the possible outcome. Although the rules never change, the installation will look different dependant on the users and the location each time.
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1 Interview As Data Collection + Visualization
ME Design the interview Questions
PARTICIPANTS Provide the information, conent, answers, opinions, expertise
ME Translate provided content into a visual representation (in addition to the written narrative)
2 Game Simulation for Future Scenario Planning
PARTICIPANTS Engage people to interact with the information, game, simulation to create multiple outcomes
ME Design the game, parameters, medium, and content
ME Document the process from creation to interaction to outcome
3 Design Fiction As Speculation ME Design “mock” incentives for people to engage with ie. “competition proposal”
Toban Shadlyn
PARTICIPANTS Deploy the medium to the public in an accessible location and format with feedback loops
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ME Document the process from conception to design
PRECEDENT Future Scenario Design
Future Energy Lab Superflux United Arab Emirates 2017
Images by Superflux
The Future Energy Lab was an exhibition in the UAE. The intent of the museum and the exhibition is to "stress test the opportunities and broader systemic consequences of each future with Cabinet Ministers and key decision makers." Lab participants were taken through five different future worlds in order to understand the differences between them. 1. One of the big questions facing the government and policy makers was how they could convince people to shift behaviour from present day comforts, towards behaviours whose impact will be visible not in years, but decades Developed a new awards scheme for the Emirates: The Order of the Emirates. The awards would recognise climate champions, the individuals and organizations who made efforts in their communities to reduce energy demands. — Superflux 2. The Fund encouraged citizens to contribute financially towards a long term investment in their children’s future, based on their energy behaviours today. Within the space of the Lab, participants could walk up to a holographic fund advisor, who would run through a payment plan with a client, showing what deductions they were entitled to for environmentally conscious behaviours. — Superflux
1. Champion Awards Behaviour Incentive
2. The Tomorrow Fund
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PRECEDENT Government Funded Initiatives
STUDIO RHODE Rhode Island Office of Innovation 2017-2018
Project Kick Off Poster
Woonsocket Library Staff at Public Events Collecting Community Stories
Right: Studio Rhode Initial Competition Poster Image by: Rhode Island Office of Innovation
Government funded initiatives such as grants, competitions, challenges, or hackathons, is one way to engage the public at a local, state or national level. These initiatives have the potential to reach a broad and diverse group of people providing voluntary participation and incentives. Studio Rhode is a challenge put forth by the Rhode Island Governors Innovation Office. The challenge provides funding to local libraries to rethink, redesign, and test new ways of connecting with their communities in todays digital era. The grant funding was a collaboration between the Rhode Island Office of Innovation, Apple, and the Carnegie Foundation. Two Rhode Island libraries were awarded the grant money. Each library created their own design proposals based on their local communities' needs. Both libraries implemented their designs over a four month period. The success of the projects has no led to a phase two, providing funding to four more libraries in Rhode Island.
Recorded Woonsocket Citizen Stories uploaded to the Youtube Channel
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SPECULATIVE DESIGN MEDIUM EXAMPLE Workshop Activity for Library Hack Design Competition
STUDIO RHODE CHALLENGE 1 Rhode Island Office of Innovation 2017-2018
Designed activity worksheets to help participants engage in the design process
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PARTICIPATORY ENGAGEMENT Workshop for Libraries
STUDIO RHODE Rhode Island Office of Innovation 2017-2018
Images by: Rhode Island Office of Innovation
The Studio Rhode challenge prompted local libraries to think creatively about ways they can improve and better serve their communities. An educational and interactive workshop was designed for the libraries in Rhode Island to help them think critically and begin to frame a design proposal. Activity sheets were distributed along with examples, to guide the library staff in considering who they are designing for and what could be designed for those identified users. Provided with the parameters to work within, participants were able to access and engage with the activity freely, producing various outcomes, scenarios, and design sketches.
Library staff collaborating on activity worksheets
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SPECISALIST ADVISOR
Kurt Teichart — Energy consultant Kurt Teichert is Senior Lecturer in Environmental Studies. He teaches courses and advises students on sustainable design, environmental stewardship, urban infrastructure, and transportation technology and policy. Brown established an environmental education and advocacy initiative in 1990 that links student research and education efforts with university operations to implement programs that reduce negative environmental impacts. Kurt came to Brown in 1992 to support that initiative. He has been involved in research, design, and construction of high performance educational facilities for over 25 years. Teichert is a member of the Steering Committee of the Northeast Sustainable Energy Association RI Chapter, and is a founding member of the NE Campus Sustainability Consortium. Prior to coming to Brown, Kurt served as Research Associate and Facilities Manager at New Alchemy Institute. He holds an M.Sc. in Agricultural and Resource Economics from Oregon State University and a B.A. from Franklin and Marshall College
Katherine Foley — Landscape Architect Kathryn Foley is a licensed landscape architect whose independent design practice aims to position the landscape as a resilient medium capable of negotiating complex social and political realities. Recent studio research conducted in combination with interdisciplinary graduate student contributors interrogates the shared territory of the living and the dead in western burial tradition. Foley is also pursuing emerging themes in field reconnaissance-based research on the culture, climate and environmental impacts of resource extraction in subsurface geologic formations including those of North American permafrost territories. Field accounts have been published in contribution to Manifest: A Journal of American Architecture and Urbanism and with the Forum on Fieldwork’s project Fieldwork in Landscape Architecture: Methods, Actions, Tools. Foley has implemented material-focused landscapes for private clients as well as civic projects including the RISD Architecture department’s student design-build outdoor performance space SouthLight at the Southside Cultural Center in Providence.She has also worked on such urban public use projects as Boston’s NorthPoint Gateway and the Indianapolis Art Park with Landworks Studio in Boston, MA. With Terreform ONE she re-envisioned the restored social and ecological networks of Brooklyn in the year 2110, and with !Melk she helped design Ship Street Square in Providence’s Jewelry District. In addition to teaching landscape design studios at RISD, Foley is a Rhode Island Certified Horticulturist, has been a visiting critic and lecturer regionally and has taught at the Boston Architectural College.
IMAGE CREDITS in chronological order Traffic Congestion in Los Angeles. Kevork Djansezian. Plans unveiled to pedestrianise London’s Oxford Street in 2018. Sadiq Khan Mayor of London UK. John Margolies. 1915 Bowser Company Manual. Pump and Circumstance.
1900. John Margolies, . Pump and circumstance: glory days of the gas station. Boston: Little, Brown, 1996. 1910. Attila Nagy. The Amazing Architectural Evolution of the Filling Station. Gizmodo. May 07, 2016. Accessed December 14, 2017. https://gizmodo.com/the-amazing-architecturalevolution-of-the-filling-stat-1772864964. 1920. Alv Skogstad Aamo, and William Mulholland. Bensinstasjonen: en visuell historie = The petrol station: a visual history. Oslo: Norsk form, 1995. p. 62 1930. Attila Nagy. The Amazing Architectural Evolution of the Filling Station. Gizmodo. May 07, 2016. Accessed December 14, 2017. https://gizmodo.com/the-amazingarchitectural-evolution-of-the-filling-stat-1772864964. 1940. Attila Nagy. The Amazing Architectural Evolution of the Filling Station. Gizmodo. May 07, 2016. Accessed December 14, 2017. https://gizmodo.com/the-amazingarchitectural-evolution-of-the-filling-stat-1772864964. 1950. Attila Nagy. The Amazing Architectural Evolution of the Filling Station. Gizmodo. May 07, 2016. Accessed December 14, 2017. https://gizmodo.com/the-amazingarchitectural-evolution-of-the-filling-stat-1772864964. 1960. Attila Nagy. The Amazing Architectural Evolution of the Filling Station. Gizmodo. May 07, 2016. Accessed December 14, 2017. https://gizmodo.com/the-amazingarchitectural-evolution-of-the-filling-stat-1772864964. 1970. David Smith. I-75 @ Athens-Boonesboro Road Lexington, KY Late 1970’s. Flickr. January 16, 2011. Accessed December 14, 2017. https://www.flickr.com/photos/41932515@ N03/5360951622/in/faves-49809499@N02/. 1980. JohnyWheels. 1980 Gas Station Pumps. 1980 Gas Station Pumps, nissan cherry europe gti. Accessed Decem-
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ber 14, 2017. http://www.johnywheels.com/nissan-cherryeurope-gti/1980-gas-station-pumps-83c8739cfb3ff6d5. html. 1990. Iris Barker. Shell returns to paying dividends in cash. Daily Management Review. November 28, 2017. Accessed December 14, 2017. https://www.dailymanagementreview. com/Shell-returns-to-paying-dividends-in-cash_a3933. html.
Gas pump. Krugel, Lauren. GTA gas prices set to jump to around $1.42 a litre. CP24. June 13, 2014. Accessed December 14, 2017. https://www.cp24.com/news/gta-gas-pricesset-to-jump-to-around-1-42-a-litre-1.1867726.
2010. Shell Gas station. Google Maps 200 Union Ave Providence Rhode Island. Accessed December 14, 2017.
Old Gas Pump. American Oil & Gas Historical Society. This Week Archives. Accessed December 14, 2017. https://aoghs. org/this-week-in-petroleum-history/. Phytoremediation. Kennen, Kate, and Niall Kirkwood. Phyto: principles and resources for site remediation and landscape design. New York, NY: Routledge, 2015.
Hopper, Edward. Gas. 1940 | MoMA." The Museum of Modern Art. Accessed January 26, 2018. https://www.moma. org/collection/works/80000.
Steel Yard. Rudy Bruner Award. The Steel Yard. Accessed December 14, 2017. http://www.rudybruneraward.org/winners/steel-yard/.
Jakle & Sculle The History of Gas Stations. 1994 p.134
John Held Jr. Americana Map 1928. The New Yorker Magazine 1956.
Marcello Minale. 2000. How to Design a Petrol Station Copyright of Minale Tattersfield Design Strategy Snacks. Eric Mack. “Am I a convenience store addict? Digging deep to understand an obsession.” CNET. August 17, 2016. Accessed December 14, 2017. https://www.cnet.com/ news/am-i-a-convenience-store-addict-digging-deep-tounderstand-an-obsession/. Drink. Fabiola Cineas. “Soda Tax’s Early Impact: Sales Drops, Layoffs, and Lagging Tax Revenue.” Philadelphia Magazine. February 23, 2017. Accessed December 14, 2017. http://www.phillymag.com/business/2017/02/22/soda-taximpact-sales-drop/. Checkout. BLOG. Convenience Store Directory|C Store List|Convenience Store Chains. Accessed December 14, 2017. https://www.cstoredirectory.com/blog/. Shell Logo. Anderson, Todd. The History of the Shell Logo. Views on Design. January 01, 1970. Accessed December 14, 2017. http://www.viewsondesign.com/2016/10/the-historyof-shell-logo.html. Oil Company Chain. Desjardins, Jeff. Chart: The Evolution of Standard Oil. Visual Capitalist. November 24, 2017. Accessed January 26, 2018. http://www.visualcapitalist.com/ chart-evolution-standard-oil/.
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LinkNYC. Rebecca Greenfield. New York’s Super-Fast Wi-Fi Is Live, and Free. Bloomberg.com. January 19, 2016. Accessed December 14, 2017. https://www.bloomberg.com/ news/articles/2016-01-19/new-york-s-super-fast-wi-fi-islive-fast-and-free. Parc de la Villette. Bernard Tschumi Architects. Veduta aerea del parco Accessed December 14, 2017. http://www.tschumi.com/ projects/3/. Energy. Central Concept. ASEAN sees bright spots in energy industry. Concept News Central. September 27, 2017. Accessed December 14, 2017. http://conceptnewscentral. com/index.php/2017/09/27/asean-sees-bright-spotsenergy-industry/. 4th Generation Energy. District Energy in Cities Initiative. United Nations Environment Programme. Accessed December 14, 2017. http://staging.unep.org/energy/districtenergyincities. Energy System Old and New Energy. District Energy in Cities Initiative. United Nations Environment Programme. Accessed December 14, 2017. http://staging.unep.org/energy/ districtenergyincities. District Energy. District Energy in Cities Initiative. United Nations Environment Programme. Accessed December 14, 2017. http://staging.unep.org/energy/districtenergyincities.
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IMAGE CREDITS Fritz Kahn. Detail of “Der Mensch als Industriepalast” (Man as Industrial Palace) Accessed December 14, 2017. http://www.fritz-kahn.com/ gallery/man-as-industrial-palace/.
Federal Hill Census. Community Info for Federal Hill, Providence, RI - Demographics & Census Data - Trulia Demographics of Federal Hill. Accessed December 14, 2017. https://www.trulia.com/real_estate/Federal_Hill-Providence/5933/community-info
Thermal Energy Diagram. District Energy in Cities Initiative. What is District Energy? Accessed December 14, 2017. http://www.districtenergyinitiative.org/what-districtenergy.
Providence, RI. Data USA. Accessed December 14, 2017. https://datausa.io/profile/geo/providence-ri/.
Beijing Adult Park. Dan Chung for the Guardian Who Ever Said Playground Are Just For The Young? CITI IO. Accessed December 14, 2017. https://www.citi. io/2016/07/05/who-ever-said-playground-are-just-for-theyoung/. Basketball Court. SpacesXplaces. Pigalle Basketball Court. August 31, 2017. Accessed December 14, 2017. http:// www.spacesxplaces.com/what-to-see-in-pigalle-basketball-court/. Outdoor Sauna. Null. Iceland Vacation and Travel Guide. AARP. Accessed December 14, 2017. https://travel.aarp.org/ destinations/iceland/iceland/. Federal Hill Census. Community Info for Federal Hill, Providence, RI - Demographics & Census Data - Trulia Demographics of Federal Hill. Accessed December 14, 2017. https://www.trulia.com/real_estate/Federal_Hill-Providence/5933/community-info Providence, RI. Data USA. Accessed December 14, 2017. https://datausa.io/profile/geo/providence-ri/. Beijing Adult Park. Dan Chung for the Guardian Who Ever Said Playground Are Just For The Young? CITI IO. Accessed December 14, 2017. https://www.citi. io/2016/07/05/who-ever-said-playground-are-just-for-theyoung/.
Day Labor Station. Liz Ogbu. Accessed January 24, 2018. http://www.lizogbu.com/portfolio_page/daylaborstation/. Public Architecture » ProjectsPublic Architecture. Public Architecture. Accessed January 24, 2018. https://www. publicarchitecture.org/project/. About Fuller. World Game | The Buckminster Fuller Institute. Accessed January 24, 2018. https://www.bfi.org/aboutfuller/big-ideas/world-game. White, Mason, and David Benjamin. Energy Publics: Five Embodied Worlds. EMBODIED ENERGY & DESIGN 2017 LATERAL OFFICE. 2017. Accessed January 24, 2018. http:// lateraloffice.com/EMBODIED-ENERGY-DESIGN-2017. Inclusive City / Utrecht. Games for Cities. Accessed January 26, 2018. http://gamesforcities.com/challenges/inclusivecity/. Play the City Projects. Play the city. Accessed January 26, 2018. https://www.playthecity.nl/page/408/play-the-cityprojects. Fungus Series. Moniker –. Accessed January 26, 2018. https://studiomoniker.com/projects/fungus. Studio Rhode Library Challenge. Rhode Island Office of Innovation.
Basketball Court. SpacesXplaces. Pigalle Basketball Court. August 31, 2017. Accessed December 14, 2017. http:// www.spacesxplaces.com/what-to-see-in-pigalle-basketball-court/. Outdoor Sauna. Null. Iceland Vacation and Travel Guide. AARP. Accessed December 14, 2017. https://travel.aarp.org/ destinations/iceland/iceland/.
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ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY in chronological order
History & Gas Station Information Ausick, Paul. “Why Are There 115,000 (or 150,000) Gas Stations in America?” 247wallst.com. May 22, 2014. Accessed November 14, 2017. http://247wallst.com/economy/2014/05/22/why-are-there115000-or-150000-gas-stations-in-america/. Jakle, John A., and Keith A. Sculle. The gas station in America. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994. This book provides a comprehensive analysis of gas stations throughout North America. With an academic approach, the authors cover everything from the history of gas stations, their importance in society and pop culture, the many architectural identities, and its evolution over a century.
Margolies, John. Pump and circumstance: glory days of the gas station. Boston: Little, Brown, 1996. This book is an archival collection of historical images, posters, propaganda, and social aspects that were tied to the gas stations culture in America throughout the 20th century. Aamo, Alv Skogstad., and William Mulholland. Bensinstasjonen: en visuell historie = The petrol station: a visual history. Oslo: Norsk form, 1995. This book showcases the history of gas station architecture and the oil industry in Norway. A comprehensive understanding of the changes of gas stations over time as they relate to the changes in the oil industry, car manufacturing industry, and human behaviours. Minale, Marcello, Edward Booth-Clibborn, and Lucy Hughes. How to design a successful petrol station. London: Edward Booth-Clibborn, 2000. Described as “forecourt design”, Marcello Minale documents from an architecture standpoint his experience designing stations for his clients, oil companies. Covering topics such as branding to technical construction details.
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Bell, Jonathan. Carchitecture. London: August, 2001. This book examines the effect of the evolution of cars on our architecture. Stating both the automobile industries effect from small scale individual buildings to large scale impact, the shaping of our cities. (Hollander, Justin B., Julia L. Gold, and Niall Kirkwood. Principles of Brownfield Regeneration : Cleanup, Design, and Reuse of Derelict Land. Washington: Island Press, 2010. eBook Academic Collection (EBSCOhost), EBSCOhost (accessed October 27, 2017). Julia Gold in collaboration with her co-authors, provides an introduction on the topic of brownfield, defined by the US EPA as, “idle real property, the development or improvement of which is impaired by real or perceived contamination.” Gas stations fall into the brownfield property category. The book covers topics from remediation of the sites, to design considerations, and policy. Holstein, Amara. “Gas Station Reuse.” Build a Better Burb. September 23, 2016. Accessed December 14, 2017. http://buildabetterburb.org/ gas-station-reuse/. Fueling America: A Snapshot of Key Facts and Figures | NACS Online – Your Business – NACS Retail Fuels Reports – 2013 NACS Retail Fuels Report. Accessed December 14, 2017. http://www.nacsonline. com/YourBusiness/FuelsReports/GasPrices_2013/Pages/StatisticsDefinitions.aspx. Grover, Bryan. “What will the gas station of the future look like?” What will the gas station of the future look like Comments. January 2017. Accessed December 14, 2017. http://sponsored.bostonglobe.com/ rocklandtrust/what-will-the-gas-station-of-the-future-look-like/. This article describes the decrease of gas stations throughout the US, “as more stations turn themselves into convenience stores that happen to sell gas, rather than gas stations that sell conveniences.” In addition the article explains some of the reasons for the decline in gas stations, “The land itself has become more valuable than the gas station that stands on it…Every year, car manufacturers release new models that go farther on less gas—if they use gas at all.”
Rhode Island School of Design 2017
Randl, Chad . “Preservation Brief 46: The Preservation and Reuse of Historic Gas Stations.” National Parks Service. September 2008. Accessed December 14, 2017. https://www.nps.gov/tps/how-topreserve/briefs/46-gas-stations.htm. This article discusses gas stations from the perspective of historic preservation. “This Preservation Brief provides guidance on assessing the significance of historic gas stations and encourages their preservation by providing information on the maintenance and repair of existing structures. This Brief also describes appropriate rehabilitation treatments, including conversion for new functions when the historic use is no longer feasible.” An analysis of gas station typologies is also detailed. Kaysen, Ronda. “A Clean New Life for Grimy Gas Stations.” The New York Times. July 10, 2012. Accessed December 14, 2017. http://www. nytimes.com/2012/07/11/realestate/commercial/a-clean-new-lifefor-grimy-gas-stations.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0. This article describes the benefits remediation of a gas station can have on a community, “a former neighborhood blight has become a new downtown center Bartsch , Charlie , and Matt Ward. “RECYCLING AMERICA’S GAS STATIONS The Value and Promise of Revitalizing PetroleumContaminated Properties.” Http://www.nalgep.org. 2002. Accessed December 14, 2017. http://www.nalgep.org/uploads/pdf/publi15.pdf. “USTfields” revitalization will require a partnership among states, localities, U.S. EPA and other federal agencies, the private sector and other leaders to put new resources, tools, and policies into action.” Nagy, Attila. “The Amazing Architectural Evolution of the Filling Station.” Gizmodo. May 07, 2016. Accessed December 14, 2017. https:// gizmodo.com/the-amazing-architectural-evolution-of-the-fillingstat-1772864964. A pictorial catalogue of images depicting the various architectural gas station forms from the start of 20th century to the 21st century. “Resources for UST Owners and Operators.” EPA. April 11, 2017. Accessed December 14, 2017. https://www.epa.gov/ust/resources-ustowners-and-operators.
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Robinson, Janet E., Paul S. Thompson, W. David Conn, and L. Leon Geyer. Issues in underground storage tank management: UST closure and financial assurance. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2014. Klopfer Martin Design Group. “The Steel Yard.” Rudy Bruner Award. 2013. Accessed December 14, 2017. http://www.rudybruneraward. org/winners/steel-yard/. The steel yard is a case study of remediation on a brownfield site in Providence RI. This precedent discusses the existing contaminated condition, design solutions to remediate and rejuvenate new life back on to the property, as well as the many stakeholders involved in this process from start to finish. “The Steel YardProvidence, RI.” ASLA 2011 Professional Awards | The Steel Yard. Accessed December 14, 2017. https://www.asla. org/2011awards/183.html. “A Citizen’s Guide to Capping.” EPA. September 14, 2017. Accessed December 14, 2017. https://www.epa.gov/remedytech/citizensguide-capping. “The History of Fuels Retailing .” 2013 NACS Retail Fuels Report. 2013. Accessed December 14, 2017. http://www.nacsonline.com/YourBusiness/FuelsReports/GasPrices_2013/Pages/100PlusYearsGasoli neRetailing.aspx. A historical timeline of the evolution gas stations in relation to the oil industry’s growth and technological advancements Seward, Aaron . “How to Remediate a Brownfield Site and Revitalize Communities.” Architectmagazine.com. July 2012. Accessed December 14, 2017. http://www.architectmagazine.com/technology/ how-to-remediate-a-brownfield-site-and-revitalize-communities_o.
Future of Our Mobility Culture Keesmaat, Jennifer and Walker, Jarrett. “Ep. 013: Transit - An Instrument of Urban Freedom”. Produced by Invisible City. August 2017. Podcast. Accessed November 14, 2017. https://soundcloud.com/ invisiblecitypodcast/ep013 A podcast interview between Jennifer Keesmaat, the former chief city planner for Toronto Canada, and Jarrett Walker, a consultant in public transit network design and policy. The discussion focuses on what will “drive future plans for cities and the debates around the integration of autonomous vehicles”. The question Jennifer and Jarrett poses is this, “Are we planning our cities for cars, or do we recognize cars for what they are, a mobility tool, and a mobility tool with sever limitations.” They make the argument that cars are not the solution of our future but rather transit. This podcast inspired me to think about the adaptive reuse of gas stations. Proposing a design that would encourage the integration of cars or creating public spaces for the people that inhabit those neighbourhoods? Thompson, Clive. “How driverless cars are changing the worst thing about driving: parking.” Newsweek. May 16, 2016. Accessed November 11, 2017. http://www.newsweek.com/driverless-cars-and-futureparking-418943. This article from Newsweek, discusses the benefits of driverless cars will require lesser need for parking. Making the argument, that the supporting automobile infrastructure has “…enormous potential—all that paved-over space suddenly freed up for houses and schools, plazas and playgrounds, or just about anything. All that parking could go away, and then what happens? You unlock a tremendous amount of value.” “Automotive trends and Gen Y.” DU Press. August 2014. Accessed December 14, 2017. https://dupress.deloitte.com/dup-us-en/multimedia/videos/automotive-trends-gen-y.html. This recent report published by Deloitte insights details the automobile trends as they relate and affect the younger generations. Following the behaviours and priorities of this target market, the automobile is described as more of an “appliance than a status of symbol.” Going further, the report describes the changing behaviours stating that this demo graphic “crave connectivity and convenience, and frequently base their transportation decisions on overall cost and the quality of their customer experience,” excluding ownership altogether. An example of the changes in the industry that are yet to come.
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Craig A, Giffi, Joe Vitale, Michelle Drew Rodriguez, Bharath Gangula, and Steve Schmith. “The changing nature of mobility.” DU Press. July 2014. Accessed December 14, 2017. https://dupress.deloitte.com/dupus-en/deloitte-review/issue-15/automotive-trends-gen-y.html. “Automotive revolution – perspective towards 2030.” McKinsey & Company. January 2016. Accessed December 14, 2017. https://www. mckinsey.com/. Keskeys, Paul. “Welcome to Somerville, the Smart City Where Traffic Vanishes and Cars Park Themselves - Architizer Journal.” Journal. November 06, 2017. Accessed December 14, 2017. https://architizer.com/ blog/inspiration/industry/welcome-to-somerville/. Burdick , Andrew , and Kyle Graham. “What if...The Electric Car Turned Gas Stations Into Civic Beacons?” Metropolis. March 31, 2017. Accessed December 14, 2017. http://www.metropolismag.com/architecture/electric-car-turned-gas-stations-civic-beacons/pic/23467/. “Shareway 2030.” Höweler Yoon Architecture. 2012. Accessed December 14, 2017. http://www.howeleryoon.com/projects/shareway-2030. Hannon, Eric, McKerracher, Colin, Orlandi, Itamar, and Ramkumar, Surya. “An integrated perspective on the future of mobility.” McKinsey & Company. October 2016. Accessed December 14, 2017. https:// www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/sustainability-and-resourceproductivity/our-insights/an-integrated-perspective-on-the-future-ofmobility. Shaw, Jeanette. Autonomous Vehicles and the Future of Transport. October 04, 2016. Accessed December 14, 2017. https://www.youtube. com/watch?v=Hk1eFYABgk4. A conference interview video with speakers representing the different facets of the automobile industry: Emily Castor, Director of Transportation Policy, Lyft, Claire Delaunay, Co-founder and Director of Software Engineering, Otto, Lauren Isaac, Manager of Transportation Sustainability, Parsons Brinckerhoff, Linsey Willis, Director of External Affairs, Contra Costa Transportation Authority.
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Proposed Energy Model Kent, Sarah. “A Look at the Gas Stations of Tomorrow.” The Wall Street Journal. May 19, 2017. Accessed December 14, 2017. https:// www.wsj.com/articles/a-look-at-the-gas-stations-of-tomorrow-1495203459. A case study of what gas station companies may do to reposition themselves in the future ie. buying into grocery chains Gross, Daniel. “America’s Gas Stations Are Running Out of Time.” Slate. com. June 2016. Accessed December 14, 2017. http://www.slate. com/business/2017/12/the-arguments-for-and-against-the-cvsaetna-merger.html. America, Feb 21 2017 Partner Collaborations North. “Demographic Shifts: Shaping the Future of Car Ownership.” Knowledge@Wharton. Accessed December 14, 2017. http://knowledge.wharton.upenn. edu/article/demographic-shifts-shaping-future-car-ownership/.
Woyke, Elizabeth. “The startup behind NYC’s plan to replace phone booths with 7,500 connected kiosks.” MIT Technology Review. July 18, 2017. Accessed December 14, 2017. https://www.technologyreview.com/s/608281/the-startup-behind-nycs-plan-to-replacephone-booths-with-7500-connected-kiosks/. This precedent is used to compare the system of phone booths throughout New York City, an outdated obsolete system that was adapted to wifi hotspots, with the similarities gas stations could soon face. LinkNYC - DoITT. Accessed December 14, 2017. https://www1.nyc.gov/ site/doitt/initiatives/linknyc.page. Flamm, Matthew, and CityBridge. “Wi-Fi kiosks coming soon to a former pay phone near you.” Crain’s New York Business. January 05, 2016. Accessed December 14, 2017. http://www.crainsnewyork.com/ article/20160105/TECHNOLOGY/160109981/wi-fi-kiosks-comingsoon-to-a-former-pay-phone-near-you. S, Sreekanth P. “BERNARD TSCHUMI – Parc de La Villette.” The Archi Blog. January 21, 2011. Accessed December 14, 2017. https:// thearchiblog.wordpress.com/2011/01/21/bernard-tschumi-parc-dela-villette/. This precedent is use to compare the systemic architectural approach Bernard Tschumi applied to one unified park sprawled across a vast area of Paris and the similarities that exist between gas stations systems for uniqueness among the standardized sprawl. “Frac centre.” Parc de la Villette, Paris | Tschumi | Collection Frac Centre. Accessed December 14, 2017. http://www.frac-centre.fr/collection-art-architecture/tschumi-bernard/parc-la-villette-paris-64. html?authID=192&ensembleID=599. “2035: can EVs put the brakes on oil demand?” 2035: can EVs put the brakes on oil demand? | Wood Mackenzie. April 2017. Accessed December 14, 2017. https://www.woodmac.com/news/editorial/2035electric-vehicles-oil-demand/.
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“2035: what will the energy landscape look like?” 2035: what will the energy landscape look like? | Wood Mackenzie. April 2017. Accessed December 14, 2017. https://www.woodmac.com/news/ editorial/2035-global-energy-landscape/. A short trend analysis of the future energy resource growth in certain countries around the world. Lambert, Fred, “Elon Musk says Tesla could rebuild Puerto Rico’s power grid with batteries and solar.” Electrek. October 06, 2017. Accessed December 14, 2017. https://electrek.co/2017/10/05/elonmusk-tesla-rebuild-puerto-ricos-power-grid-batteries-solar/. “Legrada Service Station.” Archello.com. June 2011. Accessed December 14, 2017. http://us.archello.com/en/project/legarda-servicestation. EPA. “2015 TRI Factsheet: State – Rhode Island .” Https://iaspub.epa. gov. June 2017. Accessed December 14, 2017. https://iaspub.epa. gov/triexplorer/tri_factsheet.factsheet_forstate?pstate=RI&pYear= 2015&pParent=NAT. Werner, Sven. “District heating and cooling in Sweden.” Energy 126 (2017): 419-29. Accessed December 14, 2017. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2017.03.052. This review provides a detailed definition and explanation of the use of district heating in Sweden. The incentives for implementing district heating into the Swedish economy are “a high security of supply, low carbon dioxide emissions, and efficient use of available heat sources.” Sipila Juha, Helsingin Energia | Apr 01, 2013. “Utility Revisits District Heating and Cooling.” TDWorld. April 23, 2013. Accessed December 14, 2017. http://www.tdworld.com/utilities-call-center/utility-revisits-district-heating-and-cooling. Helsinki Finland is a city experimenting with new ways of integrating district cooling and heating and heat recovery in an attempt to reduce carbon emissions by 2050. One innovative solution they have tested was a collaboration with the technology sector. Data centres need to be
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cooled from producing excess heat. “Using the waste heat from computers to heat other city buildings and supply hot tap water to the residents of Helsinki.” Jackson, Edwardo . “Why Going Off The Grid Isn’t Just For Conspiracy Theorists Anymore.” Upworthy. April 02, 2013. Accessed December 14, 2017. http://www.upworthy.com/why-going-off-the-grid-isntjust-for-conspiracy-theorists-anymore. Akinmade Åkerström, Lola . “7 examples of sustainability in Sweden.” Sweden.se. June 21, 2016. Accessed December 14, 2017. https:// sweden.se/nature/7-examples-of-sustainability-in-sweden/. Lanterno, Allison. “How Microgrids Work.” Energy.gov. June 2014. Accessed December 14, 2017. https://energy.gov/articles/howmicrogrids-work. Extension, Clemson University Cooperative. “An Introduction to Bioswales.” An Introduction to Bioswales : Extension : Clemson University : South Carolina. May 2015. Accessed December 14, 2017. http:// www.clemson.edu/extension/hgic/water/resources_stormwater/ bioswales.html. Guay, Justin. “The Art of Clean Energy War.” The Huffington Post. April 08, 2013. Accessed December 14, 2017. https://www.huffingtonpost. com/justin-guay/the-art-of-clean-energy_b_3001242.html. This article from the Huffington Post argues that there is a battle between the “aging, and uncompetitive fossil fuel industry against a young, innovative and increasingly competitive set of renewable energy technologies.” Where coal and oil industries are weak, renewable energy sources could be the answer instead. Energy required in the un-electrified ‘poor’ countries of the world, do not have access to the grid systems in place in developed countries. Off-grid decentralized energy is feasible in these remote places. Cnj.si, CNJ |. “Ecopolis - Homepage.” Ecopolis - Homepage. Accessed December 14, 2017. http://ecopolis.danfoss.com/.
Rhode Island School of Design 2017
Providence as a Case Study Meyer, Andrew. “Why a Distributed Energy Grid is a Better Energy Grid.” Swell Energy. May 2016. Accessed December 14, 2017. https:// www.swellenergy.com/blog/2016/05/20/why-a-distributed-energygrid-is-a-better-energy-grid. Yadigaroglu, Ion, and Managing Principal of Capricorn Investment Group. “Here’s why oil’s future is grim.” CNBC. August 23, 2017. Accessed December 14, 2017. https://www.cnbc.com/2017/08/23/ heres-why-oils-future-is-grim-commentary.html. “Conversion of Mies van der Rohe Gas Station / FABG.” ArchDaily. March 06, 2012. Accessed December 14, 2017. https://www.archdaily.com/214540/conversion-of-mies-van-der-rohe-gas-stationles-architectes-fabg/. An icon, this abandoned gas station on the archipelago of Montreal (Nun’s Island), designed by Mies van der Rohe was transformed into a youth and senior activity centre. In particular, one of the successful design strategies, adapted the existing underground storage tanks from toxic petroleum storage and replaced them with a clean energy geothermal system. Switching a non sustainable and contaminate source of energy with a renewable source that energizes the building, extending its life and program. Annear, Steve. “Abandoned garage in Somerville to become ‘pop-up’ sports and arts hub - The Boston Globe.” BostonGlobe.com. April 21, 2016. Accessed December 14, 2017. https://www.bostonglobe.com/ metro/2016/04/21/abandoned-garage-somerville-become-popsports-and-arts-hub/I15fRndn5uug5cIPeve2cL/story.html. An abandoned auto body shop is converted into a colourful basketball court. I used this as a case study for adapting a public space for car fuelling into an outdoor public space for human sports and activity. Kennen, Kate , and Niall Kirkwood. “PHYTO: Principles and Resources for Site Remediation and Landscape Design .” 2016 ASLA Professional Awards. 2016. Accessed December 14, 2017. https://www. asla.org/2016awards/172182.html. A series of illustrations and diagrams depicting various remediation efforts of contaminated brownfield sites.
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“Planning Division.” City of Providence. February 2010. Accessed December 14, 2017. http://www.providenceri.gov/planning/planning2/. EPA. “2015 TRI Factsheet: State – Rhode Island .” Https://iaspub.epa. gov. June 2017. Accessed December 14, 2017. https://iaspub.epa. gov/triexplorer/tri_factsheet.factsheet_forstate?pstate=RI&pYear= 2015&pParent=NAT. “The Neighborhoods.” ONE Neighborhood Builders. Accessed December 14, 2017. http://www.oneneighborhoodbuilders.org/the-neighborhood/. Vision Government Solutions. Accessed December 14, 2017. http://gis. vgsi.com/providenceri/Parcel.aspx?pid=32609. Rhode Island Office of Energy Resources "Census profile: Census Tract 117.02, Providence, RI." Census Reporter. Accessed December 14, 2017. https://censusreporter.org/ profiles/14000US44007011702-census-tract-11702-providence-ri/.
Methods for Participatory Design “Day Labor Station.” Liz Ogbu. Accessed January 24, 2018. http://www. lizogbu.com/portfolio_page/daylaborstation/. “Public Architecture » ProjectsPublic Architecture.” Public Architecture. Accessed January 24, 2018. https://www.publicarchitecture.org/ project/. “About Fuller.” World Game | The Buckminster Fuller Institute. Accessed January 24, 2018. https://www.bfi.org/about-fuller/big-ideas/ world-game. White, Mason, and David Benjamin. “Energy Publics: Five Embodied Worlds.” EMBODIED ENERGY & DESIGN 2017 - LATERAL OFFICE. 2017. Accessed January 24, 2018. http://lateraloffice.com/EMBODIED-ENERGY-DESIGN-2017. Participatory Design - Stanford University - Computer Science 201 Final Project. Accessed January 26, 2018. https://cs.stanford.edu/ people/eroberts/cs201/projects/participatory-design/history.html. "Inclusive City / Utrecht." Games for Cities. Accessed January 26, 2018. http://gamesforcities.com/challenges/inclusive-city/. "Play the City Projects." Play the city. Accessed January 26, 2018. https://www.playthecity.nl/page/408/play-the-city-projects. "Fungus Series." Moniker –. Accessed January 26, 2018. https://studiomoniker.com/projects/fungus. “Woonsocket Harris Public Library.” Woonsocket Harris Public Library, www.woonsocketlibrary.org/. "Studio Rhode Library Challenge". Rhode Island Office of Innovation, www.innovate.ri.gov
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Rhode Island School of Design 2017