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www.nuliv.com www.nulivlifestyle.com
AstraGinTM PRODUCT DOSSIER A Clinically Validated Natural Ingredient that Transports Significantly Greater Amount of Nutrients in Blood Stream into Cells for Truly Improved Bioavailability
AstraGinTM’s Nutrients Absorption Model
CONTENTS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
What Is AstraGinTM How AstraGinTM Works The Specific Health Benefits of AstraGinTM AstraGinTM’S Applications in Foods and Supplements Research Summary In Vitro Studies 6.1 Cell Culture 6.2 Quantitative Analysis of Nutrient Transporter Transcripts 6.3 Glucose uptake Assay 6.4 Western Blot Analysis 6.5 Amino Acid Uptake Assay 6.6 Vitamin Uptake Assay 6.7 Glucosamine Uptake Assay 6.8 ATP Assay 1
2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 6 6 7
7. In Vivo Studies 7.1 Animal Subjects 7.2 Oral Glucose Tolerance Tests (OGTT) 7.3 Insulin Assay 8. Human Study 8.1 Human subjects 8.2 Biopsy 9. Discussion 10. COA (Certificate of Analysis) 11. Nutrition Facts 10 12. Safety Data 13. Dosage and Indications 14. Conclusion
2
7 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 10 11 11 11
1. What Is AstraGinTM? AstraGinTM is a proprietary all natural plant derived compound extracted from highly fractionated Panax notoginseng and Astragalus membranaceus using a proprietary pharmaceutical extraction and processing technology. AstraGin TM is the first and only natural compound that has been demonstrated in vitro, in vivo, and in human to significantly promote and improve the absorption of amino acids, glucose, and vitamins at the cellular level, i.e., greater amount of these nutrients are transported from blood stream into cells, rather than floating in blood stream, for truly improved bioavailability.
2. How AstraGinTM Works The basic mode of action for AstraGinTM to increase the absorption of amino acids, glucose, and vitamins is through the regulation and paralleled alteration on both the protein and mRNA expression levels of the nutrient transporter genes. (Sections 6, 7, and 8)
3. The Specific Health Benefits of AstraGinTM NuLiv’s in vitro, in vivo, and human studies have demonstrated that AstraGin TM can significant increase (up-regulate) or decrease (down-regulate) the following specific bio markers (Sections 6, 7, and 8): • • • • • • •
Increases amino acids absorption by 62% (6.5, section 6) Increases vitamins absorption by 50% (6.6, section 6) Increases glucose absorption by 57% (6.3, section 6) Increases ATP production by 18% (6.8, section 6) Decreases blood sugar level by 19% (7.2, section 7) Increase insulin sensitivity by 38% (7.3, section 7) Increase glycogen in muscle (24 hours after strenuous exercise) by 60% (8.2, section 8)
4. AstraGinTM’s Applications in Foods and Supplements AstraGinTM is a perfect nutraceutical ingredient to be included in many foods and dietary supplements to greatly enhance the effectiveness of these products: Blood Sugar Health Body Building Digestive Enzymes Fitness & Energy Functional Foods 3
General Health & Wellness Meal Replacement Products Multiple Vitamins & Minerals Pet Products Protein Shakes, Powders, and Bars Sports Nutrition And countless other health categories
5. Research Summary In an in vitro study (section 6), AstraGinTM increased the absorption of amino acids, glucose, and vitamins by 62%, 57%, and 50%, and elevated the cellular ATP level by 18% when compared to a control group. The in vitro study on AstraGinTM is similar to the in vitro study published in J. Agric. Food Chem., Vol. 55, No. 5, 2007 by T.C. Chang, etc. that was sponsored and funded by NuLiv Science. In an in vivo study (section 7), AstraGinTM demonstrated to decrease the blood glucose level by 19% and increase the insulin sensitivity by 38% in the AstraGinTM treated animals for 1-month as measured by oral glucose tolerance test when compared to the control group. In a human study (section 8), AstraGinTM demonstrated to enhance the post-exercise muscle glycogen storage by as much as 18% and 60% in a 3 hr and 24 hr period in the treated subjects and improve recovery time and endurance threshold when compared to the control group as measured by muscle biopsy.
6. In Vitro Studies 6.1 Cell Culture The established human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cell line was obtained from American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, MD). Cells were routinely grown in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM) containing glucose, glutamine, fetal bovine serum, sodium bicarbonate, penicillin, streptomycin, and non-essential amino acids. The medium was changed every 2 days and the cells were inspected daily. For transport experiments, the cells were seeded into polycarbonate filter cell culture chamber inserts (Transwell, 24-mm diameter, 3 μm; Costar, Corning Inc., Corning, NY) .The cells were left to differentiate for 15-17 days after confluency; the medium was regularly changed three times a week. The integrity of the Caco-2 cell monolayers and the full development of the tight junctions were monitored before every experiment by determining the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of filter-grown cell monolayers by use of a commercial apparatus (Millicell ERS; Millipore, Bedford, MA). Only cell monolayers with TEER values of 400-600 Ωcm2 were used for experiments. 4
6.2 Quantitative Analysis of Nutrient Transporter Transcripts Materials and Methods Relative levels of glucose transporters expressed in human Caco-2 cells were determined by real-time quantitative PCR (Q-PCR). Total RNAs were isolated from the cultured human cells by use of TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, Irvine, CA). RNA was reverse-transcribed at 37°c for 60 min in transcription mixture containing dNTP, oligo-dT, RNasin, 1x PCR buffer, and Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen). Q-PCR was performed on Applied Biosystems 7500 system with predeveloped Taqman gene expression assays (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). The reaction mixtures contained of serially diluted cDNA, Taqman universal PCR master mix (Applied Biosystems), and primer mix of either SGLT1, FR, or GAPDH (Applied Biosystems). Two independent triplicate experiments were performed for the selected genes, and the obtained threshold cycle (Ct) values were averaged. According to the comparative Ct method described in the ABI manual, gene expression was normalized to the expression of the housekeeping gene GAPDH, yielding the ΔCt value. Results
6.3 Glucose Uptake Assay Materials and Methods In the glucose uptake test, the cell monolayer was preincubated in the incubation buffer at 37°c for 1 h and replaced with fresh incubation medium right before transport experiment. The transport experiment was started by replacing the incubation solution with solution containing D-glucose in which D-[14C] glucose (60 mCi/mmol, American Radiolabeled Chemicals, ARC, St. 5
Louis, MO) was added. At designated time intervals, the cells were washed twice with cold PBS and then lysed in 200 µL of 2% SDS. Cell lysates were centrifuged at 15000 g for 15 min. Intracellular uptake of glucose was determined by transferring 10 μL of the cell lysate to filterbottomed UniFilter plates (Perkim-Elmer) and counting. The samples were measured for their protein concentration using the BCA protein assay kit. The amount of glucose accumulated in the cells was calculated and normalized to protein concentration and uptake rate was expressed as counts per minute per microgram of cell protein (nmol / mg of protein). The uptake of L-[14C]-glucose was measured simultaneously to correct for D-glucose taken up passively. All samples were analyzed by use of a liquid scintillation counter (TopCount, Packard BioSciences, Meriden, CT). Results are expressed as the steady-state rate of glucose transport (nanomoles per minute) across the Caco-2 monolayers in mean ± SD (n = 3-5). Differences between means of groups were assessed by the t-test. Results Group
Dosage (μg/mL)
Accumulated glucose In Caco-2 cell monolayers （nmol / mg of protein at 10 min） 133.9 ± 10.8
1.0
187.0 ± 29.8
0.10
208.1 ± 22.6
0.01
210.2 ± 15.3
Control AstraGinTM
6.4 Western Blot Analysis Materials and Methods Human Caco-2 cells were plated on culture dishes (6 cm diameter) at a density of 1×10 5 cells/dish and designated as day 0. The cells were left to undergo differentiation for 8 days prior to treatment with AstraGinTM for another 24 h. The cells were then washed and lysed of lysis. Protein concentrations of the samples were measured by the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein assay kit according to the manufacturer’s protocol (Pierce, Rockford, IL). Equal amount of protein samples of cell lysate were separated by SDS- PAGEl electrophoresis and transblotted onto PVDF membrane. Immunoblotting was performed with anti-human antibodies for SGLT1, FR and α-tubulin (Abcam, Cambridge, MA). Signals were visualized with an enhanced chemoluminescence kit (ECL, Amersham, U.K.) followed by exposure to X-ray films. Results
6
6.5 Amino Acids Uptake Assay Materials and Methods In measuring the transport of arginine or tryptophan across the Caco-2 cell monolayer, both sides of the transwells were washed with incubation buffer. Then, the cell monolayer was preincubated in the incubation buffer at 37ºC for 1 h and replaced with fresh incubation medium right before transport experiment. The transport experiment was initiated by replacing the incubation solution on the apical side with solution containing 10 mM of Larginine or L-tryptophan in which 0.125 μCi/mL of L-[3H]-arginine or L-[3H]-tryptophan was included. At designated time intervals, 10 μL-solution samples were removed from the basolateral side and radioactivity of each sample was counted using a microplate liquid scintillation counter (TopCount, Packard NXT). The uptake of [3H]-mannitol was used to correct for nonspecific transport of molecules across the monolayer membrane. Results are expressed as the steady-state rate of arginine or tryptophan transport across (nanomoles per minute) across the Caco-2 monolayers in mean ± SD (n = 3-5). Differences between means of groups were assessed by the t-test. Radiolabelling method was used to determine the amount of arginine and tryptophan absorbed/transported from outside into the Caco-2 cell membrane. Therefore, more radioactivity across the Caco-2 cell membrane from apical side to the basal side indicates that more arginine or tryptophan was absorbed and transported. Relative absorption rate is calculated based on total amount of arginine or tryptophan absorbed and transported in the first 10 minutes, the most efficient time period. Results 7
Control: 11.34±0.943 nmol/min AstraGinTM: 16.79±1.516 nmol/min
Control: 8.66±0.3 nmol/min AstraGinTM: 14.15±0.29 nmol/min
Relative Absorption Rate of Arginine and Tryptophan for the Control and 3 AstraGin TM Groups Group
Dosage
Accumulated tryptophan
Accumulated arginine
(μg/mL)
In basolateral side
In basolateral side
（nmols at 10 min）
（nmols at 10 min）
98.47 ± 10.20
97.29 ± 10.33
1.0
152.02 ± 18.86
145.24 ± 24.24
0.10
150.17 ± 9.51
162.25 ± 17.6
0.01
148.63 ± 19.83
136.89 ± 18.95
Control AstraGinTM
6.6 Vitamin Uptake Assay Materials and Methods In the folate uptake test, the Caco-2 cells were cultured in a folate uptake buffer (Hank’s balanced salt solution, supplemented with 0.14 g/L CaCl 2, 0.1 g/L MgCl2, and 0.1 g/L MgSO4, pH6.0) for 1 hour. The buffer was then aspirated, and uptake was initiated by adding 0.2 ml of fresh folate uptake buffer containing 2 µCi / mL radioactive folate (3,5,7,9-3H-folic acid, 25 mCi / mmol, ARC) and cold, unlabeled folate giving a final folate concentration of 5 µM. Folate uptake was terminated by removing the uptake buffer at designated time intervals. The cells were then washed three times with ice-cold PBS and lysed by adding 0.2 mL of 0.2N NaOH, followed by incubating at 65°C for 20 min. Intracellular uptake of 3H-folate was determined by transferring 20 μL of the cell lysate to the filter-bottomed UniFilter plates (Perkim-Elmer) and counting as described previously in Example 1. The amount of folate accumulated in the cells was calculated and normalized to protein concentration, and uptake rate was expressed as picomoles of folate per minutes per milligram of cell protein (pmol/min/mg). Protein concentration was determined by a standard Bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein assay.
8
Results Relative Absorption Rate of Folate for the Control and AstraGinTM Group Group
Dosage
Accumulated folate in Caco-2 cell monolayers
(μg/mL)
（pmol/mg of protein at 1 min）
Control AstraGin
TM
53.140 ± 3.544 0.10
79.899 ± 1.883
6.7 Glucosamine Uptake Assay Materials and methods In glucosamine uptake test, Caco-2 cells were seeded into 24-well plate at a density of 3 x 104 cells/well and cultured for 24 h. The cells were then treated in the absence (solvent control) or presence of the ingredients at various doses for another 24 h. The treated cells were then washed twice with PBS and incubated in glucose and serum free medium (GSFM). After 2 h, the cells were replaced with fresh GSFM containing 0.2 μCi of [14C]-Glucosamine (American Radiolabelled Chemicals Inc, ARC, St. Louis, MO, USA). At the designated time interval, the cells were washed twice with GSFM containing cold glucosamine and then lysed in 200 µL of 2% SDS. Cell lysates were centrifuged at 15000 g for 15 min. Intracellular uptake of glucosamine was determined by transferring 10 μL of the cell lysate to filter-bottomed UniFilter plates (Perkim-Elmer) and counting. The samples were measured for their protein concentration using the BCA protein assay kit as described above. The amount of glucosamine accumulated in the cells was calculated and normalized to protein concentration and uptake rate was expressed as counts per minute per microgram of cell protein (mmol / mg of protein). Results Group
Dosage
Accumulated glucosamine In Caco-2 cell monolayers （mmol / mg of protein at 10 min）
Control
1.165 ± 0.145
9
AstraGinTM
1.0 μg/mL
1.437 ± 0.184
0.10 μg/mL
1.660 ± 0.471
0.01 μg/mL
1.181 ± 0.066
6.8 ATP Assay Materials and Methods The ATP assay was performed using CellTiter-GloTM Luminescent Cell Viability Assay according to the manufacturer’s protocol (Promega, USA).
Results
7. In Vivo Studies 7.1 Animal Subjects Materials and Methods 16 Male Sprague-Dawley rats from the National Animal Laboratory of the NSC (National Science Council, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC) weighing 180 g each, were housed 3 per cage and were provided normal rat chow (PMI Nutrition International, Brentwood, MO, USA) and water ad libitum. Temperature in the animal room was maintained at 23oC, with a 12-h light-dark cycle. After 1 week of familiarization, the rats were weight-matched and divided. 7.2 Oral Glucose Tolerance Tests (OGTT) Materials and Methods An acute and a chronic oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) were performed at day 1 and day 31 of an Oral Glucose Tolerance experiment. The baseline blood sample analysis on blood sugar level indicated no statistical difference between the control and the treatment groups before intubation (at day 0). The rats in the treatment group received from 0.01 mg/kg to 10 mg/Kg 10
AstraGinTM daily continuously for 30 Days (n=8). A 75-gram of glucose (Roquette Italia S.p.A., Cassano Spinola, Alessandria, Italy) was orally delivered with 500 ml of pure water at the 31 st day. Blood samples were collected from the tail at -40, 0 (fasting value), 30, 60, and 90 min before and after the glucose administration. A Lifescan glucose analyzer (Los Angeles, CA, USA) was utilized for glucose concentration determination. Results Acute & Chronic Effect of AstraGinTM on Glucose Tolerance The baseline blood sugar level indicated no statistical difference between the control and the AstraGinTM treated groups before intubation (at day 0). The optimal concentration of AstraGinTM in the acute study is 0.01mg/Kg, while the optimal concentration of AstraGin TM in the chronic study is 0.1mg/Kg.
7.3 Insulin Assay Materials and Methods Plasma samples were collected from rats’ tail blood at day 1 for an acute insulin study and at day 30 for a chronic insulin study. The baseline blood sample analysis on insulin concentration level indicated no statistical difference between the control and the treatment groups before fasting (at day 0). The rats in the treatment group received from 0.01 mg/kg to 10 mg/Kg AstraGinTM daily continuously for 30 Day. A 75-gram glucose (Roquette Italia S.p.A., Cassano Spinola, Alessandria, Italy) was orally delivered with 500 ml of pure water at the 31 st day to the rats in both the control and the treatment groups. Blood samples were collected from the rats’ tails at -40, 0 (fasting value), 30, 60, and 90 min before and after the glucose administration. Insulin levels were determined on an ELISA analyzer (Tecan Genios, Salzburg, Australia) with the use of commercially available ELISA kits (Diagnostic Systems Laboratories, Inc. Webster, TX, USA), by a manner in accordance to the manufacturer’s instructions. Results 11
Acute & Chronic Effect of AstraGinTM on Insulin Sensitivity The optimal concentration of AstraGinTM in Acute study is 0.01mg/Kg, while the optimal concentration of AstraGinTM in chronic study is 0.1mg/Kg.
8. Human Study 8.1 Human Subjects Materials and Methods Eighteen Physical Education college students (age 21.2 ± 0.3 years) were randomly selected from the student body of few hundreds at Taipei Physical Education College after screening for their personal and family medical history on diabetes, hypertension, or other metabolic disorders. Maximum oxygen uptakes (VO2 max) and maximum heart rates were measured by using expired-gas analyzers and Polar heart monitor at least 7 days before the beginning of the study. Resting quadriceps glycogen concentration level of the 18 students were measured and determined. The study conformed to the guidelines in the Declaration of Helsinki and under approval by the Changhua Christian Hospital Ethics Committee. 8.2 Biopsy Materials and Methods Before maximal oxygen consumption test, vastus lateralis biopsies (about 50 mg) from the right quadriceps femoris muscle of the 18 students were obtained using the percutaneous biopsy technique of Bergstrom. 7 days after maximal oxygen consumption test, the 18 students were fasted for 12 h before performing a cycling exercise at 75% VO2max for 60 min while drinking water was supplied as needed. Immediately following exercise, drink containing AstraGin TM or placebo (n = 9) for subjects were given. 40 min later, 75g glucose solution were given to the 18 students. Drink containing AstraGinTM or placebo was given 40 min before each meal and before sleep during the recovery period. The diet given to the 18 students consisted of 60% 12
carbohydrate. Muscle biopsy samples were obtained before and immediately after exercise, 3h, and 24h later. Results
Glycogen is the form in which carbohydrate is stored in the body. It is the main energy source during exercise. Glycogen stored in the muscle is only available for muscle cells while liver glycogen can be converted to glucose and then be released into the blood to be used by other organs. Sports competition, exercise, training, long hours of work and stress all use up our energy reserve and resulted in physical, emotional and mental fatigue. The best way to restore their balances is to quickly stimulate glycogen synthesis and replenishment.
9. Discussion Sustainability of human life requires the availability of essential and none essential macro and micro nutrients, such as amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, glucose, to the trillion cells in human body. Good health requires that all these essential nutrients are constantly available at more than minimum levels to these trillion cells. This relies on eating balanced diet that contains all these essential nutrients, effectively digesting and breaking down the macro and micro nutrients in the diet to more assimilable forms, and finally transporting and actually absorbing them by the villi and other cells. Improving digestion using digestive enzymes and creating a balanced eco-system in the digestive tract through the use of beneficial bacteria for improved absorption have been widely studied. Many natural and synthetic products to aid in better digestion and in the colonization of these beneficial bacteria are available for quite sometime. But the most critical phase in the long and complicated nutrient uptake processes in human body occurs at the final transportation and absorption phase, which will truly decide how much of these nutrients will be available to the trillion cells in human body. Best nutritious, balanced diet, and complete digestion do not guarantee that these nutrients will be totally absorbed. 13
NuLiv Science has studied the effect of several plant compounds on human metabolic functions in the past 8 years. AstraGinTM is a nutraceutical ingredient consisting of several of these plant compounds that has shown in NuLiv Science’s in vitro, in vivo, and human studies to increase the transport and absorption of amino acids, vitamins, and glucose in CaCo-2 cells, in animals, and finally in humans. AstraGinTM can be and should be used as an ingredient in supplements and functional foods where enhanced protein, glucose, vitamins absorption are desired and/or required, such as children growing up, seniors, and physically demanding and health-compromised individuals.
10. COA (Certificate of Analysis) AstraGinTM Product Name
AstraGinTM
Manufacturing Date
2009.05.09
Batch No.
General lot
Sampling Date
2009.05.09
5 kg
Expiration Date
2012.05.08
Batch Quantity Item
Specification
Result
Method
Marker Compounds Total saponins
≧1.5%
Conform
NLS-HQI-01 (UV)
Appearance
Powder
Conform
NLS-QCS-1008
Color
Beige
Conform
NLS-QCS-1008
Odor
Characteristic
Conform
NLS-QCS-1008
Taste
Characteristic
Conform
NLS-QCS-1008
Plant Name & Part
Astragalus membranaceus (root)
Conform
Used
Panax notoginseng (leaf)
Method of Processing
Extraction/Ethanol & Water
Conform
Carrier
None
Conform
Drying Method
Spray dry
Conform
Excipient
Corn starch
Conform
Particle Size (65 mesh)
≧80%
Conform
GB/T 5507-2008
Loss on Drying
≦8.0%
Conform
GB/T 14769-1993
Ash Content
≦5.0%
Conform
AOAC 942.05, 16 th
Total Heavy Metals
≦20 ppm
Conform
USP <231>, Meth. II
Arsenic
≦1.0 pm
Conform
AOAC 986.15, 16 th
Organoleptic Data
Process Data
Physical Characteristics
Heavy Metals
14
Lead
≦1.0 ppm
Conform
AOAC 986.15, 16 th
Mercury
≦0.5 ppm
Conform
AOAC 971.21, 16th
Total Plate Count
≦1000 cfu/g
Conform
AOAC 990.12, 16th
Total Yeast & Mold
≦100 cfu/g
Conform
FDA (BAM) Chapter 18, 8th
Microbiological Tests
Ed. E. Coli
Negative
Conform
AOAC 997.11, 16th
Salmonella
Negative
Conform
FDA (BAM) Chapter 5, 8th Ed.
Tested by：Kate Huang
Date：2009.05.09
Approved by：Thomas Yang, Ph.D.
Date：2009.05.09
11, Nutrition Facts % Protein
0.2%
Fat
0.27%
Fiber
0.07%
Total carbohydrate
82.1%
Moisture
4.9%
Ph
5.29
12. Safety Data Ingredient
Safety Study
Outcome
Ref.
Astragalus
Acute toxicity (mice)
LD50: 79.98 g/Kg
1
membranaceu
Embryotoxicity (rats, rabbits)
Positive (dosage >1.0 mg/Kg)
2
Acute toxicity (mice, rats)
LD50 >21.5 g/ Kg (mice, rats)
3
Mutagenicity (mice)
Negative (dosage: 2.15, 4.3, 8.6 g/Kg)
3
Chronic toxicity (rats)
Negative (dosage: 0.625, 1.25, 2.5
4
s Panax ginseng
g/Kg, 6 months) Embryotoxicity (embryonic stem cell
ID50D3:114±8.21 μg/ml (Rb1)
from mouse)
ID50D3: 80±5.75 μg/ml (Rg1)
5
Reference 1.
M. Du, etc. Study on acute toxicity of hairy root cultures of Astragalus membranaceus in mice.
Chinese Herbal Medicine. 1999, Vol.30, No.6, P.444. 2.
Y.P. Zhu, etc. Evaluation on developmental toxicity of Astragalosides in rats and rabbits. Journal
of Toxicology. 2007, Vol.21, No.4, P.317.
15
3.
X.P. Xu, etc. Study on toxicity of Ginseng and ginsenosides. Pharmaco-toxicity journal. 1988, Vol.
2, No.1, P. 54. 4.
M.Y. Zeng, etc. Study on toxicity of Ginseng. Traditional Chinese Drug Research & Clinical
Pharmacology. 1997, Vol. 8, No.1, P. 52. 5.
Z. Yu, etc. Embryonic stem cell test for the study of the developmental toxicities of ginsenoside
Rb1、Rg1. Journal of Toxicology. 2008, Vol. 22, No.3, P. 173.
13. Dosage and Indications Dosage Percent increase in amino acid absorption at 5 mg, 10 mg, and 25 mg are estimations based on available data as of the date of this publication. 50 mg per day is the dosage used in NuLiv Science in vitro study that demonstrated the results given in the “Indication” section. NuLiv considers these estimations to be reasonably correct. But only actual assays on these different dosages can finally determine their respective actual percent increase. This table is given for the benefit of those users who are interested in knowing the relative levels of efficacy at this time and realize that they are still best estimations based on limited available data.
Dosage
5 mg
10 mg
25 mg
50 mg
% Increase in Amino Acid Absorption
37.2%
41.8%
52.3%
62%
Indications Based on the result of NuLiv Science in vitro study, at 50 mg per day, AstraGinTM will help increase the absorption of amino acids, glucose, and vitamins at the cellular level by 62%, 57%, and 50%.
14. Conclusion Absorption determines the amount of nutrients available for maintaining the normal activities as well as repairing and rebuilding the health of cells, tissues, and organs in human body. Consequently absorption plays a very critical role in maintaining and promoting human and animal health. AstraGinTM is a perfect ingredient for companies to include in their foods and supplements and will greatly improve their competitive edges. 16
The contents of this publication have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. They are not presented here to provide information and advice that in any way is intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent disease. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any other information storage and retrieval system, without the written permission of NuLiv Science.
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