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SUSTAINABLE STADIA
Populous’ Sustainable Stadia Team was formed in early 2007 to discuss and research sustainability in the construction industry, particularly in sports buildings and stadia. Not only do we have a moral responsibility to do this, but when it comes to energy consumption, we face legislation from government organisations and directives from sports governing bodies – the IOC’s Agenda 21, for example, or FIFA’s Green Goal initiative. Thanks to our Sustainable Stadia Team we’ve been able to address these issues as a whole, especially when it comes to the design of sports buildings.
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WHEN PLANNING A NEW BUILDING, THE FIRST THING TO INVESTIGATE IS WHETHER AN EXISTING BUILDING CAN BE REUSED, REFURBISHED OR EVEN GIVEN A RADICAL REDESIGN.
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REUSE: WIMBLEDON
Below left: Wimbledon’s Centre Court, under construction in 1922. Below right: The same stadium in 2009 with its new roof.
The redevelopment of Wimbledon’s Centre Court is a great example of a sports stadium that has been given a radical redesign. The owners, The All England Lawn Tennis Club, realised that to maintain Wimbledon’s position as the most prestigious tennis tournament in the world, they needed to improve their facilities. But rather than knock down their existing Centre Court, they decided to blend heritage with innovation by making a range of improvements to it, including a new retractable roof. Around 75 per cent of the stadium has been reused, and much of the original 1922 design has remained. Other facilities at Wimbledon in need of upgrading will benefit from this blend of heritage and innovation.
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REUSE: WEMBLEY STADIUM
Occasionally it’s the local transportation rather than the actual stadium itself which is the most important feature of a redevelopment. In the 1990s, England’s Football Association looked at several potential sites for their new national stadium, Wembley. However, one of their existing stadium’s strongest points was its public transport system that had been developed over the previous 80 years. In terms of sustainability, it was far better to rebuild Wembley where it was, rather than relocate and be forced to construct brand new transport links.
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Northwick Park
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REUSE: TEMPORARY STRUCTURES
PAST Sydney’s 2000 Olympic Stadium during the Olympic Games. PRESENT The same stadium with a reduced capacity.
Many existing sports venues aren’t suitable for refurbishment because of structural or physical problems. Poor sight lines or terrace tread depths, for example, may mean they could never become a 21st Century sports facility. But other solutions, such as temporary structures or venues that can be disassembled and later reassembled elsewhere, are possible. Reusable structures are particularly useful for cities staging one-off sports events such as the Olympic Games. Since they can be used several times, and are lighter in weight than permanent buildings, they save enormous amounts of energy in both construction and transportation.
PAST Temporary stands for the Sydney Olympics beach volleyball competition on Bondi Beach in 2000. PRESENT The same beach after the stands had been dismantled.
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REUSE: TEMPORARY STRUCTURES
Temporary structures are particularly useful for cities staging major one-off sports events such as the Olympic Games.
Top left: The main stadium at the 2014 Asian Games, in Incheon, South Korea, as it will look in four years’ time. Bottom left: The same stadium as it will look after the Asian Games have finished.
THERE ARE MANY FORMS A TEMPORARY STRUCTURE CAN TAKE. THESE INCLUDE: • Temporary structures used only for a major sports event and then later dismantled. There will be several of these built in London for the 2012 Olympic Games. • Temporary modular grandstand structures added to an existing sports venue to cater for a one-off influx of spectators. The 2012 London Olympic Stadium, for example, will hold 80,000 during the Games, and will have a reduced capacity of 25,000 afterwards. Similarly, the main stadium for the 2014 Asian Games in the South Korean city of Incheon will initially hold 70,000 spectators, before shrinking to a capacity of 30,000 afterwards and becoming a park for the local community. The Hypo-Arena, in the Austrian city of Klagenfurt, catered for 32,000 football fans during the 2008 European Football Championship, but now the event is finished, it will be reduced in size. The ANZ Stadium in Sydney featured temporary stands for the 2000 Olympic Games with a total capacity of 115,000. This was reduced to 80,000 after the event. • Temporary facilities designed to be later reassembled and reused elsewhere. The temporary facility at the Sydney Aquatic Centre for the 2000 Olympic Games, for example, was later reconstructed as part of Wollongong Showground, just south of Sydney.
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REDUCE
Sports stadia are huge pieces of infrastructure. When it comes to sustainable design, their use of energy is a major issue. The industry must learn to reduce the energy used in their initial construction – the so-called ‘embodied energy’ – and to later reuse the building materials in future projects.
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STADIA ARE DESIGNED TO BE USED FOR 50 TO 60 YEARS, BUT THEY MAY HOST EVENTS ONLY 30 OR 40 TIMES A SEASON AT MOST.
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OPERATIONAL ENERGY
OPERATIONAL ENERGY THE ENERGY USED IN HEATING, LIGHTING AND COOLING A BUILDING.
EMBODIED ENERGY THE ENERGY USED IN THE MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION OF NEW BUILDINGS.
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REDUCE: EMBODIED ENERGY
Left: Wasted capacity. Each seat represents one month in the 50-year lifespan of an average stadium. Each person represents a month that the stadium is actually in use.
In office buildings, most of the energy expended is operational energy, used to heat, cool and illuminate the interior. It’s a similar case in concert arenas, too. The O2 Arena, in London, for example, is used as much as 200 days a year. But when it comes to stadia, usage is on a much lower scale. The energy used to build a stadium – the embodied energy – far outweighs the operational energy used over its lifetime. Most stadia are designed to last 50 years, but are used for only 18 months of those 50 years. Once they reach the end of their useful lives, they then require huge amounts of energy in demolition – far more than typical office buildings do. The embodied energy in one tonne of steel is equivalent to burning 26 light bulbs at 20 watts non-stop for a year and a half. This includes the energy needed to dig the iron ore out of the ground, create a steel beam, transport it to site, and then build with it. If one such beam is required for the full circumference of a stadium, this one beam may equate to 158 tonnes in all – the equivalent of burning 4000 light bulbs at 20 watts non-stop for a year and a half. This is why the lean design of stadia and the considered use of materials in construction or refurbishment are so important.
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London’s O2 Arena has become the world’s most popular entertainment venue, selling 2.34 million tickets in 2009. It’s crucial that venues such as this are designed to stage all types of music, sports and entertainment, in order that the embodied energy used to construct them is not wasted.
Right: The 2009 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships at The O2 Arena.
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Another solution is to design two venues within one and thereby satisfy the needs of several stakeholders. This prevents unnecessary construction, shares embodied energy and maximises revenue.
BUILDING LIFE
Current stadium usage
Typical arena
The stadia we design need to be more flexible so they can stage all types of events, and operate at least 80 days a year. A stadium that can welcome sports as disparate as rugby or athletics, and stage pop concerts or large meetings, will be a more sustainable building over its life thanks to a more efficient use of its embodied energy.
Typical office building
Typical stadium
ENERGY LIFE CYCLE OVER 50 YEARS
Proposed stadium usage
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50 YEARS Building not used
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TOTAL BUILDING LIFE Embodied energy
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REDUCE: SUSTAINABLE STRUCTURES
EFFICIENT DESIGN When it comes to developing sustainable structures, the most crucial aspect is efficient design. Innovative lightweight structures will reduce the amount of building material required, and make use of materials that produce less CO2 during their manufacture. This both reduces the overall embodied energy and the financial costs. The less material and the simpler the designs, the more you save in energy and money.
SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS Wood, for example, is much easier to manipulate than steel. It can always be sourced locally, and developed into clever but simple structural solutions. The building materials with the greatest amount of embodied energy in them are aluminium and stainless steel. The latter contains six times more than reinforced concrete, for example. When it comes to CO2 emissions, both aluminium and steel are major culprits. The choice of building material for sports venues depends on several factors: size, capacity, location and use. Despite containing less embodied energy, concrete is not always the best choice since it is so much heavier than a steel structure of similar strength. By far the greatest amount of embodied energy is in the foundations and superstructure, rather than in the cladding, so it’s important for designers and engineers to use as little steel or concrete in these areas.
RECYCLED MATERIALS Increased use of considered recycled materials is essential to reduce the embodied energy in the building fabric.
TRANSPORTATION The transportation of building materials from source to construction site is often overlooked. Shipping timber by sea from Canada across the Atlantic Ocean to the UK, for example, uses less embodied energy than transporting timber the short distance by road from the north to the south of England. Sea freight uses the least embodied energy, while air freight uses the most.
TOPOGRAPHY It’s important to make use of the existing topography of the construction site as much as possible. This may include building terracing onto the natural slope of the land.
Above: How the London 2012 Olympic Stadium might look.
MAIN ROOF STRUCTURE The design of sustainable roof structures is always affected by size and budget constraints. In small stadia with 10,000 to 20,000 seats, timber or glued laminated timber works well. Concrete is better for larger stadia, but of course requires more embodied energy. When it comes to the very largest stadia, tensile cable or fabric structures are ideal. A good example is the fabric roof over Wimbledon’s Centre Court which is flexible, lightweight and translucent enough to allow sunlight through to the court. Stainless steel is another option, and if it’s high-quality steel, it’s light in weight. But the embodied energy and price are both very high, so it’s worthwhile only in stadia with 60,000 to 70,000 seats. The bigger the crowd, the less embodied energy per person, per seat.
LONDON’S 2012 OLYMPIC STADIUM All these issues were considered when Populous designed the Olympic Stadium for the London Olympics. During the Games it will hold 80,000 spectators, all underneath a lightweight fabric roof. Afterwards, the temporary structures will be removed, and it will shrink in size. Small buildings dotted around the outside of the stadium – known as pods – will be relocated and used elsewhere.
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REDUCE: EMBODIED ENERGY
EMBODIED ENERGY – TYPICAL BUILDING MATERIALS
EMBODIED ENERGY IN STADIA ROOFS
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REDUCE: EMBODIED ENERGY IN STADIA ROOFS
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25,000
20,000
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EMBODIED ENERGY IN STADIA ROOFS PER SEAT
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EMBODIED CARBON FOR THE MAIN COMPONENTS OF A TYPICAL STADIUM
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REDUCE: EMBODIED ENERGY CONTINUED
COMPARISON OF EMBODIED CARBON FOR DIFFERENT STADIUM DESIGN OPTIONS
Maximised recycled content
EMBODIED CARBON – TYPICAL BUILDING MATERIALS
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REDUCE: DESIGNING TO MINIMISE OPERATIONAL ENERGY
3 2 1 MINIMISE HEATING, COOLING AND LIGHTING Through considered building and glazing orientation, effective building envelope insulation, and installation of natural ventilation shafts, light tubes and adaptable solar shading.
USE OF EFFICIENT BUILDING MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS TO MEET COMPLEX FLUCTUATING DEMAND
RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES These can massively reduce energy demands. Wind turbines and solar panels have become much more efficient in recent years, but it can take years, even decades, to recoup the financial cost and the embodied energy required to produce them.
Carbon impact
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MINIMISE HEATING, COOLING AND LIGHTING
FAÇADE DESIGN The façade of a building seals it from the exterior, reducing heat loss in winter and heat gain in summer. Buildings require intelligent façade systems including solar shading and high technology materials to reduce solar gain. The ANZ Stadium in Sydney, Australia, is a good example.
LIGHT TUBES Stadia are very deep buildings, so they benefit from the installation of light tubes and fibre optic cables which bring sunlight right into the interior. This reduces the need for electrical lighting.
Right: Solar shading at the ANZ Stadium in Sydney. Below from top: Maximise natural light with light tubes. South-facing stadia in the northern hemisphere will benefit from more sunlight. Solar shading stops stadia heating up in summer.
THE PITCH Some grass pitches use what are known as ‘grow lights’ to aid the growth of grass. Just five hours’ use of these grow lights is the equivalent of lighting 60 domestic homes for a whole day. Maximising natural light – for example by designing stadium roofs to let in more sunlight – reduces the need for artificial light. Artificial grass pitches negate the need for sunlight altogether, and despite the high levels of embodied energy in their manufacture, they allow the stadium to be used much more often.
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LED lighting, as used at the Brit Oval cricket ground in London, is more efficient and lasts longer than normal lighting.
USE EFFICIENT SYSTEMS TO MEET DEMAND
Opposite: Left: England vs Australia day/night match at the Brit Oval, London.
NATURAL VENTILATION This is an excellent way to reduce the need for air conditioning. ANZ Stadium, in Sydney, with its chimney effect, is a great example. Air is drawn into the base of the chimney, piped through the stadium, providing cool, fresh air, while warm, stale air is expelled from the top of the chimney. Electric fans in the chimney shaft, powered by solar panels on the roof, help push the air through.
LED LIGHTING Everyone is now aware of energy-saving light bulbs. Even better is LED lighting which is more efficient, longer-lasting and requires less embodied energy during manufacture.
Solar shading: natural and connected systems.
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EFFICIENT SYSTEMS TO MEET DEMAND
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RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
SOLAR PANELS At around 17 per cent efficient, traditional glass solar panels tend to be the best at converting light energy into electricity. But the panels are cumbersome and heavy, and require considerable embodied energy to manufacture. The new generation of film photovoltaic systems are lighter, cheaper, more flexible and can be constructed out of many materials. Large stadium roofs represent an excellent opportunity for micro energy generation using photovoltaic panels. Although most people think the panels need to be angled to follow the sun, in fact when they’re laid on a flat roof they are around 88 per cent efficient. Solar-powered street lighting is very effective, too. During the 2000 Sydney Olympics it worked well with the streetlights in the plazas surrounding ANZ Stadium. Each light produced its own power and therefore did not require the infrastructure to connect each to the national grid.
Above: Solar panels at ANZ Stadium in Sydney.
City-wide solar-powered lighting obviously needs huge capital investment, but this can be offset by selling the electricity back to the national grid.
WIND TURBINES To be effective, wind turbines need to be constructed on a huge scale which requires massive financial cost and large amounts of embodied energy. Small units, such as 20-metre tall, 6kW turbines may only cost tens of thousands of dollars to build, but will need more than 18 years for the capital costs to be recouped. Meanwhile large 120-metre tall, 2MW turbines will cost millions to build, but could recoup their capital costs within three years. Locating wind turbines can be a challenge, particularly in urban areas. Problems such as appearance, noise and ice falling from the turbine blades need to be addressed, but advanced technology is helping. Location has a major impact on turbine efficiency. To work effectively they must be placed in areas with high mean wind speeds, free of the turbulence caused by large buildings. For example, if a turbine is placed near a 50-metre high stadium, it needs to be 500 metres away from that stadium – with no other buildings in between – in order to function efficiently. This is difficult in urban areas.
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RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
Since each light functions independently, it does not need to be connected to the city grid.
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RECYCLE
RECYCLING IS CRUCIAL IN THE CONSTRUCTION, OPERATION AND DEMOLITION OF SPORTS BUILDINGS. THE USE OF RECYCLED MATERIALS IN CONSTRUCTION CAN MASSIVELY REDUCE EMBODIED ENERGY.
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RECYCLE: STEEL, ALUMINIUM, GLASS AND CONCRETE
RECYCLE: WATER
It’s crucial to recycle and conserve the water used in a sports stadium since huge quantities are needed for irrigation and sanitation. The stadium roof is often ideal for collecting rainwater. At the ANZ Stadium in Sydney, rainwater collected from the roof is used to flush toilets and irrigate the pitch.
Below left: At the ANZ Stadium in Sydney, rainwater is harvested and used to flush toilets and irrigate the pitch.
Below: This graph compares the energy required to produce brand new building materials with the energy required to produce recycled building materials.
Steel is the building material within a stadium which needs to be recycled the most. Virgin steel extraction requires huge amounts of energy, so any recycled content will make huge savings. Currently, structural steel includes a recycled content of around 60 per cent. Worldwide, around 440 million tones are recycled every year – the equivalent of 150 Eiffel Towers every day. Increase this by just one per cent and we can save 36,500GWh a year – the amount of energy generated by 10 large power stations. Aluminium requires huge amounts of energy during manufacture, but because of its relatively low melting point it’s extremely good for recycling. Glass requires much less energy to produce and can easily be recycled. It’s important to find innovative ways to use more glass. Already it’s used in the cladding of buildings, and in paving.
Aluminium
Reinforced concrete can be manufactured much more efficiently. Currently, most reinforcing steel used in concrete is 100 per cent recycled, while traditional aggregates can be replaced with concrete from demolition sites.
Virgin production
Glass
Steel
Other waste materials, such as slag from blast furnaces, can supplement traditional cement.
Recycled production
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3 RECYCLE: GREEN ROOFS
Green roofs, laid with vegetation, can help soak up rainwater. This reduces the amount of water running off into drainage systems and cuts down flooding.
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GREEN ROOFS Modern planning laws often insist on certain aspects of green roof technology – ie. roofs planted with vegetation. Where cities struggle to cope with flash flooding, these types of roofs can help soak up rainwater, and reduce the amount of water running off into the drainage systems. They also help to control the heating and cooling of the building and absorb CO2. On the negative side, they can add weight to buildings and increase the embodied energy used in the original construction.
CERTIFICATION Certification and building assessment methods are an important and helpful way for architects and contractors to develop and improve the design and construction of their buildings in a more sustainable form. Many methods exist, including BREEAM, LEED and Estidama in the Middle East. Certification should be done at an early stage, depending on the building’s use, construction and location.
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1 Solar Shading Natural and connected systems 2 Natural Light Saves electricity
Right: Nationals Park in Washington DC uses green roof technology.
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3 Maximise Natural Light using light tubes
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Currently, structural steel includes a recycled content of around 60 per cent. Worldwide, around 440 million tones are recycled every year – the equivalent of 150 Eiffel Towers every day.
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MODERN TECHNOLOGY HAS LED TO A BETTER CONNECTED AND MORE COMMERCIAL PLANET. IN TURN THIS HAS INCREASED THE DIVERSITY OF SPORT AND ENTERTAINMENT IN THE 21ST CENTURY. AT POPULOUS WE BELIEVE A CITY’S STADIA ARE OFTEN THE MOST IMPORTANT BUILDINGS THEY HAVE. OCCUPYING A LARGE SPACE, THEY HAVE A HUGE POTENTIAL TO HARVEST ENERGY FROM THEIR SURROUNDINGS.
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FutURE: Technologies
RECENT PAST ANZ Stadium in Sydney took the Olympic Games into new territory as a sustainable sports event.
In the future, sports stadia will be producers of energy, rather than polluters, by using advanced harvesting technologies. For example, their exteriors may be painted with special photovoltaic paint that converts sunlight into electricity. The energy created by the thousands of spectators passing through turnstiles, and walking along concourses can be put to use elsewhere in the stadium. The waste created by these spectators will be recycled within the building and used to create energy. By connecting the stadia with their surrounding buildings and transport networks, all available energy will be used as efficiently as possible.
PRESENT Thanks to its sustainability, Nationals Park in Washington DC is one of the first stadia to be accredited with LEED silver certification.
The very largest stadia built for one-off sports events can later be broken down into smaller, more adaptable structures. Sections of stadia may be relocated to provide seating for temporary venues elsewhere. Stadia will grow and shrink according to the events staged there, the seasonal changes, and the number of spectators. They will have to fit in with the fabric of the cities around them, taking account of transport, local communities and commercial or social concerns.
NEAR FUTURE At Populous, we would like to think that our designs for the 2012 Olympic Stadium in London take sustainability even further.
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THE SUSTAINABLE STADIA TEAM
Together as a team, we hope we can change attitudes and preconceptions towards our sports buildings. It’s important they are recognised for their huge potential as energy-harvesting centres for the cities around them. This will create a more sustainable future for our industry. The Sustainable Stadia Team has brought together the very best experts from construction design. It includes: * Populous, world leaders in design and delivery of sports buildings. * Buro Happold, engineers with a long tradition of innovation in structural design, and a holistic approach to materials sustainability and technology. * Faber Maunsell, leaders in the field of service engineering and sustainable design. * Franklin and Andrew, experts in sports business and financial management of major construction projects.
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