Since 1 955
Technical Tables
Contents
Conversion Factors..........................................................................................2 Decimal Equivalents........................................................................................3 Drilling Cutting Speeds .................................................................................11 Material - Drilling Speeds..............................................................................13 Twist Drills - Recommended Sharpening Angles.................................14 Horsepower Requirements...........................................................................15 Reamers & Reaming........................................................................................16 Useful Tapers......................................................................................................17 Hardness Conversion Table...........................................................................18 Milling Cutters Pripheral Speeds................................................................20 Tapping Problems & Causes.........................................................................21 Tapping Lubricants..........................................................................................22 Tapping Speeds................................................................................................23 Tapping Speed Chart......................................................................................24 Basic Thread Profile for ISO Inch (Unified) & ISO Metric.....................25 Basic Profile for Whitworth (BSW,BSF & WHIT.) Thread Forms..........26 Tapping Drill Size Chart ISO Metric................................................................................................27 UNF............................................................................................................28 UNC...........................................................................................................29 BSW...........................................................................................................30 BSF & BA...................................................................................................31 NPSF & NPT - NPTF ..............................................................................32 BSPF & BSPT............................................................................................33 Bandsaw Data....................................................................................................34 Bandsaw Blade Speed Chart........................................................................35 Solution of the Oblique-Angled Triangle................................................36 Solution of the Right-Angled Triangle......................................................37
To Convert Inches Millimetres Yards Meters Miles Kilometres Square Inches Sq. Centimetres Sq. Yards Sq. Meters Sq. Miles Sq. Kilometres Cubic Inches Cubic Centimetres Cubic Yards Cubic Metres Ounces (Avoir) Grammes Lbs(Avoir) Kilogrammes Cwts. Kilogrammes Tons Kilogrammes Gallons Litres Tons per Sq. inch Kgms Per Sq. mm Sq. Meters Acres Sq. Yards Acres Horse Power Watts Gallons of Water Pounds of Water Cubic Feet of Water Gallons of Water Trade Tools Ltd
Conversion Factors Into Millimetres Inches Metres Yards Kilometres Miles Sq. Centimetres Sq. Inches Sq. Metres Sq. Yards Sq. Kilometers Sq. Miles Cubic Centimeters Cubic Inches Cubic Meters Cubic Yards Grammes Ounces (Avoir) Kilogrammes Lbs (Avoir) Kilogrammes Cwts Kilogrammes Tons Litres Gallons Kgms per Sq. mm Tons per Sq. inch Acres Sq. Metres Acres Sq. Yards Watts Horse Power Pounds Gallons Gallons Cubic Feet
Multiply 25.4 0.03937 0.9144 1.0936 1.609 0.621 6.45 0.155 0.836 1.196 2.59 0.386 16.39 0.061 0.76 1.308 28.35 0.0353 0.4536 2.2046 50.8 0.01968 1016.0 0.000984 4.546 0.22 1.575 0.635 0.000247 4046.9 0.000206 4840.0 746.0 0.00134 10.0 0.100 6.23 0.16 Page 2
Frac.
1/64
1/32
mm .300 .320 .343 .350 .368 .380 .397 .400 .406 .420 .450 .457 .480 .500 .508 .520 .533 .550 .572 .580 .600 .610 .620 .635 .650 .660 .680 .700 .711 .720 .742 .750 .780 .787 .794 .800
Decimal Equivalents
Gauge 80 79
78 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 68
Inch .012 .013 .014 .014 .015 .015 .016 .016 .016 .017 .018 .018 .019 .020 .020 .021 .021 .022 .023 .023 .024 .024 .024 .025 .026 .026 .027 .028 .028 .028 .029 .030 .031 .031 .031 .032
Frac.
mm
Gauge
Inch
.813 .82 .838 .85 .88 .889 .9 .914 .92 .940 .95 .965 .98 .991 1.00
67
.032 .032 .033 .034 .035 .035 .035 .036 .036 .037 .037 .038 .039 .039 .039 .040 .041 .041 .042 .043 .043 .045 .047 .047 .047 .049 .051 .052 .053 .055 .055 .057 .059 .060 .061
66 65 64 63 62 61 60 59 58 57
3/64
56
55 54
53
Gauge and letter sizes are no longer recommended British Standard drill sizes. Every effort should be made to use the alternative Metric or Fractional sizes.
Trade Tools Ltd
Page 3
Frac.
mm
1/16
1.588 1.6 1.613 1.65 1.7 1.702 1.75 1.778 1.8 1.85 1.854 1.9 1.930 1.95 1.984 1.994 2.00 2.05 2.057 2.083 2.1 2.15 2.184 2.2 2.25 2.261 2.3 2.35 2.375 2.381 2.4 2.438 2.45 2.489 2.5 2.527 2.55 2.578 2.6 2.642 2.65 2.7
5/64
Decimal Equivalents
Gauge 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37
Inch
.0625 .6300 .0635 .0650 .0669 .0670 .0689 .0700 .0709 .0728 .0730 .0748 .0760 .0768 .0781 .0785 .0787 .0807 .0810 .0820 .0827 .0846 .0860 .0866 .0886 .0890 .0906 .0925 .0935 .0938 .0945 .0960 .0965 .0980 .0984 .0995 .1004 .1015 .1024 .1040 .1043 .1063
Frac.
7/64
1/8
9/64
5/32
mm
Gauge
Inch
2.705 2.75 2.778 2.794 2.8 2.819 2.85 2.870 2.9 2.946 2.95 3.00 3.048 3.1 3.175 3.2 3.25 3.264 3.3 3.4 3.454 3.5 3.569 3.572 3.6 3.658 3.7 3.734 3.75 3.797 3.8 3.861 3.9 3.912 3.969 3.988 4.00 4.039 4.089 4.1 4.2 4.216
36
.1065 .1083 .1094 .1100 .1102 .1110 .1122 .1130 .1142 .1160 .1161 .1181 .1200 .1220 .1250 .1260 .1280 .1285 .1299 .1339 .1360 .1378 .1405 .1406 .1417 .1440 .1457 .1470 .1476 .1495 .1496 .1520 .1535 .1540 .1562 .1570 .1575 .1590 .1610 .1614 .1654 .1660
35 34 33 32 31
30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19
Gauge and letter sizes are no longer recommended British Standard drill sizes. Every effort should be made to use the alternative Metric or Fractional sizes.
Trade Tools Ltd
Page 4
Frac.
11/ 64
3/ 16
13/ 64
7/ 32
mm 4.25 4.3 4.305 4.366 4.394 4.4 4.496 4.5 4.572 4.6 4.623 4.7 4.75 4.762 4.8 4.851 4.9 4.915 4.978 5.00 5.055 5.1 5.105 5.159 5.182 5.2 5.220 5.25 5.3 5.309 5.4 5.410 5.5 5.556 5.6 5.613 5.7 5.75 5.791 5.8 5.9 5.944
Decimal Equivalents
Gauge 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3
2 1 A
Inch
Frac.
mm
.1673 .1693 .1695 .1719 .1730 .1732 .1770 .1772 .1800 .1811 .1820 .1850 .1870 .1875 .1890 .1910 .1929 .1935 .1960 .1969 .1990 .2008 .2010 .2031 .2040 .2047 .2055 .2067 .2087 .2090 .2126 .2130 .2165 .2188 .2205 .2210 .2244 .2264 .2280 .2283 .2323 .2340
15/64
5.953 6.00 6.045 6.1 6.147 6.2 6.248 6.25 6.3 6.350 6.4 6.5 6.528 6.6 6.629 6.7 6.747 6.75 6.756 6.8 6.9 6.909 7.00 7.036 7.1 7.137 7.144 7.2 7.25 7.3 7.366 7.4 7.493 7.5 7.541 7.6 7.671 7.7 7.75 7.8 7.9 7.938
1/ 4
17/64
9/ 32
19/64
5/ 16
Gauge B C D E F G
H I J K
L M
N
Inch .2344 .2362 .2380 .2402 .2420 .2441 .2460 .2461 .2480 .2500 .2520 .2559 .2570 .2598 .2610 .2638 .2656 .2657 .2660 .2677 .2717 .2720 .2756 .2770 .2795 .2810 .2812 .2835 .2854 .2874 .2900 .2913 .2950 .2953 .2969 .2992 .3020 .3031 .3051 .3071 .3110 .3125
Gauge and letter sizes are no longer recommended British Standard drill sizes. Every effort should be made to use the alternative Metric or Fractional sizes.
Trade Tools Ltd
Page 5
Frac.
21/64
11/ 32
23/64
mm 8.00 8.026 8.1 8.2 8.204 8.25 8.3 8.334 8.4 8.433 8.5 8.6 8.611 8.7 8.731 8.75 8.8 8.839 8.9 9.00 9.093 9.1 9.128 9.2 9.25 9.3 9.347 9.4 9.5 9.525 9.576 9.6 9.7 9.75 9.8 9.804 9.9 9.922 10.00 10.084 10.1 10.2
Decimal Equivalents
Gauge O P
Q R
S T
U
V
W
X
Inch
.3150 .3160 .3189 .3228 .3230 .3248 .3268 .3281 .3307 .3320 .3345 .3386 .3390 .3425 .3438 .3445 .3465 .3480 .3504 .3543 .3580 .3583 .3594 .3622 .3642 .3661 .3680 .3701 .3740 .3750 .3770 .3780 .3819 .3839 .3858 .3860 .3898 .3906 .3937 .3970 .3976 .4016
Frac.
13/32
27/64
7/ 16
29/ 64
15/32
31/64
1/ 2
mm
10.25 10.262 10.3 10.319 10.4 10.490 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.716 10.75 10.8 10.9 11.00 11.1 11.112 11.2 11.25 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.509 11.6 11.7 11.75 11.8 11.9 11.906 12.00 12.1 12.2 12.25 12.3 12.303 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.75 12.8 12.9 13.00
Gauge Y
Z
Inch .4035 .4040 .4055 .4062 .4094 .4130 .4134 .4173 .4213 .4219 .4232 .4252 .4291 .4331 .4370 .4375 .4409 .4429 .4449 .4488 .4528 .4531 .4567 .4606 .4626 .4646 .4685 .4688 .4724 .4764 .4803 .4823 .4843 .4844 .4882 .4921 .4961 .5000 .5020 .5039 .5079 .5118
Gauge and letter sizes are no longer recommended British Standard drill sizes. Every effort should be made to use the alternative Metric or Fractional sizes.
Trade Tools Ltd
Page 6
Frac. 33/ 64
17/32
35/64
9/ 16 37/64 19/32 39/64 5/ 8
41/64 21/32
43/64 11/ 16 45/64
mm 13.097 13.1 13.2 13.25 13.3 13.4 13.494 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.75 13.8 13.891 13.9 14.00 14.25 14.288 14.5 14.684 14.75 15.00 15.081 15.25 15.478 15.5 15.75 15.875 16.00 16.25 16.272 16.5 16.669 16.75 17.00 17.066 17.25 17.462 17.5 17.75 17.859 18.00 18.25
Trade Tools Ltd
Decimal Equivalents Inch
Frac.
mm
Inch
.5156 .5157 .5197 .5217 .5236 .5276 .5312 .5315 .5354 .5394 .5413 .5433 .5469 .5472 .5512 .5610 .5625 .5709 .5781 .5807 .5906 .5938 .6004 .6094 .6102 .6201 .6250 .6299 .6398 .6406 .6496 .6562 .6594 .6693 .6719 .6791 .6875 .6890 .6988 .7031 .7087 .7185
23/32
18.256 18.5 18.653 18.75 19.00 19.050 19.25 19.447 19.5 19.75 19.844 20.00 20.241 20.25 20.422 20.5 20.638 20.75 21.00 21.034 21.25 21.431 21.5 21.75 21.828 22.00 22.225 22.25 22.5 22.622 22.75 23.00 23.019 23.25 23.416 23.5 23.75 23.812 24.00 24.209 24.25 24.5
.7188 .7283 .7344 .7382 .7480 .7500 .7579 .7656 .7677 .7776 .7812 .7874 .7969 .7972 .8040 .8071 .8125 .8169 .8268 .8281 .8366 .8438 .8465 .8563 .8594 .8661 .8750 .8760 .8858 .8906 .8957 .9055 .9062 .9154 .9219 .9252 .9350 .9375 .9449 .9531 .9547 .9646
47/64
3/4 49/64
25/32 51/64
13/16 53/64 27/32
55/64 7/8
57/64 29/32 59/64 15/16 61/64
Page 7
Frac.
mm
31/32
24.606 24.75 25.00 25.003 25.25 25.400 25.5 25.75 25.797 26.0 26.194 26.25 26.5 26.591 26.75 26.988 27.0 27.25 27.384 27.5 27.75 27.781 28.0 28.178 28.25 28.5 28.575 28.75 28.972 29.0 29.25 29.369 29.5 29.75 29.766 30.0 30.162 30.25 30.5 30.559 30.75 30.956
63/64 1 1.1/64 1.1/32 1.3/64 1.1/16 1.5/64 1.3/32 1.7/64 1.1/8 1.9/64 1.5/32 1.11/64 1.3/16 1.13/64 1.7/32
Trade Tools Ltd
Decimal Equivalents Inch
.9688 .9744 .9843 .9844 .9941 1.0000 1.0039 1.0138 1.0156 1.0236 1.0312 1.0335 1.0433 1.0469 1.0531 1.0625 1.0630 1.0728 1.0781 1.0827 1.0925 1.0938 1.1024 1.1094 1.1122 1.1220 1.1250 1.1319 1.1406 1.1417 1.1516 1.1562 1.1614 1.1713 1.1719 1.1811 1.1875 1.1909 1.2008 1.2031 1.2106 1.2188
Frac.
1.15/64 1.1/4 1.17/64 1.9/32 1.19/64 1.5/16 1.21/64 1.11/32 1.23/64 1.3/8 1.25/64 1.13/32 1.27/64 1.7/16 1.29/64 1.15/32 1.31/64 1.1/2 1.33/64 1.17/32 1.35/4 1.9/16
mm
Inch
31.0 31.25 31.353 31.5 31.75 32.0 32.147 32.5 32.544 32.766 32.941 33.0 33.338 33.5 33.734 34.0 34.131 34.5 34.528 34.925 35.0 35.322 35.5 35.719 36.0 36.116 36.5 36.512 36.909 37.0 37.306 37.5 37.703 38.0 38.100 38.497 38.5 38.894 39.0 39.291 39.5 39.688
1.2205 1.2303 1.2344 1.2402 1.2500 1.2598 1.2656 1.2795 1.2812 1.2900 1.2969 1.2992 1.3125 1.3189 1.3281 1.3386 1.3438 1.3583 1.3594 1.3750 1.3780 1.3906 1.3976 1.4062 1.4173 1.4219 1.4370 1.4375 1.4531 1.4567 1.4688 1.4764 1.4844 1.4961 1.5000 1.5156 1.5157 1.5312 1.5354 1.5469 1.5551 1.5625
Page 8
Frac. 1.37/64 1.19/32 1.39/64 1.5/8 1.41/64 1.21/32 1.43/64 1.11/16 1.45/64 1.23/32 1.47/64 1.3/4 1.49/64 1.25/32 1.51/64 1.13/64 1.27/32 1.55/64 1.7/8 1.57/64 1.29/32 1.59/64
mm 40.0 40.084 40.481 40.5 40.878 41.0 41.275 41.5 41.672 42.0 42.069 42.466 42.5 42.862 43.0 43.259 43.5 43.656 44.0 44.053 44.450 44.5 44.847 45.0 45.244 45.5 45.641 46.0 46.038 46.434 46.5 46.831 47.0 47.228 47.5 47.625 48.0 48.022 48.419 48.5 48.816 49.0
Trade Tools Ltd
Decimal Equivalents Inch
Frac.
mm
Inch
1.5748 1.5781 1.5938 1.5945 1.6094 1.6142 1.6250 1.6339 1.6406 1.6535 1.6562 1.6719 1.6732 1.6875 1.6929 1.7031 1.7126 1.7188 1.7323 1.7344 1.7500 1.7520 1.7656 1.7717 1.7812 1.7913 1.7969 1.8110 1.8125 1.8281 1.8307 1.8438 1.8504 1.8594 1.8701 1.8750 1.8898 1.8906 1.9062 1.9094 1.9219 1.9291
1.15/16
49.212 49.5 49.609 50.0 50.006 50.403 50.5 50.800 51.0 51.594 52.0 52.388 53.0 53.181 53.975 54.0 54.769 55.0 55.562 56.0 56.356 57.0 57.150 57.944 58.0 58.738 59.0 59.351 60.0 60.325 61.0 61.119 61.912 62.0 62.706 63.0 63.500 64.0 64.294 65.0 65.088 65.881
1.9375 1.9488 1.9531 1.9685 1.9688 1.9844 1.9882 2.0000 2.0079 2.0312 2.0472 2.0625 2.0866 2.0938 2.1250 2.1260 2.1562 2.1654 2.1875 2.2047 2.2188 2.2441 2.2500 2.2812 2.2835 2.3125 2.3228 2.3438 2.3622 2.3750 2.4016 2.4062 2.4375 2.4409 2.4688 2.4803 2.5000 2.5197 2.5312 2.5591 2.5625 2.5938
1.61/64 1.31/32 1.63/64 2 2.1/32 2.1/16 2.3/32 2.1/8 2.5/32 2.3/16 2.7/32 2.1/4 2.9/32 2.5/16 2.11/32 2.3/8 2.13/32 2.7/16 2.15/32 2.1/2 2.17/32 2.9/16 2.19/32
Page 9
Frac. 2.5/8 2.21/32 2.11/16 2.23/32 2.3/4 2.25/32 2.13/16 2.27/32 2.7/8 2.29/32 2.15/16 2.31/32 3 3.1/32 3.1/6 3.3/32 3.1/8 3.5/32 3.3/16 3.7/32
mm 66.0 66.675 67.0 67.469 68.0 68.262 69.0 69.056 69.850 70.0 70.644 71.0 71.438 72.0 72.231 73.0 73.025 73.819 74.0 74.612 75.0 75.406 76.0 76.200 76.994 77.0 77.788 78.0 78.581 79.0 79.375 80.0 80.169 80.962 81.0 81.756
Trade Tools Ltd
Decimal Equivalents Inch
2.5984 2.6250 2.6378 2.6562 2.6772 2.6875 2.7165 2.7188 2.7500 2.7559 2.7812 2.7953 2.8125 2.8346 2.8438 2.8740 2.8750 2.9062 2.9134 2.9375 2.9528 2.9688 2.9921 3.0000 3.0312 3.0315 3.0625 3.0709 3.0938 3.1102 3.1250 3.1496 3.1562 3.1875 3.1890 3.2188
Frac. 3.1/4
3.9/32 3.5/16 3.11/32 3.3/8 3.13/32 3.7/16 3.15/32 3.1/2
3.9/16
3.5/8 3.11/16
3.3/4 3.13/16
3.7/8
3.15/16 4
mm
Inch
82.0 82.550 83.0 83.344 84.0 84.138 84.931 85.0 85.725 86.0 86.519 87.0 87.312 88.0 88.106 88.900 89.0 90.0 90.488 91.0 92.0 92.075 93.0 93.662 94.0 95.0 95.250 96.0 96.838 97.0 98.0 98.425 99.0 100.0 100.012 101.6000
3.2283 3.2500 3.2677 3.2812 3.3071 3.3125 3.3438 3.3465 3.3750 3.3858 3.4062 3.4252 3.4375 3.4646 3.4688 3.5000 3.5039 3.5433 3.5625 3.5827 3.6220 3.6250 3.6614 3.6875 3.7008 3.7402 3.7500 3.7795 3.8125 3.8189 3.8583 3.8750 3.8976 3.9370 3.9375 4.0000
Page 10
Drilling
Table of Cutting Speeds Fractional Size Drills
Peripheral Speed Ft.min 20 30 50 m/min. 6 9 15 Drill diam mm Revolutions Per Minute 1/ 64 4,897 7,346 12,243 1/ 32 2,449 3,673 6,121 3/ 64 1,629 2,443 4,072 1/ 16 1,222 1,833 3,056 5/ 64 978 1,467 2,445 3/ 32 814 1,222 2,036 7/ 64 698 1,047 1,746 1/ 8 611 917 1,528 5/ 32 489 734 1,223 3/ 16 407 611 1,019 7/ 32 349 524 873 1/ 4 306 458 764 5/ 16 244 367 611 3/ 8 204 306 509 7/ 16 175 262 437 1/ 2 153 229 382 9/ 16 136 204 340 5/ 8 122 183 306 11/ 16 111 167 278 3/ 4 102 153 255 13/ 16 94 141 235 7/ 8 87 131 218 15/ 16 81 122 204 1/ 1 76 115 191 1.1/8 68 102 170 1.1/4 61 92 153 1.3/8 56 83 139 1.1/2 51 76 127 1.5/8 47 71 118 1.3/4 44 65 109 1.7/8 41 61 102 2 38 57 95 2.1/4 34 51 85 2.1/2 31 46 76 2.3/4 28 42 69 3 25 38 64 3.1/2 22 33 55 4 19 29 48
70 21
80 24
100 30
17,140 8,570 5,701 4,278 3,424 2,851 2,444 2,139 1,712 1,426 1,222 1,070 856 713 611 535 475 428 389 356 329 306 285 267 238 214 194 178 165 153 143 134 119 107 97 89 76 67
19,588 9,794 6,515 4,889 3,913 3,258 2,793 2,445 1,956 1,630 1,397 1,222 978 815 698 611 543 489 444 407 376 349 326 306 272 244 222 204 188 175 163 153 136 122 111 102 87 76
24,485 12,243 8,144 6,112 4,891 4,072 3,492 3,056 2,445 2,037 1,746 1,528 1,222 1,019 873 764 679 611 556 509 470 437 407 382 340 306 278 255 235 218 204 191 170 153 139 127 109 95
R.P.M for Perpheral Speeds not given, can be obtained by simple addition or subtraction, eg.: 150ft./min =100 – 50 = 1,146 R.P.M (for 1/2” dia.) 60ft./min = 80 – 20 = 4,886 R.P.M (for 3/64”dia.)
Trade Tools Ltd
Page 11
Drilling
Metric Size Drills
Table of Cutting Speeds
Peripheral Speed Ft.min 20 30 50 m/min. 6 9 15 Drill diam mm Revolutions Per Minute 0.5 3,878 5,817 9,695 1.0 1,939 2,908 4,847 1.5 1,293 1,939 3,232 2.0 971 1,456 2,427 2.5 776 1,165 1,941 3.0 647 970 1,617 3.5 554 832 1,386 4.0 485 728 1,213 4.5 431 647 1,078 5.0 388 582 970 6.0 323 485 809 7.0 277 416 693 8.0 243 364 606 9.0 216 323 539 10.0 194 291 485 11.0 176 265 441 12.0 162 243 404 13.0 149 224 373 14.0 139 208 346 15.0 129 194 323 16.0 121 182 303 17.0 114 171 285 18.0 108 162 269 19.0 102 153 255 20.0 97 146 243 22.0 88 132 221 24.0 81 121 202 26.0 75 112 187 28.0 69 104 173 30.0 65 97 162 35.0 55 83 139 40.0 49 73 121 45.0 43 65 108 50.0 39 58 97 60.0 32 49 81 70.0 28 42 69 80.0 24 36 61 90.0 22 32 54 100.0 19 29 49
70 21
80 24
100 30
13,573 6,786 4,524 3,397 2,717 2,264 1,940 1,698 1,509 1,359 1,132 970 849 755 679 617 566 522 485 453 424 399 377 357 340 309 283 261 243 226 194 170 151 136 113 97 85 75 68
15,512 7,756 5,171 3,883 3,105 2,587 2,218 1,940 1,724 1,552 1,294 1,109 970 862 776 706 647 597 554 517 485 457 431 409 388 353 323 299 277 259 222 194 172 155 129 111 97 86 78
19,389 9,695 6,463 4,854 3,882 3,234 2,772 2,425 2,156 1,940 1,617 1,386 1,213 1,078 970 882 809 746 693 647 606 571 539 511 485 441 404 373 346 323 277 243 216 194 162 139 121 108 97
R.P.M for Peripheral Speeds not given, can be obtained by simple addition or subtraction e.g 150ft/min = 100 -50 = 1,146 R.P.M (for 10mm dia.) 60ft./min. = 80 - 20 = 4,886 R.P.M (for .5mm dia)
Trade Tools Ltd
Page 12
Material – Drilling Speeds Material Cast iron Soft grey Close-grained Malleable Alloy Chilled Steel Free-cutting mild Up to 40 ton 40-60 ton 60-80 ton Over 80 ton Manganese Stainless martensitic Stainless austenitic Non-ferrous Aluminium Aluminium Alloys Brass - soft Brass - hard Bronze - ordinary Bronze - high-tensile Copper Others Nickel alloys Nimonics Bakelite/vulcanite Other plastics
Feeds
Drill Diameter Inches 1/16 - 3/32 1/8 - 5/32 3/16 - 7/32 1/4 - 5/16 3/8 - 7/16 1/2 - 9/16 5/8 - 11/16 3/4 - 13/16 7/8 - 15/16 1 - 1.1/8 1.1/4 - 1.1/2 Over 1.1/2
Trade Tools Ltd
Cutting speed ft/min
m/min
Point angle degrees
Lip clearance angle degrees
100-150 80-90 70-80 50-70 10-25
30-45 25-27 22-25 15-22 3-8
90 118 118 118-130 118-130
10 10 10 12 10
100-150 80-110 45-70 30-45 10-25 5-20 30-50 15-40
30-45 25-35 14-22 9-14 3-8 1.5-6 9-15 4.5-12
118 118 118 125 130 130-140 118 118-130
10 10 10 12 6-12 6-12 10 10
200-300 150-250 150-250 100-200 100-200 70-100 100-200
60-90 45-75 45-75 30-60 30-60 22-30 30-60
100 100 118 118 118 118 100
15 15 15 15 15 10-15 15
5-40 5-30 100-150 100-250
1.5-12 1.5-9 30-45 30-45
130 130 90 90
6-12 6-12 10 10
Using high speed Twist Drills for General Purpose Work Feed/Rev. Inches .0015 - .0025 .002 - .004 .003 - .006 .004 - .008 .006 - .010 .008 - .012 .009 - .013 .010 - .014 .011 - .015 .012 - .016 .014 - .018 .015 - .019
Drill Diameter mm 1.6 - 3.0 3.0 - 4.0 4.0 - 5.5 5.5 - 8.0 8.0 - 11.0 11.0 - 14.5 14.5 - 17.5 17.5 - 20.5 20.5 - 24.0 24.0 - 28.5 28.5 - 38.0 Over 38.0
Feed/Rev. mm 0.04 - 0.06 0.05 - 0.10 0.075 - 0.15 0.10- 0.20 0.15 - 0.25 0.20 - 0.30 0.23 - 0.33 0.25 - 0.36 0.28 - 0.38 0.30 - 0.40 0.35 - 0.45 0.40 - 0.50
Page 13
Recommeded Sharpening Angles for Twist Drills Correct Geometry
Standard Point
This point is suitable for general purpose drilling 135Ëš
Used for hard and tough materials e.g manganese steel Split Point
The split point minomises end thrust and maximises centre cutting efficiency Recommended for difficult materials and deep hole drilling. Trade Tools Ltd
Page 14
Horsepower Requirements
Horsepwer required for a given job can be calculated from the following formula, which is based on a metal removal rate of one cubic inch per minute per horsepower in mild steel.
hp = d x w x t x f x R.P.M C The machinability Constant C, allows 255 for cutter dulling and 60% power effeiency at the Spindle nose WHERE hp = d = w = t = f = R.P.M = C = T =
Horsepower Depth of cut (inch) Width of Cutting teeth number of cutting teeth feed per tooth Cutter Speed Machnability constant (see table) Table feed per minute
Machinability Constant C Aluminium
4.0
Brass and Bronze
2.5
Cast Iron Ferrite
1.5
Stainless Steel Free Machinig
1.0
Steel up to 150 Brinell
1.0
Steel up to 300 Brinell
.6
Trade Tools Ltd
Page 15
Reamers and Reaming
Reaming is a recognised method of producing holes of good finish, with dimensional accuracy. Reamers are classified into various types. These are the solid type, which have taper or parallel shanks with the body or cutting diamter, the shell type which are used on Arbors, and the inserted adjustable blade type. All the types can be manufactured in various qualities of steel. They are generally manufactured from a straight high speed steel, a high speed steel with varying amounts of cobalt additiives, or have carbide tips or solid carbide ends. To obtain the best results when using reamers it is essential that the reamers are made to ‘work’. Is is a common fault to prepare holes for reaming with too little stock left in. If only a bare amount is left in the hole before reaming, the reamer will scrape and rub, and quickly show wear and consequently loss of diameter. Stock Removal By Reaming Below are listed general approximations of the amount of stick to be removed by a reamer. The first column shows stock removal when a two flute drill bit only has been used. The second, when a core drill has been used as a pre-finishing tool. In anticipation of metrication, all figures are in millmetres and the derived drill diameters are all stocked sizes for whole millimetre reamers. Size of Reamed Hole When Pre-Drilled When Pre-Core Drilled Up to 10 inc. 0.30 0.20 Over 10 to 14 inc. 0.40 0.25 Over 14 to 18 inc. 0.50 0.25 Over 18 to 30 inc. 0.50 0.30 Over 30 to 50 inc. 1.00 0.40 The figures below are similar approximations when required in the imperial system. Size of Reamed Hole When Pre-Drilled When Pre-Core Drilled Up to 3/8" inc. .010 .007 Over 3/8" to 3/4" inc. 1/64 .010 Over 3/4" to 1.1/4" inc. .020 .012 Over 1.1/4" to 2" inc. 1/32 1/64
Trade Tools Ltd
Page 16
Taper per ft. n diam. 1/64" 1/16" 1/8" 3/16" 1/4" 5/16" 3/8" 7/16" 1/2" 9/16" 5/8" 11/16" 3/4" 13/16" 7/8" 15/16" 1" 1.1/8" 1.1/4" 1.3/8" 1.1/2" 1.5/8" 1.3/4 1.7/8" 2" 2.1/4" 2.1/2" 2.3/4" 3" 3.1/4" 3.1/2" 3.3/4" 4" 80.0 90.0 100.0
Trade Tools Ltd
Useful Tapers Included Angle
1° 1° 1° 2° 2° 2° 2° 3° 3° 3° 4° 4° 4° 5° 5° 6° 7° 7° 8° 8° 9° 10° 11° 13° 14° 15° 16° 17° 18° 24 22 19
4' 17' 35' 53' 11' 29' 47' 5' 23' 41' 59' 16' 34' 52' 10' 28' 46' 22' 57' 33' 9' 44' 20' 56' 31' 42' 53' 4' 15' 25' 35' 45' 55' 36 32 29
28" 54" 49" 43" 37" 31" 25" 19" 13" 7" 0" 54" 47" 40" 33" 25" 19" 3" 46" 28" 9" 49" 27" 4" 38" 42" 38" 24" 0" 26" 39" 41" 29" 61 54 49
Angle with Centre Line
1° 1° 1° 1° 1° 1° 1° 2° 2° 2° 2° 2° 3° 3° 3° 4° 4° 4° 5° 5° 6° 7° 7° 8° 8° 9° 85 75 68
2' 8' 17' 26' 35' 44' 53' 2' 11' 20' 29' 38' 47' 56' 5' 14' 23' 41' 58' 16' 34' 52' 10' 28' 45' 21' 56' 32' 7' 42' 17' 52' 27' 97 86 78
14" 57" 54" 51" 48" 46" 43" 40" 36" 33" 30" 27" 24" 20" 17" 13" 9" 2" 53" 44" 35" 24" 14" 2" 49" 21" 49" 12" 30" 43" 50" 50" 44" 121 108 97
Page 17
Hardness Conversion Table
940 920 900 883 865 848 832 817 800 787 772 759 746 733 720 697 674 653 633 613 595 577 560 544 528 513 498 484 471 458 446 434 423
Trade Tools Ltd
Brinell Hardness No.
Not a practicable method of testing in this range
Diamond Pyramid Hardness No.
510 500 487 475 464 450 442 432 421 410 401
Tensile Strength
Rockwell C. Scale Hardness No.
Tons / sq.in.
68.0 67.5 67.0 66.5 66.0 65.5 65.0 64.5 64.0 63.5 63.0 62.5 62.0 61.5 61 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43
150 147 145 142 140 139 137 135 133 129 126 123 120 117 114 112 109 107 104 102 100 98 96 94 92 90 88
Kilos / sq.mm.
236 231 228 223 220 218 215 212 209 203 198 193 189 184 179 176 171 168 163 160 157 154 151 148 145 142 139
Page 18
Hardness Conversion Table Diamond Pyramid Hardness No. 412 402 392 382 372 363 354 345 336 327 318 310 302 294 286 279 272 266 260 254 248 243 238 228 217 207 196 187 176 165 145 131
Brinell Hardness No. 390 381 371 362 353 344 336 327 319 311 301 294 286 279 273 267 261 258 253 248 243 239 235 226 216 206 195 187 176 165 145 131
Rockwell C. Scale Hardness No. 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
Involute Gear Cutters No. 8 Cuts Gears of 12 to 13 teeth No. 7 " " 14 to 16 " No. 6 " " 17 to 20 " No. 5 " " 21 to 25 "
Trade Tools Ltd
Tensile Strength
Tons / sq.in. 86 85 83 81 80 78 76 74 72 70 68 67 65 64 62 61 59 58 57 55 54 53 52 50 47 45 43 41 39 37 33 30
Kilos / sq.mm. 135 134 132 129 126 123 120 117 113 110 107 105 102 101 98 96 93 91 90 88 85 84 82 79 74 71 68 65 61 58 52 47
No. 4 Cuts Gears of 26 to 34 teeth No. 3 " " 35 to 54 " No. 2 " " 55 to 134 " No. 1 " " 134 to a rack
Page 19
Peripheral Speeds for High Speed Steel Milling Cutters Work Material Non Alloy Steels Up to 0.4%C incl. 150/220 B.H.N. Over 0.4%c to 0.7%c incl. 180/255 B.H.N. Over 0.7%C 200/280 B.H.N. Alloy Steels Up to 60tons/in2 (94.5kg/mm2) Over 60-80 tons/in2 (94.5kg/mm2 126kg/mm2) Grey Cast Iron Alloyed Cast Iron Aluminium and Aluminium Alloys Brass Brass Leaded Bronze Bronze High Tensile
Cutting Speed Feet/Min. m/Min.
85/120 60/100 40/80
26/36 18/30 12/24
50/80
15/24
30/60
9/18
80/120 40/70 100/250 100/150 100/200 100/200 50/100
24/36 12/21 30/76 30/45 30/60 30/60 15/30
N.B. (a) Material over 80tons/in2 (126kg/mm2) may cause machining problems. (b) These recommendations are based on using modern machines under good conditions. The finish desired, condition of material, rigidity of fixture, type of machine and the available power all affect performance.
Trade Tools Ltd
Page 20
Tapping Problems and Their Causes Trouble
Possible Cause
Chips clogging flutes
Wrong type of tap, insufficient chamfer, incorrect cutting-face angle, rough flutes, flutes improperly reground, lack of lubrication or wrong type.
Stripped or chipped threads
Misalignment, careless handling, dull tap, tap too hard, improper application or surface-treated taps, improper sharpening of tap.
Torn threads in tapped part
Incorrect cutting-face angle (usually too small), tap drill too small, chips clogging flutes, broken threads on taps, improper resharpening of tap, lack of lubricant or wrong type.
Tap sticking or binding
Tap drill too small, tap lands too wide, incorrect cuttingface angle, lack of lubricant or wrong type, surface treatment (lubricant) needed.
Excessive tap wear
Material is abrasive or inclusions are present (surfacetreated tap required), misalignment.
Cutting face breakdown
Incorrect cutting-face angle, surface treatment required.
Overheating of tap
Excessive land width, lack of lubricant or wrong type, dull tap, excessive flank contact (pitch-diameter relief required), excessive tapping speed.
Poor finish on thread in tapped part
Incorrect cutting-face angle (usually too small), tap drill too small, insufficient number of chamfered threads, dull tap, lack of lubricant or wrong type.
Excessive frictional drag and power requirement
Point size on tap too large, dull tap, incorrect cutting-face angle, incorrect tapping speed, lack of lubricant or wrong type, incorrect or inadequate equipment, misalignment.
Tap breakage
Wrong type of tap, dull tap, tap incorrectly ground, tap drill too small, drilled hole too shallow, misalignment of tap and hole, wrong machine, incorrect fixture or tapholding device, work-hardened material, lack of lubricant or wrong type.
Trade Tools Ltd
Page 21
Tapping Lubricants Use of a suitable lubricant or cutting compound is necessary on most tapping operations. The following table lists general recommendations for the type of lubricant. However, better results can sometimes be obtained by the use of one of the many modified or specialised lubricants recommended by cutting oil specialists. Material being Tapped
Suggested Lubricant
Aluminium and Magnesium
Kerosene and lard oil or light mineral oil
Brass and Bronze
Soluble oil or light mineral oil
Malleable Iron
Soluble oil or sulphur base oil
Cast Iron
Dry or soluble oil
Steel
Sulphur base oil
Plastic and Bakelite
Dry
Zinc Die Castings
Soluble oil
Proper application of the lubricant is just as important as the type used. To be effective, ample quantities of lubricant must reach the chamfer or cutting portion of the tap during the entire tapping operation. In many cases, the lubricant must also aid in controlling or disposing of the chips. The flow of lubricant should be directed into the hole rather than at the tap and should have sufficient pressure to wash the chips away from the hole as much as possible. Also, if the flow is not continuous, it should start before the tap enters the hole and continue until the tap is completely reversed out of the hold. In this way, ample oil is provided at the start of the cut and loose chips will be suspended in the oil so that they do not interfere with the tap reversing out of the hole. On machines where the work revolves and the tap is stationery, it is desirable to use several streams of lubricant on opposite sides of the tap, especially on horizontal tapping. We recommend Relton Rapid Tap as a good all round Tapping lubricant.
Trade Tools Ltd
Page 22
Tapping Speeds Tapping speeds depend on many factors, including the machine, the material being tapped, the design of the hole, the lubricant, and the style of tap used. No exact rules can be given that take into account all of these variables, but the following information can be used as a guide in determining a start point and course to follow for obtaining maximum performance. Course thread taps should be run near the low range while higher speeds may be used for fine threads. The above values should also be modified according to the following suggestions. REDUCE SPEED FOR large diameters high percentage of thread course pithes short chamfer taps deep holes hard materials Material Being Tapped Aluminium and Magnesium Brass – soft Brass – hard Bronze – soft Bronze – hard Malleable Iron Cast Iron – soft Cast Iron – medium Cast Iron – hard Cast Steel Steel Forgings Steel - 200 Brinell Steel - 300 Brinell Steel - 400 Brinell Steel - 500 Brinell Stainless Steel Tool Steel Plastics and Bakelite Zinc Die Castings
Trade Tools Ltd
Peripheral Speed of Tap (feet per minute) 50-100 80-120 70-100 60-80 40-50 25-50 75-95 65-85 25-50 20-35 40-60 40-60 25-35 15-25 5-15 10-20 10-25 40-70 90-120
Page 23
Trade Tools Ltd
Page 24
Peripheral Speed Feet Per Minute 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 80 90 100 120 140
4
682 853 1023 1194 1364 1535 1705 1876 2046 2217 2387 2728 3069 3410 4093 4775
3
772 965 1157 1350 1543 1736 1929 2122 2315 2508 2701 3086 3472 3858 4630 5402
611 764 917 1070 1222 1375 1528 1681 1833 1986 2139 2445 2750 3056 3667 4278
5 554 692 830 969 1107 1246 1384 1522 1661 1799 1938 2214 2491 2768 3321 3875
6 466 582 699 815 932 1048 1165 1281 1397 1514 1630 1863 2096 2329 2795 3261
8 402 503 603 704 804 905 1005 1106 1206 1307 1407 1608 1809 2010 2412 2815
10
Size of Tap 12 1/4 5/16 3/8 7/16 1/2 Revolutions Per Minute 354 306 244 204 175 153 442 382 306 255 218 191 531 458 367 306 262 229 619 535 428 257 306 267 707 611 489 407 349 306 736 688 550 458 393 344 884 764 611 509 437 382 973 841 673 560 480 420 1061 917 733 611 524 458 1149 993 795 662 568 497 1238 1070 856 713 611 535 1415 1222 978 815 698 611 1592 1375 1100 917 786 688 1768 1528 1222 1019 873 764 2122 1833 1467 1222 1048 917 2476 2189 1711 1426 1222 1070
Tapping Speed Chart 122 153 183 214 244 275 306 336 367 397 428 489 550 611 733 856
5/8
102 127 153 178 204 229 255 280 306 331 357 407 458 509 611 713
3/4
87 109 131 153 175 196 218 240 262 284 306 349 393 437 524 611
7/8
76 95 115 134 153 172 191 210 229 248 267 306 344 382 458 535
1
Basic Thread Profile for ISO Inch (Unified) and ISO Metric The basic form is derived from an equilateral triangle which is truncated 1/8 of the height at the major diameter and 1/4 of the height at the minor diameter. The corresponding flats have a width of P/8 and P/4 respectively. In practice, clearance is provided beyond the P/8 flat on internal threads and beyond the P/4 flat on external threads. These clearances are usually rounded.
HX HN
= =
0.88603P 0.54127P
H = 0.61344P R = 0.1443P
Trade Tools Ltd
= Triangular Height = Basic Height of Internal Thread & Depth of Thread Engagement = Basic Height of External Thread
Page 25
Basic Profile for Whitworth (BSW, BSF and WHIT.) Thread Forms British Standard Whitworth Form The sides of the thread form an angle of 55째 with one another, and the top and bottom of the full triangle are truncated one-sixth of the height. The actual deoth of the thread is equal to two-thirds of the height of the generating triangle and is equal to 0.6403 times the pitch. The crests and roots are rounded to a radius of 0.137329 times the pitch.
HX = 0.960491P HN = 0.640327P R = 0.1373P
Trade Tools Ltd
= =
Triangular Height Basic Height of Thread
Page 26
Tapping Drill Size Chart I.S.O. Metric
For Approx 75% Thread
Nominal Diameter
T.P.I.
Tapping Drill
2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6 7 8 8 9 10 10 10 11 12 12 14 14 14 16 16 18 18 20 20 22 22 24 24 27 30 33 36
0.4 0.45 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.75 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.25 1.25 1.0 1.25 1.5 1.5 1.25 1.75 1.25 1.5 2.0 1.5 2.0 1.5 2.5 1.5 2.5 1.5 2.5 2.0 3.0 3.0 3.5 3.5 4.0
1.60mm 2.05mm 2.50mm 2.90mm 3.30mm 3.70mm 4.20mm 5.00mm 6.00mm 7.00mm 6.80mm 7.80mm 9.00mm 8.80mm 8.50mm 9.50mm 10.80mmm 10.20mm 12.80mm 12.50mm 12.00mm 14.5mm 14.0mm 16.5mm 15.5mm 18.5mm 17.5mm 20.5mm 19.5mm 22.0mm 21.0mm 24.0mm 26.5mm 29.5mm 32.0mm
Trade Tools Ltd
Page 27
Tapping Drill Size Chart U.N.F (Unified)
For Approx 75% Thread
Nominal Diameter
T.P.I.
Tapping Drill
3 (.099) 4 (.112) 5 (.125) 6 (.138) 8 (.164) 10 (.190) 12 (.216) 3/16 1/4 5/16 3/8 7/16 1/2 9/16 5/8 3/4 7/8 1 1 1.1/8 1.1/4 1.3/8 1.1/2
56 48 44 40 36 32 28 32 UNS 28 24 24 20 20 18 18 16 14 14 N.S. 12 12 12 12 12
2.10mm 2.35mm 2.65mm 2.90mm 3.50mm 4.10mm 4.60mm 4.00mm 5.50mm 6.90mm 8.50mm 9.80mm 11.50mm 12.80mm 14.5mm 17.5mm 20.5mm 24.0mm 23.5mm 26.5mm 29.5mm 32.5mm 36.0mm
Trade Tools Ltd
Page 28
Tapping Drill Size Chart U.N.C. (Unified)
For Approx 75% Thread
Nominal Diameter
T.P.I.
Tapping Drill
3 (.099) 4 (.112) 5 (.125) 6 (.138) 8 (.164) 10 (.190) 12 (.216) 1/4 5/16 3/8 7/16 1/2 9/16 5/8 3/4 7/8 1 1.1/8 1.1/4 1.3/8 1.1/2 1.3/4 2
48 40 40 32 32 24 24 20 18 16 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 7 6 6 5 4.1/2
2.00mm 2.25mm 2.60mm 2.75mm 3.40mm 3.80mm 4.40mm 5.10mm 6.60mm 8.00mm 9.40mm 10.80mm 12.20mm 13.5mm 16.5mm 19.5mm 22.0mm 25.0mm 28.0mm 31.0mm 34.0mm 39.0mm 45.0mm
Trade Tools Ltd
Page 29
Tapping Drill Size Chart B.S.W (Whitworth)
For Approx 75% Thread
Nominal Diameter
T.P.I.
Tapping Drill
3/32 1/8 5/32 3/16 7/32 1/4 5/16 3/8 7/16 1/2 9/16 5/8 3/4 7/8 1 1.1/8 1.1/4 1.1/2 1.34/4 2
48 40 32 24 24 20 18 16 14 12 12 11 10 9 8 7 7 6 5 4.1/2
1.90mm 2.55mm 3.20mm 3.70mm 4.50mm 5.10mm 6.50mm 8.00mm 9.30mm 10.50mm 12.20mm 13.5mm 16.5mm 19.5mm 22.mm 25.0mm 28.0mm 34.0mm 39.0mm 45.0mm
Trade Tools Ltd
Page 30
Tapping Drill Size Chart BSF
For Approx 75% Thread
Nominal Diameter
T.P.I.
Tapping Drill
3/16 7/32 1/4 5/16 3/8 7/16 1/2 9/16 5/8 3/4 7/8 1 1.1/8 1.1/4 1.1/2 1.3/4 2
32 28 26 22 20 16 16 16 14 12 11 10 9 9 8 7 7
4.00mm 4.70mm 5.40mm 6.80mm 8.30mm 9.80mm 11.00mm 12.70mm 14.0mm 17.0mm 20.0mm 22.5mm 26.0mm 29.0mm 34.5mm 41.0mm 47.0mm
B.A. Nominal Diameter
Approx T.P.I.
Tapping Drill
0BA (.2362) 1BA (.2087) 2BA (.1850) 3BA (.1614) 4BA (.1417) 5BA (.1260) 6BA (.1102) 7BA (.0984) 8BA (.0866) 9BA (.0748) 10BA (.0669)
25.4 28.2 31.3 34.8 43.1 47.9 52.9 52.9 59.1 65.1 72.6
5.10mm 4.50mm 3.90mm 3.40mm 3.00mm 2.65mm 2.30mm 2.05mm 1.80mm 1.50mm 1.40mm
Trade Tools Ltd
Page 31
NPSF (Dryseal)
Tapping Drill Size Chart
Size
T.P.I
Tapping Drill
1/8 1/4 3/8 1/2 3/4
27 18 18 14 14
8.50mm 11.00mm 14.5mm 18.0mm 23.0mm
Size
T.P.I
Tapping Drill
1/8 1/4 3/8 1/2 3/4 1 1.1/4 1.1/2 2
27 18 18 14 14 11.1/2 11.1/2 11.1/2 11.1/2
8.40mm 11.00mm 14.5mm 17.5mm 23.0mm 29.0mm 37.5mm 43.5mm 56.0mm
NPT - NPTF (Dryseal)
Trade Tools Ltd
Page 32
Tapping Drill Size Chart
B.S.P.F Parallel for Appox. 75% Thread Diam. 1/8 1/4 3/8 1/2 5/8 3/4 7/8 1 1.1/4 1.1/2 1.3/4 2
Australian Size Designation G 1/8 6 G 1/4 8 G 3/8 10 G 1/5 15 G 5/8 16 G 3/4 20 G 7/8 22 G 1 25 G 1.1/4 32 G 1.1/2 40 G 1.3/4 45 G 2 50
T.P.I 28 19 19 14 14 14 14 11 11 11 11 11
Tapping Drill 8.80mm 11.80mm 15.5mm 19.0mm 21.0mm 24.5mm 28.5mm 31.0mm 40.0mm 45.5mm 51.5mm 57.0mm
B.S.P.T Taper Diam. 1/8 1/4 3/8 1/2 3/4 1 1.1/4 1.1/2 2
Australian Size Designation RC 1/8 6 RC 1/4 8 RC 3/8 10 RC 1/2 15 RC 3/4 20 RC 1 25 RC 1.1/4 32 RC 1.1/2 40 RC 2 50
T.P.I 28 19 19 14 14 11 11 11 11
Tapping Drill 8.20mm 10.80mm 14.5mm 17.5mm 23.0mm 29.5mm 38.0mm 43.5mm 55.0mm
Note 1 – Taper pipe threads of improved quality are obtained when the holes are taper reamed after drilling. Note 2 – I t may necessary to use a tapping drill size other than that tabled for some types of materials.
Trade Tools Ltd
Page 33
Bandsaw Facts Machine Frequently check: • The Function of the chip brush • The wear and alignment of the guides • The band tension with a tension meter • The band speed with a tachometer • The coolant concentration with a refractometer Consult your Sales Engineer for free testing services.
Coolant/Cutting Fluid The coolant lubricates, cools and carries the chips from the cut. It is important to: • Use good cutting fluid • Use the recommended concentration fo cutting fluid • M ake sure that the cutting fluid reaches the cut with low pressure and large flow
Workpiece Make sure that the work piece is firmly fixed so that it cannot vibrate or rotate.
Running In To obtain the maximum blade life always use the recommeneded bland speed but lower the feed rate to 1/3 - 1/2 under the first 10 minutes of cutting. During the next 10 minutes increase the feed rate in stages until you have reached the recommended feed rate.
Trade Tools Ltd
Page 34
Approx. Bandsaw Blade Speed Chart f/m for H.S.S Tipped Blading Material Thickness
Material Aluminium Alloy Aluminium - cast Bakelite Brass - cast Brass - hard Brass - sort Bronze Aluminium Bronze - Manganese Bronze - Phosphor Carbon or Cellotex Copper - hard Copper - sort Duraloy Graphite Iron - cast Iron - malleable Iron - meehanite Iron - Nickel Lead Mica Monel Metal Nickel Silver Perspex Rubber - hard Steel - manganese Steel - mild Steel - Molybdenum or Nickel Steel - Nickel Chrome Steel - rolled Steel - stainless or tool Tufnol or Zinc
Trade Tools Ltd
1/4" - 1/2" TPI 14-10 14-10 14-10 18-14 18-14 14-10 24-18 18-14 14-10 14-10 18-14 18-14 18-14 24-18 18-14 18-14 18-14 18-14 14-10 18-14 24-18 18-14 14-10 14-10 18-14 14-10 18-14 24-18 18-14 18-14 14-10
Speed 1700 900 3400 60 340 1500 330 165 200 3600 750 3000 90 2800 140 180 115 100 2000 230 60 210 3200 3000 115 190 85 80 160 60 1900
1/2� - 1� TPI 10-8 10-8 10-8 14-10 14-10 10-8 18-14 14-10 8-6 10-8 14-10 14-10 14-10 18-14 14-10 14-10 14-10 14-10 10-8 14-10 18-14 14-10 10-8 8-6 14-10 10-8 14-10 18-14 14-10 14-10 18-8
Speed 1500 800 3400 55 300 1300 330 145 175 3600 650 2700 80 2800 125 160 100 85 1800 200 55 190 3000 2600 100 180 75 70 145 55 1700
Page 35
Solution of the Oblique-Angled Triangle ANY ONE SIDE & ANY TWO ANGLES KNOWN For example: denote the known side a and the angle A and B Then:
C = 182° - (A + B) b = (a Sin B) ÷ (Sin A) c = (a Sin C) ÷ (Sin A)
TWO SIDES & THE INCLUDED ANGLE For example: denote the sides a & b and angle C Then:
Tan A = (A Sin C) ÷ (b + a Cos C) B = 180° - (A + C) c = (a Sin C) ÷ (Sin A)
Area = (a x b x Sin C) ÷ 2
TWO SIDES & THE OPPOSIRE ANGLE For example: Let the angle be A and the side a & b Then:
Sin B = (b Sin A) ÷ a c = (a Sin C) ÷ (Sin A) C = 180° - (A + B)
Area = (a x b Sin C) ÷ 2
All SIDES GIVEN For example: Let the sides be a . b & c and the angles opp. AB&C Then:
Trade Tools Ltd
Cos A = (b² + c² - a²) ÷ (2 bc) Sin B = (b Sin A) ÷ a
C = 180° - (A + B)
Area = (a x b Sin C) ÷ 2
Page 36
Solution of the Oblique-Angled Triangle
A = HYPOTENUSE B = PERPENDICULAR C = BASE
TAN B = ab
SINE B =
b a
CCS B = ab
COTAN B = ab
COSEC B = ab
SEC B = ab
Formulae For Side And Angels
Data Known a&b a&c b&c a&B a&c b&B b&C c&B c&c A.B.C Trade Tools Ltd
Formulae c = √ (a²- b²) Sin B = b ÷ a C = 90° - B b = √(a² - c²) Sin C = c ÷ a B = 90° - C a = √(b² + c²) Tan B = b ÷ c C = 90° - B b = a Sin B c = a Cos B C = 90° - B b = a Cos C c = a Sin C B = 90° - C a = b ÷ Sin B c = b Cot B C = 90° - B a = b ÷ Cos C c = b Tan C B = 90° - C a = c ÷ Cos B b = c Tan B C = 90° - B a = c ÷ Sin C b = c Cot C B = 90° - C Infinite number of solutions Page 37
BY ENGINEERS FOR ENGINEERS Big Range
Top Brands
• Drill Bits • Taps – Hand & Machine • Milling Cutters - HSS, Cobalt & Carbide • Reamers – Hand & Machine • Seco Indexable Carbide • Saw Blades • Files – Hand and Rotary • Collet Chucks • Hand Tools • Air Tools • Measuring Equipment • Boring Heads • Drill Chucks & Arbors
• Sutton Tools • Somta Tools • Metalbor • Clarkson • Seco Carbide • FEW • Taylor & Jones • Hassay Savage • Ifanger • Assab • Weldon • Laip Industries • SGS Carbide • Hougen • Tapmatic Tappers • Facom • Darex • Infar
Trade Tools Ltd
Page 38