Vision Zero Successes Michael King
Introduction At the behest of the City of Buenos Aires (Argentina), and with funding from the World Bank, the Institute for Transportation and Development Policy and Nelson\Nygaard undertook a survey in 2014 of Vision Zero-like initiatives in global cities. Buenos Aires has made great strides in remaking their streets in the last decade, and sought to push further. To support their efforts, ITDP and NN needed to increase knowledge of initiatives that made similar cities safer.
Methodology The survey began with a selection of cities with good (or improving) traffic safety records that could be compared to Buenos Aires. BA is large (about three million inhabitants in the city proper), European in physical structure (similar to Paris and Barcelona), and has a western political and legal system. The cities did not need an explicit “vision zero� policy or program to be considered, only that their overall traffic safety record was good or improving. Comparing fatality records is an inexact science due different reporting methods, data collection, and other variations; at best, these statistics should be considered approximations. These are not the only cities that could or should have been considered; however, they represent a healthy cross-section of safe and similar cities from around the globe. The eleven selected cities are presented below. City
Country
City Population 2M 4M
Barcelona Berlin
Spain Germany
Chicago Dublin Lisbon London Madrid Melbourne New York City Paris
USA Ireland Portugal UK Spain Australia USA France
3M 1M 1M 9M 3M 4M 9M 2M
Stockholm
Sweden
1M
Remarks o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
road deaths in 2013 lowest ever, 27% lower than 2012 low (1.5) road deaths per 100,000 people average 4% fewer road deaths per year, 1997-2007 road deaths down about 60% since late 1980's average 12% fewer road deaths per year, 1997-2007 average 10% fewer road deaths per year, 1997-2007 low (1.6) road deaths per 100,000 people average 6% fewer road deaths per year, 1997-2007 road deaths down 81% since early 2000's low (3.2) road deaths per 100,000 people, down from 5 in early 2000's low (1.7) road deaths per 100,000 people, down from 11 in early 2000's average 5% fewer road deaths per year, 1997-2007 original VZ program (1997) low (0.7) road deaths per 100,000 people, down from 7 in late 1980's average 3% fewer road deaths per year, 1997-2007
Sources http://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/seguretatiprevencio/en/noticia/barcelona-registers-its-lowest-ever-levels-of-trafficaccident-fatalities. http://archive.etsc.eu/documents/Background_tables.pdf. http://reporting.tacsafety.com.au/s/search.html?date-after=1-Jan-2013&date-before=31-Dec-2013&meta_J_orsand=&meta_G_orsand=&query=%21padrenull&collection=tac-xmlmeta&meta_B_orsand=%22Melbourne%22&clive=tac-fatalities-xml. http://tripp.iitd.ernet.in/publications/paper/safety/traffic%20safety%20and%20city%20struc%20DM08%5B2%5D.pdf. http://www.wri.org/sites/default/files/CitiesSaferByDesign_final.pdf. Newman, P and J Kenworthy (1999), Sustainability and Cities: Overcoming Automobile Dependence, Island Press, Washington DC.
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Following the selection of cities, their safety initiatives were researched via their websites, published material, and personal knowledge. Researchers searched for programs and policies that could be tied to traffic safety such as physical changes to the streets, policies that could be tied to specific outcomes, both manual and automated enforcement efforts, outreach campaigns, and marketing material. As the initiatives were identified, similar ones were grouped together, even though they may not have been exactly the same. To exemplify, there are a number of nuances to red light camera programs and traffic calming takes various shapes and forms. The list of sources can be found in the appendix.
Results Upon review of the initiatives the following trends emerged. • All eleven cities have some sort of traffic calming program. They physically alter streets through speed humps, mini-roundabouts, curb extensions and the like. • Eighty percent of the cities (9 of 11) have: o Bicycle infrastructure such as bike lanes, protected bike lanes, cycletracks, bicycle priority traffic signals o In-vehicle alcohol, collision avoidance & event recorders (black boxes) o In-vehicle speed detection o Outreach through schools, similar to fire prevention and recycling efforts o Red light cameras o Slow zones - specific locations where speed limits are reduced such as school zones, adjacent to parks, along arterials with poor safety records, near vulnerable populations such as senior centers, and in residential areas o Speed cameras • Sixty percent of the cities (7 of 11) have: o Fixed or variable message warning signage o Pedestrian priority crossing signals such as pedestrian countdown, leading pedestrian intervals (LPI), or High-intensity Activated Crosswalk (HAWK) signals o Traffic safety marketing campaigns The initiatives can be grouped by who or what they target. Various programs and policies often focus on the same outcome, but how they approach it is different. By looking at the focus area we can further distill importance. • One-third (4 of 11) deal with motor vehicle speed. This includes traffic calming, speed cameras, in-vehicle speed detection, and slow zones. It is not surprising given that speed is the foremost consideration in traffic safety. • One-third (4 of 11) specifically address vulnerable road users. This includes pedestrian signals, bicycle infrastructure, slow zones, and traffic calming. Many of the benefits expected with Vision Zero extend to vulnerable populations. • One-fourth (3 of 11) involve automatic enforcement. This includes speed and red light cameras, and invehicle speed detection. Note that this type of enforcement is normalized and consistent. • One-fifth (2 of 11) focus on driver inattention. This includes warning signs and in-vehicle collision avoidance. • One-fifth (2 of 11) utilize marketing and outreach. This includes traffic safety marketing campaigns and outreach through schools.
Conclusion This survey has found that cities with good and getting better traffic safety records focus on speeds, vulnerable road users, and driver inattention; normalize enforcement; and outreach via known channels like schools. They do this with physical changes to the roadway such as traffic calming and bicycle facilities. Their initiatives are preventative and prescriptive, targeting specific actions at particular times and locations. There is a recognition that improved traffic safety will be reached through sustained and consistent efforts. Vision Zero Successes, Michael King, October 2015, 2
Sources Barcelona http://etsc.eu/wp-content/uploads/The-experience-of-Spain-in-reducing-road-deaths-in-urban-areas-%C3%81lvaro-G%C3%B3mez-M%C3%A9ndez-DGT.pdf http://w110.bcn.cat/Mobilitat/Continguts/Documents/Fitxers/DadesBasiques2010Complert.pdf http://w110.bcn.cat/portal/site/Mobilitat/menuitem.9a8066d1d6190a2591f791f7a2ef8a0c/?vgnextoid=9304289c1fca3310VgnVCM10000074fea8c0RCRD&vgnextchannel=9304 289c1fca3310VgnVCM10000074fea8c0RCRD&lang=es_ES http://w110.bcn.cat/portal/site/Mobilitat/menuitem.cbe15a34b5efad778a738a73a2ef8a0c/?vgnextoid=712b80b2c3cd7310VgnVCM10000072fea8c0RCRD&vgnextchannel=3147 0641b867b210VgnVCM10000074fea8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=formatDetall&lang=es_ES http://w110.bcn.cat/portal/site/MoureSEnBicicleta/?vgnextchannel=0000000723866377VgnV6CONT00000000000RCRD&lang=ca_ES http://www.autopista.es/noticias-motor/articulo/mot6421.htm http://www.bcn.cat/guardiaurbana/en/campanyes_gent.html http://www.bcn.cat/guardiaurbana/es/quefem_serveis.html http://www.bcn.cat/hisenda/es/principals_multes_nomenclator_RGC.html http://www.consolproject.eu/attachments/article/16/CONSOL%20Report_WP5.1_final.pdf http://www.trafi.fi/filebank/a/1335444574/1729c59ef5035edfaa4ecdddbbaa06fe/9550-Trafin_julkaisuja_5-2012___Adoption_of_the_alcohol_interlock_and_its_effects_in_professional_transport.pdf https://www.flickr.com/photos/justsmartdesign/6046890403/in/pool-trafficcalming
Berlin http://dasfahrradblog.blogspot.com/2013_06_01_archive.html http://ec.europa.eu/transport/road_safety/pdf/behavior/study_alcohol_interlock.pdf http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/3708kunst.pdf http://www.consolproject.eu/attachments/article/16/CONSOL%20Report_WP5.1_final.pdf http://www.pri.org/stories/2012-04-23/why-germans-dont-bicycle-helmets http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/verkehr/lenkung/beeinflussung/en/daten.shtml http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/verkehr/lenkung/vlb/en/dauer1.shtml http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/verkehr/politik/tempo/index_en.shtml http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/verkehr/politik_planung/sicherheit/index_en.shtml http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/verkehr/politik_planung/sicherheit/download/verkehrssicherheitsbericht2013.pdf http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/verkehr/politik_planung/zahlen_fakten/download/Mobility_en_komplett.pdf http://www.streetsblog.org/2006/06/27/this-is-what-bike-safety-looks-like/ www.gidas.org.
Chicago http://chicagocompletestreets.org/chicagopedsafety/ http://ec.europa.eu/transport/road_safety/pdf/behavior/study_alcohol_interlock.pdf http://www.activetrans.org/blog/rburke/anti-dooring-stickers-increased-traffic-fines-highlight-new-bike-safety-initiatives-chic http://www.cityofchicago.org/city/en/depts/cdot/provdrs/ped/svcs/crosswalk_enforcementinitiatives.html http://www.cityofchicago.org/city/en/depts/cdot/provdrs/traffic_signals_andstreetlights.html http://www.cityofchicago.org/content/dam/city/depts/cdot/Admin/ChicagoForwardCDOTActionAgenda.pdf http://www.cityofchicago.org/content/dam/city/depts/cdot/street/general/ToolsforSaferStreetsGuide.pdf http://www.dmv.com/il/illinois/senior-drivers https://webapps1.cityofchicago.org/traffic/redlightList.jsp http://chicagocompletestreets.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Chicago-Bike-Map-2014.pdf
Dublin http://ec.europa.eu/transport/road_safety/pdf/behavior/study_alcohol_interlock.pdf http://www.consolproject.eu/attachments/article/16/CONSOL%20Report_WP5.1_final.pdf http://www.dublincity.ie/main-menu-services-roads-and-traffic-general-traffic-measures/apply-traffic-calming-measures http://www.dublincity.ie/sites/default/files/content//RoadsandTraffic/RoadSafety/Documents/Road%20Safety%20Plan%20English%20Web%20Copy%20V5%200210.pdf http://www.irishtimes.com/news/environment/new-cameras-to-catch-motorists-breaking-red-lights-at-luas-lines-1.1769228 http://www.rsa.ie/en/RSA/Road-Safety/Campaigns/Current-road-safety-campaigns/Drink-Driving/Drink-Driving-Limits-and-Recommendations-/ http://irishcycle.com/2014/07/03/dublin-city-installs-bicycle-traffic-lights-without-headstart-safety-function/
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Lisbon http://archive.etsc.eu/documents/Drink_Driving_Monitor_May_2013.pdf http://ec.europa.eu/transport/roadsafety_library/rapport_swov_alcolock.pdf http://issuu.com/camara_municipal_lisboa/docs/estudo_seguran__a_rodoviaria_escola http://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=565360 http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/viver/mobilidade/modos-suaves/mobilidade-ciclavel http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/viver/mobilidade/seguranca-rodoviaria/controlo-inteligente-de-trafego http://www.consolproject.eu/attachments/article/16/CONSOL%20Report_WP5.1_final.pdf
London http://ec.europa.eu/transport/road_safety/pdf/behavior/study_alcohol_interlock.pdf http://www.consolproject.eu/attachments/article/16/CONSOL%20Report_WP5.1_final.pdf http://www.londoncouncils.gov.uk/services/londonlorrycontrol/consultation.htm http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/nov/06/london-protected-cycle-lanes-scheme https://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/safety-and-security/road-safety/childrens-safety https://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/safety-and-security/road-safety/safety-enforcement-cameras
Madrid http://motor.es.msn.com/radares/madrid.aspx http://www.consolproject.eu/attachments/article/16/CONSOL%20Report_WP5.1_final.pdf http://www.elperiodico.com/es/noticias/horta-guinardo/golpe-pedal-3507861 http://www.icap.org/table/BACLimitsWorldwide http://www.madrid.es/portales/munimadrid/es/Inicio/Ayuntamiento/Emergencias-y-Seguridad/Policia-Municipal-deMadrid?vgnextfmt=default&vgnextoid=1b5abbc29b9ac310VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=d11c9ad016e07010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD&idCapitulo=61916 04 http://www.madrid.es/UnidadesDescentralizadas/UDCMovilidadTransportes/Publicaciones/TemaMovilidad/PlanSeguridadVial/PlanSegVial2012-2020.pdf http://www.madridiario.es/transporte/madrid/multas/la-gaceta-del-motor/motor/411421 http://www.madridiario.es/transporte/madrid/multas/la-gaceta-del-motor/motor/411421 http://www.trafi.fi/filebank/a/1335444574/1729c59ef5035edfaa4ecdddbbaa06fe/9550-Trafin_julkaisuja_5-2012___Adoption_of_the_alcohol_interlock_and_its_effects_in_professional_transport.pdf
Melbourne http://international.fhwa.dot.gov/halving_fatalities/t1_p09.cfm http://www.camerassavelives.vic.gov.au/home/locations/ http://www.roadsafety.vic.gov.au/images/strategy/road_safety_action_plan.pdf http://www.roadsafetyeducation.vic.gov.au/about/victoria-s-road-safety-education-strategy.html https://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au/safety-and-road-rules/safety-statistics/crash-statistics
New York City http://council.nyc.gov/html/pr/092314stated.shtml http://legistar.council.nyc.gov/LegislationDetail.aspx?ID=1687945&GUID=9621FABE-B038-4D87-BD30-54547AD24E3F&Options=&Search= http://www.dmv.com/ny/new-york/senior-drivers http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/downloads/pdf/nyc_ped_safety_study_action_plan.pdf http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/infrastructure/leading-ped-intervals.shtml http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/motorist/slowzones.shtml http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/pr2012/pr12_49.shtml http://www.nyc.gov/html/visionzero/pdf/nyc-vision-zero-action-plan.pdf
Paris "http://www.paris.fr/pratique/deplacements-voirie/dossier/prevention-et-securite-routiere/cyclistes-la-conduite-s-apprend/rub_7096_dossier_55410_port_16333_sheet_12033 http://blog.velib.paris.fr/en/ptit-velib/ http://eduscol.education.fr/cid45635/l-education-a-la-securite-routiere-a-l-ecole.html?rub=203 http://eduscol.education.fr/cid45642/l-education-a-la-securite-routiere-au-college.html?rub=203 http://pdu.stif.info/IMG/pdf/pduif_2014.pdf
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http://www.consolproject.eu/attachments/article/16/CONSOL%20Report_WP5.1_final.pdf http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCode.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006074228&dateTexte=20140924 http://www.paris.fr/pratique/deplacements-voirie/dossier/le-double-sens-cyclable/les-doubles-sens-quels-amenagements/rub_7096_dossier_79395_port_16333_sheet_15553 http://www.paris.fr/pratique/deplacements-voirie/dossier/le-double-sens-cyclable/le-bilan-des-double-sens/rub_7096_dossier_79395_port_16333_sheet_20086 http://www.paris.fr/pratique/deplacements-voirie/dossier/prevention-et-securite-routiere/le-danger-de-l-angle-mort/rub_7096_dossier_55410_port_16333_sheet_12034 http://www.paris.fr/pratique/deplacements-voirie/prevention-et-securite-routiere/prevention-et-securite-routiere/conseils-aux-plusvulnerables/rub_8697_dossier_55410_port_20649_sheet_11365 http://www.trafi.fi/filebank/a/1335444574/1729c59ef5035edfaa4ecdddbbaa06fe/9550-Trafin_julkaisuja_5-2012___Adoption_of_the_alcohol_interlock_and_its_effects_in_professional_transport.pdf
Stockholm http://publikationswebbutik.vv.se/upload/7339/2014_068_analys_av_trafiksakerhetsutvecklingen_inom_vagtrafik_2013_malstyrning_av_trafiksakerhetsarbetet_mot_etappmalen_ 2020.pdf http://www.consolproject.eu/attachments/article/16/CONSOL%20Report_WP5.1_final.pdf http://www.trafi.fi/filebank/a/1335444574/1729c59ef5035edfaa4ecdddbbaa06fe/9550-Trafin_julkaisuja_5-2012___Adoption_of_the_alcohol_interlock_and_its_effects_in_professional_transport.pdf http://www.trafikverket.se/Foretag/Trafikera-och-transportera/Trafikera-vag/Sakerhet-pa-vag/Tillsammans-for-Nollvisionen/Prioriterade-insatsomraden1/5-Hjalmanvandning--cyklister-och-mopedister-/http://www.stockholm.se/oversiktsplan http://www.trafikverket.se/PageFiles/138223/130826%20Rapport%20CNO%20web%20kap%204-7.pdf
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