U
LOW2NO COMPETITION Urban District Helsinki, Finland (2011) Autore Jeff O. Strom Christian Masha Pekurovsky
Aiyappa Anjali Mendiolea Joselia
LES TERRASSES Ivry-sur-Seine, France (1980) Johnson Zachary Su Mike (Hsing Chung) Sanchez Josue
BETA VERSION
/PRECEDENT STUDIES/ DISTRICT (M/L) SCALE
MISS SARGFABRIK VIenna, Germany (2000)
Low2No . Helsinki Program Introduction
Low2No is a carbon-conscious urban development in the Jätkäsaari neighborhood of Helsinki, Finland. The centrallylocated site previously served as Helsinki’s main port and drew industrial traffic to the heart of the city. Once these functions were relocated to the new Vuosaari Harbor at the city’s eastern edge, six large logistical spaces—including Jätkäsaari—became available for redevelopment. This presented a rare opportunity to reconsider Helsinki’s urban structures and systems. In 2009, five teams of architectural and engineering firms were selected to propose ideas for this new development. The competition was facilitated by SITRA, a public agency concerned with energy and sustainability in Finland. Also known as the Finnish Innovation Fund, SITRA is in charge of several projects that aim to bridge the gap among environment, economy and society. The agency addresses this goal through departments dedicated to energy, mechanical industry, municipal programs, public leadership/management, and public synergy programs. SITRA’s Energy Program built the competition around their existing objective to reduce Finland’s energy consumption and emissions. Low2No is geared toward changing individual and collective behavior to serve this objective. SITRA believes that sustainability-based economic growth will eventually transform patterns of consumption and daily routines. Their “Finnish Vitality Program” is notable for its attempt to generate enthusiasm for a bio-based economy that will ultimately function as a social model. Submissions Requirements __ A design that combines strategy and approach __ An indicator of sustainability with quantifiable feedback loops to evaluate set goals against current performance __ A vision that will inspire stakeholders to overcome the challenges of systemic change Low2No Long Term Goals __ Implement an innovative and sustainable urban develop ment solution in Helsinki __ Develop a framework applicable to other contexts __ Develop a metric of indicators to evaluate performance __ Spur innovation in the field of energy efficiency and sus- tainable development __ Inspire and support startup initiatives __ Foster leadership among population for social entrepre- neurship projects __ Attract a young and educated population
Studies in this chapter cover three Low2No entries: c_life by Sauerbruch Hutton & ARUP Rebuilding 2.0 by REX ReciproCity by BIG C_life, Sauerbruch Hutton’s winning collaboration with ARUP, stands out for its long term vision and short term strategies that respond to Finland’s desire for a modern information economy with office and commercial space, residences, and infrastructure. C_life proposes an aggressive strategy to achieve an overall negative carbon emissions value for the development. The redesigned Jätkäsaari site will use energy produced on-site via solar and geothermal technologies as well as wind farms located outside Helsinki. C_life also includes strategies for how efficiency, sustainable systems, and mobility can be layered into the city at the scale of a critical mass in order to spur change and improve the lives of its citizens. Other competition entrants will continue to be involved in various parts of the district through the life of the project. SITRA’s vision is that this will stimulate financial development and disseminate the know-how generated by the competition to the community.
Strategy design.
SITRA believes that in addition to cutting emissions, energy efficiency enhances the competitive edge and creates new business opportunities. Manufacturing, distribution, construction, renovation and land-use planning need sustainable energy solutions. For this reason, SITRA is ready to invest in companies that promote the intelligent use of energy. Reflecting its own commitment to transparency and change, SITRA has commissioned an independent review study for the course of the 2009-2011 competition. This will provide feedback on the agency’s performance and interaction with design practices.
Indicator design.
Transition Studio 2.0 --------> Precedent Studies Pratt Institute:: Graduate Architecture and Urban Design
City of Helsinki
+
collaboration on future projects
REX
BIG
SITRA Energy Program built enviornment
people
business
“Growing well-being and new business through diminishing energy use of individuals and communities.�
c_life
BLOCK XXXXX stage 01 stage 02
ports relocated to eastern Helsinki at Vuosaari
BETA VERSION
WSP
+
SITRA
ReciproCity BIG Architects
BIG Architects and ARUP’s proposal for low-carbon development showcases current work flows in climate oriented design. The proposition combines passive and active solar methodologies to produce an architecture that is welladapted to Finland’s climate. Quantifiable performance is designed to exceed certain aspects of existing sustainable accreditation systems such as LEED (US), BREAM (UK), Green Star (Australia), DGNB (Germany), CASBEE (Japan) and GB Tool (international). Reporting systems of resource consumption are integrated into the design. Feedback loops for heating, cooling, electricity, water, waste, and air quality provide instant feedback to determine carbon footprints. A life-cycle of 50 years is simulated to indicate long-term reductions in carbon emissions. ReciproCity’s strategies are organized by the following design scales: Block Scale __ Outdoor comfort (courtyard configuration) __ Solar access __ Site access __ Energy delivery __ Storm water flows Building Scale __ Façade performance __ Building systems __ Daylight utilization __ Waste storage __ Local energy generation __ Water efficiency __ Materials efficiency Unit Scale __ Indoor comfort __ Daylighting __ Waste separation Diagrams to the right show the concept of constant feedback for optimization. This highly technological and analytical approach at the core of the design process—as well as the core of the project’s life-cycle—summarizes the best strategies that contemporary technology can offer. ReciproCity defines three primary areas of design consideration: Solar access and sky exposure Solar access rights are examined and standardized to maxi-
mize heating gain during Helsinki’s cold months. This strategy also accounts for maximizing daylight to residential and office units to reduce the need for artificial lighting. A heated atrium typology is also presented as part of the response to the shortened days of winter. This would establish a year-round community space with indoor nature. Outdoor comfort (wind) Pedestrian comfort is studied with consideration of the macro and micro climates produced by wind effects. Computer simulations were used to design pedestrian corridors that are protected from prevailing winds but still allow for desired natural ventilation. Techniques are also applied to reduce wind speed increases among buildings. Building design/Infrastructure ReciproCity’s design team believes that there is often a performance gap between design phase energy modeling and the reality of a finished building’s daily use. They propose the following methods to drive higher building performance: __ Commissioning of the building by an external party during construction and occupation __ Use in-house monitoring processes to gauge building operations and performance __ Agree to publish energy and water use data for annual review by an outside agency (June 25, 2009: etur adipiscing elit. Aliquam mattis feugiat magna non porttitor. Cras quis nisl metus. Morbi sodales, neque nec congue rutrum, mi sem mattis massa, sed dapibus urna elit eu nunc. Sed mauris tortor, bibendum et blandit placerat, vestibulum eu lorem. Nunc condimentum, libero ac euismod aliquet, elit mi interdum nisi, ac fringilla magna ante vitae enim. Ut vitae aliquet elit. Proin vehicula, purus ut convallis tincidunt, libero nunc egestas tellus, at vestibulum lorem tellus sed libero. Aenean id est metus, et luctus magna. Aliquam nec euismod metus. Etiam lectus ante, lacinia sed aliquam vel, auctor lacinia risus. Pellentesque lacinia nisi sit amet purus tincidunt non iaculis turpis fringilla. Sed iaculis nulla nec elit euismod pellentesque. Integer consectetur risus nec ligula vestibulum vel aliquam purus facilisis. Vestibulum pulvinar mattis justo, in sagittis nisl adipiscing id. Vivamus in ante in lacus adipiscing consequat ac a enim. Praesent sed lorem non diam placerat ultrices. Cras et massa eu sapien elementum dignissim at sed risus. Nam tristique justo a quam porta consectetur. Proin pharetra leo vitae mauris feugiat tincidunt.
BETA VERSION
Transition Studio 2.0 --------> Precedent Studies Pratt Institute:: Graduate Architecture and Urban Design
ReciproCity BIG Architects
Transition Studio 2.0 --------> Precedent Studies Pratt Institute:: Graduate Architecture and Urban Design
ReciproCity’s proposal for Jatkasaari’s first block suggests that form is generated through studies of solar rights and comfort conditions. Mixed-use program is distributed through the building housing SITRA’s office, NGO incubators, offices, retail, private residences and communal facilities. Both buildings rely on enclosed spaces; one in the form of an atrium, the other in the form of internal courtyard.
BETA VERSION
Competition model and rendering shows proposed city block
Rebuilding 2.0 REX
29
Finland must draw boundaries between city and nature. Toolkit / Transfer of Development Rights
REX’s Rebuilding 2.0 proposal is based on the view that “Finnish history can be seen as a series of deliberate national projects, periods of systemic change in which the entire society participates.” Finland has rebuilt itself before through collective national initiatives, and must do so again to progress and find balance.
Case Study: Helsinki and Kuhmo In 1973, the State of Oregon required each municipality to draw a boundary which would contain within it the anticipated growth for the next twenty years. Urbanization could not advance beyond these boundaries Development rights without specific justification are transfered forand a legislative action. Currently, all 241 of Oregon’s new building cities are surrounded by Urban GrowthI get to build more in Boundaries (UGB).
Participating Firms: __ REX/Croxton Collaborative/NOW __ Transsolar Energietechnik __ Magnusson Klemencic Associates __ Bureau Bas Smets __ 2×4 __ Arup __ Front __ Jonathan Rose Companies
My forest will grow undisturbed in perpetuity!
Helsinki!
While Portland has had multiple limited expansions of its UGB in recent years, the overall ‘Smart Growth’ effectiveness of the strategy was confirmed by a 53% increase in the density of new development after the first in ten years. More importantly, theDeveloper creation Helsinkiof the UGB as a measurable framework (with powerful land use and planning mandates plus public hearings on progress and modifications) was an essential precedent for sustainable planning.
Rebuilding 2.0 recognizes that systemic behavioral change is accomplished through economic and legislative initiatives on multiple scales. The proposal comes with a five-point “Toolkit” consisting of building concepts, indicators and planning instruments to help stakeholders make better decisions and engage in rebuilding a carbon neutral Finland.
Although the proposal reduces energy consumption by 39% and carbon emissions by 50% relative to a comparable code compliant project, REBUILDING 2.0 recognizes that urbanity itself is the embodiment of sustainability. It is dense, diverse, evolving and full of people—living and working, meeting and sleeping, growing up and making things.
A restorative easment is placed on an ecosystem services area
CASE STUDY: Growth Boundaries for Portland, Oregon.
REX views sprawl as a primary threat to Finland’s balance. While the country’s population is steadily moving to urban areas, people are in fact settling in the suburbs more than in the cities. Thus, there is a growing environmental footprint that can be reduced by limiting sprawl.
Redeveloping the Jätkäsaari site is an opportunity to generate increased density and diversity at the building scale. Residential towers will repurpose Finland’s steel capabilities for sustainable and adaptable construction while providing light, air and views to its inhabitants. Headquarters for SITRA will unite the need for community-building with the seemingly contradictory demand for flexibility. A large urban infill zone will offer 50,000 m3 of open-ended space, capable of being “tuned” to meet the specific and changing needs of its neighborhood while affording greater stakeholder participation.
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Sending site Landowner in Kuhmo
Receiving site
1. Growth Boundaries are limits between developed and undeveloped areas that prevent sprawl from moving into natural areas. These boundaries focus future growth in the right places Toolkit / Measuring Accessibility and restrict it where it might risk environmental inbalance. This increases and encourages urban density instead of sprawl.
How Access Maps can be used
2. Transfer of Development Rights is an economic tool to create a market for trading natural resources, much like carbon emissions trading. Here the approach applies to all resources. Developments in one part of the country are offset by natural54resource fostering in another.
23
Sprawl is putting Finland out of balance.
ANALYSIS/INDICATORS CITY
POPULATION ACCESS MAP
SERVICE ACCESS MAP
NATURAL SYSTEMS
INFRASTRUCTURAL CAPACITY
Systemic change requires that policy makers, planners, developers and citizens have a common understanding of the underlying patterns that shape their community’s carbon footprint. Combined with other factors—such as infrastructural capacity and natural systems—Access Score Maps can provide this common understanding and inform decisions such as the drawing of Growth Boundaries, empowering different stakeholders to align their actions towards a common, sustainable future.
3. Ecological Balance Plan While Finland has a Sustainability Action Plan, the EBP supplements its shortcomings and adds a comprehensive future-oriented framework at the scales of building, site, and infrastructure to take the plan beyond LEED standards.
STAKEHOLDERS POLICY MAKERS
PLANNERS
DEVELOPERS
CITIZENS
TOOLKIT COMPOSITE TOOL FOR URBAN DECISION-MAKING AND DETERMINATION OF GROWTH BOUNDARIES
4. Measuring Accessibility REX devised a three-dimensional mapping tool to aid in the visualization and legibility of travel and access patterns around urban areas. This measurement system helped inform their suggestions for growth boundaries.
Transition Studio 2.0 --------> Precedent Studies Pratt Institute:: Graduate Architecture and Urban Design
111
ng the mix
2
3
4
5
Possible infill
Soccer field
Shopping mall
Beach/volleyball
Welfare housing
Playground
Library
Public forum
School
Botanical garden
Office
Subway station
Elderly care clinic
Garage
Church
Farmers market
Cinema
6
JÄTKÄSAARI PHASING
community spaces, as well as innovative combinations s on its ability to Hybrid ‘urbanofinfill’ has multiple authors andThis is flexible overallows time. for a living and working spaces. strategy h variety of future high degree of flexibility, and provides a street wall that provide enough can be incrementally programmed and implemented sary to draw to accommodate numerous feasible market uses. The pen public spaces. Rebuilding is a laboratory for testing social, cultural eet these needs in and market viability for future mixed use buildings an just ground level in Helsinki’s five new development areas. Some of erse mix of uses such these lots are dedicated to common uses for The , gyms, theatres, , medical facilities and Rebuilding’s residents, or as Urban Rooms that host
interim public functions that anticipate some of the amenities planned for Jätkäsaari’s later phases. Over the years, the neighbourhood will grow, these pioneer organizations will relocate to their own buildings, and the Urban Rooms will become available for reconsideration and further development. Urban Rooms can house an assortment of uses such as exhibition, event and workshop spaces, indoor playgrounds and playing fields.
5. Repopulating the Block At the urban scale, REX defines its strategy not as a radical breach, but as a “subtle evolution” of the urban core. REX explores typical Finnish block typologies and devises a formula of its own to redefine the block. The urban strategy focuses on flexibility and hybridization of space, materials and utilization on several scales. The classical perimeter block becomes capped with two slender steel residential towers to increase density and diversity. The perimeter block at street level is what REX calls “Urban Infill” which can thereby be “tuned” over time to meet the specific and changing needs of its neighborhood. The scale of the infill and its potential construction methods are variable, making it accessible to a broader set of stakeholders, including private individuals and smaller builders/developers. The solution is open to multiple authors.
BETA VERSION
1
Possible urban rooms
sis
Vision / Rebuilding Urban Infill Rebuilding 2.0 REX
112
Tuning the mix TUNE THE MIX NOW AND INTO THE FUTURE DEFINED BY 2012
UNDEFINED BY 2012
“Nimble” Solutions Rebuilding 2.0 is highly concerned with flexible solutions on many scales, particularly when the solutions can be based on Finnish history and typologies.
99
The base of the perimeter block is flexible and open to programmatic diversity, and diversity can itself be tuned.. “Urban Rooms” suggests a block scenario that is open to the public. On the opposite end of the spectrum, “All Infill” is a more closed scenario. Likewise, the floor plans that are nimble and adaptable are in theory resilient. The scenarios to the right explore relationships between ownership and shared resources. The concept model is open to different possibilities. The facade solution is flexible in that its grid is composed of replaceable cassettes, such that as material technology evolves, the cassettes can be replaced by more energy efficient, sustainable options. The facade also plays on Finnish balcony typologies but proposes a new solution that saves energy during winter months.
ALL INFILL
HYBRID
ALL URBAN ROOMS
Vision / Rebuilding Residential Towers
building can be “tuned” over time to meet the specific The volume of Urban Infill can be zoned, planned and changing needs of its neighbourhood. The scale of and negotiated like any group of lots, except that they the Urban Infill is variable and its potential construction must comply with the maximum height of 14 meters methods common, making it accessible to a broader set imposed by the Headquarters above, guaranteeing of developers, including individuals and smaller builders. that all construction comply with the Finnish Building Code for P2 construction. The resulting Infill can be The property lots of the Urban Infill can be defined at any extensions of The Rebuilding, or separate structures increment deemed suitable, since construction within framed with firebreaks and party walls, depending on this zone is structurally independent of the Residential their purpose and construction materials. This strategy Towers and Headquarters. allows for lightweight, sustainable and easily recyclable construction techniques such that this part /ofRebuilding the Vision Residential Towers
Operable panels refresh an old A new Finnish typology balcony typology
Vision / Rebuilding Residential Towers
84
One sharedamenities amenities Onecompany, company, shared
A nimble façade chassis
Multiple companies, amenities Multiple companies,private private amenities
84
The ideal headquarters should retain its speculative value by accommodating multiple occupation scenarios.
8
Multiple companies, amenities Multiple companies,shared shared amenities
NEW BALCONY TYPE
3m
2m
Removable cassettes, removable outer lites
92
TYPICAL BALCONY
Maintaining speculative value Vision / Rebuilding Residential Towers
The Infill Buildings’ greatest asset is that it reopens the possibility to build small within the urban core. Individual building investments in suburbia do not create urban space as a byproduct of the investment, but with every brick an individual lays in a perimeter block, so also is laid a brick of city
2m
3m
7 m of surface area
3 m of surface area
SUMMER 1,5
m
1,5
m
1,5
m
During summer, the operable panels slide horizontally like a van door, providing the identical experience to a typical balcony.
The Residential Towers’ façade system enhances the flexibility fostered by its structural system. 2
6 m of shaded exterior space
Recognizing the intrinsic life cycle differences between a curtain wall’s support system and its glazing units, the facade is composed of an immutable mullion “chassis” on a flexible 1,5 meter grid, and cassettes that can be easily interchanged or replaced by new technologies.
2
6 m of shaded exterior space
WINTER
To facilitate adaptation to new glass technologies, the
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09
Ventilation grille Split mullion Fastener 6mm and 4mm laminated glazing Soft coating on surface 5 Argon filled cavity 6mm glazing Integrated blinds Hard coating on surface 2
The operable panels utilize a relatively simple mechanism common in minivans, enabling them to be manually slid horizontally. During summer, the open balconies provide an identical experience to a typical balcony. During winter, the operable panels can be kept closed, increasing usable interior area and solar gain while reducing thermal loss.
During winter, the operable panels remain increasing usable interior area and solar ga reducing thermal loss. 2
2
6 m of unusable exterior space
6 m of usable interior space
minimal solar gain
maximal solar gain
high thermal loss
low thermal loss
01 02
Ventilation grille Split mullion
77
n
Replace concrete bearing walls with steel columns
Replace hollow-core slabs with Bubble Decks
Replace concrete cores with steel exoskeletons
y dependent Finnish e-cast loadnd cast-in-place
The overwhelming number of pre-cast load-bearing walls should be replaced by a relatively small number of steel columns. Interior walls should be converted to non-load-bearing partitions of either drywall with metal studs or autoclave concrete block. Both have better acoustics and fire resistance—and less embodied carbon—than concrete walls.
One-way hollow-core floor slabs should be replaced by two-way Bubble Deck slabs that eliminate the need for beams between columns. The Bubble Deck should make use of low-carbon Complimentary Cementing Materials (CCM’s) and I-crete to further reduce their embodied carbon. Performance-based aggregate mixes can reduce carbon intensive cement up to 30%.
Most importantly, to provide lateral stability, cast-inplace cores should be replaced by steel exoskeletons. This innovation frees the Residential Towers’ cores of their structural obligations, such that they can be optimally placed for solar exposure and their floor plans easily reconfigured and adaptively re-used.
iCrete iCreteTechnology Technology Sorting SortingControl ControlofofAggregate AggregateMatrix Matrix–– Performance-Based Performance-Based Mix MixDesign Design Can CanReduce ReduceCement Cementby by20-30% 20-30% iCrete iCreteMix MixDesign Design
Standard StandardMix MixDesign Design
81
Vision / Rebuilding Residential Towers
80
A nimble structural chassis OPTION A
EAST TOWER
WEST TOWER
West
North
WEST TOWER
EAST TOWER
2 BEDROOM 67m2
2 BEDROOM 67m2
3 BEDROOM 81m2
2 BEDROOM 57m2
OPTIONA A Option
3 BEDROOM 81m2
2 BEDROOM 57m2
3 BEDROOM 79m2
STUDIO 30m2
OPTION A
STUDIO 30m2
Option AOPTION A
3 BEDROOM 81m2
2 BEDROOM 67m2
2,672
3 BEDROOM 79m2
3 BEDROOM 81m2
2 BEDROOM 67m2
2 BEDROOM 55m2 2 BEDROOM 55m2
OPTION B
2 BEDROOM 69m2
1 BEDROOM 45m2
OPTIONB B Option
2 BEDROOM 69m2
1 BEDROOM
45m2 STUDIO 41m2
2 BEDROOM 70m2
STUDIO 41m2 2 BEDROOM 70m2
OPTION C
N
1 BEDROOM 52m2 2 BEDROOM 2 BEDROOM 78m2
An agile tool
The tower’s slender profile, floating core and conventional The Residential Tower’sflexibility slender profile, floating core and conventional, yet open base allow and urban assimilation yet open and “tunable”, base allow it to easily assimilate into the urban fabric, while its core may remain optimally placed to the north.
1 BEDROOM 48m2
78m2
STUDIO 41m2
Option BOPTION B 2 BEDROOM 55m2
STUDIO 1 BEDROOM 2 2 38m 2 BEDROOM 52m STUDIO
996 55m2
38m2
1 BEDROOM 52m2
3 BEDROOM 96m2
3 BEDROOM 96m2
OPTIONC C Option
STUDIO 41m2
OPTION B
1 BEDROOM 52m2 1 BEDROOM 48m2
OPTION C Option OPTION C C
Conventional Concrete
Proposed 3+ BEDROOM 3+ BEDROOM 122m2
122m2
2 BEDROOM 65m2
Rex recommends that Finland, with SITRA’s help, must convert its significant steel industry to produce clean structural steel. Steel is far less carbon intensive, easier to recycle, and faster to erect than concrete. Each of Finland’s three typical concrete construction components should therefore be replaced with steel alternatives, or concrete components used in combination with steel. Replace concrete bearing walls with steel columns The overwhelming number of pre-cast load-bearing walls should be replaced by a relatively small number of steel columns. Interior walls should be converted to non-load-bearing partitions of either drywall with metal studs or autoclave concrete block. Both have better acoustics and fire resistance—and less embodied carbon—than concrete walls. Replace hollow-core slabs with Bubble Decks One-way hollow-core floor slabs should be replaced by two-way Bubble Deck slabs that eliminate the need for beams between columns. The Bubble Deck should make use of low-carbon Complimentary Cementing Materials (CCM’s) and I-crete to further reduce their embodied carbon. Performance-based aggregate mixes can reduce carbon intensive cement up to 30%.
2 BEDROOM 65m2
CARBON COMPARISON FOR RESIDENTIAL TOWERS An adaptable tool Magnusson Klemencic Associates The residential tower’s steelSitCarbon and Bubble Deck system for R E X A Sustainable Tool The Residential Tower’s exoskeleton and floating core increases embodies 63% less carbon than an identically dimen7/7/2009
flexibility of the interior layout over time. The resulting structural system is highly sustainable, The Residential Tower’s steel and Bubble Deck recyclable, reconfigurable and adaptive to site system embodies 63% less carbon than an identically orientation. dimensioned tower using typical Finnish concrete construction.
sioned tower using typical Finnish concrete construction
Replace concrete cores with steel exoskeletons To provide lateral stability, cast-in-place cores should be replaced by steel exoskeletons. This innovation frees the residential towers’ cores of their structural obligations, such that they can be optimally placed for solar exposure and their floor plans easily reconfigured and adaptively re-used. Finland’s post-war rebuilding was based on creating a steel industry literally overnight; Finland’s next rebuilding should be based in part on reinvigorating this same industry.
BETA VERSION
cally
Finland’s Steel Industry REX proposes a new construction paradigm for Finland’s residential blocks. Typical Finnish residential blocks are constructed of pre-cast load-bearing walls, hollow-core floor slabs and cast-in-place slip-form cores.
TONS CO 2
er to recycle h of Finland’s onents should es, or concrete h steel.
Transition Studio 2.0 --------> Precedent Studies Pratt Institute:: Graduate Architecture and Urban Design
occupation: designer at Nokia Luukas Luukas relationship status: singleLuukas fredrik and lives in:Josefiina 75 sqm apartment katariina reason for relocation: It is within biking distance from the city centre, age: 22 age: both 55 age: 38 heFredrik, can socialise with an international crowd, strong personal occupation: city administration, Josefiina, senior managerundergraduate occupation:ecoservice employee occupation: student in Helsinki relationship status: married relationship status: single mother relationship status: single commitment lives in: 80-150 sqm apartment lives in: 55-70 sqm rentedwith Hippas apa “to change our behaviours, we have cooperate each “to change our behaviours, we have to to cooperate with each othe othe in: shared reason for relocation: to be able to “walk to cultural lives attractions, have 45-60 sqm studio apartment reason for relocation: access to commu originally from: London reason for relocation: to live in hip city area space in the city centre, be close to Baltic sea” originally from: 1960s housing settlem
c_life Lifestyle & Behavioral Changes
age: age: 22 22 occupation: undergraduate undergraduate student student in in Helsinki Helsinki occupation: relationship status: status: single single relationship lives in: shared 45-60 sqm studio apartment lives in: shared 45-60 sqm studio apartment reason reason for for relocation: relocation: to to live live in in hip hip city city area area originally originally from: from: small small town town in in Finland Finland
a a day day in in the the life life
After snooze originally from: small town inthe Finland After hitting hitting the snooze button button for for the the third third time time Luukas Luukas wakes up to the smell of freshly brewed coffee and the
originally the suburbs In order to facilitate significant and enduring change, SITRAfrom: has develDemonstration oped a system to help guide individual and collective consumption choices while fostering a sense of community. They seek to change “we’re willing to contribute to the common behavior patterns in the following realms:
wakes up to the smell of freshly brewed coffee and the sound of of his his roommate roommate yelling yelling “We’re “We’re out out of of milk!” milk!” from from the the sound kitchen. Urgh, Urgh, he he forgot forgot to to buy buy the the milk milk yesterday, yesterday, and and he’s he’s kitchen. going to be late to class again. going to be late to class again.
display display shows shows k k consumption zo
zo Diffusion consumption highlighted by s
highlighted by s colour. colour.
“i want to be a role model for my son and y “we have to makecause.” a difference now!” After After he he gets gets out out of of the the shower, shower, he he rinses rinses the the empty empty milkmilkcarton carton and and puts puts it it into into the the recycling recycling bin bin below below the the sink, sink, stuffs his laptop (that’s on standby) and lab assignment stuffs his laptop (that’s on standby) and lab assignment into into his his bag bag and and is is on on his his way way in in record record time. time. Halfway Halfway down down the stairs stairs he he realises realises he he forgot forgot to to switch switch off off the the coffee coffee the “Niko, please don’t forget to switch off the computer when machine and rushes back in. Anything else? The machine and rushes back in. Anything else? The hallway hallway light! Ok, go. you’ve finished light! Ok, ready ready to towith go. it! The electricity bill was really high He runs past the piles of in and to He runs past the piles of bills bills in the the hallway hallway and decides decides last month.” Katariina scolds her son. Shetowishes she ignore them for now. ignore them for now.
“to change our behaviours, we have to cooperate with each other.”
Physical a day in the life a day in the life Community boundaries, heating needs, transport light It’s Saturday evening and Fredrik isinfrastructure, busy in the kitchen Individual Individual area area selected conditions, water andatfood technology singing the supplies, top of hisavailable voice; Josefiina is splitting her selected and and sh sh energy using display shows key energy using ap ap Personal sides laughing. “Fredrik! Think about the neighbours...!” a day in the life consumption zones Personal green values,isconsumption behaviors, transport Fredrick busy preparing the three course behaviors, meal for theAfter hitting the snooze button for the third time Luukascould get him to to do more outdoor activities, but when would would like like to isn’t at home playing computer games, he church group the evening is over Niko self-awareness of impact ondinner. climateAfter and options to modify it and the wakes up to the smell of freshly brewed coffee and the 8-year-old Remember to to turn turn off off his his laptop laptop before before he he goes goes to to bed bed highlighted by size and •• Remember •• Buy when shops last guests have left, Josefiina and Fredrick go for a walk is doing thealternatives same with friends. Buy eco eco alternatives when he he shops – – but but they’re they’re so so Social sound of his roommate yelling “We’re out of milk!” from the colour. expensive! expensive! the centre see thememories, new beautiful artand sculpture: Community into identity, values,tobeliefs, needs, habits; it kitchen. Urgh, he forgot to buy the milk yesterday, and he’s •• Do Do more more for for the the environment environment than than give give 10 10 euros euros a a month month to represents thevalues, energyawareness usage of the area, and the couple She wishes they could afford to take a holiday but money to Greenpeace Greenpeace shared acceptance of green of pollution conditions going to be late to class again. donated is tight this time of year. Katariina is thinking about getting home assistant Appliances and associated risks some money to finance the installation. home assistant Appliances can can The Home Homeenergy assistant is iscard smartto gridhelp devicethem that controls controls thetrack of what selected and and co co a pre-paid keep The assistant smart grid device that the selected Cultural household power appliances, heating and cooling systems, via household power appliances, heating and cooling systems, via smart smart grid grid – – would like to they are spending – she likes the idea of showing Niko just lights and sockets, etc. The house is fitted with intelligent controls to utili and sockets, etc. The house is fitted with intelligent controls to utili Commitment of public administration and business organizations to After he gets out of the shower, he rinses the empty milk- lights sockets that measure consumption and are individually peak times. • Produce and sell their own energy consumption and are individually how sockets muchthat hismeasure hours on the computer cost! peak times. controllable green values, public/private incentives for sustainable behaviors, con- carton and puts it into the recycling bin below the sink, controllable from from a a central central location. location. The The assistant assistant can can be be • End the day in their private sauna automatic (e.g. switch on devices at off-peak times), timerautomatic (e.g. switch on devices at off-peak times), timertinuous improvement maintenance controlled, or controlled, or can can switch off off device device standby. standby. like toswitch • Play an and active role in the programs community and meet new stuffs his laptop (that’s on standby) and lab assignment would into his bag and is on his way in record time. Halfway down • Have access to sport and for Niko people It can can display display detailed detailed consumption consumptionschool and costs costsfacilities for the the It and for SITRA’s goals for physical, personal, social, and cultural change will be various areas of the house, and compare the household to various areas of the house, and compare the household to • Use public transport more the stairs he realises he forgot to switch off the coffee others others in in the the neighbourhood. neighbourhood. Display Display could could be be linked linked to to an an targeted withclean specificenergy strategiessource in the following categories: selector • Spend more time with her son energy energy minimizing minimizing smart smart home home system. system. People can set Individual areasPeople cancan beset machine and rushes back in. Anything else? The hallway based age: 35, 33, 3 and 6 based on on dynam dynam This display shows various sources of energy production, People can see the or fixed timefra selected and show prima light!breakdown Ok, ready tothe go.teacher ki occupation: Peter,can salesman, Hanna, school or fixed timefra Engagementwith andcarbon Awareness Clean Energy Source Selector application Consumption pure air travel Simulator footprint and price for each type. People of various relationship status:He married, children energy using appliances runs past the piles of bills in the hallway and decides to __ Make behaviors easier and convenient see their usage of different energy sources, and can then energy sources and costs A mobile phone wallpaper that shows individuals lives in: 80-120 sqm apartment in the city modify their consumption pay more, but use in them euros CO2 __ Present meaningful anddesired contextual information(e.g. ignore for now. reason for relocation: cut down on and commuting and spend more time with how “clean” or “dirty” their travel is. The visualisation children more green energy). __ Enable choices starts off as a coloured smoke background. GPS originally from: the suburbs netbook __ Create tools for evaluation netbook 800x600 800x600 would like to systems track speed and recognise the travel means They can charge their next bill based on this preference. • Remember to turn off his laptop before he goes to bed being used (e.g. car vs bike), then calculate the This shifts more funds towards green energy, educates with each other.”Action “we need to learn from and for our children!” c_life: city as living factory of ecology Community _80 c_life: city as living factory of ecology _80 • Buy eco alternatives when he shops – but they’re so carbon being used. people about energy sources and indicates to the energy __ Utilize reputation as behavioral enforcer provider who is willing to shift to green sources and by expensive! __ Share common values a day in the life display shows key what amount. Accordingly, the background becomes cleaner or and Hanna are beaming with pride. This evening • Do more for the environment than give 10 euros a month consumption __ Create azones pool of sharedPeter knowledge/resources Tyko has just presented his ideas on 10 ways to save highlighted size andnetworks dirtier. Bluetooth systems tell the phone when public __ Enablebysupport to Greenpeace Dynamic pricing offers extend long-term purchases based
c
a day in the life
Its six pm. Tom changes into his running gear, logs into his Nike-run account and plans his route home through the city. He doesn’t own a car, and anyway, marathon season is coming up and Tom has a strict training routine. While online, he sees the Dopplr notification that Dick is in town on business this week. What attracted him to the Peter, Hanna, Liisa and as Tyko online travel community is their carbon calculator, he wanted an easy way to keep track of his long-term carbon consumption, and was pleasantly surprised by how useful it’s turning out to be for staying in touch with friends.
When people are not directly in front of the wall, the mirror displays eco footprints of different neighbouring cities with their respective green goal line.
As he runs home he passes that new eco-reflection mirror in the centre of town, and stops for a moment to check out its visualisation of his carbon consumption. He’s pleased to see that his is quite low compared to the people energy at the kindergarten science fair. colour. standing nearvalue him. on personal systems to short range decisions.
transport is being used. The devices are additionally
Thebe whole family helping him smart put it Self-assessment & Positive Reinforcement powered by solar energy when available. Display could linked towas an involved energy in minimizing home assistant together and it has been the topic of dinner discussions __ Incentivizehome sustainable living choices system. for the past two weeks. “Mamma, look at my beautiful The Home assistant is smart grid device that controls the __ Set targets to make information measurable and actionable finger painting!!” Liisa is home, waving a coloured piece of household power appliances, heating and cooling systems, __ Simulate impact or alternatives paper; the parents of kids of the painting laboratory have organised a car pool system, and take turns picking thelights and sockets, etc. The house is fitted with intelligent __ Provide immediate feedback girls up from the playgroup. sockets that measure consumption and are individually _ _ Reward to create and sustain change Individual areas can be
would like to
• Carbon offset while travelling • See radical change of legislation and consumer controllable from a central location. The assistant can be selected and show primary would like to • Opt for low impact energy sources energy using appliances. behaviour For peopletimes), whotimerwant to track Cultural Leadership automatic (e.g. switch on devices at off-peak • Set a good example for the kids People can explore the __ Facilitate open dialogue between public & private controlled, or can switch standby. • Use the apartment sauna only once track a week eco costs, menu • Use an energy broker to keep of his consumption –off device their own carbon emission, Thefootprint, selector allows people __ Create public incentives to sustain change suggestions and other to shift to greener, more foodprint related information via __ Provide feedback loops to constantly re-inform andto modify he really doesn’t have time dopolicies it himself ‘shadows’ expensive sources ofconsumption energy their It cantheir display detailed and costs for theare reflected An application designed to help people gain more holistic smartphones. FoodPrint application Eco-reflection public installation information on their food purchases. It visually provides and gives an indication of different sizes and colours various areas of the house, andin compare the household to food information, including its estimated total eco netbook 800x600 mobile phone 480x320 extra costs and savings in CO others in the neighbourhood. Display could be linked to an footprint. eco-reflection in relation to their carbon energy minimizing smart home system. Information of CO footprints is naturally presented Appliances can be Mirror surface located in semi-public spaces where footprints. along with other standard food information, to encourage selected and controlled
Appliances can be selected and controlled via smart grid – from tim controls to utilising low peak times.
2
2
People can set start time based on dynamic pricin
Transition Studio 2.0 --------> Precedent Studies Pratt Institute:: Graduate Architecture and Urban Design
Engagement & Awareness
Self-assessment & Positive Reinforcement
Community Action
Cultural Leadership
Clean Energy Source Selector The Clean Energy Source Selector displays each household’s sources of energy production and the associated price and carbon footprint for each. Residents can see which percentage of their energy use comes from wind, water, oil, coal, etc., and modify their consumption accordingly. This allows customers to control their monthly charges as well as make informed decisions on energy providers without being locked into yearly contracts.
Energy Currency Rather than merely showing the ultimate financial cost of energy use, Energy Currency monetizes the idea of “spending” and saving energy. The system runs off of prepaid credits that render smart phones as energy debit cards. Before using an appliance (a blender, for instance), the Energy Currency application shows the expected energy consumption to better inform “purchasing” decisions. The remaining balance can be used in the community as normal currency for goods and services.
Eco-Credentials Eco-Credentials allow residents to keep up with the Joneses in sustainable habits. Monthly reports indicate the energy bills, recycling habits, amount of waste, and water consumption of their immediate peers. This information is used to generate an energy score relative to the energy patterns of their neighbors.
Low2No Branded Products Products are given a Low2No branding certification if they adhere to certain low carbon production or green value standards. This takes into account production methods, as well as transport and delivery. For events and workshops this could take the form of Low2No sponsorship, supervised by the Jätkäsaari CND (Climate Neutral District), which would also help to make the brand more recognisable.
Consumption Simulator The Consumption Simulator is a user-friendly “design” tool that allows residents to create virtual models of their homes and any elements within that draw power. This not only provides a real-time breakdown of energy consumption by room and appliance but also charts larger patterns over time. The simulator suggests changes to improve efficiency and offers parameters to visualize how those changes would affect energy and financial savings over time. FoodPrint FoodPrint is a smartphone application that helps shoppers choose food based on their total ecofootprint, which takes into account farming practices, packaging methods, and total distance traveled. This information will be presented after scanning the item’s bar code and encourages intelligent food choices.
Public Service Rights Not unlike Energy Currency, energy-based public service rights will allow residents to use their energy savings as credits for access to community events and services. Saved energy is calculated by measuring the amount of energy consumed against certain energy targets or allowances. This promotes involvement in cultural, entertainment, and wellness events in the community. Green Mortgage, Rent & Taxes Under the supervision on the Jatkasaari Climate Neutral District, certain mortgage, rent and tax benefits will be used as incentives for reducing individual carbon footprints. Cheaper mortgages will be made available to residents who live and work in the same area, while renters will see benefits in the form of reduced rents and lower taxes in exchange for energy-saving habits. Dynamic Pricing & Flexible Rates Rather than flat rate energy fees, dynamic pricing and flexible rates will respond to patterns in use as well as the overall quantity consumed. The rates follow a phone bill model where energy consumed at peak hours is delivered at a higher billing rate. Other variables will include degree of use and continuous use habits. Each billing period’s invoice will serve as a feedback loop to influence future use.
Car Sharing Car share pools are multiple bookings of a single car by people going in the same direction. While managing reservations from A to B, the car sharing service suggests pooling solutions when possible. A shared solution costs less than a private booking. For longer car trips, people enter details such as date, time, origin, destination, preferred dates etc. and the system intelligently matches people who want to do the same trip, considering minimum deviation from route to pick up travellers, compatibility of dates etc. Barter Bank Supervised by the Jätkäsaari CND (Climate Neutral District), the barter bank is a list of items that people make available to the community (e.g. tools, toys, baby furnishings, etc.). Bank members consult the list when they wish to use an item, and can then borrow it. Members rate others as good borrowers and lenders, creating a self-monitoring system. To be a member, people must be willing to make their own items available to the group.
Home Lab Home labs are housing systems that offer competitive rent and teach sustainable behaviours to lodgers . The home labs are rent-only apartments, with limited-period contracts. To be eligible to rent the houses, lodgers respect the district’s eco philosophy. The more closely people follow the desired behaviours, the less they pay. Lodgers are supported by local eco-associations that provide support and teach sustainable behaviours. Lodgers learn long-term sustainable techniques, transferable to more conventional housing. Eco-Diploma Particularly aimed at high school and university students, this is a course made up of study about sustainable habits, and practical hours (e.g. 10 hours of study/40 hours of service). At the end of the course, participants get a diploma that they can list on their CV or that could be equivalent to a school or university unit. Data Visualization Olympics Jätkäsaari and its advanced information infrastructure is a huge source of data about people’s and communities’ consumption behaviours. SITRA organises a biennial international festival where artists and designers from all over show innovative/engaging/stunning ways to visualise environmental data. This renders Jatkasaari, Helsinki, and Finland in general as an international showcase for innovation.
BETA VERSION
Eco-Reflection An installation system of mirrored walls located in public areas will allow Jatkasaari residents to simultaneously check their appearance and their energy use habits. As people approach the mirrored surface, sensors activate an integrated digital display that presents visual data on their personal and community-wide energy consumption. This makes personal energy choices public in the hopes of shifting individual consumption habits.
Stairwell Art Installations Stairwell art installations reprogram vertical circulation cores as cultural and social spaces with rotating art exhibits. Frequent installation changes encourage stair use by transforming utilitarian space into active spaces for informal meetings and chance encounters.
Block XXXXX Low2No Development
To execute c_life’s first block, SITRA has teamed up with Finnish real estate giant SRV and social housing developer VVO. Together they represent the client team. Block XXXXX will offer housing for 500 people and is expected to be completed by 2014. The first stage of Jatkasaari’s redevelopment will offer communal amenities such as eco-laundry facilities, public saunas, car & bike sharing services. Energy infrastructure will include geothermal pumps, facade-mounted photovoltaics, and solar panels. Block XXXXX will also tap into the district’s larger carbon neutral bio-heat network. Construction Methods Although the original proposal specified cross-laminated timber as the main structural solution, Finland’s fire code prohibits this construction method for buildings over 4 stories tall. This is mostly due to public concerns dating from the 19th century. Because of SITRA’s role in Jatkasaari’s redevelopment, they managed to alter the code to allow its own offices to be built from a hybrid of CLT and prefabricated concrete panels. Other buildings in the development will rely on more traditional and videly accepted steel and concrete construction.
The Peloton Strategy business model refers to the development of new products and services that do not exist today. “Value Driven” “Human Centric” concepts For example providing conditions or services when the resident does not have to rely on car tranportaion to do work or leisure activities. Studies of social adaptation to ecological life-style related to product coises and consumption patterns.
Transition Studio 2.0 --------> Precedent Studies Pratt Institute:: Graduate Architecture and Urban Design
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Nulla pretium tincidunt ante, ut accumsan massa blandit non. Pellentesque eros diam, viverra at vulputate ut, placerat sodales nisi. Morbi sollicitudin odio eget nisl elementum porta. Ut tincidunt nulla id ligula ullamcorper sollicitudin non malesuada mauris. Mauris sapien est, laoreet sed ullamcorper at, suscipit sit amet nibh. Aliquam libero neque, euismod non porta sit amet, pulvinar nec dolor. Nulla blandit, dolor et feugiat sollicitudin, felis erat ullamcorper leo, vel varius metus neque non lectus. Vivamus diam sem, bibendum nec tincidunt bibendum, malesuada a justo. Curabitur nec nibh eu eros congue pellentesque. Quisque eu lorem nisl. Nam mattis neque nec odio convallis pulvinar. Donec luctus, orci at mollis accumsan, felis lacus tempus neque, vel viverra nulla lectus sit amet est. Nam accumsan auctor pellentesque. Sed fermentum felis sed mauris suscipit et auctor lectus consequat.
BETA VERSION
Vivamus in ante lacus. In viverra luctus ipsum, iaculis suscipit justo fringilla eu. Cras nec lectus sit amet libero vulputate pharetra. Praesent id nisi eu leo bibendum luctus pulvinar vel magna. Pellentesque ipsum nibh, pellentesque a adipiscing sit amet, imperdiet nec odio. Praesent at erat ipsum, blandit porta libero. Duis adipiscing lectus varius metus convallis accumsan. Cras placerat rhoncus aliquet. Duis mollis venenatis sapien, vel sagittis risus condimentum eget. Nullam mauris quam, pharetra quis viverra non, fringilla ac dolor. Etiam arcu augue, placerat eu vestibulum ac, aliquam in augue. Nullam ac fringilla tellus. Aenean at metus id ipsum aliquet pulvinar non vitae nisl. Mauris dui diam, adipiscing sit amet pretium eget, auctor semper purus. In nec ipsum lacus, in malesuada lorem.
c_life Anatomy
The forest layer of Block XXXXX would occupy and influence the ground level areas and rooftops of Jatkasaari’s low level buildings. Native woodland species including birch, pines, and berry species will support local biodiversity and create different light intensity spaces from bright to dappled to shady, establishing a variety of atmospheric moods: __ Public/semi-private atrium __ SITRA semi-private atrium __ Public space/office spill-out area __ Residential play space __ Private recreation area __ Public street __ Public park edge The fruit, vegetable and herb layer incorporates the south-facing residential tower facades and balconies and would consist of native fruit, vegetable, and herb species. The plants would provide culinary, medicinal, ecological, visual and aromatic value. Vegetation in this layer will generally be low growing plants and small bushes: __ Balcony greenhouses providing 10% of a couple’s annual veg etable and fruit requirement __ Native climbing plants and berry species grown on the facade to promote biodiversity __ Summer solar shading by leafy vegetation grown in the windows __ Rainwater storage on the roof for slow release irrigation to bal conies. The grassland scrub area is located on the roofs of the towers. This area would only be planted with suitable native grass and wild bushes and will be the wildest of all of the ecological layers. The space for man and nature here is clearly defined. Green roofs elements will include the following: __ Wild ecological areas providing food and habitat opportunities in a safe and protected environment __ Residential saunas in small timber huts with fantastic views across the neighboring park, coast and city __ Opportunities for contemplation and relaxation among hardy hill top grassland scrub vegetation rich with berries and wildlife.
Forest Layer
Fruit, vegetable and herb layer
Grassland scrub layer
Transition Studio 2.0 --------> Precedent Studies Pratt Institute:: Graduate Architecture and Urban Design
s
nvert ce. ompost e of organic uid native from
worm farm organic waste nutrients
base heat from dwellings
thermal insulation
low carbon electricity peppers
warm water from CHP
tomatos growing wall crops
growing wall berries
leafy vegetables
berries
root crops
herbs growing bed level 2
City as Living Factory of Ecology c_life proposal recommends attracting local food to the J채tk채saari area. The food co-ops would help to reemphasize the connection between the community and food growers, and promote more sustainable, organic and local foods. Their presence will help contribute to reducing the carbon associated with everyday lifestyle choices.
residential dwelling
Reusing Food Waste Another strategy is to develop an approach to convert local food waste in J채tk채saari into a useful resource. Systems will be explored to turn food waste into compost or energy. The integrated Kitchen Worm Farm is one of those systems that will collect most of the kitchen organic waste and turn it into high quality compost and liquid fertilizer for the pocket balcony greenhouse.
lettuce growing bed level 1 lighting
service path
c_life: city as living factory of ecology
_77
BETA VERSION
mate ocal d coween re e will with
60% water demand from harvested rain water
direct sunlight
Miss Zargfabrik BKK-3 Architects, Vienna (2000)
Mission And Vision Miss Sargfabrik was born as a protest to common forms of urban housing in Vienna. Citizens were unhappy with the high cost of apartment living and the unaccommodating design for large or growing families. This group mobilized to form a new type of urban housing where residents and management work together to create a community that is adaptable to various household types and provides both luxury and basic needs services within the facility. Employing two architects, the building owner and residents, this body assures that events and activities are made available to both the facility’s community and the general public. Thefacility includes two buildings, one previously adapted as housing from a coffin factory.
RESIDENTS
Voluntary Participation in Decisionmaking
Mandatory Fee
Hostel Registration
VIENNA CITY COUNCIL
Zoning Exemptions
Mandatory Fee Planning/Construction EVENTS FUND
Planning Process Miss Sargfabrik opened in 2000 after ten years of planning and construction. The designers, BKK-3 Architects, were part of the planning anf fianncing phases from the start, and eventually became some of the original tenants.
Unit Formation Decisions
Funds Saved for Programming MISS SARGFABRIK
Community-based Governance
Governing Structure The orginal group of citizens that first intiiated Miss Sargfabrik continue to maintain their community as a non-profit organization. Participation in the organization is voluntary for residents The association manages familities and events, and makes final decisions on joining units for growing family size. As proprty owner, the organizations owns all units and residents pay a extra fee on rent to provide funding for weekly events.
Angled and Duplex Floor Plans
PARKING 1 : 10
Management of Amenities and Programming
Funds Saved for Programming
In registering the facility with the Vienna City Council, the landlord deisgnated the building as a hostel, allowing for certain housing regulations to be avoided. For example, this designated allowed one parking space for ten housing units, as opposed to the 1 : 1 ratio required of residential facilities. Tis allowed parking facilities to be kept low, saving money that could be used for public space.
Public Space And Events Miss Sargfabrik includes luxury amenities to create a sense of community within the residents. Included are a restaurant, Turkish bath, community gardens, conference room, performance center and kindergarten. All residents are required to pay an additional fee with rent to support these programs. Events are also open to the public by fee. Upon completion in 2000, more than half the community was already rented. Today, a long wait list remains of interested potential residents.
TENANT ASSOCIATION BKK-3 Architects Landlord Residents
Section : Patio
Section : Public Space
Section : Floor Plans
Section : Circulation
West Elevation
BETA VERSION
Transition Studio 2.0 --------> Precedent Studies Pratt Institute:: Graduate Architecture and Urban Design
Miss Zargfabrik BKK-3 Architects, Vienna (2000)
Level 1
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Miss Sargfabrik 2000
Sargfabrik 1996
Level 2
Level 3
Level 4
Transition Studio 2.0 --------> Precedent Studies Pratt Institute:: Graduate Architecture and Urban Design
Level 6
Level 7
Level 8
Level 9
For The People Miss Sargfabrik was envisioned as a building to suit a 21st century lifestyle. The architects describe it as “evolutionary architecture”, leaving room for adaptation as the needs of the inhabitants change. There are different types of unit: three of them are specifically designed with consideration for those in wheelchairs, and there are “flex-boxes” to suit the capricious student. There are options to create duplexes or triplexes on some of the upper levels. The ground floor contains a row of live/work maisonettes with public entrances on the street as well as private entrances. No Two Alike Residents contributed to the design of each apartment, resulting in a complex full of unique experiences. The units range from 540 square feet to 645 square feet. Large windows allow plenty of light and air. Miss Sargfabrik is most interesting in section. As reflected on the west facade of the building, each unit’s ceiling height varies from about 7 feet to 10 feet. An especially unique condition is the sloping floors, which challenges the inhabitant’s creativity - a challenge exceedingly welcomed by eager residents. In addition, some units feature a mezzanine level. Community One of the focal points of the building is the community library/kitchen/entertainment room/telework station/laundry room. Though designed to foster interaction between residents, the community space can be broken into more intimate modules. There are also terraces and a space for teenage hangouts to bring people together. The community spaces of the nearby Sargfabrik are open to residents of Miss Sargfabrik as well.
BETA VERSION
Level 5
“Les Terrasses” : Mixed-Use Apartment Complex Discovery, Diversity, Complexity
“Les Terrasses” Apartment complex (eight separate buildings built between 1971 to 1980) was designed by architect Jean Renaudie in the Paris suburb of Ivry sur Seine, France. Wanting to challenge the way in which people live Renaudie designed surreal housing that challenged the typical preconceptions about urban living. Rejecting the structures of functionalism, Renaudie focused on creating housing that stimulated social exchange. The mixing of public and private space is fundamental in his design intending an interconectivity in the social dimension as well aesthetic. The Housing Complex Ivry-sur-Siene emerged as an idea established in 1958 by the French Government introduced legislation to promote the setting up of ZUPs or also known as Priority Zones of Urbanization, in order to facilitate large scale development.
Early study drawings done by Renaudie. Unit aggregation
The government began the process of decentralisation, by giving the employers financial incentives to relocate to the provinces. This legislation as well as local and national politics and activism allowed for creative and innovative design to flourish within Ivry-sur-Siene. Renaudie’s invitation to participate and spearhead the design of Ivry - cart-blanche as it were, was the ideal opportunity for Renaudie to practice all his theories on urban design and housing. He took into consideration not a particular site or commission but the town centre in its totality. The end result of Renaudie’s design was 447 homes, offices, shops and a school. “Each building represented a strong rejection of the entrenched currents of austerity and uniformity underlying Modernist architecture and planning. Renaudie’s intricately arraged geometric volumes and winding passageways introduced an extreme level of intentional complexity and whimsicality, a reaction that slightly anticipated the coming wave of architectural Postmodernism. (A Right to Difference)” Chaotic Design: Forging complexity of space and social relations.
Town planning - overall alyout of Las Terrasses
Transition Studio 2.0 --------> Precedent Studies Pratt Institute:: Graduate Architecture and Urban Design
“Towers in the Park”
Levittown, L.I. Mass Produced Suburb. circa 1950
Park in the Towers
Variations of Individual-
The spaces in Les Terrasses offer different apartments for different people-all equipped with a garden terrace. The apartment’s them selves are often disturbing and unpractical, and instead of making things comfortable they push the boundaries of everyday life. There are random room heights, shapes and sizes require inhabitants to agree with an unconventional way of life. Crux to Renaudie’s socialist intentions was to provide individuality of space/light and views to his dwellings. Two of the more famous dwellings - the Casanova building housing 82 apartments (oriented at 90 and 45 deg. angles) and Jeanne Hachette containing 40 apartments and additional retail spaces (even more sprawling and dynamic, utilizing a variety of angles) all haphazordley organized and extremely individualized. The diagonal was implemented in this project as a blatant rejection of modernist building practices. Alluding to the differences in spatial layouts of the Hachette dwellings: “These are not differences of a mere sales-promotional kind. They are the product of a long process alternating chance and invention, capricious happenings and careful assesmnets. They cannot be explained or even justified, their rationale being concealed in a thicket of forms and deliberations. (A Right to Difference, pg. 50)”
Government-Built Public Housing,
Innovative Mass Housing - New Brutalism
Successfully Integrated Government-Built Puburbs of
Function of the city (CIAM): Living, Working, Circulation, Cultivating body and mind. Renaudie found this to be a limited definition of urbanity however - his thinking was that the contemporary city must extend this definition and accomodate the mixing of these functions. The city should be regarded as a living organism in which some pieces/functions/usages die while new ones are allowed to grow - the city must be designed for its continuous growth and re-use.
BETA VERSION
Typical Mass Housing in the
“Les Terrasses” : Mixed-Use Apartment Complex Public/Private Intergration
“Les Terrasses embodies a real urban density, mixes several social levels, organizes urban life on a multitude of storeys, blurs the limits between private and public areas and supply a little piece of garden to every apartment. (A Right To Difference)”
A gradient exists between public and private spaces, never fully be-
Multi-tiered public spaces consisting of stores, art galleries, nurseries, public walkways, and open public plaza. It is not a linear sequence of space, but rather a maze-like space where one enters from the street level and end up in another level of elevated public terrace. Each level is served by its own circulations connecting to other levels to form networks and nodes of gathering spaces. Public and private spaces are so mixed that you have some difficulties to see a clear limit between them.
_Semi-Private Contains public paths and open areas, private dwellings are interspersed throughout.
An Ivry Resident: “Living in Ivry is like living in a village everybody knows everybody and most people have visited each others apartments wanting to see all the different spatial arrangments. (A Right To Difference)” _Public Retail/street level with access to uper levels via stairs.
Unlike traditionally modern approaches to city planning and zoning in which life and space is systematically organized into neat little containers of function and design, Renaudie’s built environment allows for urban functions and circulation and to intertwine and occur in a more playful/organic manner. Publically
Ac-
Transition Studio 2.0 --------> Precedent Studies Pratt Institute:: Graduate Architecture and Urban Design
Shown here are some of the many pockets of impromptu social gatherings that occur at multiple levels - embedded in Renaudie’s design. “Renaudie brings back the idea of agora, the center of social gathering. The forms in Tour Jeanne Hachette are haphazard and disorderly; but it works within its own internal system and network. (A Right to Difference)”
BETA VERSION
Social Experiment: Renaudie aspired in his planning and design to affect the way people related to each. “The overlapping of spaces, the interface between dwellings, the prospect from one terrace onto another, the continuity of circulation from one building to the next: all were augmented in his work so that the opportunities for social contact could be in turn multiplied. (A Right to Difference)”
“Les Terrasses” Mixed-Use Apartment Complex The Terrace Concept
The idea in Renaudie’s terraced approach to the stacking of building units is to provide every owner the opportunity to enjoy a private garden. The terraced design provides a connection to a natural environment and to the town, opening up views and interactive social spaces. The terraces while providing private sanctuaries at the same time serve as social gathering points where neighbors can interact with each other and socialize within the boundaries of their individual dwellings. The terraces grant residences an important connection to nature and to their environment. When it rains, you see it raining in your flat because it is raining in your terrace. You see the water falling on the grass and the owner will go out to see it. The rain in the terraces allow the blackbirds to arrive. The terraces allow residents to take part in the design of the building itself through the introduction of personalized vegetative landscaping effects. Plantings and wild ground cover create patio architecture and provide seasonal variation. The “Green Roofs” provide a soft and natural touch to otherwise agressively angular design and cold grey concrete materiality. Residents alter the exterior finishes of the building, softening corners and sharp edges. The volumes are organized to create a continuous succession of terraces that descend or cascade - creating a kind of “visual public domain.” The addition of 35 cm of topsoil allows the cultivation of plants and larger trees and shrubs- the building aglomeration becomes one large garden. The green terreses connect residences to nature and to a feeling of ownership, provide them with an oulet for creative expression, an inlet for peace and relaxation .
BETA VERSION
Transition Studio 2.0 --------> Precedent Studies Pratt Institute:: Graduate Architecture and Urban Design
“Les Terrasses” : Mixed-Use Apartment Complex Unit Development
“Renaudie’s revolt was not merely agianst a social order: it was against the totality of our preconceptions. Spaces in his building are purposely disconcerting. They are only partially segmented and closed; they include transitional areas with no prescribed function. Collective spaces in the dwelling are uncommonly generous, even if at the expense of individual bedrooms, which are necessarily small. (A Right to Difference)”
Building Type: Downtown
Flat #3 3 Rooms First floor First floor
Second floor
Jean Renaudie’s floor plans for “Les Terrasses” housing complex deviate dramaticlaly from traditional housing design. The floor plans incorporate a diverse collection of units in which each is different, distancing itself from a more traditional, repetitive unit aggregation. Each Unit is designed in a way that maximizes its space by using the diagonal in linking interior program, at the same time this diagnal axis allows public space (living and dining) to share the same views towards the terraces. An interesting feature about the layout of the units was that- all share the vertical and horizontal circulation through the center of its attachment, making the circulation core at the center between typically three to four units, eleminating the need to introduce additional circulation cores for each particular apartment. Most of the units posess a terrace which in addition to being accessible via the common spaces, can also be accessed through private bedrooms (due to the unusual angular arrangment of interior program) which allows for the public and private parts of the apartment to share a common exterior space in turn enriching the experience of the garden and spatial interconnectivity.
Flat #5 3 Rooms
Second floor
Flat #11 2 Rooms
Flat #2 3 Rooms
period prior to late 19th period late 19th : village homes period late 19th : buildings period beginning 20th : flats
First floor
period beginning 20th : villas period begining 20th : small group period begining 20th : grouvv years : 30 years : 50
First floor
Flat #18 3 Rooms
Second floor Second floor
Flat #4 1 Room
Configuration Study First floor
16 Apartment Units for the Third Floor
Second floor
Flat #10 4 Rooms
Flat #1 2 Rooms
The diagrams shown in the right side show Renaudie’s final floor plans for floors 3, 7 and 8. Each one has been studied, through isolation of the units, and analyzed in respect to connectivity and shared program. Most of them have the kitchen and utility area (incl. laundry room) close together, sharing common waterwalls and electrical runs. At the perimeter of the units exist living and dining areas, also bedrooms. In some units the owner has the option whether to have the bedrooms enclosed with a partition wall or just have it open as an extention of the living room area.
First floor
Second floor
Flat #16 3 Rooms
First floor
Flat #20 3 Rooms
Second floor
Transition Studio 2.0 --------> Precedent Studies Pratt Institute:: Graduate Architecture and Urban Design
Geometric Analysis
EXPLANATION OF DIAGRAMS TO COME........................
BETA VERSION
Aggregation Study