LCA STUDY OF HAUS 2226
Palash Bedmutha Trisha Parekh Zeeshan Shaiwalla Het vi Vora
The Temperature of Architecture
External and Internal Temperature of the empty building
External and Internal Temperature of the building with control system
• 24M X 24M X 24M BUILDING • GROSS FLOOR AREA = 2400 SQ.M • SIX STOREYS • 76 CM THICK POROTHERM WALLS • 16% OF WALL AREA GLASS WINDOWS • EQUALLY THICK ROOF INSULATION • PRECAST CONCRETE PILES GO DEEP INTO EARTH (~24M) 1 Sandstone parapet 2 Round grain gravel 3 Brickwork 4 Lime plaster 5 Soft inlay 6 Brick joint 7 In-situ concrete 8 Pre-stressed concrete ceiling panel 9 Window sill, sandstone 10 Recessed ledge, sandstone 11 Staggered horizontal joint 12 Structural brick 13 Insulating brick 14 Facade trench 15 Sheet steel 16 Pile foundation
Building and it’s components
Project motivation
Goal of Study The goal of this study is to use LCA to quantify the energy consumption and environmental impacts of the materials used in the construction of Haus 2226 building located in Austria. The specific goals of the study are: 1. Determine the embodied energy and embodied greenhouse gas emissions of the total materials used in the construction of whole building. 2. Determine the following for the construction of building: The environmental impacts due to the materials used for the building. Disaggregate the environmental impacts across the materials’ categories of the building. This study is being done as a part of final project for CIVE 5275: Life Cycle Assessment of Materials, Products and Infrastructure, Spring 2019 coursework at Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA. The study was carried out by Trisha Parekh, Zeeshan Shaiwalla and Palash Bedmutha, M.S. students at Northeastern University. Stakeholders in the study include a team of faculty (client) from Northeastern University’s School of Architecture- David Fannon, Peter Wiederspahn, and Michelle Laboy and the owner(s) of the buildings. The contact for the study are the aforementioned faculty of Northeastern University. The results of this study are going to be used for the Boston Society of Architects sponsored DURABLE Exhibit open to public. This LCA report will be reviewed by Professor Matthew Eckelman.
Scope of Study
This study evaluates the energy consumption and environmental impacts of the cradle-to-gate life-cycle stage of the building materials. The functional unit of the study is based on usable floor area of 1m2. The reference flow is the Haus 2226 building. Subsystems of the building have been considered in coherence with the USGBC’s LEED LCA credit criteria. This cradle-togate study includes the raw material extraction, raw material transportation to the factory and the manufacturing of building products. The phases that aren’t considered within the scope of our study are the construction phase, the use phase and the end-of-life phase of the building. Transportation of the finished product from the manufacturer to the building site during construction have been excluded from the scope of the study. Maintenance and replacement of the building materials after service life have been included in the impact assessment. This also includes the end-of-life disposal and processing of disposed materials. The reuse potential of the disposed materials beyond the system boundary have been accounted using avoided burden approach by the software. In the material extraction and manufacture phase, the infrastructure and machinery/equipment used are excluded from the scope. Building life of 60 years has been considered for the study.
System boundary
PRODUCT
CONSTRUCTION
USE
END-OF-LIFE
REUSE POTENTIAL
EXTRACTION
TRANSPORT TO FACTORY
USE
DEMOLITION
REUSE
MAINTENANCE
TRANSPORT
TRANSPORT TO FACTORY MANUFACTURING
CONSTRUCTION INSTALLATION
REPAIR
WASTE PROCESSING
REPLACEMENT DISPOSAL REFURBISHMENT OPERATIONAL ENERGY
ENERGY RECOVERY RECYCLING
Methodology
DATA COLLECTION PRIMARY DATA FROM CLIENTS
GOAL AND SCOPE SYSTEM BOUNDARY
EVALUATION OF DATA QUALITY
REFINE REVIT FAMILIES MATERIALS SUPPLY CHAIN STUDY
DATA REFINEMENT
RESEARCH
LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY
GABI DATASET + TRACI CATEGORIES (U.S.)
ASSIGN MATERIAL SPECIFICATIO NS TO REVIT FAMILIES + PULL QUANTITIES ON TALLY
IMPACT ASSESSMENT EMBODIED ENERGY AND GHG EMISSIONS WHOLE BUILDING ANALYSIS MATERIAL WISE ANALYSIS
INTERPRETATION
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
UNCERTAINITY AND SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
Data sources •
The LCA Study of Haus 2226 follows the ISO 14040 Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Principles and framework.
(https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html) •
The inventory framework and guidelines have been designed as per the LEED ‘Building Life Cycle Impact Reduction’ credit requirement
(https://www.usgbc.org/node/2614363?return=/credits/new-construction/v4) •
Tally - GaBi
http://www.gabi-software.com/america/support/gabi/gabi-modelling-principles/ https://choosetally.com/ •
The book ‘Die Temperatur der Architektur’ by Eberle and Aicher
•
Various product catalogues and vendor information provided by clients
POROTHERM BRICKS • • • •
Perforated clay bricks Structure + Insulation Kiln fired to 900oC for 6-36hours Less water use compared to concrete blocks
CONCRETE • • • • •
Cast on site and Precast Floor slabs and foundation Cement manufacture is energy intensive Steel has high embodied energy Overall process very water intensive
GLASS • • •
In the form of triple-glaze windows with argon filling Made with sodium carbonate and calcium carbonate Mixture heated to 1400oC, then cooled with tin
LIMESTONE • • •
Lime plaster on all walls Occurs naturally: millions of years of compression Locally mined and thermally decomposed at 850 oC
EXTRUDED POLYSTYRENE WOOD
Material study
Building assemblies and their specifications
1 Sandstone parapet 2 Roof finish 3 Brickwork 4 Lime plaster 5 Soft inlay 6 Brick joint
7 In-situ concrete 8 Pre-stressed concrete ceiling panel 9 Window sill, sandstone 10 Recessed ledge, sandstone 11 Staggered horizontal joint
12 Structural brick 13 Insulating brick 14 Facade trench 15 Sheet steel 16 Pile foundation
Documented inventory Building system
Item code
Building subsystem
Location
Specific characteristics of Haus 2226
Tally inputs
B.3.1.1
Insulation masonry wall
Runs along the periphery of the entire building and upto all six floors
Wienerberger make Porotherm 38 Hi N+F, 38cm thick, 650 kg/m3 density
Perlite filled clay block, Poroton EPD
Mass of Assembly Service Life
60 779,179.10
Exterior Walls
B.3.1.2
Structural masonry wall
Runs along the periphery of the entire building and upto all six floors
Wienerberger make Porotherm 38 N+F, 38 cm thick, 747kg/m3 density
Perlite filled clay block, Poroton EPD
B.3.1.3
Mortar joint
Used as adhesive between two masonry blocks horizontally and vertically
1.9 cm thick, Cement mortar with hemp for tensile strength
Lime mortar (Mortar type K)
B.3.1.4
Lime plaster
Used for interior and exterior finishes throughout the wall surfaces
External: 2.5cm thick, Internal: 1.25cm Stucco, portland cement thick
B.3.1.5
Parapet finish
Along the parapet cap
Sandstone capping, 8 cm thick
151,267.60
60
124,869.40
60
B.3.1.5
Glass Window
Glass= 22,282.80 Triple glazed low-E with argon filling Glazing, monolithic sheet, safety Argon = 54.5 between glass layers; U value___ 16% glass; Argon gas for IGU; Low-e Low-E coating= of total wall area coating (for glazing) 891.3
B.3.1.6
Window Frame
Silver fir wooden frame
Envelope
Windows
Doors
60
Located on exterior faรงade on all sides B.3.1.7
Automatic Ventialtion Panel
Oak wood window panel with rigid insulation packed in between
B.3.1.8
Window lintel
Brick mould with reinforced cement conrete filling
B.3.1.9
Window sill
Sandstone, concaved to hold water
B.3.1.10
Exterior Door
On the ground floor facade, one door on each side
Oak wood door with rigid insulation packed in between
40
Domestic softwood, US, AWC EPD
13,580.50
30
Domestic softwood, US, AWC EPD
6,913.00
60
Documented inventory Item code
Building subsystem
Location
Specific characteristics of Haus 2226
Tally inputs
Mass of Assembly
Service Life
B.3.2.1
Cast-in place slab
Over the floor plates of five floors- cast over precast slab
Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC); 20cm thick with steel rebar
Structural concrete, 3001-4000 psi, 30-39% fly ash
1,561,585.90
60
B.3.2.2
Precast slab
At the floor levels of five floors
15 cm thick; with steel reinforcement
Structural concrete, 4001-5000 psi, 30-39% fly ash
1,204,651.7 kg
60
Insulation
B.3.2.3
Insulation
Along the periphery of all floor plates at floor-wall junctions
10cm thick rigid insulation; extruded polystyrene (XPS); R-5 per inch
Extruded polystyrene (XPS), board
717.8
60
Floor finish
B.3.2.4
Floor finish
Top layer on the floor slab
10cm thick, material details unknown
Slabs
B.3.3.1
Foundation slab
Covering the building footprint at the ground level
RCC; 30cm thick with steel rebar
Structural concrete, 3001-4000 psi, 30-39% fly ash
208,455.00
60
B.3.3.2
Foundation wall
Along the perimeter of the building at ground level
RCC; 35 cm thick and 35cm deep
Structural concrete, 4001-5000 psi, 30-39% fly ash
160,808.10
60
B.3.3.3
Sheet steel
Along the periphery of foundation wall
60cm deep
Insulation
B.3.3.4
Insulation
Along the slab and wall periphery at the bottom
30cm horizontal, 15 cm vertical thick rigid insulation; extruded polystyrene (XPS); R-5 per inch
Extruded polystyrene (XPS), board
13,796.00
50
Footing
B.3.3.5
Precast piles
Driven into the earth
30cm x 30cm precast concrete piles; depth ___ '___"
Structural concrete, 4001-5000 psi, 30-39% fly ash
170,525.30
60
Building system
Slabs
Floors
Wall Foundation
Documented inventory
Specific characteristics of Haus 2226
Tally inputs
Mass of Assembly Service Life
Cast-in place slab Along the floor plate cast over precast slab
Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC); 20cm thick with steel rebar
Steel, reinforcing rod
9,012.80
B.3.4.2
Precast slab
At the roof level
15 cm thick; with steel reinforcement
Structural concrete, 4001-5000 psi, 393,105.20 30-39% fly ash
60
Insulation
B.3.4.3
Insulation
Above roof slab
45 cm thick rigid insulation; extruded polystyrene (XPS); R-5 per inch
Extruded polystyrene (XPS), board
14,612.10
50
Roof finish
B.3.4.4
Roof finish
Top layer of the roof slab
Round grain gravel
B.3.5.1
Structural masonry wall
As per the building drawings
Wienerberger make Porotherm 25 - 38 Brick N+F, 25 cm thick, 798 kg/m3 density
368,657.10
60
Interior Walls B.3.5.2
Mortar joint
Used as adhesive between two masonry blocks horizontally and vertically
1.9 cm thick, Cement mortar with hemp for tensile strength
Lime mortar (Mortar type K)
62,646.20
60
B.3.5.3
Lime plaster
Used for interior and exterior finishes throughout the wall surfaces
1.25 cm thick on both sides
Stucco, portland cement
105,068.90
60
Interior Doors
B.3.5.4
Interior Doors
As per the building drawings
Oak wood doors
Domestic softwood, US, AWC EPD
3,755.10
30
Staircase
B.3.5.5
Interior Staircase 2 sets of stairs connecting all floors
Oakwood treads
Red oak lumber, 2 inch
4,379.50
50
Building system
Item code
Building subsystem
B.3.4.1
Location
60
Slabs
Roof
Interior
Impact assessment: TRACI categories Acidification
Impact Categories
Eutrophication
Units
Global Warming
kg CO₂eq
Acidification Potential
kg SO₂eq
Eutrophication Potential
kg Neq
Smog Formation
kg O₃eq
Ozone Depletion
kg CFC-11eq
Primary Energy Use(MJ)
MJ
Non-renewable Energy (MJ)
MJ
Renewable Energy
MJ
Global Warming
Ozone Depletion
Whole building embodied energy and GHG emissions
Embodied energy (only Product stage)
6291.7
MJ/m2
Life cycle embodied energy
7566.43
MJ/m2
Embodied GHG emissions(Cradle to gate)
553.07
kgCO2eq
Life cycle embodied GHG emissions
603.04
kgCO2eq
Material wise impact assessment
• Across most of the impact categories, the value of CONCRETE is the greatest.
But wait! These characterized results don’t tell the whole story.
Material wise impact assessment Normalizing the results Row Labels
Acidification Potential Total (kgSO2eq/kg)
Eutrophication Potential Total (kgNeq/kg)
Global Warming Potential Total (kgCO2eq/kg)
Ozone Depletion Potential Total (CFC-11eq/kg)
Smog Formation Potential Total (kgO3eq/kg)
Primary Energy Demand Total (MJ/kg)
Concrete
0.000521643
4.14962E-05
0.196428004
3.36371E-14
0.011697785
1.794205667
Steel in Concrete
0.006832704
0.000200105
1.374561479
-4.61264E-09
0.079609824
19.838253
Brick
0.000439271
3.82801E-05
0.221906481
1.50883E-09
0.00902288
3.39809967
Wood
0.00490508
0.000776133
-0.204754013
1.62785E-08
0.050995872
18.24642589
Glass
0.012849102
0.000563548
1.506610803
9.97578E-13
0.192924778
21.9229774
Extruded polystyrene (XPS)
0.005225
0.000631
2.714
1.26809E-12
0.10003
85.454
Finishes
0.000681665
4.6866E-05
0.44091899
5.13981E-14
0.014939964
3.29298779
Normalized Results • Normalized per unit mass (kg) and per unit usable floor area (m2) • Smog formation potential (kgO3eq/kg – Glass - NOx emissions • G l o b a l W a r m i n g P o t e n t i a l ( kgCO2eq/kg) – XPS - HCFCs • A c i d i f i c a t i o n Pot e n t i a l Tot a l ( k g S O 2 e q ) / k g – G l a s s – S O x emissions • Concrete (Impact categories/m2)- largest contributor –across categories • Cement and Steel
• Parameter/Data uncertainty • Concrete specifications • Tra nspor t ation data • Model Completeness Uncertainty • System boundary – Use phase excluded • Tally-GaBi- Master Database – avoids cutoff/truncation • Model Representativeness Uncertainty • L C I S o u r c e s i n Ta l l y e n t r i e s – s p a t i a l – U.S. b a s e d • LCI Sources in Tally entries – temporal – over 2014-2017 • T R A CI L C I A C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n – U.S. s p e c i f i c
Uncertainty and Sensitivity analysis (In concrete)
Base scenario
High
Low
Fly ash content
30-39%
40-49%
10-19%
Steel reinforcement
Moderate
High
Low