JEALOUS CITY
TRISTAN BROADWAY DESIGN THESIS
STUDIO 12
01 02 03 04 05 06
EXPLORING HYPOTHESIS 01 RESEARCH + DEVELOPMENT 14 CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT 36 SKETCH DESIGN 52 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 69 RESOLVED DESIGN 115
01
01
EXPLORING HYPOTHESIS
THESIS STATEMENT
Once associated with images of famine, urbanisation and rapid economic development has left Ethiopia’s capital Addis Ababa struggling to adequately house it’s growing population. As inner city land values increased, the government began removing urban poor from central locations and providing them with replacement housing in urban f ringes. However, the burden of associated expenses and lost income opportunities, places this compensation beyond the reach of the population’s most vulnerable residents. Without means of accessing adequate housing, the question becomes, can lessons f rom ‘incremental upscaling’ inform an accessible, low-cost architectural response that ensures resettlement sites better facilitate the desires of government, and the needs of the most at risk?
[109 words]
01 02
WHY ASK THE QUESTION? UN-Habitat asserts that the right to adequate housing that provides security, peace and dignity, is universal (OHCHR, 2009). Although Ethiopia’s Integrated Housing Development Programme (IHDP) aimed to improve living standards amongst the urban poor, replacement housing provided in Addis Ababa is also inadequate (Rollnik et al, 2011). Despite the IHDP having positive aspects, many residents were left worse off or reluctant to participate (Rollnik et al, 2011). Though affordability and accessibility issues are significant, one of the key concerns is the aspect of resettlement which moves families from established homes to alternative parts of the city (Tiumelissan, Pankhurst, 2013). Acting against the people it intends to serve, this process hasn’t been adequately facilitated and will only further marginalize people it not amended.
MANIFESTATION OF THE ISSUE Symptomatic of urbanisation occurring across Africa, Ethiopia is in the midst of an intense economic and spatial transformation. Though the economy began to grow during the 1990s, the last decade has seen Ethiopia become one of the worlds fastest growing economies with the growth of Gross Domestic Product reaching 10% (Shiferaw, 2017). A result of increased Foreign Direct Investment and an improving manufacturing sector, this supports an effort to become a middle income population by 2025 (EIC, 2017). Most obvious in Addis Ababa where it manifests as increased employment opportunities, this rapid growth accelerated internal migration, and pushed the population growth rate above 3% (Angelil, Hebel, 2010). This influx of people and commerce generated a tension between needing land for private investment and one of the largest users of land, slum and Kebele communities (Abebe, Hesselberg, 2013). Without intervention these informal settlements would continue to grow, exacerbating an existing lack of affordable housing and impeding development, so in response the Ethiopian government implemented a new housing strategy in the mid-2000s (Angelil, Hebel, 2010)(Larsen et al, 2019). 02 03
Launched in 2004, the ambitious Integrated Housing Development Plan (IHDP) aimed to reduce slum areas in Addis Ababa by 50% with a view to repurposing recouped land (Rollnik et al, 2011). This stood to impact 80% of the city’s residents who live in substandard housing, 50% of whom live below the poverty line (Angelil, Hebel, 2010). Though the IHDP was a nation-wide program, it’s efforts were most concentrated in Addis Ababa where 78000 condominium based units had been constructed by mid-2010 (Refer Figure 01) (Rollnik et al, 2011). The construction of condominium housing occurred largely in brownfield and unoccupied city fringe sites (Refer Figure 02), attempting to relocate people into the urban periphery (Abebe, Hesselberg, 2013). Though the IHDP arguably offered residents a better standard of shelter and fostered economic growth by freeing up land for private investment (Abebe, Hesselberg, 2013), these benefits are outweighed by the impacts they had on displaced and resettled residents.
Figure 01 / / Typlical condominium developments Source: (Addis Ababa City Govt., 2018) (Google Earth, 2019)
03 04
N Open Land
Agricultural Areas
Figure 02 / / Condominium developments plotted against predominant land use in urban periphery Source: (Bisrat-Kie, 2018)
04 05
0
2km
Condominium Developments
4km
10km
REQUIRING A RESPONSE While 24% of resettled condominium residents have found the move highly beneficial (UN-HABITAT, 2017), issues including affordability, responsiveness and resettlement locations indicate a failure to provide adequate low-cost housing.
Despite numerous cost-cutting measures that brought construction costs down dramatically, over 80% of low and middle-income earners can’t afford the down-payment, while 60% can’t afford monthly repayments (Tiumelissan, Pankhurst, 2013). Some who can’t afford repayments, lease the units to wealthier people and return to live in slum housing, while others pool money together amongst families to secure a unit resulting in overcrowdedness (Rollnik et al, 2011).
Should households be able to afford condominium units, they’re locked in to standardised layouts that are far f rom responsive. There rigidity fails to accommodate home-based enterprising, meaning many families have to forego an income source (Abebe, Hesselberg, 2013). Further to this, the disproportionate provision of varying unit sizes is not aligned with common household compositions (Refer Figure 03) (CSA, 2016), and can impede natural growth and development of households (Rollnik et al, 2011).
People/Family
1
2
3
Bedrooms/Unit
4
5 6 7+
18% 19% 18% 15% 13%
9%
1
2
62%
30%
3 8%
8% Household Composition in Addis Ababa Number of People per Family
Number of Bedrooms per Unit in IHDP constructed units *Studio and 1 Bedroom Units Combined
Figure 03 / / Household Composition vs distribution of apartments Source: (CSA, 2016)(Rollnik et al, 2011)
05 06
KM 20
KM 16
KM 12
M 8K
M 4K
N Unemployment 20-25%
Unemployment 10-19%
Unemployment 0-9%
0
2km
4km Condominium Developments
Figure 04 / / Unemployment amongst Addis Ababa sub-cities, plotted against IHDP condominium locations Source: (Larsen et al, 2019)
Compounding these issues, relocation from Addis Ababa’s heart to its urban fringes presents major barriers to employment. Often pushed 15-20kms east or south of the city, many of these condominium sites are located in areas already experiencing high rates of unemployment (Refer Figure 04) (Abebe, Hesselberg, 2013). The mass relocation of people who may not be able to access previous employment will only exacerbate this, further reducing employment accessibility (Tiumelissan, Pankhurst, 2013). 06 07
10km
For these reasons, the program falls short of providing adequate low-cost housing as it was intended. The government has acknowledged this by exploring alternative construction methods and materials in the past (Rollnik et al, 2011), however, to properly achieve the IHDP’s lofty targets, a complete reimagination of these resettlement sites is required.
FRAMING A RESPONSE Advocates for the impoverished promote that a willingness to learn from the past is crucial in responding to resettlement issues (UN-Habitat, 2010).
The in
location urban
reminiscent
of
fringes of
condominium is
sites
unintentionally
Ebenezer
Howard’s
Garden City (Refer Figure 05), which proposed that creating satellite cities can forge complementary benefits (Gatarić et al, 2019), This perhaps suggests that Addis Ababa’s isolated sites have the potential to become socially and economically generative secondary cities.
Figure 05 / / Ebenezer Howard’s Garden City of To-morrow Source: http://urbanplanning.library.cornell.edu/DOCS/howard.htm
Beyond their place in the city, Oscar Newman’s experience at Pruitt-Igoe reminds us that these sites must also perform for occupants. To do so, spaces need to respond to cultural context and the human scale, risking misuse and becoming amorphous if they fail to (Cisneros, 1996).
Aside from theory and large-scale projects, much can be learnt from understanding the successful aspects of informal settlements. This line of thinking has popularized 07 08
‘incremental housing’ and ‘upscaling’ as it’s affordable and is more responsive than formalised models (Goethert, 2014). Explored contextually by the laFargeHolcim foundation (Refer Figure 06), this design avenue offers flexibility and culturally sensitive opportunities (Paola, 2012). The notion of sensitivity also providing an avenue of exploration, with architects such as Francis Kéré exploring the impact that somewhat modest architecture can have on communities. His work (Refer Figure 07) suggesting that there is a ‘necessary’ beauty to architecture - an interesting provocation given the economically trying circumstances this thesis is aimed towards combating.
Figure 6 / / Low-cost modular housing designed and constructed in Addis Ababa, ‘half housing’ accounting for restrained technologies and using local materials and labour Source: (Paola, 2012)
Figure 7 / / Ganrdo Primary School by Francis Kéré Source: (Paola, 2012) Source: (Naido, 2010)
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THE RESPONSE
Preliminary research suggests that addressing Addis Ababa’s resettlement sites would require an architectural response that redeďŹ nes their affordability, responsiveness and ability to nurture communities. These elements will be explored with incremental upgrading in mind and with a particular interest in linking architecture and humility in contexts such as these. Together, these will serve as a platform to reinvent resettlement sites, creating a new, highly accessible housing model that could be implemented across the urban fringe resettlement sites that now litter Addis Ababa.
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REFERENCES Addis Ababa City Government. (2018). Bole Arabsa Condominium. Retrieved from: http://www.addisababa.gov.et/tr/web/guest/-/bole-arabsa-condominium [accessed 17 August 2019]
Abebe, G & Hesselberg, J. 2013, Implications of Urban Development-Induced Resettlement on Poor Households in Addis Ababa, Ghana Journal of Geography, vol. 5, pp. 33-50.
Angelil, M. Hebel, D. 2010. Cities of Change: Addis Ababa: Transformation strategies
for urban territories in the 21st Century. Birkhauser. Accessed 14 August 2019. Retrieved
from
https://search-ebscohost-com.ezp.lib.unimelb.edu.au/login.
aspx?direct=true&db=cat00006a&AN=melb.b3351005&site=eds-live&scope=site
Bisrat-Kifle, A. Gizaw Mengistu, T. Hendrik Stoffberg, G. Tsegaye, T. (2018). Influence of urbanization-driven land use/cover change on climate: The case of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C. 105, 212-223. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.pce.2018.02.009
Cisneros, H. (1996). Defensible Space: Deterring Crime and Building Community.
Cityscape, A Collection of Essays. US Department of Housing and Urban Development, 15-33.
Retrieved
from:
https://www-jstor-org.ezp.lib.unimelb.edu.au/stable/
pdf/20868434.pdf?ab_segments=0%252Fdefault-2%252Fcontrol&refreqid=excelsior% 3Aa44f783abf430cf9ee07d67950e0830b [accessed 16 August 2019]
Central Statistical Agency (CSA). (2016). Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey
2016. Maryland, USE: CSA and ICF. Retrieved from: https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/ FR328/FR328.pdf [accessed 15 August 2019]
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Ethiopian Investment Commission (EIC). (2017). Investment Opportunities and Policies in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa. Accessed 13 August 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.jetro. go.jp/ext_images/world/africa/seminar_reports/pdf/20160303/s8.pdf
Gatarić, D. Belij, M, Đerčan, B. Filipović, D. (2019). The origin and development of Garden cities: An overview. University of Belgrade - Faculty of Geography, Belgrade, 33-43. doi:10.5937/zrgfub1901033G
Garden Cities of To-morrow. Retrieved from: http://urbanplanning.library.cornell.edu/ DOCS/howard.htm [accessed 20 July 2019]
Goethert, Dr. R. (2014, April 22). Richard Goethert - Incremental Housing [Video file]. Retrieved from: https://unhabitat.org/incremental-housing-the-new-site-servicesreinhard-goethert-massachusetts-institute-of-technology/
Google Earth. (2019). [Condominium Housing in Bole, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia]. Retrieved
August
17,
2019,
from:
https://www.google.com/maps/place/
Bole,+Addis+Ababa,+Ethiopia/@9.0122055,38.8924873,527m/
Larsen, L. Kumelachew, Y. Tilahun, M. Sisay, S. Hayal, D. (2019). The Impact of Rapid Urbanization and Public Housing Development on Urban Form and Density in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Land, 8(4), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/land8040066
Naidoo, R. (2010). Diebedo Francis Kere at Small Scale, Big Change. https://www. designboom.com/architecture/diebedo-francis-kere-at-small-scale-big-changenew-architectures-of-social-engagement-exhibition
Paola, V. 2012. Low-cost Modular Housing Scheme. Retrieved from: https://www. architectureindevelopment.org/project.php?id=210 [accessed 17 August 2019] 11 12
REFERENCES CONT. Shiferaw, A. (2017). Productive Capacity and Economic Growth in Ethiopia, CDP No. 34. 5. Retrieved from: https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/ sites/45/publication/CDP-bp-2017-34.pdf [accessed 13 August 2019]
Rollnik, R. French, M. Daltrop, E. (2011). Condominium Housing in Ethiopia: The
Integrated Housing Development Programme. Germany: German National Library.
United Nations OďŹƒce of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). 2009.
Fact Sheet No.21/Rev 1, Human Rights: The Right to Adequate Housing. Retrieved from:
https://unhabitat.org/the-right-to-adequate-housing-fact-sheet-no-21rev-1/
[accessed 14 August 2019]
Tiumelissan, A. Pankhurst, A. (2013). Moving to Condominium Housing? Views about the Prospect among Caregivers and Children in Addis Ababa and Hawassa, Ethiopia.
Young Lives: An International Study of Childhood Poverty. 106, 1-54. Retrieved from: https://www.younglives.org.uk/sites/www.younglives.org.uk/ďŹ les/wp106-pankurstmoving-to-condominiums%20.pdf [accessed 14 August 2019]
United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat). (2010). Innovative
Approaches for Involuntary Resettlement. Sri Lanka: UN-Habitat. Retrieved from: https://unhabitat.org/books/innovative-approaches-for-involuntary-resettlement/ [accessed 20 July 2019]
UN-Habitat. (2017). The State of Addis Ababa 2017: The Addis Ababa we want. Nairobi,
Kenya:UN-Habitat. Retrieved from: https://unhabitat.org/books/the-state-of-addisababa-2017-the-addis-ababa-we-want/ [accessed 16 August 2019]
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02
14
RESEARCH + DEVELOPMENT
03
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CONCEPT DEVELOPNENT
Condominium Construction Process
Traditionally “the physical form of Ethiopian housing has been dominated by single stoey construction.”
Overview
Componentry
Construction efficiency has been one of the core goals sought out by the Ethiopian Institute of Architecture. In an effort to reduce construction costs to the bare minimum they’ve studied processes from procurement, to waste reduction and design to generate said efficieny.
Adopting use of precast concrete elements has cut construction costs dramatically - up to 30% in cases. Pre-cast elements used include beams, floor slabs and even internal stairs. Condominium Blocks are constructed from a frame of reinforced concrete, a mix of in-situ and pre-cast elements.
Nearly everything is sourced from within Ethiopia, which has generated commercial opportunities for local business, while a conscious effort has been made to reduce the number of imported items - such as window frames from China.
Internal Partitions: A lightweight material made up of fillers, binders and reinforcing agents, Agrostone Panels (above) reduce the cost of partition walls by up to 50%. At times critised for having substandard for sub-conrtactors using sub standard fixtures and fittings.
There is a focus on pre-cast and onsite production technologies, however, Hollow Block Concrete was at one stage the most prevalent building material in the countrcost of cement has left local cement producers unable to fulfill demand and in order to continue a surge in housing construction, new non-cement reliant building products need to be explored.
Not Only About Architecture. (2015). Addis Ababa: Ambitious Housing Programme to Half Slum Areas by 2020. [online] Available at: https://www.patriciasendin.com/2015/04/addis-ababa-ambitious-housing-programme.html [Accessed 30 Aug. 2019].
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Condominium Construction Process
Factors Reducing Costs
Key Notes
Modularity helps standardise construction processes, allowing repitition and reducing the need to alter materials during builds
Studio and 1-bed units are sold lower than individual construction costs while 2 and 3-bed units are sold high than their construction cost to create a level of parity.
Improving material technologies
and
process
based MWUD are responsible for purchasing all construction materials in bulk - at low prices
Reducing level of internal finishes. eg: plastering, tiling, floor screed, wall paper and painting
Government looking to Chinese inititives as a precedent for using pre-cast elements fitted with windows to reduce cost and construction time.
Height of construction: units below five stories traditionally avoided the need for mechanical lifts Attention payed to reducing material wastage Reduced site transport and encouragement of onsite labour-intensive production.
Govt. has investigated the possibility of increasing the use of local construction techniques and materials. Also promoting investment into national production of cement, glass and iron. Desire to find alternatives to cement for partition walls as shortages cause delays
Use of simple construction tools, reduce need for machinery where possible.
Challenge is to increase quality without reducing quantity or increasing costs
Rollnik, R. French, M. Daltrop, E. (2011). Condominium Housing in Ethiopia: The Integrated Housing Development Programme. Germany: German National Library.
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Material Study // Adobe Brick
“The goal must be to give all strata of the population, also the stratum with very low incomes, the possibility to get affordable and decent dwellings”
Overview
Key Notes
Though traditional Ethiopian housing often used timber (usually local Eucalyptus) to create a structure’s framework, escalating deforestation has caused somewhat of a timber shortage. In combination with it’s inability to build upwards - it’s clear that new material technologies are needed to help house Addis Ababa’s gowing population.
In order to be durable, earth block walls require proper foundationing and suitable surface covering (top right). eg: plastering, but also roof overhangs to protect against the effects of rain.
Adobe Bricks (bottom right) are low cost, sun-dried blocks made of soil and often straw, and can usually be produced using local materials. In addition, very little equipment is needed, bar “simple forms needed for block-making”.
Special attention must be given to details such as the roof overhang, door and window fastenings and how the roof is anchored to walls. In this sense - the workind population would have to be educated about the processes involved (above).
This type of block is easy to produce, making the technique accessible and giving it potential to be “the property of everybody”.
Doesn’t perform well as a primary building material in areas with high levels of seismic activity.
Though using Adobe Blocks represent a non traditional construction method, it is one born our of necessity, and was seen to be occuring in the Great Rift Valley, which was at one point experiencing a shortage of suitable timber (Hjort, Widen, 2015).
There are some notable disadvantages to acknowledge. If it were to be adopted, a major hurdle to it’s implementation would be overcoming a reluctance towards the idea of living in a ‘mud house’ and the associated stigma.
Dwellers of such housing note that interior climates are quite comfortable.
Hjort, B. (2015). Introduction of Sustainable Low-cost Housing in Ethiopia - an Innovation Diffusion Perspective. Sweden: Halmstad University. Hjort, B. Sendabo, T. (2007). Adobe Technology - A possible Solution to Urban Housing Problems in Ethiopia. CIB World Building Congress 2007
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Material Study // Adobe Brick
Kießling, D. (2017, November 30). Adobe in Ethiopia: A Film by Denise Kießling.[video] Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S8sAWBlIjqM
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Material Study // Agrostone
“Since the cost of building materials accounts for the largest proportion of the overall construction cost, innovating low-cost building material is vital”
Overview
Key Notes
It’s estimated that the cost of building materials account for up to “70% of standard low income formal housing units”.
Agrostone is comprised of agricultural and/or industrial wastes as well as fillers and magnesium based binding and reinforcing elements.
Ethiopia has an abundance of natural resources that are underutilized as the nation relies heavily on importing materials and technologies.
Components used to produce Agrostone are context specific, with those used in Addas Ababa listed below:
Most commonly chosen as a product when a country has easily available raw materials, Agrostone has been used extensively in China, and has recently been explored throughout many Condominium projects. It’s currently popular in Addis Ababa, used mainly for partition walls as well as ancillary works as it’s a relatively cheap, raw, lightweight alternative material.
Agrostone is very cost effective to produce, reducing the cost of partition walls by nearly 50%. It also doesn’t require finishing or sealing with plaster and reduces the use of water during construction. Construction limited to non load bearing and largely internal walls (unless adequately protected).
Melaku, A. (2009). Design and Development of Cost Efficient Houses: The Challenges and Prospects of Affordability. Retrieved from: http://www.hdm.lth.se/fileadmin/hdm/alumni/papers/SDD_2009_242b/Melaku_Mohammed_-_Ethiopia.pdf Taffese, W. (2012). Low-Cost Eco-Friendly Building Material: A Case Study in Ethiopia. International Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering. 6(2), 183-187. Retrieved from: https://waset.org/publications/7965/low-cost-eco-friendly-building-material-a-case-study-in-ethiopia
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Precedent
HABITAT 67 Safdie Arhictects Originally intended as an experimental solution for high quality housing, Habitat 67 explored the bounds of prefabricated units as a means of reducing costs. Constructed from 354 identical prefab units, the modules were stacked in barying combinations to create it’s form. Doing so allowed Safdie to break away from the traditional othogonal highrise typology
ArchDaily. AD Classics: Habitat 67 / Safdie Architects. 2013. https://www.archdaily.com/404803/ad-classics-habitat-67-moshe-safdie?ad_medium=gallery
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Precendent
EMPOWER SHACK Urban Think Tank Aiming to combat the social isolation that often come with the modernist megablock, Empower Shack seeks to cater for natural diversity of user requirements. Beyond this, the project aims to offer an includsive distribution of public space, deliver basic services and facilitate pursuits such as microďŹ nancing. Interestingly, through surveying and digital conception processes, UTT plans to offer a more purposeful approach to plot allocation, fostering existing relationships - rather than disregarding them.
Block, I. (2017). Urban-Think Tank Develops Low-cost Housing for South African Slum. Retrieved from: https://www.dezeen.com/2017/12/28/empower-shack-urban-think-tank-low-cost-housing-khayelitsha-south-africa/
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Precendent
GANDO TEACHER’S HOUSING Kéré Architecture A study of unitised living that is realised through localalised community efforts. Modest construction methods, accessible to all to create an inherent, necessary beauty that aligns with a projects future use.
Materia. Benga Riverside. Retrieved from: https://materiainc.com/international-communities/benga-riverside/
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Target Profile
Profile 01 Name: Ato Shewalem Age: Mid 20s Occupation: Street Vendor (shoe shining, sweets, tissues, phone cards) Situation: Unable to continue his education, began street vending as a source of income. In order to support his family, has had to move away to be locations he can sell his goods. Finds himself living with two friends, also informal traders, so as to share living expenses. Any money left over after his expenses is sent back to his family in other part of Addis Ababa
Profile 02 Name: [Beep] Age: 30 years old Occupation: Carpenter Situation: Migrated to Addis Ababa 15 years ago and began work as a day labourer. Despite a gradually increasing income, [Beep] is forced to build is own ‘moonlight hut’ in the urban periphery as he cannot afford to buy land from the city formally. It is much cheaper to buy land from a farmer and live informally
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04
52
SKETCH DESIGN
Low-cost Construction Methods
“I think design's great project in the 21st century is the democratization of production� Bamboo Construction Ethiopia is one of the largest bamboo growing regions in Africa, with the countries central and western areas receiving enough rain to support growth. Nationally, only 15-20% of Bamboo is used for construction however the process is growing and supporting some communities who cultivate it as well as opening up commercial opporntunities. In combination with other elements, it could be used as a structural component to reduce material costs of more common materials.
Kassa, B. (2009). Bamboo: An alternative Building Material for Urban Ethiopia (Masters Thesis). Retrieved from: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/545c/dabec92b5dda0fb62bab089ffa6b14f8de07.pdf
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Precedent
“she proudly surveys the bamboo shelter in Kobe camp that her family moved into last year. "My children are safer here," she says contentedly. "I can now lock the windows and the door."”
KOBE REFUGEE CAMP Ethiopia Bamboo used to aid in rapid construction of mass housing in Ethiopia’s south. Vernacular in nature, the construction technique is highly accessible in terms of on-going repairs and extremely low-cost for organisers. More temporary structures used for shared facilities such as toilets.
UNHCR. (2013). Refugees in Ethiopia choose their own housing - and create jobs. Retrieved from: https://www.unrefugees.org/news/refugees-in-ethiopia-choose-their-own-housing-and-create-jobs/
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Project Phasing
CONCEPT DIAGRAM
+
+
STAGE 1
STAGE 2
STAGE 3a
Improved access to sanitation facilities. toilets/washing etc
Provision of temporary public facility through standardised bamboo construction
Xȁ˛ǶǶǞȁǐ ƦƊǿƦȌȌ ƧȌȁȺɈȲɐƧɈǞȌȁ template to create rapid, accessible, basic housing
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Č
Project Phasing
+
STAGE 3b
STAGE 3c
Conversion from initial temporary housing to permanent housing module
Permanent low-cost housing
STAGE 1 SITE SE 60
0
10m
20m
05
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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
Study - Francis Kéré
Francis Kéré: Radically Simple “The architecture of a man like Kéré is not classifiable; it is constantly evolving further, as a living thing always reacts to new surroundings” “Kéré followed the same fundamental principles, which he utilized in his previous projects in Burkina Faso. He also used locally-sourced building materials and on-site production methods without any heavy machinery, employed and trained about 100 bykinabe in the construction, and applied low-tech design methods to provide natural ventilation within the building.” “To understand the buildings erected there, one must see them through two pairs of eyes at once; on one hand, the eyes of one rooted in the culture and social structures of Kérés native Burkina Faso, and, on the other, those of someone who can translate everything he has learned about ecological building...back into the context of his homeland”
Kéré, D. F., Lepik, A., & Beygo, A. (2016). Francis Kéré: Radically Simple. Hatje Cantz. Retrieved from https://search-ebscohost-com.ezp.lib.unimelb.edu.au/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cat00006a&AN=melb.b6425760&site=eds-live&scope=site
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Study - Francis Kéré
Francis Kéré: Practical Aesthetics “The work of Kéré - which undoubtedly also teaches how to intervene in precarious environments, using scarce resources with strategic intelligence and empowering communities through participation in decisions and construction - offers a more general view of the substance of architecture that is pertinent in environments different from his own...this is what we call necessary beauty” “Both the limitations of vernacular constructions and the distortions caused by imported techniques point to the importance of creating a working hybrid between tradition and modernity.” Beauty based on an economy of needs
Fernández-Galiano, L. (2018). Francis Kéré: Practical Aesthetics. Arquitectura Viva SL. Retrieved from https://search-ebscohost-com.ezp.lib.unimelb.edu.au/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cat00006a&AN=melb.b6539145&site=eds-live&scope=site
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Precedent
PRIMARY SCHOOL Gando // Francis Kere Responding to localized needs in an underserved community, this school built in 1999 with built considering climatic comfort, traditional techniqures and the availability of local materials and labour. Three classrooms are separated by covered, open space which is used to classes and play.
Naidoo, R. (2010). Diebedo Francis Kere at Small Scale, Big Change. https://www.designboom.com/architecture/diebedo-francis-kere-at-small-scale-big-change-new-architectures-of-social-engagement-exhibition
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Precedent
LYCEE SCHORGE SCHOOL Koudougou //
Francis Kere
Use of locally-sourced materials in an innovative and modern way in the region. Designed with climatic conditions in mind, it’s radial layout wraps around a central courtyard creating privacy but also shelter from wind and dust. It aimed to serve as a catalyst for the inspiration of students, staff and the surrounding community, aiming to foster creativity and have a long lasting impact.
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Research - Generating Community
LYCEE SECONDARY SCHOOL Kéré Architecture Singular central communal space Access to central area becomes crucial Maintains structural regularity while from softens space Views in vs views out, how do you orientate space and occupiable internal areas
NOOMDO ORPHANAGE Kéré Architecture Maintains modularity and creates central communal space Mix of large communal space and smaller communal spaces in between buildings Secondary spaces can serve less public functions
Archdaily. (2017). Lycee Secondary School. Retrieved from: https://www.dezeen.com/2018/03/29/photography-alvaro-siza-saal-bouca-social-housing-porto KEREArchitecture. (2016). Noomdo Orphanage. Retrieved from: http://www.kere-architecture.com/projects/noomdo-orphanage/
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Research - Condominium Communal facilities
Existing ground oor communal facilities in Bole Summit Addis Ababa.
Communal facilities left in disrepair at Mikili Condominium site, Addis Ababa
Use Provision of communal buildings were an attempt to respond to the cultural needs of residents Function of communal building is to provide protected space for residents to perform tasks such as washing, cooking, and the slaughtering of animals Typically freestanding structures
Key Issues InsufďŹ cient monitoring and post-occupation management of communal facilities Post-occupancy maintenance of service ďŹ ttings such as toilets, showers, sinks, left to residents Often left in disrepair and become underutilized
Rollnik, R. French, M. Daltrop, E. (2011). Condominium Housing in Ethiopia: The Integrated Housing Development Programme. Germany: German National Library.
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Research - Condominium Communal facilities
All Condominium sites are connected to the city’s sewer network - use this as to piggy back water connection to new low-cost housing that surrounds condominiums
Mobilise population without access to what is widely recognised as better sanitary facilities
Must offer residents moving from Kebele Housing a level of improved living conditions if government is going to help entice them away from traditional Kebele Housing
Heisel, F. (2016). Lessons of Informality: Architecture and Urban Planning for Emerging Territories. Addis Ababa: Birkhäuser
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Precedent
“We aim to build projects that improve the lives for people in difficult situations...we hope that our projects can have an impact beyond the physical structures�
SAFE HAVEN BATH HOUSE TYIN Tegnestue An insight into more modest architectural ideas, the desire not to create attractive cover images, but simple, effective and usable solutions.
ArchDaily. (2009). Safe Haven Bath House. Retrieved from: https://www.archdaily.com/29116/safe-haven-bath-house-tyin-tegnestue
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Precedent
Recycled Tires Used to Form Sinks. Modesty in architecture is an interesting concept. What impact does aesthetic appeal generate in communities? A solution that looks abnormal, but is functional, facilitative, and above all else - usefule, not as beautiful as a pristinely considered and designed architectural solution?
ArchDaily. (2009). Safe Haven Bath house. Retrieved from: https://www.archdaily.com/29116/safe-haven-bath-house-tyin-tegnestue
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RESOLVED DESIGN
MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE TRISTAN BROADWAY 982569