M OD U L AR FLOAT I N G AI R P ORT rethinking future airport experience & systems through adaptive floating modules
TRUMAN NG Master of Architecture Singapore University of Technology & Design Thesis_September 2019
CONTE NTS
Ab st r ac t | 01 Int ro d uc t io n | 02 Case st ud ies | 03 Site st ud ies | 04 Desig n | 05
A B S TRAC T
Few cou n tri es have ex p lo red t he id ea of ar t ific ial islan d a i r po r ts m a de po s s i bl e by recl ai mi n g land near ex ist ing w ater c oast s. While a c os tl i e r co ns tr u cti o n m e thod, an of f s h ore mo d el allo w s muc h mo re flex ib le fut ure e x pa ns i o n of a n a i r ba s e . Wi th th e scarc it y of land in d ensely p o p ulated c o unt r ie s , ca n the a r ti fi ci a l i s l a nd ai rpor t typol og y b e a mo re sust ainab le and ad ap t ive a l te rna ti ve to ci ti e s ne a r coas tal areas? In par ti cu l ar to d evelo p ing c o unt r ies in Asia Pac ific t ha t e x pe r i e nce hi gh u r ba n den s i ty, th i s desig n p ro p o sal ex p lo res ho w fut ure airp or t m o de l s ca n be re s po n si ve to dem and and g ro w t h t hro ug h a system of mo d u l a r i nfr a s tr u ctu re tha t e xpan d i n to th e sea.
I N T ROD U CT I ON Trend of Aviation Industry
Trend of aviation industry | Growth in Asia Pacific Market number of new airports under construction in 2018
annual growth of air traffic passenger demand 250
The aviation industry is becoming one of the greatest economic growth driver in nations and arguably an indispensable form of transport.
10%
8%
6%
According to Industry High-Level Group (IHLG) report, Aviation Benefits 2017, air transport has doubled in size every 15 years and has grown faster than most other industries.
4%
2%
0%
19 20
18 20
17
16
20
15
20
14
20
13
20
11
12
20
20
10
20
09
20
07
08
20
20
20
20
06
-2%
Based on data from CAPA, there were 229 new airport projects being planned in Asia as at March 2018.
200
150
This is more than the combined total of the rest of the world, underlining the growth trajectory and potential of the sector.
100
50
0
Asia Pacific
North America
20 year forecast of air passenger traffic growth
Europe
Latin America
Middle East
Africa
largest passenger growth
Growth in air passenger traffic (m)
10 largest passenger growth airports in 2018
4000
Based on IATA’s 20-Year Air Passenger Forecast in 2017, passenger numbers could double to 8.2 billion in 2037.
3500 3000 2500
THR
This forecast also predicts that the Asia-Pacific region will drive the biggest growth with more than half the total number of new passengers coming from these markets.
1500 1000 500 0
SVQ TFN
2000
Asia Pacific
North America
2017-2036 passenger count forecast 2016 passenger count
Europe
Latin America
Middle East
Africa
YNT JAI
BLR
KHN JJN
PNH
SRG
Airport 1 Jinjiang (JJN) 2 Nanchang (KHN) 3 Tehran (THR) 4 Phnom Penh (PNH) 5 Semarang (SRG)
% growth
passengers
58.6 57.7 48.6 43.9 41.9
4,225,049 7,079,374 3,934,110 3,131,701 2,775,899
Airport 6 7 8 9 10
Sevilla (SVQ) Yantai (YNT) Bangalore (BLR) Tenerife (TFN) Jaipur (JAI)
% growth 40.5 36.7 35.8 35.5 32.5
passengers 3,069,701 4,479,679 15,850,352 2,675,685 2,718,816
shift of aviation market to Asia Pacific 10 busiest airports in 2010 Airport
Passenger
1
Atlanta (ATL)
89,331,622
2
Beijing (PEK)
73,891,801
3
Chicago (ORD)
LHR
LAX
66,665,390
4
London (LHR)
65,884,143
5
Tokyo Haneda (HND)
64,069,098
6
Los Angeles (LAX)
58,915,100
7
Paris (CDG)
58,167,062
8
Dallas/Fort Worth
56,905,066
9
Frankfurt (FRA)
53,009,221
10
Denver (DEN)
52,211,242
DEN
ORD
DFW
CDG
FRA PEK HND
ATL
10 busiest airports in 2019 Airport
Passenger
1
Atlanta (ATL)
107,394,029
2
Beijing (PEK)
100,983,290
3
Dubai (DXB)
89,149,387
4
Los Angeles (LAX)
87,534,384
5
Tokyo Haneda (HND)
87,131,973
6
Chicago (ORD)
83,339,186
7
London (LHR)
80,126,320
8
Hong Kong (HKG)
74,517,402
9
Shanghai (PVG)
74,006,331
10
Paris (CDG)
72,229,723
LHR CDG PEK
ORD LAX
ATL DXB
PVG HKG
HND
CAS E ST U D I E S Challenges of Inland Airports Existing Offshore Airports Floating Structures
Challenges of Inland Airports land constraint airports located far from city centers The 4 airports shown here are located far away from city centers, mainly surrounded by agriculture land and natural greens within a 20km radius. Expansion of airport capacity is relatively straightforward since there are no built up area in the surroundings.
Paris Vatry Airport
Dunedin International Airport
airports located near city centers The 4 airports shown are located near to city centers, surrounded by existing built up areas within a 20km radius. In developing countries like Thailand and China, population density surrounding the airport is relatively higher than London and United States.
Don Mueang International Airport
Heathrow Airport
Ireland West Airport Knock
Denver Airport
airport footprint
Baiyun International Airport
O’Hare Airport
built-up areas 20km radius from airport
socio-political issue construction timeline of Narita International Airport 1966
plans for a new airport at villages of Sanrizuka and Shibayama made public, angering local residents and farmers
2002
2nd runway of 2180m completed rather than the proposed 2500m due to the failure to acquire agriculture land
1967 - 1977
protests and riots resulted in 13 deaths and 2 arsons, as well as erection of large structures such as a steel tower and “fortress“ to deter the airport operation
2009
extension of 2nd runway to 2500m northward rather than southward and building of taxi road around farmlands
1978
the scheduled opening in 1972 was delayed till 1978 due to protests and riots, of which only 1 out of 5 proposed runways were built
2016
plans for extension of 2nd runway to 3500m and addition of 3rd runway of 3500m took 16 months of negotiation to be approved
air pollution annual mean NO2 concentrations of London in 2011 Heathrow is the only UK airport to have air pollution levels that are consistently above legal air quality limits.
In a study published by National Bureau of Economic Research on 12 largest airport in United States, California, there is a high correlation of respiratory disease within the 10km radius of an airport.
After central London, the area around Heathrow is the second major hot spot for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) pollution in London, with breaches of legal limits having been recorded close to the airport for many years.
noise pollution
Researchers measured the levels of ultrafine particulate matter while driving along roads around Los Angeles International Airport. Elevated levels of particle concentration were recorded up to 10 miles east of the airport.
The noise map of United States shows how domestic and international commercial airports affect the noise levels of their surroundings.
noise map of Chicago city
noise map of part of United States
Noise pollution is one of the most prominent and detrimental environmental issue caused by aviation. Airports are the main contributors to noise pollution. The extent of noise pollution is dependent on the air traffic of an airport as well as the runway orientation.
particle number concentration around Los Angeles International Airport
Bob Hope Airport Ontario Intl Airport
In 2018, O’Hare Airport in Chicago was ranked the busiest airport (in terms of total flight operations) in the United States. According to the Chicago Department of Aviation in 2015, complaints about jet noise from O’Hare International Airport topped 2 million in the first seven months, 8 times the number filed in all of 2014.
Van Nuys Airport Decibels
Los Angeles Intl Airport
Long Beach Airport
March Air Reserve Base
John Wayne Airport
Decibels
O’Hare Airport
Chicago Midway Intl Airport
noise pollution noise contours of inland airports
The 4 inland airports shown are located near to city areas, surrounded by existing built up areas. In most cases, thousands of households are within the range of 65 dba, deem detrimental by the Federal Aviation Administration.
75
75
70 70
65 60 65
2 KM 1 KM
2 KM 4 KM
Dallas Love Field Airport
1 KM
4 KM
Nashville International Airport
noise contours of airports near water bodies
The 4 airports shown are located near to water bodies such as lakes and ocean. In the case of Boston Logan and San Francisco international airport, the households affected by aircraft noise are significantly reduced since the aircraft takeoff and landing axises are oriented to the open waters.
60
65
75
65
75
70
70
1 KM 0.5 KM
Buffalo Niagara International Airport
2 KM 2 KM
1 KM
4 KM
O’Hare International Airport all diagrams are created by author
70 75
65 65
60
70
1 KM 0.5 KM
2 KM 2 KM
Minneapolis St Paul International Airport
1 KM
4 KM
John F. Kennedy International Airport
65 70 75 75 70
65
60
1 KM 0.5 KM
Boston Logan International Airport
2 KM
4 KM
1 KM
San Francisco International Airport
4 KM
noise contour (dba) runway strip
Existing Offshore Airports Kansai International Airport | Land Reclamation construction $21 billion
10 million work hours
A million sand drains were built into the clay to remove water and solidify the clay 48,000 concrete tetra-pods were used for building the seawall Three mountains were excavated for 21 million m3 and 180 million m3 of sand was use for land reclamation. sinking airport Kansai airport is “settling” at a pace 44 years ahead of schedule. Terminal 1 building has 900 jack up columns installed to level the building every few years.
Haneda Airport’s 4th runway | Hybrid structure Structures of D-Runway: (1) Reclaimed land Dimensions: Volume: Technology:
2,020 x 424 m 52 mil m3 of soil, sand & rocks sand compaction pile method (SCP) sand drainage method (SD)
(2) Pile-elevated platform Dimensions: Superstructure Substructure:
1,100 x 524 m composite structure of steel L-girders 10,700 x 6.6m × 3.3 m precast concrete slabs 6,900 x 7.8m x 3.6 m UFC slabs 198 x steel jackets 1165 x steel-pipe piles
Mega Float | Very Large Floating Structure The Mega-Float is a floating airport project developed by Technological Research Association of Mega-Float (TRAM) in Japan from 1995 to 2000. Using program simulations of hydro-elastic response, test designs of an approximately 5000m long floating airport containing a 4000m class runway were drafted. The Mega-Float test model built in 1998 in the Tokyo bay is the first sizable floating runway with a length of 1km.
construction process 1. Fabrication of 300m x 60m platform components at shipyard 2. Towing to installation site by tug boats 3. Installation of mooring device comprising of jacket type dolphin, piles and fenders
4. Mooring and join of units
VLFS type
pontoon
overall dimensions
1000 x 121 x 3 m
typology
modular VLFS dimensions module connection
airport runway 300 x 60 x 3 m rigid
runway paving pontoon VLFS breakwater
dolphin fender mooring
Floating Structures VLFS | very large floating structures
pontoon type
semi submersible type
VLFS are considerably new concepts of floating structures which only came into existence in the 1960s. Compared to ships, these floating structures has unprecedented size and displacement that vary between 103 to 104 m and between 106 and 107 tons, respectively. There are two classes of VLFS, namely the pontoon type and semi-submersible type.
large platform resting on water surface (suited for calm sea waters, often deployed near shorelines)
existing VLFS applications
ballast column tube raises platform above the water level (suitable for when wave heights are large)
other proposed VLFS applications
oil storage
bridge
performance stage
energy harnessing
rescue bay
oil rig
residential
airport
military airbase
Evergreen Point Bridge | Very Large Floating Structure At 2,350 m floating span, the Evergreen Point Bridge is the world’s longest floating bridge, as well as the world’s widest measuring 35 m at its midpoint. The floating bridge consists of 77 floating concrete pontoons that are secured by 58 anchors to the lake bottom.
3 designs of pontoon structures: 21 x longitudinal pontoons (to support the deck and structure)
54 x supplemental pontoons (to stabilized the weight of the bridge)
2 x “cross” pontoons (at each end of the floating span which connect the deck to fixed bridges)
highway road
VLFS type
pontoon
overall dimensions modular VLFS dimensions
2300 x 50 m 109.7 x 22.9 x 8.5 m
typology
module connection
girder structure
secondary pontoon primary pontoon
highway bridge
floorplate
rigid
columns
anchor cable
pontoon VLFS
SI T E S T U D I E S Speculation Site Selection Criteria Fabrication-Assembly Routes
E XI STI NG T Y POLOGY Exi sti n g of f sho re air p o r t s assume t he ‘island ’ t yp o lo g y thro u gh the m e a ns of l an d recl am a t io n w hic h tend s to b e c o st ly, t ime-c o nsum i ng a nd s l o w to a da pt to ex pansio n d emand s.
PROPOSE D F LOATI NG T Y POLOG Y Th i s th esi s rec o nsid er s t he sc ale and p ermanenc e of a n offs ho re a i r po r t w i thi n th e geographic al p remises of c it ies alo ng c oast al ed g e s w hi l e s pe cu l a ti ng the avi ati on i n du st r y. Site st ud ies resp o nd to t he c it ies’ d em o gr a phi cs a s we l l a s the ec o no mic al feasib ilit y of t ime and co s t.
Speculation volatility vs pax growth in developed and emerging markets
According to IATA air travel demand, middle to lower income individuals are more likely to travel on short to medium haul routes, with higher incomes leading to a higher frequency of long haul travel. Indonesia, with the greatest passenger growth, has been chosen among other potential sites as a proof of concept for the proposed system.
speculation of aircraft type 5 most popular commercial aircraft 1. Airbus A320
short-mid haul
2. Boeing 737
short-mid haul
3. Boeing 747
mid-long haul
4. Boeing 777
mid-long haul
5. Airbus A330
mid-long haul
Airbus A320neo passenger capacity: flight range (km):
37.6 m
180 2850
11.8 m
Boeing 737-300 passenger capacity: flight range (km):
35.8 m
39.5 m
186 3250 12.6 m
33.4 m
Site Selection Criteria | demographical population density of Indonesia 2010
Population Density of Indonesia in 2010 2 people per people perkmkm2
≤ 30 ≤30
≤ 100 ≤100
≤ 300 ≤300
≤1,000 ≤ 1,000
≤3,000 ≤ 3,000
existing airports indonesia provinces Sources: Esri, HERE, Garmin, FAO, NOAA, USGS, © OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS User Community
population growth of Indonesia 2000-2010
Population Growth of Indonesia 2000 to 2010 % growth ≤0.000060 ≤3.694384 ≤9.447682 Population Growth of Indonesia 2000 to 2010 Population Growth of Indonesia ≤12.245423 % growth
percentage % ≤0.000060 growthgrowth ≤3.694384
≤5 ≤9.447682 ≤0.000060
2000 to 2010
≤14.522346 ≤ 30 ≤19.121647
≤ 10 ≤ 35 ≤3.694384 ≤23.470549 ≤ 40 ≤28.105314
≤12.245423 ≤14.522346
≤19.121647 ≤ 15 ≤9.447682 ≤23.470549
≤ 20
≤12.245423 ≤28.105314 ≤35.892033 ≤ 25
≤ 45 ≤35.892033
≤ 50 ≤14.522346 ≤44.723801
≤44.723801
existing airports ≤19.121647 indonesia indonesia provinces
≤23.470549 ≤28.105314
provinces
Sources: Esri, HERE, Garmin, FAO, NOAA, USGS, © OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS User Community
Site Selection Criteria | geographical bathymetry map of Indonesia
existing airports
Sources: Esri, HERE, Garmin, FAO, NOAA, USGS, © OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS User Community
shipping routes & bathymetry map of Indonesia
existing airports
Sources: Esri, HERE, Garmin, FAO, NOAA, USGS, © OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS User Community
Fabrication - Assembly Routes | economical shipping routes & international drydocks North America
Europe
Asia
North America
Africa
South America
South America
Australia
Indonesia manufacturing docks
Antarctica
Sources: Esri, HERE, Garmin, FAO, NOAA, USGS, Š OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS User Community
proposed dock locations for offshore fabrication Singapore
Surabaya
potential sites towing route Indonesia manufacturing docks Sources: Esri, HERE, Garmin, FAO, NOAA, USGS, Š OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS User Community
D ES I G N Planning conventions Rethinking operations Enhancing experience Adaptive growth
Planning conventions | layout & processes Generic inland airport layout
take off
start of runway
landing
elevation diagram of flight path
runway
taxiway
apron
passenger terminal
carparking
*important for take off & landing of aircraft to be in same direction to prevent head-on collisions
Airport value chain aircraft
passenger Arrival terminal
Transport from terminal
Transport to terminal
deboarding + cargo/baggage unloading Baggage Reclaim Turnaround process refueling + cabin cleaning/ catering + technical check
Take-off / Landing
Passenger & Baggage Check-in
Customs
Retail & Lounges Departure terminal boarding + cargo/baggage loading
arrival departure transfer
Security Border Control
Landing
Take-off
Planning conventions | runway & taxiway Existing runway & taxiway network Runways and taxiways account the majority of an airport’s footprint. Constrained by an existing site context, environmental factors and emphasis on efficiency, airport planning fundamentally begins with the planning of runway orientation and taxiway network. Morever, addition of runways and taxiways often proves difficult in land starved sites, often resulting in new standalone terminals separated by taxiways. 30 busiest European airports in 2017
Annual passengers
1 annual passengers (m) 2 no. of runways
< 30 mil
HEL
ARN
21 | 3
27 | 3
TXL
DUS
22 | 2
VIE
27 | 2
DME
30.7 | 2
OSL
MXP
23.5 | 2
PMI
27.5 | 2
BRU
24.6 | 2
STN
27.9 | 2
24.7 | 3
AYT
SAW
28 | 2
26.3 | 3
28.3 | 1
LIS
29 | 2
SVO
40.1 | 2
< 50 mil
CPH
30 | 3
ZRH
31.1 | 3
DUB
31.5 | 2
ORY
MUC
33.1 | 3
34.7 | 2
FCO
43 | 4
< 90 mil
BCN
50.2 | 3
MAD
57.9 | 4
ISL
68 | 3
FRA
70 | 4
AMS
71.1 | 6
CDG
72.2 | 4
LHR
80.1 | 2
D E S I GN ME TH OD OLOGY 1. Re t hinking con ven tion al layou t an d operation s of a n a i r po r t thro u gh te cto ni cs and tec hno lo g y of float ing st ruc t u re s 2. Enhanc ing passen ger experien ce t hro ug h t he seri e s of cu r a te d m o m e nts . 3. Desi gn i n g a catalogu e of specialized modu les t hrou gh o pe r a ti o na l re l a ti o nship s of an airp o r t to allo w modu lar ex pa n si o n
Rethinking operations | taxiway network Operation based network After decades of optimization, taxiway system and aircraft ground operation paths are becoming increasingly complex. The open waters of the sea, relieved of site constraints, provides the opportunity to reconsider the complexity and efficiency of runways. Initial diagram studies explore how different taxiway configurations and decentralised terminals allow for phased growth and efficient aircraft turnaround processes. Initial taxiway system explorations 2. DEBOARDING + TURNAROUND SERVICES
6. RE-DOCKING OF EMPTY APRON UNIT 5. TAXIWAY LINE-UP 2. DEBOARDING + BAGGAGE DELOADING
AIRCRAFT MOVEMENT 1. EXITING RUNWAY RUNWAY 3. BOARDING
4. TAXIWAY LINE-UP
3. REFUELLING + CABIN CLEANING + INSPECTION
5. TAXIWAY LINE-UP
TAXIWAY
4. BOARDING + BAGGAGE LOADING
SUPPORT FACILITIES
ARRIVAL TERMINAL
DEPARTURE TERMINAL
DEPARTURE TERMINAL SUPPORT FACILITIES
BAGGAGE RECLAIM
BAGGAGE DROP & CHECK-IN
ARRIVING PASSENGER
ARRIVING PASSENGER
3. FERRY TO LAND + BAGGAGE RECLAIM
2. BOARDING
DEPARTING PASSENGER
2. BOARDING
DEPARTING PASSENGER 1. LANDING RUNWAY
RUNWAY
1. LANDING 2. DEBOARDING
MODULAR TERMINAL (ARRIVAL)
2. BOARDING
TAXIWAY
5. TAKE OFF
MODULAR TERMINAL (DEPARTURE) 1. FERRY FROM LAND + BAGGAGE DROP & CHECK-IN
FERRY UNITS
ROTATING APRON PLATFORM (ARRIVAL)
ARRIVING PASSENGER
2. DEBOARDING 2. DEBOARDING RUNWAY RUNWAY
1. LANDING 1. LANDING
TAXIWAY TAXIWAY
ARRIVAL TERMINAL
DETACHABLE DETACHABLE APRON PLATFORM APRON PLATFORM
DEPARTURE TERMINAL
ARRIVAL TERMINAL
FERRY UNIT
DEPARTURE TERMINAL
ARRIVAL TERMINAL DEPARTURE TERMINAL
ROTATING APRONS
FERRY UNIT
FERRY UNIT
1. FERRY FROM LAND + BAGGAGE DROP & CHECK-IN
radial taxiway network modular micro-terminals individual rotating aprons
ARRIVING PASSENGER
DEPARTING PASSENGER DEPARTING PASSENGER 3. TAKE OFF 3. TAKE OFF
TAXIWAY
2. BOARDING
3. FERRY TO LAND + BAGGAGE RECLAIM 3. FERRY TO LAND +
1. FERRY FROM LAND + BAGGAGE DROP & CHECK-IN 1. FERRY FROM LAND +
3. FERRY TO LAND + BAGGAGE RECLAIM
3. TAKE OFF
RUNWAY
DETACHABLE APRON PLATFORM 1. EXITING RUNWAY
SUPPORT FACILITIES
2. DEBOARDING
AIRCRAFT MOVEMENT
TAXIWAY
ROTATING APRON PLATFORM (ARRIVAL) ARRIVAL TERMINAL
ROTATING APRON PLATFORM (DEPARTURE)
3. REFUELLING + CABIN CLEANING + INSPECTION 2. DEBOARDING + BAGGAGE DELOADING
RUNWAY
1. EXITING RUNWAY
TAXIWAY ROTATING APRON PLATFORM (ARRIVAL)
4. BOARDING + BAGGAGE LOADING
AIRCRAFT MOVEMENT
modular micro-terminal shared rotating apron individual closed loop taxiway
modular micro-terminal rotating, detachable apron platforms open-network taxiway
advantages possible expansion through further branch connections easy terminal expansion along circular taxiway
reduced taxi-ing time easy terminal expansion along circular taxiway
less taxiways required possible expansion through further branch connections
expansion limited along runway operational hiccup affects downstream operations
added complexity of water traffic caused by detachable apron units operational hiccup affects downstream operations
disadvantages complex taxiway network significant taxi-ing period taxiway bottleneck implications
Rethinking operations | aircraft processes Turnaround process Apart from taxi-ing, the turnaround time of aircrafts is critical to the operation cost of an airline and efficiency of an airport. Conventionally, aircrafts are parked on the apron where turnaround process occurs between deboarding and boarding of passengers, while occupying the boarding gate the entire time.
The turnaround process is scheduled such that various specialised land vehicles service the aircraft concurrently while housekeeping and catering are carried out.
Gantt chart of A320neo turnaround time
*conventional aircrafts are designed for passengers boarding on the left (design constraint)
Specialized turnaround module Separating the turnaround station allows the boarding gate to be twice as efficient (seen from Gantt chart below). In addition, ground service vehicles can be replaced by elevated platforms to further optimize turnaround duration. Service ferries easily access for refuelling and restocking without a need for complex ground circulation. landing to takeoff time comparison
proposed turnaround process electrical power unit
42.2 min
turnaround at boarding gate
fuel refill unit water service unit
turnaround at separate station
catering resupply unit de-boarding
turnaround
boarding
lavatory servicing unit
separate turnaround modules with elevated servicing platforms
Rethinking operations | taxiway network Proposed taxiway system Initial explorations of branching networks, rotating aprons and individual closed-loop taxiway looked into easy future expansion, reducing operation time as well as simplifying ground operations. These 3 principles inform the eventual taxiway system through future integration with the runway.
1. conventional vehicular access from landside
2. ferry access on both sides
3. decentralized terminals for phased growth
runway arrival module
apron
departure module
4. lifting runway to create main taxiway under
5. specialized modules for densification
taxiway
Overall modular system
fuel storage
taxiway network
turnaround services departure terminal B
centralized commercial spine
arrival terminal departure terminal A
passenger terminal turnaround module hangar module
overhead runway
Rethinking operations | overall system in context
Enhancing experience | ferry experience
Landside ferry terminals along the city coast provide multiple points of access directly to the boarding gates to minimize walking distances. In addition to the scenic commute, automated check-in counters on board streamline passenger and baggage check-ins to minimize waiting times.
ferry access from land ferry access to land
Enhancing experience | passenger journey
Departing sequence
ferry to departure terminal
security check
Onboard passenger and baggage self check-ins reduce waiting time.
Direct access to boarding gate upon security checks & customs on level 1.
taxi-ing
aircraft deboarding
Arriving aircrafts are guided to the arrival terminal by electrical towing units on the taxiway network.
Arrival gate is situated less than 1 minuteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s walk away from ferry boarding towards the city.
Arriving sequence
boarding gate waiting area
aircraft boarding
Expansive waiting area allows clear wayfinding with a view of all aircraft operations.
Intimate terminal design engages the aircraft at a humanized scale, providing a new travel experience.
transit/retail corridor
ferry access to city
The retail corridor under the runway on the second level provides entertainment for transiting passengers.
Waiting area for the ferry looks into the sea under the wings of taxi-ing aircrafts.
Adaptive growth
Prefabrication of buoyant modular sub-assemblies in offshore dry docks are transported and assembled on site to reduce construction time and costs. Phased expansions can be carried out to accomodate future growth with minimal disruption to existing airport operations by adding on terminal and service module to existing infrastructure.
1. fabrication at dry docks
2. towing to site
3. assembling structural modules on open sea
4. ballasting for stability
5. assembling & welding beams & trusses
6. installing runway decks & aircraft rails
7. de-ballasting to desired water line
8. insertion of terminal modules
1 : 750 systems model
1 : 150 detail model
TRUMAN NG trumanngwc@gmail.com +65 94550121