MALARIA VACCINES - ALCOHOL
ABUSE - AMPHETAMINE ABUSEANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE - OZEMPIC
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TULANE UNIVERSITY | SPRING 2024
OUR STAFF
PHZ - SPRING 24
Editors-in-chief:
Ethan Moran
Amelia Nugent Operations
Management:
Ava Christiansen
Morgan Mankowski
Editors:
Isabella Ardizzi
Miles Brooke
Ella Jongebreur
Layout and Design:
Ellie Hood
Writers:
Isabella Ardizzi
Miles Brooke
Ella Jongebreur
Cameron Kowitt
Olivia Sam
Artists:
Penelope Caswell
Taylor Sacco
Kate Burkhart
MALARIA VACCINES
by Ella Jongebreur
A world unburdened by malaria: can you picture it?
The World Health Organization (WHO) can.
This international health organization recently approved the R21 (or Matrix-M) vaccine, making this the second WHOapproved vaccine to prevent P. falciparum malaria in children living in endemic areas.1 The first approved vaccine, the RTS,S (Mosquirix) vaccine, was given the green light for widespread use on October 6, 2021.2 This mosquito-borne disease caused by Plasmodium parasites claimed over 600,000 lives in 2022, with 95% of those deaths coming from the WHO African region.1 The approval of these vaccines couldn’t be timelier, marking a new era in the fight against one of humanity’s most persistent adversaries.
Children are especially vulnerable to malaria; WHO estimates that just under half a million African children die from malaria each year and that 80% of malaria deaths in the WHO African region are in children younger than 5.1 WHO currently recommends these vaccines to prevent malaria in children through a schedule of 4 doses beginning at five months of age.1 Developed by scientists at Oxford University, the R21 vaccine boasts an efficacy rate of over 75% against clinical malaria in a recent phase-three trial.3 The RTS,S vaccine efficacy in phase three testing was 56% over one year and 36% over four years in young children receiving four doses.3
Despite the promise and hope they bring, these vaccines come with challenges. First, considering the moderate vaccine efficacy of both vaccines, existing malaria preventative methods must be administered in addition to current malaria control measures. If populations view the vaccines as a total replacement for control measures such as insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), mass drug administration, and indoor residual spraying, we could see negative impacts on global malaria eradication programs. Fortunately, in countries that introduced the RTS,S vaccine, there has been no decrease in ITN use or healthcareseeking behavior, demonstrating that vaccine rollout and traditional prevention measures can work in tandem to reduce malaria incidence.2,4
Secondly, vaccine hesitancy is an obstacle any vaccination program encounters. Fears of adverse health effects, misinformation, and the availability of alternative malaria control interventions (like mass drug administration and insecticide-treated nets) all contribute to vaccine hesitancy. To prevent hesitancy and increase vaccination rates, malaria vaccine programs must collaborate with local communities and utilize multimedia health education campaigns.5 A promising study focusing on anticipated malaria vaccine acceptance in Tanzania reported that 92% of participants indicated they would accept the vaccine despite the need to continue ITN use.6 Perhaps the
the extreme burden malaria places on endemic countries reshapes the context in which populations accept vaccines. If this trend mirrors across other countries, malaria vaccination programs will see increasing success. Third, fragmented supply chains, funding, and accessibility all pose threats to vaccine coverage in malaria-endemic countries; to maximize the vaccine’s potential, it is paramount to strengthen public health infrastructure and ensure continual funding by global organizations like the Global Fund and the President’s Malaria Initiative to provide support to vulnerable groups.7 While easier said than done, vaccine program support and infrastructure strengthening can effectively combat malaria. While vaccine rollout may be challenging, and traditional disease control measures must continue to eliminate malaria, the pilot RTS,S vaccination program has shown promising results. The Malaria Vaccine Implementation Programme (MVIP), beginning in 2019, has reached more than 2 million children in Kenya, Ghana, and Malawi.1 Furthermore, introducing the RTS,S vaccine in these three countries has led to a 13% decrease in mortality among children and a significant reduction in malaria-related hospitalizations.1 Lastly, and crucial to the success of these vaccines, the pilot program and modeling studies show that RTS,S is highly cost-effective in malaria-endemic settings.2
The demand for malaria vaccines is ever-growing as more countries plan to expand or begin vaccination programs.
At least 28 African countries aim to include these vaccines in their childhood immunization initiatives, and estimates show that, at minimum, 40 to 60 million doses will be required by 2026.1 With the introduction of the second R21 malaria vaccine, WHO estimates there will be a sufficient vaccine supply to meet the increasing demand.1
Researchers widely accept that further research is warranted on malaria vaccines to maximize their effectiveness. While the RTS,S vaccine shows promise to reduce malaria-related mortality in children, its vaccine-initiated immune response does not interfere with gametocyte (the Plasmodium transmission stage) infectivity, thus parasite transmission can continue despite vaccinations.8 Comparatively, the R21 vaccine uses a nanoparticle to stimulate an immune response and shows a higher efficacy.8 Most experts agree that a vaccine stimulating an immune response to all Plasmodium life stages would prove most impactful on malaria infection, transmission, and mortality.8
While malaria vaccines may not be the end of malaria as we know it, they are a step in the right direction of global elimination. When used in conjunction with existing control measures, these vaccines can dramatically reduce the disease burden among malaria-endemic countries, especially for children.
1. World Health Organization. (2024, January 17). Malaria vaccines (RTS,S and R21). World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/newsroom/questions-and-answers/item/q-a-on-rts-s-malaria-vaccine
2. Moamly, A.A., El-Sweify, M.A. Malaria vaccines: the 60-year journey of hope and final success—lessons learned and future prospects. Trop Med Health 51, 29 (2023, May 17). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-023-00516-w
3. Datoo, M. S., Dicko, A., Tinto, H., Ouédraogo, J.-B., Hamaluba, M., Olotu, A., Ramos Lopez, F., Natama, H. M., Weston, S., Chemba, M., Compaore, Y. D., Issiaka, D., Salou, D., Omenda, S., Bejon, P., Rao, H., Chandramohan, D., Roberts, R., Bharati, S., … Valea, I. (2024, February 10). Safety and efficacy of malaria vaccine candidate R21/Matrix-M in African children: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial. The Lancet (British Edition), 403(10426), 533–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02511-4
4. World Health Organization. (2021, October 6). WHO recommends groundbreaking malaria vaccine for children at risk. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news/item/06-10-2021-who-recommends-groundbreaking-malaria-vaccine-for-children-at-risk
5. The Lancet. (2024). Malaria vaccines: a test for global health. The Lancet (British Edition), 403(10426), 503–503. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0140-6736(24)00235-6
6. Mtenga, S., Kimweri, A., Romore, I. et al. Stakeholders’ opinions and questions regarding the anticipated malaria vaccine in Tanzania. Malar J 15, 189 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-016-1209-6
7. Okesanya, O. J., Atewologun, F., Lucero-Prisno, D. E., Adigun, O. A., Oso, T. A., Manirambona, E., Olabode, N. O., Eshun, G., Agboola, A. O., & Okon, I. I. (2024). Bridging the gap to malaria vaccination in Africa: Challenges and opportunities. Journal of Medicine, Surgery, and Public Health, 2, 100059-. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.glmedi.2024.100059
8. Zavala F. (2022). RTS,S: the first malaria vaccine. The Journal of clinical investigation, 132(1), e156588. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI156588
Drinking “Normally”
by Isabella Ardizzi
• Drinking to the point of blacking out.
• Drinking non-stop for two, three, four, or more nights in a row.
• Drinking with the main intention of getting drunk.
These behaviors describe practices of alcohol consumption that are considered commonplace in many university party settings, including Tulane’s going-out and partying culture. These behaviors have become social norms or part of the unspoken “rules” that dictate the correct way to behave in a certain social setting. Many students choose to engage in these patterns of alcohol consumption, and many more perceive their peers as doing so as well, resulting in excess alcohol consumption becoming an expected part of going out or partying.1
However, drinking to this extent is not in line with healthy or expected standards of alcohol consumption removed from this university party setting: these behaviors - and many others that are seen as “typical” at college parties, bars, and clubs - are characteristic of
“binge drinking.”1 The CDC defines binge drinking as consuming four or more drinks on one occasion for women and five or more for men. Despite this, most college students would not classify these behaviors as abnormal or inherently problematic.4 So where’s the disconnect between what seems normal, and what actually is normal?
“Party culture” describes the expected behaviors and attitudes around partying, going out, and substance use. This party culture creates a social environment in which heavy drinking, beyond the level of safe or typical alcohol consumption, is normalized.1 Drinking to this extreme degree is even encouraged by social pressures.1 Peer pressure does not always involve an individual specifically pressuring a peer to engage in substance use: it usually involves the feeling of being uncomfortable or out of place if one does
not conform to the expectations of the surrounding social environment.2 In party culture, the social environment encourages heavy drinking, purporting that it is the only way a person can truly “have fun” or “let loose.”1 The pressures of social expectations are intense: it’s natural to seek out a sense of belonging, and deviating from these expectations often results in a person feeling like an outsider.2 The problem is that this culture normalizes heavy and dangerous levels of alcohol consumption, resulting in increased risk of negative physical, mental, and social health effects.3
Many students also often overestimate how much alcohol their peers are consuming, resulting in patterns of heavier drinking as students attempt to match what they believe their peers are doing. This issue of overconsumption of alcohol worsens during holiday periods as the number and intensity of parties increase, such as during Halloween, St.
Patrick’s Day, or - the Tulane favoriteMardi Gras.4
Excessive drinking seems socially acceptable, encouraged, and even expected within the context of party culture.1 However, binge drinking, especially routine binge drinking, can have incredibly harmful impacts on a person, ranging from moderate effects, such as hangovers and blackouts, to more severe health and social effects, including injuries, overdose, academic issues, legal issues, and interpersonal conflicts.1 Reducing alcohol intake, through both the number of drinks consumed at a given time and individual instances of drinking, can significantly decrease these risks.4
Social rules were made to be broken: decreasing alcohol intake below that bingedrinking level can significantly protect health now and in the long run, as well as make those memorable college parties easier to remember.
1. Wilkinson, B., & Ivsins, A. (2017). Animal house: University risk environments and the regulation of students’ alcohol use. The International journal on drug policy, 47, 18–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.06.002
2. Cislaghi, B., & Heise, L. (2018). Theory and practice of social norms interventions: eight common pitfalls. Globalization and health, 14(1), 83. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-018-0398-x
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019a, December 30). What is excessive alcohol use?. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/onlinemedia/infographics/excessive-alcohol-use.html
4. Krieger, H., Young, C. M., Anthenien, A. M., & Neighbors, C. (2018). The Epidemiology of Binge Drinking Among College-Age Individuals in the United States. Alcohol research : current reviews, 39(1), 23–30.
Image: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019a, December 30). What is excessive alcohol use?. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/onlinemedia/infographics/excessive-alcohol-use.html
by Miles Brooke
Stimulants are no strangers to the culture of Tulane University and colleges across the United States. The safest and most appropriate way for a student to receive and use these drugs is through a medical provider’s prescription for the treatment of Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, college students often receive illicit stimulant medication, like Adderall and Ritalin, from non-medical providers. This problem has caused numerous adverse health outcomes and relates to several social determinants of health ranging from social interactions to institutional and policy-level factors.
Demographics
While there isn’t any current concrete data on ADHD stimulant misuse prevalence among Tulane students, there has been research from different universities and academic institutions. Between 2014 and 2016, a longitudinal cohort study conducted at seven colleges and universities in Georgia examined prescription stimulant use among students.1 The study found that 45.7 percent of the students who had reported prescription stimulant use did not have prescriptions or ADHD diagnoses.1
Where are they finding the stimulants without a provider?
The results from a 2021 research survey from the University of Groningen in the Netherlands found that the majority of students who took stimulants without a prescription got access to medication via peers or bought them on the black market.2 While the sources Tulane students use to access stimulant medication without a prescription are unknown, this study can give us insights. In an interview with Dr. Christopher Borillo, a New Orleans-based psychiatrist who has worked with numerous Tulane students with ADHD and other psychiatric disorders, agreed that peers are the most common route for non-prescribed
students to find stimulant medication. He also spoke about ways to prevent people from sharing or having someone steal their prescriptions. “I have discussed with students to keep their medications secure in lock boxes and to prevent diversion,” said Borillo.
Reasons why they are taking the stimulants
When taken appropriately through a provider’s prescription, ADHD stimulants can have various positive health outcomes.
The 2014-2016 Georgia study found that the five most common reasons for students to use stimulant medication were to a) concentrate better: b) be more productive in school; c) feel more focused; d) get work done more efficiently; and e) feel less distracted.1 A study from the American Psychological Association found that, while less common, “Additional motivations regarding the misuse of stimulants in college students include recreational purposes, self-treating undiagnosed ADHD, and weight loss.”3
The 2014-2016 Georgia study also reported that some participants faced problems such as difficulty falling asleep, not feeling hungry, or feeling anxious, fidgety, jittery, or shaky.1 In an interview
with Jacob Goldberg, director of Tulane’s Recovery Community Program, he acknowledged that stimulant abuse is often associated with other addictions to drugs like alcohol or cannabis. “There’s rarely a singular substance involved…usually the abuse of one substance leads to the abuse of other dopamine-seeking substances,” said Goldberg.
Barriers and Challenges for Students to Get Prescriptions
Mental health stigma is one of the most common barriers for students receiving ADHD diagnosis and treatment, according to Dr. Borillo. This claim is supported by research results from the National Stigma Study in which adult respondents were least willing to have contact with children diagnosed with ADHD, as compared with children exhibiting other health issues. Dr. Borillo also identified comorbidities associated with ADHD, such as learning disorders, anxiety, or depression, that present a challenge in diagnosing students with
ADHD. “These comorbidities can present as if they’re ADHD, but often they may be due to just simple anxiety or mood dysfunction that needs treatment before they can have improvements in their overall attention and concentration,” said Borillo. Another barrier for students to prescriptions is that there isn’t as much awareness of this stimulant abuse epidemic as there should be. In an interview with Dr. Claire Bradley, a Tulane psychiatrist, she discussed a disconnect between the clinical providers that are prescribing the stimulants and the pharmaceutical companies that are manufacturing and distributing the stimulants. “The business side of this epidemic isn’t really concerned about the health risk of the products,” said Bradley, “While ADHD medication misuse can lead to adverse health effects, there usually isn’t a push for education and awareness until there are significant adverse health events like death for the business side to make a change.”
Fairman, R. T., Vu, M., Haardörfer, R., Windle, M., & Berg, C. J. (2020). Prescription stimulant use among young adult college students: Who uses, why, and what are the consequences? Journal of American College Health, 69(7), 767–774. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2019.1
Füermaier, A. B. M., Tucha, O., Koerts, J., Tucha, L., Thome, J., & Faltraco, F. (2021). Feigning ADHD and stimulant misuse among Dutch university students. Journal of Neural Transmission. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-020-02296-7
Benson, K., Woodlief, D. T., Flory, K., Siceloff, E. R., Coleman, K., & Lamont, A. (2018). Is ADHD, independent of ODD, associated with whether and why college students misuse stimulant medication? Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 26(5), 476–487. https://doi.
Special thanks to Dr. Christopher Borillo, Jacob Goldberg, and Dr. Claire Bradley
By OLIVIA SAM
While isSues like cLimAte
chAnge And overPopulAtiOn
Are
At the forefRonT of everyOne’s mind, A hidden chAlLenge curRenT generAtiOnS wilL fAce is the exisTence of superbugS— infectious microorganisms resistant to most antibiotics and medications used to treat diseases.1 These superbugs often develop from overprescription and abuse of antibiotics, drugs usually used to treat bacterial infections such as ear infections and strep throat.1 However, when doctors prescribe a person infected with a non-bacterial disease with antibiotics, the medication harms rather than helps them by killing helpful bacteria while simultaneously leaving ones that are resistant to the antibiotics. Thus, superbugs hatch. Superbugs are estimated to kill 4.95 million people each year, with people in low-income and middle-income countries bearing the brunt of these losses.2 While the aspect of superbugs most people focus on is their threat, it is also important to focus on the researchers making advances to fight this imminent global danger.
César de la Fuente, a researcher at the University of Pennsylvania, has taken a Jurassic-Park-inspired approach to this problem—he and his team are bringing back peptides from extinct species like wooly mammoths and Neanderthals to fight superbugs.3 The first step in this process was for de la Fuente and his team to use computer software to identify genetic information extracted from fossils of extinct species that could contain antimicrobial properties.3 The
research team then took these results and experimented with the effectiveness of the 69 peptides predicted to have the best antimicrobial properties.3 Many of the peptides proved to successfully fight bacterial infections, with the peptide nicknamed “Neanderthalien 1” demonstrating the most effectiveness in fighting the infection.3 While the peptide treatments are not yet ready for human use, the University of Pennsylvania’s research team continues to make exciting advances to fight off the looming threat of superbugs. Just a few hours away, a research team at Harvard University led by Andrew Myers created a fully synthetic molecule proven to kill multiple strains of superbugs that they named cresomycin.4 The new molecule works by binding to the bacteria’s RNA and preventing protein synthesis from occurring, effectively preventing proper functioning in the bacteria.5 Additionally, the team looked ahead to possible resistance to the molecule— namely bacteria building barriers for cresomycin to access the RNA—and added chemical modifications to make cresomycin spend less energy to bind to RNA and be “preorganized” to bind to the genetic material.4 Like de la Fuente’s advances at UPenn, Myers and his team have not tested the effectiveness and safety of cresomycin in humans. However, their ingenuity and perseverance put them at the forefront of solutions to the problem of superbugs. A final way people are fighting the advance of superbugs is by using viruses. Viruses kill bacteria by infiltrating and splitting their cells.6 One of the vital
1. News in Health. “Stop the Spread of Superbugs.” News in Health, 2023.
2. Thompson, Kate. “Vaccines could avert half a million deaths associated with antimicrobial resistance a year.” World Health Organization, 2023.
3. Hunt, Katie. “Scientists are bringing molecules back from the dead in quest to fight superbugs.” CNN, 2023.
4. Manning, Anne J. “Potential New Weapon in Battle against Superbugs.” The Harvard Gazette, 2024.
5. Wu, Kelvin J., et al. “An antibiotic preorganized for ribosomal binding overcomes antimicrobial resistance.”
Lanese, Nicoletta, and LiveScience. “Dangerous ‘Superbugs’ Are on the Rise. What Can Stop Them?” 13 Oct. 2023.
A miracle drug of the moment, or one that could change the future of public health? Ozempic is taking the public by storm. Ozempic is an FDAapproved once-weekly prescription that, along with diet and exercise, lowers blood sugar in adults with type 2 diabetes.1 According to Ozempic’s website, it is proven to lower A1C and reduce the risk of major cardiovascular events such as a stroke, heart attack, or death in adults with known heart disease.1 The most wellknown use of Ozempic is its benefits in helping people with type 2 diabetes to lose weight, although its intended use helps with the prevention of cardiovascular events and helps regulate diabetes.1 But, it is important to note that, Ozempic states that it is not a weight loss drug. The mystery ingredient that helps Ozempic achieve all of these effects belongs to a category of drugs known as GLP-1 agonists, which aid in regulating blood sugar levels and suppressing appetite.2 The main component of this drug is semaglutide. Semaglutide could hold the pivotal solution to transforming the landscape of obesity and type 2 diabetes across America’s future. However, there are many concerns surrounding the usage of this drug. Once these quirks are addressed, GLP-1 agonists could be the future of public health to help regulate the increase of type 2 diabetes and obesity in America.
Semaglutide
In the United States, nearly 1 in 3 adults are overweight,3 and “approximately 11.3 percent of adults have been diagnosed
with diabetes, 95 percent of whom have type 2 diabetes” according to the CDC and the US Department of Health.4 Almost every American knows someone who struggles with one of these two conditions, making the statistics alarming. Could this medication slow, or even put an end to, these statistics? Semaglutide is the main component in drugs like Ozempic and Wegovy. Wegovy contains a higher dose of semaglutide to promote weight loss, whereas Ozempic targets type 2 diabetes as its main function. The main difference between the two drugs is insurance coverage: Wegovy is often not covered by insurance while Ozempic is.5 In a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine, semaglutide was injected weekly to observe its effects on obese patients. In a group of 1961 adults, the endpoint percentages for change in body weight correlated to a weight reduction of at least 5%.6 The study “Semaglutide Treatment for Type Two Diabetes” by Kaitlin Miles and Jessica Kerr in the Journal of Pharmacy Technology also showed how semaglutide benefits glucose control capabilities, weight loss, lower risk of hypoglycemia, and provides some cardiovascular protection.6 The utilization of semaglutide and its associated benefits have the potential to serve as a stepping stone to the future of weight loss and health.6
Concerns
There are many concerns surrounding the use of Ozempic including side effects and toxic culture. The side effects that Ozempic may cause can range from nausea,
Ozempic may cause can range from nausea, stomach (abdominal) pain, constipation, vomiting, and possible thyroid tumors, including cancer.6 However, the main concerns about the use of semaglutide surround its weight loss potential and the potential toxic-skinny culture it manifests. For many, weight loss is a hot topic in our culture and a widely discussed subject. Our media is obsessed with diet culture, a phenomenon to which we have become accustomed. The question at hand is whether Ozempic will emerge as a groundbreaking weight-loss solution, or will it promote an unhealthy health trend. Many celebrities have opened up about taking Ozempic or weight loss drugs, including Oprah Winfrey, Amy Schumer, and Sharon Osbourne, among others.8 The precedent is that these celebrities could set unrealistic standards for weight-loss culture for ordinary people, and influence the usage of this drug amongst adolescents and younger people as a result. Other concerns include the unknown long-term effects, the regulations on the drug for adolescents and children, accessibility and equity for
1. “What Is Ozempic®?: Ozempic® (SEMAGLUTIDE) Injection.” What Is Ozempic®? | Ozempic® (Semaglutide) Injection, www.ozempic.com/why-ozempic/what-isozempic.html. Accessed 15 Mar. 2024.
2. Tyson, Alec. “How Americans View Weight-Loss Drugs and Their Potential Impact on Obesity in the U.S.” Pew Research Center Science & Society, Pew Research Center, 26 Feb. 2024, www.pewresearch.org/science/2024/02/26/how-americansview-weight-loss-drugs-and-their-potential-impact-on-obesity-in-the-us/#:~:text=Ozempic%20and%20Wegovy%20belong%20to,a%20weight%2Drelated%20health%20condition.
3. “Overweight & Obesity Statistics - Niddk.” National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-statistics/overweightobesity#:~:text=the%20above%20table-,Nearly%201%20in%203%20 adults%20(30.7%25)%20are%20overweight.,9.2%25)%20have%20severe%20 obesity. Accessed 15 Mar. 2024.
4. Robertson, R Paul. “Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Prevalence and Risk Factors.” UpToDate, www.uptodate.com/contents/type-2-diabetes-mellitus-prevalence-andrisk-factors/print#:~:text=Other%20national%20databases%2C%20such%20
the distribution of the drug, and potential toxic culture around the usage of Ozempic and GLP-1 agonist medications for weight loss. Once this medication can be turned into capsules, the drug will become more readily available to the public. Concerns surrounding age and long-term effects when looking at certain populations will come to light later.
Our future
Obesity stands as one of humanity’s most significant health challenges, particularly in the United States, casting a shadow over both mental and physical well-being. However, amidst these challenges, a beacon of hope emerges in the form of Ozempic. With its promising potential to lower the risk of major cardiovascular events, such as a stroke or heart attack, and facilitate conditions often associated with obesity, such as type 2 diabetes, we are poised to journey toward a brighter, healthier future.
as,undiagnosed%2C%20and%2095%20percent%20of. Accessed 15 Mar. 2024.
5. “Ozempic for Weight Loss: Does It Work, and What Do Experts Recommend?” Health, UC Davis Health, 13 Sept. 2023, health.ucdavis.edu/blog/cultivatinghealth/ozempic-for-weight-loss-does-it-work-and-what-do-expertsrecommend/2023/07.
6. Wilding, John P.H, et al. “Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight Or ...” The New England Journal of Medicine, 18 Mar. 2021, www.nejm.org/doi/ full/10.1056/NEJMoa2032183.
7. Miles, K. E., & Kerr, J. L. (2018). Semaglutide for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. The Journal of Pharmacy Technology : JPT : Official Publication of the Association of Pharmacy Technicians, 34(6), 281-289. https://doi. org/10.1177/8755122518790925
8. TodayShow. “Tracy Morgan Says He ‘out-Ate Ozempic’: ‘I’ve Gained 40 Pounds.’” TODAY.Com, www.today.com/health/celebrities-on-ozempic-rcna129740. Accessed 5 Apr. 2024.
Important Information
- This is not an official Tulane University sponsored publication.
- The views and opinions contained herein by the various authors do not necessarily reflect the official views, opinions, or policy of Tulane administrators, staff, or faculty.
- All material contained herein are the views and opinions of students and may not reflect the views of all students on campus.
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