NEW EDITION
Grade 2 • Unit 2
McGraw Hill
9 789814 923682
READING/WRITING COMPANION
CYAN MAG YELO BLACK BLUE
ISBN: 978-981-4923-68-2
PHX MAC #1448246 03/02/18
READING/WRITING COMPANION 2.2
UNIT 2
NEW EDITION
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Cover: Nathan Love, Erwin Madrid
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E X P RE SS yourself!
GENRE STUDY 1 EXPOSITORY TEXT
S
2 UNIT
Key Concept: Baby Animals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Vocabulary
SHARED READ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
SHARED READ Eagles and Eaglets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Comprehension Strategy: Reread. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Genre Study: Expository Text [Diagram and Labels] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Comprehension Skill: Main Topic and Key Details. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Respond to Reading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Vocabulary Strategy: Homographs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Research and Inquiry: Identify and Gather Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Vocabulary
PAIRED READ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
PAIRED READ From Caterpillar to Butterfly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Grammar: Nouns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Grammar: Singular and Plural Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Make Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Research and Inquiry: Present Your Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Accent Alaska.com/Alamy
Genre Writing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
iv iv
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ENCE CI
GENRE STUDY 2 FABLE Key Concept: Animals in Stories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Vocabulary
SHARED READ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
SHARED READ The Boy Who Cried Wolf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Comprehension Strategy: Make, Confirm, Revise Predictions. . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Genre Study: Fable [Beginning, Middle, End]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Comprehension Skill: Problem and Solution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Respond to Reading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Vocabulary Strategy: Antonyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Research and Inquiry: Cite Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Vocabulary
PAIRED READ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62
PAIRED READ Cinderella and Friends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Grammar: Kinds of Nouns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Grammar: Irregular Plural Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Make Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Research and Inquiry: Present Your Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Peter Francis
Genre Writing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
v
GENRE STUDY 3 NARRATIVE NONFICTION
S
2 UNIT
Key Concept: Animal Habitats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Vocabulary
SHARED READ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
86
SHARED READ A Prairie Guard Dog. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Comprehension Strategy: Make, Confirm, Revise, Predictions. . . . . . . . . . . 96 Genre Study: Narrative Nonfiction [Subheadings and Bold Print]. . . . . . . . . 97 Comprehension Skill: Main Topic and Key Details. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Respond to Reading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Vocabulary Strategy: Suffixes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Research and Inquiry: Taking Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Vocabulary
PAIRED READ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
104
PAIRED READ At Home in the River. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Grammar: Singular Possessive Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Grammar: Plural Possessive Nouns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Make Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Research and Inquiry: Present Your Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Denis Radovanovic/Shutterstock
Genre Writing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
vi
ENCE CI
vii DEA Picture Library/De Agostini Picture Library/Getty Images
Key Concept Baby Animals
Essential Question How are offspring like their parents?
2
Unit 2 • Expository Text
01
COLLABORATE
This baby penguin and its mother look different, but they also look the same in many ways. They both have layers of fat to keep them warm. They are both birds, not mammals. They both use their flippers to swim. Talk with a partner about what is happening in the photo.
• smaller than • weaker than
• fur color • feather color
• can’t find food • get food from
Same
COLLABORATE
(bkgd) Frank Krahmer/Photographer's Choice RF/Getty Images; (l to r) Patrick Swan/Design Pics; Digital Archive Japan/Alamy; Dave Cole/Alamy; Belovodchenko Anton/Shutterstock
Your Turn How are baby animals the same and different from their parents? Think about one kind of animal and write your ideas in the chart. Use the photos and words to help you.
• need help • depend on
Different
Talk with a partner about your ideas. Unit 2 • Expository Text
3
VOCABULARY
02
adult
n. a person or animal that has finished growing
My father is an adult. Who is an adult in your family? alive
adj. living; not dead
I water the flowers to keep them alive.
(t to b) Mladen Zivkovic/Shutterstock; Pavel Kobysh/Shutterstock; aaltair/Shutterstock; Ellen McKnight/Alamy Images
What else do flowers need to stay alive? beak
n. the hard and pointed part of a bird’s mouth
This bird has a long, hard beak. What does a bird use its beak for? covered
v. was all over the surface of something
The cars are covered with snow. What is your head covered with? 4
Unit 2 • Expository Text
SHARED READ feathers
n. the long, soft things that cover a bird’s body
Parrots have very colorful feathers. Name a bird that has white feathers.
n. the thick hair that covers some animals
(t to b) Juriah Mosin/Shutterstock; (inset) Lovely Bird/Shutterstock; Oleksandr Volchanskyi/Shutterstock; Anna Nahabed/Shutterstock; Westend61/Image Source
fur
My cat has soft, fluffy fur. What other animals have fur? giant
adj. very large
Look at this giant pumpkin! Tell about the most giant thing you have ever seen. hatch
v. come out of an egg
The baby turtle started to hatch. What other animals hatch from eggs?
Unit 2 • Expository Text
5
VOCABULARY helpless
adj. unable to do anything to help oneself or others
The mother bear protects the helpless baby bear. Why is a baby helpless? hunt
v. follow and try to catch something to eat it
(t to b) Belovodchenko Anton/Shutterstock; Brian E Kushner/Shutterstock; jakrit yuenprakhon/Shutterstock; ANURAK PONGPATIMET/Shutterstock
Some birds hunt for fish. Name some animals that hunt for food. lay eggs
idiom produce eggs outside the body
Butterflies lay eggs on the leaves. Where do birds lay their eggs? mammals
n. animals that have live babies, not eggs
All mammals have fur or hair. Are humans mammals? Why? 6
Unit 2 • Expository Text
SHARED READ offspring
n. the babies of an animal
The rabbit has two offspring. How many offspring do your parents have? sharp
adj. able to notice things well
Elephants’ sharp ears can hear very far. What other animals have sharp ears? soar
v. fly high through the sky
(t to b) Digital Archive Japan/Alamy; imagebroker/Alamy; InStock/Image Source
The birds can soar for a long time. What kind of transportation can soar in the sky?
COLLABORATE
Your Turn Pick three words. Write three questions for your partner to answer.
Unit 2 • Expository Text
7
SHARED READ TAKE NOTES Knowing why you are reading a text can help you pay attention to important details. Write a purpose for reading the expository text here.
03
As you read, make note of: Interesting Words
How are offspring like their parents?
Key Details
Read to learn how young bald eagles are like their parents.
8
Essential Question
Unit 2 • Expository Text
EXPOSITORY TEXT FIND TEXT EVIDENCE
Bald eagles are birds. The baby birds, or offspring are called eaglets. Let’s read about how eaglets are like their parents.
Read Paragraph 1
Reread Reread and underline the sentence that explains what eaglets are.
All birds lay eggs. Bald eagles build their nests in the tops of trees so the eggs will be safe. Their nests are built of sticks and grass. They add on to their nests each year. They can become huge! These giant nests can be as large as nine feet across. That’s bigger than your bed!
Paragraphs 2-3
Main Topic and Key Details Circle the sentence that tells how eagles keep their eggs safe. What happens after the eggs hatch?
The mother eagle lays from one to three eggs. She sits on her eggs until they hatch. Then both parents watch over the nest.
Takayuki Maekawa/The Image Bank/Getty Images
Reread
Author's Craft
How does the author help you to picture the size of an eagle's nest?
Unit 2 • Expository Text
9
SHARED READ FIND TEXT EVIDENCE Read Paragraph 1
Main Topic and Key Details Underline two ways eaglets need their parents.
At first, the eaglets are helpless. They cannot walk. They need their parents for food. They also cannot see well. Birds are not mammals. They do not have milk to feed their young. They hunt for food. Eaglets also need their parents for safety.
Paragraph 2
Reread Circle what eagles use to hunt, fly, and catch fish. Homographs In the last sentence, does live mean "to happen now" or "to stay alive"?
The eagles must bring food to the eaglets.
Reread
Accent Alaska.com/Alamy
Author's Craft
How does the author use description to show what an eaglet must learn? 10
Bald eagles use their sharp eyes to hunt. They use their strong wings to fly fast. They also use their claws and beak to catch fish. Young eaglets must learn all these things. Then they can live on their own.
Unit 2 • Expository Text
Unlike mammals, birds have feathers, not fur. An eaglet is born covered with soft gray down. It cannot fly until it grows dark feathers like its parents. The eaglet stays near the nest until its wings grow strong. That takes about five months.
EXPOSITORY TEXT FIND TEXT EVIDENCE Read
Main Topic and Key Details Underline the text that tells when eaglets can fly. How long does it take for their wings to grow strong?
powerful eyes
dark feathers on body and wings
hooked yellow beak
Diagram and Labels Circle the part of the diagram that shows what eagles use to fly.
long claws
Frank Leung/Getty Images
white tail feathers
Unit 2 • Expository Text
11
SHARED READ FIND TEXT EVIDENCE Read
Reread Underline the sentence that tells you when an eaglet becomes an adult. Circle how long this takes.
An eaglet becomes an adult when it has learned to do all the things its parents do. This takes about five years. Bald eagles can stay alive for up to thirty years.
Fluency
Intonation Reread the page to a partner. Show that some words and phrases are important by reading them slowly. This will help you to express the meaning of the text to your partner. Reread
Author's Craft
How does the author point out an important detail in the illustration?
12
Unit 2 • Expository Text
When the bald eagle soars, the feathers on its huge wings spread out like fingers.
EXPOSITORY TEXT Once it learns to fly, the bald eagle can soar for hours. The bald eagle must take good care of its feathers. It uses its beak to groom itself. It must keep its feathers clean. Can you believe this powerful eagle began life as a helpless baby?
FIND TEXT EVIDENCE Read
Main Topic and Key Details What can a bald eagle do once it learns to fly?
Homographs Underline two sentences that help you understand the meaning of groom. What does an eagle use to groom its feathers?
Make Connections
Summarize
How is the eaglet like its parents? How is it different? ESSENTIAL QUESTION
Compare how your parents and eagle parents take care of their young. TEXT TO SELF
Unit 2 • Expository Text
Ken Canning/Getty Images
Use your notes and think about the key details in "Eagles and Eaglets." Then summarize how eaglets become adults.
13
COMPREHENSION STRATEGY
Reread
Reread
SHARED READ Quick Tip
As you read, you may come across new words or information you don’t understand. You can reread to help you understand the text. FIND TEXT EVIDENCE On page 10 of “Eagles and Eaglets,” the text tells how birds are helpless. I will go back and reread to understand why they are helpless.
Rereading helps you to understand and remember difficult details. It can also help you figure out what is the most important information.
Page 10
At first, the eaglets are helpless. They cannot walk. They need their parents for food. They also cannot see well. Birds are not mammals. They do not have milk to feed their young. They hunt for food. Eaglets also need their parents for safety.
COLLABORATE
Your Turn Why are eagles not able to fly when they are born? Reread page 11 to find the answer.
14
I reread that eaglets cannot walk, so they need their parents to get them food. This explains why they are helpless.
Unit 2 • Expository Text
GENRE STUDY
EXPOSITORY TEXT
Reread
Diagram and Labels
Readers to Writers
The selection “Eagles and Eaglets” is an expository text. It gives facts about a topic and has text features. FIND TEXT EVIDENCE I know that “Eagles and Eaglets” is an expository text because it gives facts about eagles. It also has text features that help me learn about eagles. I see a diagram and labels.
Writers use diagrams and labels to show a picture of information in the text. This helps readers to visualize details in the writing. You can use these text features in your own writing.
Diagram A diagram is a picture that shows information. Labels The labels explain parts of the diagram.
COLLABORATE
Your Turn What did you learn about eagles from looking at the diagram and reading the labels?
Frank Leung/Getty Images
Page 11
SHARED READ
Unit 2 • Expository Text
15
COMPREHENSION SKILL
Main Topic and Key Details The main topic is what the selection is about. Key details give information about the main topic. FIND TEXT EVIDENCE As I read page 9, I learn that I will be reading about eagles and eaglets. This must be the main topic. I also read about eagle's nests and eggs. Main Topic
Eagles and Eaglets Key Detail
Eagles build nests and lay eggs.
Steve Shuey/Alamy
COLLABORATE
Your Turn Continue reading the text. Fill in the graphic organizer with more key details that tell about the topic.
16
Unit 2 • Expository Text
Quick Tip Think about what the author wants you to learn or understand about the topic. This will help you identify a key detail in a paragraph or section of text.
Reread
SHARED READ
Main Topic
Eagles and Eaglets Key Detail
Key Detail
Key Detail
Eagles build nests and lay eggs.
Unit 2 • Expository Text
17
RESPOND TO READING COLLABORATE
Discuss Work with a partner. Use the discussion starters to answer the questions about “Eagles and Eaglets.” Write the page numbers.
Questions 1 What are eaglets
like when they are first born? 2 What do eaglets
need to learn to become adult eagles?
Discussion Starters At first, eaglets are helpless because . . .
Text Evidence Page(s):
Eaglets need . . . Eaglets learn to use their claws to . . .
Page(s):
Eaglets also need to grow . . . Then they can learn to . . .
3 What do adult
eagles do?
I read that adult eagles use their beaks to . . . Adult eagles live for . . .
18
Unit 2 • Expository Text
Page(s):
Reread
SHARED READ
Write Review your notes. Then use text evidence to answer the question below.
How do eaglets grow to become eagles? Eaglets must learn how to use their claws and beaks to They must also grow When eaglets grow feathers, they can
Ken Canning/Getty Images
They use their beaks to
Unit 2 • Expository Text
19
VOCABULARY STRATEGY
Reread
SHARED READ
Ho m o g r a p h s Homographs are words that are spelled the same but have different meanings and sometimes different pronunciations. FIND TEXT EVIDENCE
I know down can mean “to go from high to low” or “fluffy feathers.” Since eaglets are covered with down, the second meaning makes sense in this sentence. An eaglet is born covered with soft gray down.
COLLABORATE
Your Turn Use clues on page 9 to figure out the meaning of hatch in this sentence:
Takayuki Maekawa/The Image Bank/Getty Images
"She sits on her eggs until they hatch."
20
Unit 2 • Expository Text
RESEARCH AND INQUIRY
S
e Integrat
ENCE CI
Identify and Gather Sources Research sources can be books, magazine articles, or websites. To find a reliable source, make sure the author's purpose is to teach readers about a topic. What would be a good source to study alligators?
Examples of reliable sources on the Internet are school websites that end in “.edu" or government websites that end in “.gov.” Avoid doing research on websites that try to convince you of an opinion.
Life Cycle Diagram With a partner, create a diagram about the life cycle of an insect. Use reliable sources to research the stages of the insect’s life. Draw the life cycle and describe each stage. My insect is Reliable sources for my research:
Harvey Lloyd/Stockbyte/Getty Images
COLLABORATE
Find a reliable source on the Internet to study zebras. Write it below.
Unit 2 • Expository Text
21
VOCABULARY
04
caterpillar
n. a small, long animal with many legs that develops into a
butterfly or moth
The caterpillar will become a butterfly later. Why can’t a caterpillar fly? continue
v. go on; keep on happening or keep doing something
It’s raining today, and it will continue tomorrow. How do you continue being friends with someone?
(t to b) Darkdiamond67/Shutterstock; ojal/Shutterstock; Dave Moyer; BlueRingMedia/Shutterstock
insect
n. a small animal that has six legs and often has wings
I found an insect on the rock. Describe an insect you’ve seen.
life cycle
n. the series of changes that happen to an animal or plant
during its life
This picture shows the life cycle of a frog. What is the first part of a life cycle of a frog? 22
Unit 2 • Expository Text
PAIRED READ live
adj. having life; living, moving and breathing; not dead
I saw a real live giraffe at the zoo. What live wild animals have you seen at the zoo?
shell
n. the hard covering around something
She paints the egg’s shell. Which small and slow animal has a shell on its back?
n. offspring; the babies of an animal (t to b) Romrodphoto/Shutterstock; Liliya Kulianionak/Shutterstock; Anna Hoychuk/Shutterstock
young
The dog’s young were hungry. How do adults take care of their young?
COLLABORATE
Your Turn Pick three words. Write three questions for your partner to answer.
Unit 2 • Expository Text
23
PAIRED READ FIND TEXT EVIDENCE Read Paragraph 1
Underline the sentence that explains how a butterfly is different from mammals.
Essential Question How are offspring like their parents? Read about how baby caterpillars become butterflies.
Paragraph 1
How does a butterfly produce offspring? Paragraph 2
Draw a box around the sentence that shows how the butterfly and caterpillar are related.
05
A butterfly is not a mammal. It does not have live babies or feed milk to its young. A butterfly is an insect. It lays eggs.
Lee Canfield/SuperStock
COLLABORATE
Talk about the photo on this page. What does it show? How does the photo support the main topic?
24
Unit 2 • Expository Text
Look at the photo. Can you tell which is the parent and which is the offspring? Probably not! The parent is the butterfly, and its baby is the caterpillar. The parent and the offspring do not look alike right now. However, when the caterpillar is grown, it will look like its parent. Let’s take a look at the life cycle of a butterfly.
EXPOSITORY TEXT FIND TEXT EVIDENCE Read
4 The caterpillar forms a shell around itself. The shell is called a chrysalis.
What happens first in the life cycle of a butterfly? How do you know? 2 After 3 or 4 days, a tiny caterpillar comes out of the egg. Caterpillars are a kind of larva. The caterpillar eats its shell for food.
(tl) Ingram Publishing/Alamy (tc) Ed Reschke/Photolibrary/Getty Images (tr) Don Johnston/Alamy (bl) Don Johnston IH/Alamy (br) Eric Bean/Digital Vision/Getty Images
5 Two weeks later, an adult butterfly comes out of the chrysalis. It will lay an egg on a leaf, and the cycle will continue.
1 The adult butterfly lays an egg on a milkweed leaf.
Reread step 4. Underline the sentence that tells what a chrysalis is. Circle the chrysalis in the photo.
3 For about two weeks, the caterpillar eats leaves and grows bigger.
How does the butterfly life cycle begin again?
Make Connections How is a caterpillar like its parents? How is it different? ESSENTIAL QUESTION
COLLABORATE
Talk about how the arrows and the photos help you understand the life cycle.
How is a butterfly’s offspring different from an eaglet? TEXT TO TEXT
Unit 2 • Expository Text
25
Reread
PAIRED READ What is the author’s purpose for writing “From Caterpillar to Butterfly”?
COLLABORATE
Talk About It Reread page 25. Why are the parts of the diagram numbered? What do the parts show? Cite Text Evidence Write clues from the diagram of a butterfly life cycle that show the author’s purpose. Clue
Clue
Author’s Purpose
Write The author’s purpose in writing “From Caterpillar Lisa Thornberg/E+/Getty Images
to Butterfly” is 26
Unit 2 • Expository Text
Quick Tip Headings in the diagram name each stage. The photos show what the stages look like.
Diagrams
Readers to Writers
Authors can use diagrams to show how parts of something work together. Life cycle diagrams show and tell how living things grow and change. FIND TEXT EVIDENCE Look back at the butterfly life cycle diagram again on page 25. Take notes on each step on the lines below.
1.
You can use diagrams to explain key details and show how they are connected. Adding arrows and numbers to your diagram can help show how the parts work together or follow a sequence.
2. 3. 4. 5. Two weeks later, an adult butterfly comes out.
COLLABORATE
Your Turn Why does the author show the life cycle of a butterfly in a circle?
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GRAMMAR
Nouns • A noun is a word that names a person, place, or thing. FIND TEXT EVIDENCE Underline the nouns.
Bald eagles use their sharp eyes to hunt.
COLLABORATE
Your Turn A. Underline the nouns. 1. All birds lay eggs. 2. Birds need their parents for food.
Quick Tip
3. Eagles can live up to thirty years.
In addition to people, places, and things, nouns also name feelings and ideas.
4. A bald eagle can soar for hours.
Ken Canning/Getty Images
B. Complete the sentence using nouns and other words. The has
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Unit 2 • Expository Text
Singular and Plural Nouns • A singular noun names a person, place, or thing. • A plural noun names more than one person, place, or thing. • Add an -s to the end of most nouns to make them plural. • Add an -es to form the plural of words that end with -s, -ch, -sh, or -x. •T o change the form of a noun that ends with -y, change the -y to an -i and then add -es. FIND TEXT EVIDENCE Underline the singular nouns. Circle the plural noun.
The eaglet stays near the nest until its wings grow strong. Your Turn A. Underline the singular nouns. Circle the plural nouns. 1. Eagles build nests at the top of trees. 2. The mother eagle can lay one to three eggs. 3. An eaglet cannot fly at first. 4. They are covered with feathers.
Quick Tip To form most plural nouns, you can simply add an -s. There are some words that need additional changes.
B. Complete the sentence using singular or plural nouns and other words. The saw
Unit 2 • Expository Text
Accent Alaska.com/Alamy
COLLABORATE
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e Integrat
MAKE CONNECTIONS What does the photo of the sculpture help you understand? How are these ideas similar to what you learned in "Eagles and Eaglets"?
COLLABORATE
Talk About It Talk about the sculpture and caption. What does the artist show about a mother lion and her cubs, or offspring? Cite Text Evidence In the caption, underline a clue that tells how long the cubs need their mother.
Quick Tip Use these sentence starters as you talk about the sculpture and answer the question: Baby animals need their parents for… The offspring, or babies, must learn…
Write "Eagles and Eaglets" and the sculpture and caption help me understand how baby animals Albert Barr/iStock/Getty Images
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Unit 2 • Expository Text
The artist shows lion cubs clinging to their mother. The cubs need her until they learn to hunt for themselves.
COLLABORATE
RESEARCH AND INQUIRY
S
e Integrat
ENCE CI
Present Your Work
Quick Tip
With your partner, plan how you will present your Life Cycle Diagram to the class. Use the Presenting Checklist to help you improve your presentation. After all the presentations are finished, discuss the sentence starters below and write your answers.
Decide the parts of the diagram you and your partner will each present. Practice moving smoothly from one part to the next.
Presenting Checklist
An interesting fact I learned about the life cycle is ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ I would like to know more about how the insect
Practice in front of a friend. Present the stages in the life cycle of the insect in order. Speak clearly and slowly so the class can understand the diagram. Make eye contact with your audience. Cite the reliable sources you used.
_________________________________________________ _________________________________________________
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GENRE WRITING
Expert Model Features of an Expository Essay
An expository essay is a type of expository text. It gives ideas and information about a topic. • It introduces the topic in the beginning of the essay. • It has facts that tell about the topic. • It can have a text structure that tells about things in order.
COLLABORATE
Shared Read (pages 8-13)
Word Wise The author uses one sentence for each fact. This helps to make the information clear to the reader.
Analyze an Expert Model Studying "Eagles and Eaglets" will help you learn how to write an expository essay. Reread pages 8–9. Then answer the questions below. How does the author grab your attention? How does the author introduce the main topic of baby eagles?
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EXPOSITORY TEXT
Plan: Brainstorm
Quick Tip Use books, magazines, or websites to find pictures and names of baby animals. Choose animals that interest you for your list.
Life on White/Photodisc/Getty Images
Generate Ideas You will write an expository essay that tells how a baby animal grows. Use this space for your ideas. Brainstorm words that describe baby animals and draw pictures.
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GENRE WRITING
Plan: Choose Your Topic
Quick Tip Your audience, or readers, may include your classmates. Think about how to interest your readers and what you want them to learn from your essay.
Writing Prompt Write an expository essay that explains how a baby animal grows. Go back to the ideas about baby animals that you brainstormed on page 33. Choose one of these animals to write about. Complete these sentences to help you get started. My baby animal is
Word Wise
I already know that
I will look for other facts about this animal in Purpose and Audience Authors write expository essays to teach readers about the world. Think about why you chose the baby animal to write about. Then explain your purpose for writing in your writer’s notebook.
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Unit 2 • Expository Text
Thinking about your audience will help you decide the words and tone to use in your writing. Use formal language when you are writing for a serious purpose, such as for expository essays, reports, and letters to your teacher.
EXPOSITORY TEXT
Plan: Research COLLABORATE
Quick Tip
Generate Questions Authors often plan their writing by asking questions about a topic. Look at the chart below. An author researched facts about a baby puffin bird. The author asked questions about the baby bird first and used the answers in an expository essay.
Use words such as who, what, where, when, why and how to write your questions.
Read the answers in the chart. Use these facts to complete the questions. Question
What are the babies
grows?
Answer
?
The babies are called pufflings.
does the baby eat?
The parents feed them fish.
does the baby change as it
The baby's dark beak turns orange.
tirc83/E+/Getty Images
Plan In your writer’s notebook, make a Question and Answer Chart like the one above. Think about what sources you can use to find the answers. Use reliable sources, such as books, magazines, and websites.
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GENRE WRITING
Draft COLLABORATE
Order Ideas The author of "Eagles and Eaglets" describes events in an eaglet’s life. Reread pages 11–12. These events can be put into a Sequence Chart. Complete this Sequence Chart. First, an eaglet is born covered with soft down.
In about five years, the eaglet becomes an adult.
predrag1/iStock/Getty Images
Write a Draft Make a Sequence Chart in your writer’s notebook. Use reliable sources such as books, magazines, and websites. Look over your list of questions. Then use this information to write your draft.
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Unit 2 • Expository Text
Quick Tip Use words such as first, next, and last to help your readers follow the order of your ideas.
EXPOSITORY TEXT
Revise
Quick Tip
Sentence Fluency Writers use short and long sentences to add interest. Read the paragraph below. Use descriptive words and details to revise it. Make sure you use both short and long sentences to make the writing more interesting.
You can use details you have read on page 9 of "Eagles and Eaglets" and your background knowledge to help you revise the paragraph.
Eagles build nests. Eagles lay eggs. The mother sits on her eggs. Grammar Connections
The eggs hatch. The parents watch the nest.
As you revise, check to make sure you use nouns correctly. A singular noun refers to one person, place, or thing: eagle. A plural noun refers to more than one person, place, or thing: eagles.
Revise It’s time to revise your draft. Make sure you have some short sentences and some longer sentences to keep your writing interesting.
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GENRE WRITING
Revise: Peer Conferences COLLABORATE
Review a Draft Listen carefully as a partner reads his or her work aloud. Begin by telling what you like about the draft. Make suggestions that you think will make the writing stronger. Partner Feedback Write one of your partner’s suggestions that you will use in the revision of your text.
Quick Tip Use these sentence starters to discuss your partner’s work. The details in your draft helped me… How about adding more facts about… I have a question about…
Based on my partner’s feedback, I will ��������������� After you finish giving each other feedback, reflect on the peer conference. What was helpful? What might you do differently next time? Revision Use the Revising Checklist to help you figure out what text you may need to move, add to, or delete. Remember to use the rubric on page 41 to help you with your revision. 38
Unit 2 • Expository Text
Revising Checklist
Does my essay give facts in the correct order? Does it include words that show the correct order? Does it answer my questions about how a baby animal grows? Did I use both short and long sentences?
EXPOSITORY TEXT
Edit and Proofread
Tech Tip
When you edit and proofread, you look for and correct mistakes in your writing. Rereading a revised draft several times will help you catch any errors. Use the checklist below to edit your sentences. Editing Checklist Do all sentences begin with a capital letter and end with a punctuation mark? Are nouns used correctly? Are plural nouns spelled correctly? Are commas used correctly? Are all the words spelled correctly?
List two mistakes you found as you proofread your text. 1
When you type your text, choose a font that is easy to read. Usually, type that looks like print in a book is easier to read.
Grammar Connections As you proofread, make sure the nouns you used are spelled correctly. Remember how the spellings of irregular plural nouns change, such as child/children, man/ men, or foot/feet.
2
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GENRE WRITING
Publish, Present, and Evaluate Publishing Create a neat, clean final copy of your expository essay. As you write your draft, be sure to print neatly and legibly. You may add illustrations, a diagram, or other visuals to make your published work more interesting. Presentation Practice your presentation when you are ready to present your work. Use the Presenting Checklist to help you. Listening When you listen actively, you pay close attention to what you hear. When you listen to other children's presentations, take notes to help you better understand their ideas. What I learned from .........................................................'s presentation: Questions I have about .........................................................’s presentation:
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Unit 2 • Expository Text
Presenting Checklist Sit up or stand up straight. Look at the audience. Speak slowly and clearly. Speak loudly so that everyone can hear you. Answer questions using facts from your essay.
Listening Checklist Make eye contact with the speaker. Use body language that shows you are listening. Decide which facts are important to the topic. Identify what the speaker does well. Think of questions you can ask.
EXPOSITORY TEXT Evaluate After you publish and present your essay, use the rubric below to evaluate your writing. 1
What did you do successfully?
2
What needs more work?
4
3
• uses factual information to tell how a baby animal grows
• uses mostly factual information to tell how a baby animal grows
• follows a clear sequence and uses signal words
• follows a sequence and uses some signal words
• has a variety of sentence lengths
• has some variety in sentence length
• is free or almost free of errors
• has few errors
2
1
• uses some factual information
• does not have much factual information
• does not have a clear sequence and is missing signal words
• has a confusing order
• has limited variety in sentence length
• has many errors that make the essay hard to understand
• has many errors that distract from the meaning of the essay
• has no variety in sentence length
Unit 2 • Expository Text
41
NEW EDITION
Grade 2 • Unit 2
McGraw Hill
9 789814 923682
READING/WRITING COMPANION
CYAN MAG YELO BLACK BLUE
ISBN: 978-981-4923-68-2
PHX MAC #1448246 03/02/18
READING/WRITING COMPANION 2.2
UNIT 2
NEW EDITION
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