DESKTOP
Desktop
Icons
Wall paper
Date and time
Start button Task bar
Components of Windows:
Desktop: The screen hat shows all the ICONS and also helps store important applications files on Desktop as a Shortcut.
Icon: The Graphical or Pictorial representation of the application is known as ‘ICON’. Note: To open any Icon Double click of mouse ir Right click of mouse Open.
Task Bar: it shows the START button and also the application on which the user is working on. By minimize the application it shows on task bar.
My computer
Hard disk: Hard Disks are memory devices used by most of the computers. The memory capacity of Hard disk is 16 MB to 40 GB. It is also called as Winchester disk. It is fixed in CPU. Drive: The partition in the Hard Disk is known as Drive. A: and B: are specially used for Floppies
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C: to Z: are local Hard disk and removable drives such as CD ROMs and DVD ROMS etc. Folder: A group of sub-folders and files can be stored in Folder File: A document in which contents or text can be stored. Recycle Bin: All deleted files are stored in Recycle bin, and we can restore the files from Recycle bin. Note: Once we delete the files from Recycle bin we cannot get back. File name notepad WordPad Ms Word Ms excel Ms PowerPoint Ms Access Ms Paint Images & pictures Audio and video
File type text file rich text file format document book slide database bitmap
Extension *.txt *.rtf *.doc *.xls *.ppt *.mdb *.bmp *.jpg *.avi
MEMORY Memory is a device where data and programs are stored. Most computers have integrated circuits for their main memory. They are ROM and RAM Chips. Computer memory is measured in bytes. Another word for memory is storage. Following conversions could come in handy at a later stage: 1 Char = 1 Bit 8 bits = 1 Byte 1024 Bytes = 1 KB 1024 KB = 1MB 1024 MB = 1GB 1024 GB = 1TB Memory is of two types: Internal Memory External Memory
Internal Memory
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The memory which contains the information of different components of the computer. It is of two types. ROM RAM ROM ROM is the acronym for Read Only Memory. The data and programs in ROM can only be read by a computer. The content of ROM is read only. The user cannot change what is stored in ROM. There are three types of ROM namely1) PROM : Programmable Read Only Memory 2) EPROM : Erasable PROM 3) EEPROM : Eclectically EPROM. RAM Ram is the acronym for Random Access Memory. It is part of a computer’s main memory. Data can be used from Ram in any order, or at random. Some of the Ram, called static Ram, or SRAM, can store data even when the computer is turned off. RAM comes on an integrated circuit. The RAM has two important characteristics: 1) The data present in RAM can be easily read and modified through programs. 2) This memory is volatile. It means its contents are lost upon switching off the computer. External Memory It is not possible to store the data permanently in the computer because the information stored in the RAM is temporary i.e. when the system is switched off the contents will be lost. To over-come this problem external storage devices are used. The memory which supports external storage devices is called as External memory.
There are four types of external storage devices: Floppy disk
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Zip drive Compact disk Hard disk HARDWARE The physical components of computer such as electronic, magnetic and mechanical devices are identified as hardware. E.g.: Monitor, VDU (Visual Display Unit), and Keyboard ….. etc.
SOFTWARE The set of computer programs, procedures and associated documentation related to effective operation of computer. E.g.: Languages, Packages & Operating systems There are two types of software’s: System software Application software System software System software is the software needed to control the running of the computer. Systems software includes the operating system and BIOS. A computer needs system software before it can run application software. E.g.:- Operating system Application software We spoke of computer applications and identified certain areas where computers are being used today. Software specially suited for specific applications is now available in the market. E.g.: Banking software, Railway reservations, Ms Office, PageMaker etc.
OPERATING SYSTEM It is system software, it acts as an interface between user and computer hardware. Dos (Disk Operating System): It is an Character based operating system (or) (CUI)Character User Interface, Black & White Screen. (Ex:- Dos 3.1 version)
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WINDOWS FAMILY: It is an (CUI & GUI) (Graphical User Interface): Windows 95, Windows 97, Windows 98, Windows 98(Second Edition) & ME(Millennium Edition) WINDOWS NT FAMILY (NETWORK TECHONOLOGY): Windows NT, Windows 2000: (Professional, Server, Advance Server, Database Server) Windows XP: (Professional, Home Edition) WINDOWS 2003 SERVER : (Standard Edition, Web Edition, Enterprise Edition, Data Center Edition) VISTA, windows 2008 Server & windows 7.
There are two types of Operating systems 1) Single user operating system 2) Multi user operating system ďƒ˜
Single user operating system :- Only one person can work with one user E.x:- DOS (Disk Operating System)
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Multi user operating system:- Many number of persons can work with one user E.x:- Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows XP, Windows 2000 etc.
Differences between Dos and Windows. DOS: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
It is a single user operating system It is a C.U.I based (Character User Interface) It is a 16 Bit operating system. There is no possibility to run Audio/Video. There is no possibility to run Internet.
WINDOWS: 1. It is a multi user operating system 2. It is a G.U.I based (Graphical User Interface) 3. It is a 32 Bit operating system. 4. There is possibility to run Audio/Video.
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5. There is possibility to run Internet. LANGUAGE It is a communication link between human being and machine like a computer. All application software packages are written in computer languages. They are various computer languages like C, C++ etc. PACKAGES It is a ready-made program or pre-written or Menu-driven program or user friendly Language. Ex.:- Wings, Auto-cad, FoxPro, Ms-office, Tally etc..
DOS (Disk Operating System) The Dos as got three types of commands packages they are the:1. Internal Command:-This are the commands which are default loaded along with the Operating System. 2. External Command:- This are the commands which are not default loaded along with the Operating System it will works only with the help of External device. 3. Batch Command:- It is the extension for the file here the commands can be stored bulk and it can be executed directly all at a time. Ex:- I/Os, command.com, MsDos.sys, Config.sys, AUTOEXEC.BAT How to open the Dos Command Prompt? Go to Start button Run type cmd or command C:\> :- C prompt, Syntax, C drive 1)
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TIME:- This command is used to see the system time. Syntax:- C:\> time enter DATE:- This command is used to see the system date. Syntax:- C:\> date enter CD.. :- This command is used to come out of the one directory. Syntax;- C:\> cd.. Enter
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CD\ :- This command is used to come out of the group of directories. Syntax:- C:\> cd\ enter
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DIR:- Disc Information Report This command is used to see the directories and files. Syntax:- C:\> dir enter
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DIR/P:- This command is used to see the directories and files page wise. Syntax:- C:\> dir/p enter
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DIR/O:-This command is used to see the directories and files order wise. Syntax:- C:\> dir/o enter
8) DIR/O/P:- This command is used to see the directories and files order and page wise.. Syntax:- C:\> dir/o/p enter 9)
DIR/W:-This command is used to see the directories and files width wise. Syntax:- C:\> dir/w enter
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DIR/AD:-This command is used to see only the directories Syntax:- C:\> dir/ad enter
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DIR/AA:- This command is used to see only the files Syntax:- C:\> dir/aa enter
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DIR/O/AD:-This command is used to see the directories order wise Syntax:- C:\> dir/o/ad enter
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DIR/O/AA:-This command is used to see the files order wise. Syntax:- C:\> dir/o/aa enter
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MD or MKDIR:- This command is used to create a directory. Syntax:- md space directory name C:\> md fruits enter
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CD:- This command is used to enter into a directory. Syntax:- cd space directory name C:\> cd fruits enter
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COPY CON:- This command is used to create a files in a directory. Syntax:- copy space con space file name C:\> copy con apple(filename) enter Ramu is a good boy To save the file press (ctrl+z) or (f6)
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TYPE:- This command is used to open a file in a directory. Syntax:- type space file name C:\> type apple (filename) enter
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EDIT:- This command is used to change the matter and add the matter in file. Syntax:- edit space filename C:\> edit apple (filename)enter
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COPY:- This command is used to copy the file in a directory. Syntax:- copy space existing filename space new filename C:\> copy apple (existing filename) orange(new filename) enter
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DIR/L:- it display all the directories and files in lower case Syntax:- :-C:\>dir/l
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DIR/ON:-it display all directories and files ascending order Syntax:- :-C:\>dir/on
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DIR/O-N:- it display all directories and files descending order Syntax:- :-C:\>dir/o-n
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ATTRIB +H:- This command is used to hide the file in a directory. Syntax:- attrib space +h space filename C:\> attrib +h apple (filename)
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ATTRIB -H:- This command is used to unhide the file in a directory. Syntax:- attrib space -h space filename
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C:\> attrib -h apple (filename) 25)
ATTRIB +R:- This command is used to change the read only the matter in a file. Syntax:- attrib space +r space filename C:\> attrib +r apple (filename)
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ATTRIB -R :- This command is used to read the matter and add the matter in a file. Syntax:- attrib space -r space filename C:\> attrib -r apple (filename)
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DIR/AH:-it display all hidden files Syntax:- :-C:\>dir/ah
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REN (OR) RENAME :- This command is used to change the name of the file. Syntax:- ren space existing filename space new filename C:\> ren apple (old filename) pineapple(new filename)
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TREE:- This command is used to tree structure of directory and sub directory. Syntax:- tree (enter) C:\> tree (enter)
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MOVE:- This command is used to move the file from main directory to sub directory. Syntax:- move space filename space c:\> main directory name\sub directory
name C:\> move orange(filename) c:\ fruits\ sweets 31)
DEL:- This command is used to delete a file in a directory Syntax:- del space filename C:\> del orange(filename)enter
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RD:- This command is used to delete an empty directory. Syntax:- rd space directory name C:\> rd fruits enter
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COLOR:-It Is used to change the font color In Dos(In Characters from A to F and In Digits from 0 to 9) Syntax:-color <characters a to f or digits 0 to 9> ex:-C:\orbit>color 6 C:\orbit>color a CLS:- It Is used to clear the screen Syntax:- cls (press enter) C:\orbit>cls EXIT:- This command is used to come out of the dos prompt. Syntax:- C:\> exit enter.
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FOLDERS AND FILES
Folder: A group of sub-folders and files can be stored in Folder
File: A document in which contents or text can be stored.
Folder creation on desktop
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Give the right click on desktop in empty space Select New select Folder It shows the new folder on desktop Give any name to the folder (Orbit) Just click on folder (folder will be created).
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(How to save the files in folder) Open any program (Paint or Notepad) Type any matter Go to file menu save Select desktop Select your folder (Orbit) Click on open Now give the file name
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8. Click on save.
Folder creation in Drives (C, D, E & F etc...)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Open My computer on desktop Select any drive ( Local disc ‘D’ ) open the drive Give the right click in empty space Select New Select Folder It shows the new folder Give any name to the folder (Orbit) Just click on folder (folder will be created)
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(How to save the files in folder) Open any program (Paint or Notepad) Type any matter Go to file menu save Select ‘D’ drive Select your folder (Orbit) Click on open Now give the file name Click on save. SHORTCUT KEYS
1. Ctrl+A Select all 2. Ctrl+B Bold 3. Ctrl+C Copy 4. Ctrl+D To open font option 5. Ctrl+E Center alignment 6. Ctrl+F Find 7. Ctrl+G Go to 8. Ctrl+H Replace 9. Ctrl+I Italic
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Ctrl+J Justify
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Ctrl+K Hyperlink
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Ctrl+L Left alignment
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Ctrl+M To increase the left indentation
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Ctrl+N New
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Ctrl+O Open
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Ctrl+P Print
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Ctrl+Q To decrease the left indentation
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Ctrl+R Right alignment
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Ctrl+S Save
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Ctrl+T To increase the first line indentation
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Ctrl+U Underline
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Ctrl+V Paste
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Ctrl+W Close
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Ctrl+X Cut
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Ctrl+Y Repeat
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Ctrl+Z Undo
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Ctrl + Shift + > To increase Font size
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Ctrl + Shift + < To decrease Font size
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Ctrl + = To subscript
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Ctrl + Shift + = To Superscript
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Ctrl + Shift + = To change the font
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Ctrl + 1 For single space lines
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Ctrl + 2 For double space lines
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Ctrl + 5 To set 1.5 line spacing space lines
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Shift + F3 To change case
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Ctrl + F2 Print preview
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Shift + (Right arrow) – To select the text from left to right. Shift + (Left arrow) – To select the text from right to left. Shift + (Down arrow) – To select the text from top to bottom. Shift + (Up arrow) – To select the text from bottom to top.
INTERNET CONCEPTS The internet is a collection of networks. A network or networks computers sharing digital information via a common set of networking and software protocols. Nearly anyone can connect their computers to the internet and immediate communicate with other computers and users on the net.
Networking:- A network is an internet connection of two or more computers for the purpose of sharing information (data, schedule, e-mail) and resources (printers, storage devices, application).
Basic network terminology: - They are 3 types of networks.
LAN:- (Local Area Network) It is describes a network whole geographical span is limited to a building or a campus. WAN:- (Wide Area Network) It describes a network whole geographical span is less than a mile, often, multiple lane are attached to create a wan. MAN:- ( Metropolitan Area Network) It describes a network whole geographical span is more than one mile and spreads over metropolitan cities.
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Protocol:- A set of rules or procedures for exchanging information between networks or computers system.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol):- A specific set of protocols used by computers connected over the internet to transfer files.
POP (Point-to-Point Protocol):- It allows computers to establish a TCP/IP connection using a regular telephone line and a modem.
SLIP (Serial line internet protocol):- It is used to connect computers to the internet area a TCP/IP account.
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol):- The internet standard protocol used to transport EMail from one computer system to another.
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
Internet terms
HTML: - (Hyper Text Markup Language) The computers language used for creating documents on the World Wide Web.
HTTP:- (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) A specific set of protocols used to translate the file over the world wide web(WWW).
ISP: - (Internet service provide) A company or organization that provides internet access.
BROWSER: - A client program (software) that is used to view resources on the internet. Particularly web pages.
WWW:- (World Wide Web):- It is an inter connection of networks world wide.
WEB BROWSER: - It is program used for browsing or viewing the resources available on the WWW.
WEB PAGE: - A page in a web site.
WEBSITE: - A group of pages with links in a website.
HOMEPAGE: - The first screen or page in a website on the www.
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