CHICAGO, 16th Edition (The Essential Guide for Writers, Editors, and Publishers)
In Chicago, you will cite your sources using one of the following: #1. NOTES-BIBLIOGRAPHY (Humanities) #2. AUTHOR-DATE REFERENCES (Physical, Natural, and Social Sciences) If you are uncertain which style to use in your paper, consult your professor. #1. NOTES-BIBLIOGRAPHY BASICS Notes-bibliography-style citations have three elements (a, b, and c below): a. A superscript number at the end of the sentence in which you refer to the source. Example: Susie Queue argues that “you need to know on which side your bread is buttered.”1 b. Notes arranged numerically either at the bottom of each page (footnotes) or at the end of the manuscript (endnotes). Notes include complete bibliographic information when cited for the first time. The first line of a note is indented. Example: 1. Susie Queue, Bread Buttering 101: How to Get What You Want (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2012), 122. Subsequent citations from the same source should be shortened: Examples: 5. Ibid. (citing from the same page; ibidem means “in the same place”) 5. Ibid., 68 (citing from a different page) 5. Queue, Bread Buttering, 155. (citing from the same source, but with intervening citations)
c. A bibliography at the end of the paper that includes the same information you used in the note, but in a slightly different format. In the bibliography, list every source you cited and sometimes others you consulted but did not cite. In each source listing, indent any lines past the first. Your bibliography should have an appropriate title (usually Bibliography or Works Cited). Example:
Bibliography 512-245-3018 • ASB North, 1st Floor • Monday-Thursday: 10 a.m.-7 p.m./Friday: 12-5 p.m./Sunday: 6-10 p.m. writingcenter.txstate.edu
Blee, Kathleen M. “White Knuckle Research: Emotional Dynamics in Fieldwork with Racist Activists.” Qualitative Sociology 21, no. 1 (April 2012): 381-406. Queue, Susie. Bread Buttering 101: How to Get What You Want. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2012.
2
NOTES-BIBLIOGRAPHY SPECIFICS: These examples are unformatted to save space; remember to format them when creating your reference list. Journal Articles (print): • Note: 3. Kathleen M. Blee, “White Knuckle Research: Emotional Dynamics in Fieldwork with Racist Activists,” Qualitative Sociology 21, no. 1 (April 2012): 381406. • Bibliographic Entry: Blee, Kathleen M. “White Knuckle Research: Emotional Dynamics in Fieldwork with Racist Activists.” Qualitative Sociology 21, no. 1 (April 2012): 381-406. (In the above note and bibliographic entry, Blee published this article in volume 21, issue 1, of Qualitative Sociology. The article appeared on pages 381-406.) Journal Articles (online): •
Note: 10. Michael O. Emerson and David Sikkink, “Equal in Christ, But Not in the World: White Conservative Protestants and Explanations of Black-White Inequality,” Social Problems 46, no. 2 (September 2011), accessed July 11, 2012, http://www.fakeURL.org/publications/moreletters.html.
•
Bibliographic Entry: Emerson, Michael O. and David Sikkink. “Equal in Christ, But Not in the World: White Conservative Protestants and Explanations of Black-White Inequality.” Social Problems 46, no. 2 (September 2011). Accessed July 11, 2012. http://www.fakeURL.org/publications/moreletters.html.
Books (single author): •
Note: 1. John Hope Franklin, George Washington Williams: A Biography (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985), 54.
•
Bibliographic Entry: Franklin, John Hope. George Washington Williams: A Biography. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985.
Books (multiple authors): •
Note: 3. Lucy Smith, Frank KeBob, and Julie Hudson, Generation Z (New York: Pendleton Books, 2012), 25-26.
•
Bibliographic Entry: Smith, Lucy, Frank KeBob, and Julie Hudson. Generation Z. New York: Pendleton Books, 2012.
Books (editors): •
Note: 5. Geraldine Williams, ed., The LGBTQ Community and Marital Quality (Stanford, CA: Lighthouse Books, 2012), 727-728.
3
•
Bibliographic Entry: Williams, Geraldine, ed. The LGBTQ Community and Marital Quality. Stanford, CA: Lighthouse Books, 2012.
Book Chapters: •
Note: 15. Robert Lee, “Busing in Oklahoma City: A Case Study in Racism,” in Desegregation in America, ed. Susan O’Connor (New York: Heavensgate, 2012), 99.
•
Bibliographic Entry: Lee, Robert. “Busing in Oklahoma City: A Case Study in Racism.” In Desegregation in America, edited by Susan O’Connor, 99-120. New York: Heavensgate, 2012.
Books (other than first edition): •
Note: 8. M.M. Bober, Karl Marx’s Interpretation of History, 2nd ed. Harvard Economic Studies (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2010), 82.
•
Bibliographic Entry: Bober, M.M. Karl Marx’s Interpretation of History, 2nd ed. Harvard Economic Studies. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2010.
#2. AUTHOR-DATE BASICS Author-date citations have two elements (a and b below) a. A parenthetical citation that includes author, date, and relevant page numbers if necessary. Example: She argues that “you need to know on which side your bread is buttered” (Queue 2012, 122). Example: As Queue (2012, 122) argues, “you need to know on which side your bread is buttered”. b. A reference list at the end of your paper. Indent all but the first line of each reference. An author-date reference list should have the appropriate title, usually “References” or “Works Cited”. Example:
REFERENCES
Emerson, Michael O. and David Sikkink. 2011. “Equal in Christ, But Not in the World: White Conservative Protestants and Explanations of Black-white Inequality.” Social Problems 46 (September): 112-121. doi:10.1086/lir.113.648.
4
Queue, Susie. 2012. Bread Buttering: How to Get What You Want. Norman, OK: Univ. of Oklahoma Press. REFERENCE LIST SPECIFICS These examples are unformatted to save space; remember to format them when creating your reference list. Journal Articles (print): Blee, Kathleen M. 2012. “White Knuckle Research: Emotional Dynamics in Fieldwork with Racist Activists.” Qualitative Sociology 21 (1): 381-406. (In the above reference entry, Blee published this article in volume 21, issue 1, of Qualitative Sociology. The article appeared on pages 381-406.) Journal Articles (online): Emerson, Michael O. and David Sikkink. 2011. “Equal in Christ, But Not in the World: White Conservative Protestants and Explanations of Blackwhite Inequality.” Social Problems 46 (September): 112-121. doi:10.1086/lir.113.648. Books (single author): Franklin, John Hope. 1985. George Washington Williams: A Biography. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Books (multiple authors): Smith, Lucy, Frank KeBob, and Julie Hudson. 2012. Generation Z: The Troubled Youth. New York: Pendleton Books. Books (editors): Williams, Geraldine, ed. 2012. The LGBTQ Community and Marital Quality. Stanford, CA: Lighthouse Books. Book Chapters: Lee, Robert. 2012. “Busing in Oklahoma City: A Case Study in Racism.” In Desegregation in Rural America, edited by Susan O’Connor, 99-120. New York: Heavensgate. Books (other than first edition): Bober, M.M. 2010. Karl Marx’s Interpretation of History. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
For more assistance visit the Writing Center at ASBN 100.
5