HAITI: a second response JACMEL SCHOOL OF MEDICINE Tyler Colville | Spring 2013 | Neis University Of Oregon - Portland
THESIS REPORT II image source: http://pepbonet.com/2010/01/portfolio/haiti-earthquake/
finding an immediate and lasting solution to Haiti’s health care crisis
TABLE OF CONTENTS DESIGN INTRODUCTION
SCHOOL & HOSPITAL HOSPI HOSPIT T TAL BRIDGE
URBAN DESIGN
PROJECT PRINCIPLES
CAMPUS DESIGN
BUILDING DESIGN
APPENDICES
AIRPORT
4 6 10 12 16 30
DESIGN INTRODUCTION This thesis project began with my interest in a place that had been devastated by a natural disaster, the effects of which are still so strong that nearly every Haitian is still affected by the 2010 earthquake to this day. As my research progressed, there were so many major issues in Haiti that the difficulty came not in having to come up with a project but in having to choose which issue to address. There is a widespread lack of potable water, an extremely poor education system, limited medical technology and care, no building code, limited construction knowledge, deforestation, food shortages, economic stagnation, and more. I determined that the medical care and education issue was crucial and could be remedied on a local and eventually national scale, so as a compromise, I decided to include some proposed solutions to the other problems in my urban design. The original program for this project consisted of a hospital, which then became a teaching hospital. After the midterm review of the first quarter I decided that it made the most sense to focus on the school portion of the program due to the fact that some of the existing hospital had already been rebuilt and that there were plans to eventually rebuild the entire hospital with additions. Focusing on the school while designing the campus and massing of the new hospital became my new design goal and the pages that follow document these designs.
http://pepbonet.com/2010/01/portfolio/haiti-earthquake/
Tyler Colville | Spring 2013 | Neis
4
SITE
jacmel, haiti TO PORT-AU-PRINCE
EXISTING ACTIVITY HUB MAJOR HIGHWAY
RIVIÈRE DE LA GOSSELINE
PROJECT SITE AIRPORT TOWN SQUARE
TO MARIGOT
CEMENT FACTORY
BAIE DE JACMEL maps.google.com/
Tyler Colville | Spring 2013 | Neis
5
3
2
1
N
Tyler Colville | Spring 2013 | Neis
4
6
URBAN REGENERATION jacmel, haiti The regeneration of the city of Jacmel as a whole (in which 70% of structures were damaged by the earthquake) would be approached at a citywide scale. I propose developing education hubs in the form of a medical school on the northwest edge of the city (1) and an engineering school on the southeast edge (2), near an active cement factory. These two education centers could offer a long-term solution to two of the biggest issues in Jacmel (and all of Haiti) today - healthcare and construction/engineering. I also propose developing a water catchment and treatment facility in north Jacmel (3), which would be located close to the Gosseline River and at an elevation that would allow for easy distribution of potable water throughout the city. The tourism industry is also crucial to Jacmel’s economy, so I propose building a tourism center and boardwalk or nicer connection to the sea along the waterfront (4). The main N-S downtown street that runs past the town square would be developed as a green corridor and connect to this new waterfront development. The main E-W street in Jacmel currently dead-ends at the Gosseline River and cars traveling west either drive through the river or take a circuitous route around the river to the north. A bridge at this main E-W axis would improve transportation in and out of Jacmel. In addition to these proposals, I also propose the development of infill projects throughout the city so as to preserve the existing complex urban fabric and maintain the character of Jacmel, while bolstering its economy. Much of the proposed infill developments would be in the form of shop-houses in which the ground floor would be used for businesses while the upper floors would be for residential use.
Tyler Colville | Spring 2013 | Neis
7
URBAN DESIGN proposed developments HOSPITAL AND SCHOOL OF MEDICINE The hospital will serve the majority of Jacmel citizens (everyone that the smaller clinics in Jacmel can’t support). It will be a modern facility, able to provide care to patients who would otherwise have to travel outside of the country to receive treatment. The school component will ensure that medical methods and information taught by visiting doctors will be passed on to Haitians, putting an end to the current disorganized and dated medical care system.
SCHOOL OF CONSTRUCTION AND ENGINEERING The 2010 earthquake was 7.0 Mw in magnitude- a large earthquake- but the resulting deaths were disproportionately high. Overcrowding in Port-au-Prince and the lack of a building code in Haiti were the root causes of this statistic. This proposed school would teach everything from basic construction to advanced seismic building technology, educating not only students, but the general public as well. The teaching of sound construction methods is crucial to preventing future catastrophes, especially as the frequency and magnitude of natural disasters continue to increase.
Tyler Colville | Spring 2013 | Neis
8
TOURISM CENTER Tourism is a major industry in Jacmel due to its scenic location on the Caribbean, surrounded by mountains. By embracing this and bolstering the existing industry with a tourism information center and improved beachfront development, Jacmel could see an increase in tourism (& income).
WATER TREATMENT FACILITY Access to clean drinking water in Haiti is very limited. The implications that this has for the proposed hospital and daily life in Jacmel are severe. By developing a water treatment facility that could draw from sources such as rainwater and the Gosseline River on the west edge of the city, the problem could be resolved at its source. Distribution of the water would likely have to start at a local level and as the infrastructure caught up, could eventually be expanded to residences and facilities throughout the city.
Tyler Colville | Spring 2013 | Neis
9
PROJECT PRINCIPLES HEALING GARDENS Gardens between the narrow wings provide a connection to the landscape, which has been proven to speed patient recovery.* They also help to unify the campus along a green belt.
UNITING STREET Create a path through the campus that unites the buildings and forms a strong axis throughout the site.
NARROW WINGS Use narrow building footprints to break up the traditional imposing hospital form, optimizing natural lighting and ventilation, and affording views to the landscape. *�Roger S. Ulrich (1984) conducted an early study comparing recovery from cholecystectomy surgery in patients whose hospital room windows provided a view of natural landscape versus a view of a brick wall. Patients with the view of a natural landscape had shorter stays, took less pain medication, and had fewer negative-toned notes in their hospital charts.� -http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2264925/ Tyler Colville | Spring 2013 | Neis
10
GRADIENT OF PROGRAM FUNCTION The campus is configured with the school at the south end and the hospital across the road to the north, with a gradient of least to most intensive care facilities moving from south to north. This allows for a more inviting entrance and a clear progression through the campus.
WOMEN’S HEALTH FOCUS Women in Haiti are often left alone to bear children and they have many health issues as a result. This principle involves a cultural shift where the unspoken issue of women’s health is brought to the fore and addressed. The hospital addresses this principle with numerous female-specific program elements.
COMMUNITY INTEGRATION Create a welcoming place that diffuses fears and anxieties associated with hospitals. Provide education and care for the entire community (nutrition, sanitation, basic health needs).
HIGH TECH WITH AVAILABLE MATERIALS Concrete, rock, steel, bamboo, and corrugated sheet metal are the most readily available materials. Building orientation and form can result in passive cooling and natural ventilation (leading to a sustainable building). Tyler Colville | Spring 2013 | Neis
11
CAMPUS DESIGN
Tyler Colville | Spring 2013 | Neis
urban model
12
CAMPUS DESIGN
school and hospital buildings
The campus includes the hospital stretching to the north (orange), housing to the west, overlooking the Gosseline River, and the medical school to the south (red). Tyler Colville | Spring 2013 | Neis
13
CAMPUS DESIGN
infill developments
Infill developments consist mostly of shop-houses (1) with first-floors being used for businesses and upper floors for housing. A market (2) across from the main park space would activate the neighborhood as well. Tyler Colville | Spring 2013 | Neis
14
CAMPUS DESIGN
parks and green space
Green spaces in the form of courtyards and parks varying in size and shape stretch throughout the campus. Deforestation is a huge issue in Haiti, so giving back green space was a priority. Tyler Colville | Spring 2013 | Neis
15
BUILDING DESIGN The school itself consists of four buildings– a pair to the north and a pair to the south, centered along the main campus axis. The north buildings house the administrative and community elements of the project program. They are divided by the campus axis, which takes the form of a covered open-air shared space. A light canopy made of locally manufactured textiles covers this space, accentuating the axis running N-S. There is a community meeting room, dispensary, cafeteria, and walk-in community clinic on the ground floor of the north buildings.
School Program (25,000 Square Feet): Design Scope • • • • • • • • • •
4 Teaching Classrooms 3 Research Laboratories Library Community Health Clinic focusing on malnutrition issues Pharmacy Administration Center with Community Meeting Rooms Hospital and School Faculty Offices and Meeting Rooms Kitchen and Cafeteria Bathrooms Janitorial/Sanitation Rooms
Hospital Program (50,000 Square Feet, 150 Beds): • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Tyler Colville | Spring 2013 | Neis
Outpatient Clinic (30 patient consulting rooms) Women’s Health Outpatient Clinic (14 rooms) Women’s Health Inpatient Clinic (50 beds) General and Orthopedic Surgery (4 operating rooms) Pharmacy Men’s, Women’s, & Children’s Wards (60 beds total) TB Isolation Ward Mental Health Ward Emergency Medicine Clinic Morgue Hospital Administrative Offices Kitchen and Cafeteria Bathrooms Janitorial/Sanitation Rooms
16
BUILDING DESIGN site & ground floor plan
PUBLIC ROOM
UP COMMUNITY MTG.
COVERED SHARED SPACE
DISPENSARY
COMMUNITY CLINIC KITCHEN
CAFETERIA
EXAM
UP
DN
DN
DN
DN
LIBRARY
DN
CLASSROOM
DN
CLASSROOM
CLASSROOM FACULTY
COVERED OUTDOOR AUDITORIUM
NTS Tyler Colville | Spring 2013 | Neis
17
BUILDING DESIGN On the second floor of the north buildings, there are more community meeting rooms, administrative meeting rooms, and offices for both school and hospital staff and a bridge connecting the two buildings, which overlooks the shared space on the ground floor. The west building houses the clinic and offices and is meant to be more environmentally controlled and represent the connection between hospital and school. The campus axis culminates in an open-air auditorium that rests between the two south buildings of the school. The auditorium is covered with the same textile canopy as the north building, which provides shade and is removable during periods of high wind. The upper floors of the south buildings house classrooms and a library. The lower floor contains research and educational laboratories.
Tyler Colville | Spring 2013 | Neis
18
BUILDING DESIGN upper and lower floor plans MEETING
MEETING
DOCTORS’ OFFICE
LECTURE / GALLERY
MEETING
SCHOOL ADMIN.
SCHOOL ADMIN.
HOSPITAL ADMIN.
SECOND FLOOR NORTH BUILDING
CADAVER LAB
LAB UP
BASEMENT SOUTH BUILDING Tyler Colville | Spring 2013 | Neis
THIRD FLOOR NORTH BUILDING
MECH.
MECH.
LAB
UP
LAB
LAB UP DN
SCALE: 1/32” = 1’
19
BUILDING DESIGN
campus section
NORTH-SOUTH SECTION
TB ISOLATION WARDS
WARDS WOMEN’S, CHILDREN’S, MEN’S, & MENTAL HEALTH
Tyler Colville | Spring 2013 | Neis
MAIN HOSPITAL EMERGENCY ROOM, SURGERY, INPATIENT
OUTPATIENT CLINIC & HOSPITAL ADMINISTRATION
20
COMMUNITY CLINICS & MEETING SPACES, HOSPITAL & SCHOOL ADMINISTRATIVE CENTER
CLASSROOMS, LABS, LIBRARY
SOUTH
NTS
Tyler Colville | Spring 2013 | Neis
21
BUILDING DESIGN
north building section
EAST-WEST SECTION (LOOKING SOUTH)
SCALE: 1/32” = 1’
Tyler Colville | Spring 2013 | Neis
22
Tyler Colville | Spring 2013 | Neis
23
BUILDING DESIGN
sustainable systems
Average Temperature
Average Rainfall 100 (3.9)
27
27.5 (81.5)
24
22.5 (72.5)
24
25
24
24
22
22 21 20
20 (68)
19
21
20
20
19
19
19 18
17
17
17
15 (59)
50 (1.97)
25 (0.98)
December
November
October
September
August
July
June
May
April
March
December
November
October
September
August
July
June
May
April
March
February
January
0 February
17.5 (63.5)
75 (2.95)
January
Temperature -°C (°F)
25 (77)
26 25
Precipitation - mm (inches)
26
Average High Temp (°C) Average Low Temp (°C)
Both the south and north buildings of the school utilize solar chimneys to help drive ventilation. The chimneys act as thermal masses, collecting solar heat energy, which results in an upward airflow through the chimney. This negative pressure is used to draw air into rooms via openings in walls and roofs, pulling the air across spaces and exhausting the hot air up the chimney. A tropical humid climate such as Jacmel’s is ideal for the use of solar chimneys and passive ventilation because the movement of humid air provides very effective cooling. The stepped massing of the south buildings was a natural solution to the hill that the school is sited on. Achieving this form would require excavation to a considerable depth (greater than 20’), so I proposed the installation of earth-to-air heat exchange tubes (earth tubes) along the backside of the foundation wall, which would be used to cool air passively. Hot air would be drawn from the interior of the space through return vents, passed through the earth tubes at the base of the foundation wall, and pumped back into the space as cool air. The pitch of the south-facing roofs is optimal for a PV array. Given the climate and location of Jacmel, solar energy is very feasible (solar energy has already been implemented successfully in several projects throughout Haiti). The solar energy would be used to power ceiling fans, which are a very efficient method of aiding natural ventilation, and the forced air system for the earth tubes. A slightly stepped roof form also provides better ventilation at the basement level of the south buildings. Tyler Colville | Spring 2013 | Neis
24
SOLAR CHIMNEY DRIVES PASSIVE VENTILATION
PV ARRAY POWERS CEILING FANS AND FORCED AIR SYSTEM
TIEBACKS EARTH TUBE
NORTH-SOUTH SECTION: SOUTH BUILDING (LOOKING EAST) Tyler Colville | Spring 2013 | Neis
SOUTH
25
BUILDING DESIGN
details
WALL CONSTRUCTION
MASONRY UNITS
Confined masonry walls - reinforced masonry infill walls with cast-in-place concrete columns would be affordable, durable, and constructible using local labor.
Each individual concrete masonry unit would be fabricated locally using cement produced at the Jacmel cement factory and could incorporate Haitian artwork.
Tyler Colville | Spring 2013 | Neis
26
SHADING DEVICES
TRUSSES
Horizontal folding panel shading devices would be fabricated locally from painted rebar and woven grass. These devices could act as awnings or solid panels depending on occupant needs.
Mono trusses would be fabricated from 3x3x1/4� rolled steel angle purchased from Acierie d’Haiti. They would be built on-site by trained Haitian welders.
Tyler Colville | Spring 2013 | Neis
27
Tyler Colville | Spring 2013 | Neis
28
CONCLUSION My goal was to design something that would change lives for the better both immediately and in the long run in Jacmel, Haiti. Through research and conversations with people involved with aid work in Haiti, I made design decisions that would not only be feasible but would also push progress. I discovered so many obstacles that Haiti has to overcome, that it became easy to take the pessimistic view that nothing could be fixed or changed, but in the end my project sought to address one issue and make a positive, lasting change. I wanted to stray from standard construction techniques with elements such as earth tubes because the current standards are what perpetuate the problem. Haiti must challenge itself to build to a higher standard, educate its citizens, and move forward. I believe that it is projects such as this that could help move Haiti forward, solve real problems, and provide a new direction and standard of living for the country.
Tyler Colville | Spring 2013 | Neis
29
APPENDIX A: process sketches
Tyler Colville | Spring 2013 | Neis
30
Tyler Colville | Spring 2013 | Neis
31
APPENDIX A: process sketches
Tyler Colville | Spring 2013 | Neis
32
Tyler Colville | Spring 2013 | Neis
33
APPENDIX B: process models
Tyler Colville | Spring 2013 | Neis
34
1/16� Site Model: Winter Quarter
Tyler Colville | Spring 2013 | Neis
35
APPENDIX B: process models JACMEL: proposed infill grid & site (white)
Tyler Colville | Spring 2013 | Neis
36
Tectonic Models to Diagrams
Tyler Colville | Spring 2013 | Neis
37
APPENDIX C: final presentation
Tyler Colville | Spring 2013 | Neis
39