1 WTO: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR INDIAN AGRICULTURE SECTOR Prof. Dr. Uday Salunkhe & Prof. Dr. P.S.Rao
ABSTRACT Agriculture is the world’s most important and oldest occupation having history of about 11000 years. It is believed to have started in India about 4500 years ago and today about 1/3 of mother Earths surface (about 11 bn acres) is used for this, providing employment to about 50% of workforce of mankind and in India about 62% of work force is employed in agricultural sector. Agricultural sector is a backbone of India’s economy as it covers nearly 50% of available land of agricultural activities, provides employment for about 62% of working population of country and contributes about 341% of National GDP. India ranks second largest rice producer, largest milk producer, major country in wheat production, largest cattle and live-stock holder country of the world thanks to its green revolution programme Agriculture now in the purview of WTO, accounts for nearly 75% of the Indian rural population. The Uruguay Round Agreement (URA) calls for a fair and market oriented agricultural system. Following URA, protection is given by patents or by an effective Sui Generis System. The agricultural sector and service sector got opened up in the year-2000. Agriculture contributes 25 per cent to the GDP of the country and is a key sector of the Indian economy, providing food security to the population, major employment opportunities to the rural population and consequently, a large domestic market for manufactured goods. This sector also accounts for 13 per cent of India's exports. The break-through in the twin sectors of the economy, that is, agriculture and industry can only provide the engine for a sustainable growth momentum. This is, unfortunately not happening so far. To attain an average of 7-8 per cent annual growth, the industry will have to contribute at least 15-16 per cent growth, agriculture 4-5 per cent and services around 8-10 per cent growth. In this paper an attempt has been made to analyze the role of Government in agriculture and critically assess the Agriculture Trade in general. Export and Import of Agriculture products in particular by focusing on Horticulture boom, the flowers of floriculture and the rise of IT in the Agriculture sector. Introduction: Agriculture is the world’s most important and oldest occupation having history of about 11000 years. It is believed to have started in India about 4500 years ago and today about 1/3 of mother Earths surface (about 11 bn acres) is used for this, providing employment to about 50% of workforce of mankind and in India about 62% of work force is employed in agricultural sector. Agriculture made establishment, growth and improvement of human civilization possible by ensuring a steady supply of food, clothing and shelter for mankind, which gave up nomadic life, and opportunity for development of crafts, arts, engineering, trade and other activities. Agriculture is a base source of raw materials for a wide range of industrial activities in one hand and also a sole customer for another wide range of industrial activities on other hand. Agricultural Sector in India: India is a fortunate country ranking 5th in world in terms of total farm area. It is blessed with most suitable conditions by mother earth and nature providing all 9 types of soils and 9 types of climate conditions which the entire world has. Therefore with proper planning, proper efforts and proper resources India can not only feed to its ever-growing population but also will be able to export its Agri-products to other countries. Agricultural sector is a backbone of India’s economy as it covers nearly 50% of available land of agricultural activities, provides employment for about 62% of working population of country and contributes about 341%
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2 of National GDP. India ranks second largest rice producer, largest milk producer, major country in wheat production, largest cattle and live-stock holder country of the world thanks to its green revolution programme Growth in Agriculture The average annual growth rate of value added in agriculture, including allied sectors, declined form 4.7 per cent during the Eighth Plan (1992-1997) to 2.1 per cent during the Ninth Plan (1997-2002). As against the targeted average annual growth rate of 4 per cent during the Tenth plan, growth rate in 2002-03, the first year of the Tenth Plan (2002-07), was negative (-0.7 per cent). This, of course, reflects the impact of the severe droughts of 2002. Favoruable monsoon facilitated an impressive growth rate of 9.6 percent in 200304. however, deficient rainfall from the south-west monsoon is estimated to have caused a significant decline in kharif food grains production in the year 2004-05.
Agriculture now in the purview of WTO, accounts for nearly 75% of the Indian rural population. The Uruguay Round Agreement (URA) calls for a fair and market oriented agricultural system. Following URA, protection is given by patents or by an effective Sui Generis System. The agricultural sector and service sector got opened up in the year-2000.
Present Position Agriculture contributes 25 per cent to the GDP of the country and is a key sector of the Indian economy, providing food security to the population, major employment opportunities to the rural population and consequently, a large domestic market for manufactured goods. This sector also accounts for 13 per cent of India's exports. Initially agricultural activity was confined to production of food grains and a few cash crops like cotton, sugarcane and jute. In recent years there has been a remarkable change in the agricultural scene, increasing diversity in a range of products and greater sophistication with the creation of critical infrastructural facilities like cold storage, refrigerated transportation, packaging, quality control etc. This sector is now poised for a leap with the introduction of new technology like IT and biotechnology.
Agriculture remains a key sector of the Indian economy accounting for 25 per cent share in the gross domestic product (GDP) and about 13 per cent of total export earnings India is the second largest producer of rice and wheat in the world; first in pulses and fourth in coarse grains. India is also one of the largest producers of cotton, sugar, sugarcane, peanuts, jute, tea and an assortment of spices In terms of the real value added, the Indian agriculture sector ranks third, after China and the United States The share of agriculture in the total value added to the economy, at around 25 per cent, is still quite high. This implies that agriculture is likely to remain a priority both for policy makers as well as businesses in the foreseeable future and any move to ramp up this calls for a multi-pronged strategy In recent years, there has been a considerable emphasis on crop diversification towards horticulture (fruits, vegetables, ornamental crops, medicinal and aromatic plants, spices), plantation crops (coconut, cashew nuts and cocoa)and allied activities Creation of critical infrastructure for cold storage, refrigerated transportation, rapid transit, grading, processing, packaging and quality control measures open major opportunities for investment.
The break-through in the twin sectors of the economy, that is, agriculture and industry can only provide the engine for a sustainable growth momentum. This is, unfortunately not happening so far. To attain an average of 7-8 per cent annual growth, the industry will have to contribute at least 15-16 per cent growth, agriculture 4-5 per cent and services around 8-10 per cent growth. Post –Reform Indian Agriculture has been the most neglected sector in terms of policy support and growth in production and productivity have drastically declined due to deceleration in public sector investment in irrigation, water management, R & D, extension services and infrastructure. A part from enhancing real capital formation in the sector through raising public investment and providing easy and cost effective credit to farmers, an effective socially guided and regulated market mechanism is
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3 required to be evolved. As farmers are facing uncertainty and risk about the prices of their produce, there is an emergent need to develop a sound agricultural marketing information system that may help farmers in planning their cropping pattern according to the demands of various agricultural products in domestic and global markets. Enhancing profitability of agriculture is not only essential for the development of the sector itself, but also for the growth of secondary and tertiary sector. Gross Capital Formation in Agriculture (at 1993-94 prices) Year
Total
Public
Private
1990-91 1999-2000 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04
14,836 17,304 16,906 17,219 18,240 20,510
4,395 4,222 3,927 4,969 4,359 5,249
10,441 13,082 12,979 12,250 13,881 15,261
Per cent share
Public 29.6 24.4 23.2 28.9 23.9 25.6
Private 70.4 75.6 76.8 71.2 76.1 74.4
Investment in Agriculture as Per cent of GDP
1.9 1.4 1.3 1.24 1.27 1.31
Crop portfolio While food grains continue to head the list of crops produced in the country, crops that have large commercial potential such as fruits and vegetables, fibers and condiments & spices etc. have gained significant share in the crop portfolio.
The regional spread Distribution of major crops across the states provides a useful guide to the dynamics of Indian agriculture and the potential of the rural sector. Food crops: West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Punjab are the major producers of rice. Uttar Pradesh and Punjab together constitute around 50 per cent of wheat output. Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Karnataka are the biggest producers of millet. Cash crops:
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4 Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh are the leading producers of oil seeds. Uttar Pradesh is the largest producer of The region spread could sugarcane and West Bengal produces more than three quarters of jute. Tamil Nadu has the largest number of tea gardens, followed by Assam. The largest contributor to milk production is Gujarat, while floriculture and horticulture are dispersed widely across the states. On the whole, Uttar Pradesh is the largest contributor to the agricultural GDP followed by West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Punjab.
Indian Agriculture and WTO As the signatory of the WTO India has to abide by the stipulations on agricultural trade. This obviously requires the country to take following steps:
• • • •
To quantify Aggregate Measure of Support (AMS) to agriculture India would have to go for tariffication of all non-tariff measures . Progressive lowering of AMS of both kinds, which are product specific, subsidies and input subsidies Offer market access by lowering the existing level of tariff protection Slash export subsidies on commodity albeit gradually by notifying the WTO through schedule
Keeping in view these constraints that Indian farming is faced with, the government should take maximal advantage of the support measures provided in the WTO Agreement as well as, if required, negotiate for perpetuation of support regime to agriculture. The categories that are not to be accounted of in AMS under the existing provisions of support measure, and so are not subject to reduction under WTO are
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5 GREEN BOX MEASURES: this comprises government assistance for researchers, pest and disease control, training , extension and advisory services. They also include public stock building for food security purpose and domestic food assistance direct payments to producers for income insurance etc. S AND D BOX MEASURES: This allows for special and differential treatment as regard investment subsidies in agriculture and agriculture inputs services. BLUE BOX MEASURES: This permit as due payment under production limiting programmes and has relevance for USA and other developed nations. So if India has to become internationally competitive in agribusiness, the Government must not lose time in devising an elaborative policy programme for support to the country’s agriculture under the special measures of Green Box and S & D to ensure rise in production, enhancement of quality and decrease in cost per unit of production. The country would have to carry out these in a time-bound manner for overcoming its farming constraints and strengthen its pluses to secure a stronger position in the global agricultural trade. Market Access The WTO requires that all non-tariff barriers (NTBs) which are explicitly specified in the WTO rules be removed within a define time frame. It is also clearly stated in Agreement On Agriculture (AOA), which came into force on January 1, 1995, that member country has to enhance market access for exports and imports and reduce trade distorting subsidies. Overall 54% of the goods exported form India are affected by NTBs and include sector like Textiles, Agro products and latter. Enhancement of market for imports is a welcoming factor as long as some kind of security is provided for the domestic products till such time they pick up to compete with multinationals. Reduction of Tariff levels and Subsidies Developed countries are required to reduce tariff by about 40% in five years after inception of WTO. Developing countries including India have to bend Tariff and reduce them within an agreed time frame. India has committed to bend tariff and reduce average tariff levels form 54% to 32% by 2001. This commitment at WTO covers about 63% of total product lines. These are in the area of industrial goods, fertilizers, a variety of non-forms metals, and petroleum products,. Reduction of Tariff levels would exercise adverse impact on Indian agricultural outputs due to the fact that the production costs in India are very high and hence reduction of tariffs would result in losses to the farmers. But unfortunately it is revealed by NCAER studies that it is only India which has not it’s agriculture where as the countries like Japan, United Nationals and Europe have not subsidized their agricultural products. This is an absolute violation of WTO agreement resulting in unjustified benefit to such developed countries. It is a vivid indication that India has been exploited to the extent possible by the developed countries in the name of WTO. It is therefore strongly felt that unabated pressure on India to reduce agricultural subsidy must be resisted or India and member countries have to exercise some kind of pressure on WTO to resort to stringent action against such violating countries and ensure that any other member country will not repeat such mistakes or allied under any circumstances. This aspect is also reiterated by many a chief minister in “Chief Ministers” conference on WTO agreements and agriculture and food management “held on May 21, 2001 at New Delhi this is only to protect the interest of all member nationals.
Opportunities and Threats Analysis of WTO on Agriculture and Agro based Industry The window of opportunity reveals the following: Reduction in export subsidies on farm products in developed countries will make Indian agricultural exports more competitive The export will increase to $1.5 billion by 2005. Fruits, oil seeds, cotton, milk products will be benefited due to subsidy reductions. There will be higher price realizations, which will help improving the standards of living of farmers
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The countries will be forced to produce only what they are best at. This will mean increased efficiency and higher productivity throughout India. Environmental programmes are exempt form cuts in subsidies so that the environment protection programmes continue unabated India does not have to cut their subsidies or lower tariffs as much as developed countries and it has been given enough time to complete its obligations.
Distortions in the market place would reduce, which would benefit the end consumer
Where India can score ? India is not where it should have been in the world market of fruits and vegetables despite being one of the top producers. The country needs to put greater emphasis on cultivation of most sought-after varieties in international markets besides taking steps it needs to stringent health and anti-contamination standards of importing countries. Unless India takes these measures, it will continue to produce more only to earn less. India’s available brainpower can exploit its strengths for generation and development of new molecules. It can ensure itself a secure berth in the foreign market for its bulk drugs and technical grade pesticides and formulations which are registered for patents that have yet to be filed by the company or are no longer valid, but have good market prospects abroad. In the light of the obvious advantages of the WTO regime, prudence demands that India goes selectively defensive where its major interests are at stake and assume proactive and innovative role to be in the league of the advanced nations profiting for long form the modern trade and business principles and practices What should that strategy be?
India can definitely bargain from a position of strength. It should argue – Reduction commitment on the domestic support ought not only be on the total AMS but also on each product specific support separately as well as oil product specific support. Western economies both US and European countries have been reducing support to those products where they enjoy competitive advantage, at the same time increasing domestic support to those commodities where they do not enjoy competitive advantage. With respect to direct payment as clear distinction has to be made between green box and the blue box measures. Green box measures should be exempted form reduction commitments. The blue box measures should on the other hand be included in the calculation of AMS and subject to reduction commitments. European union in order to protect its Agriculture is fast adapting income support to farmers in place of price support under the garb of multifunctionality of agriculture and putting that in blue box. This support is not fully decoupled from production and India, must raise voice against such a move. As regards to market access and tariffication, India should demand for abolition of tariff quotas and quantitative restrictions on imports and its replacement by tariffs. Reduction of tariff should be enforced along each tariff line and not merely on average tariff level or for product groups. India should also insist on increasing the bound tariff on commodities like rice, dammed milk powder, sorghum etc. From present level of zero per cent to minimum of 50 per cent. Abolition of specific rates of duties and their replacement by tariffs on ad-valorem basis should also be insisted upon to avoid any unfair trade practices. On the export competition front India should ask for complete wiping out of export subsidies. Indian agricultural exports are hardly subsidized except for exemption of income tax on export earnings. This should form the core of our negotiation strategy. Indian farmer’s stands to gain substantially in the absence of any export subsidies.
Role of Government in Agriculture
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7 The government has abolished licensing for almost all food and agro-processing industries, except for some items like beer, potable alcohol and wines, cane sugar, hydrogenated animal fats, oils etc. and items reserved for the exclusive manufacture in the SSI sector
Automatic investment approval, including foreign technology agreements within specified norms, up to 100 per cent foreign equity or 100 per cent for NRIs and overseas corporate bodies is allowed for most of the food processing sector Free use of foreign brand names 100 per cent FDI in the fertilizers and pesticides sector 4 faste
Trade and taxes: Most agricultural products can be freely imported and exported, except for a limited list of items falling under the negative list and free import of capital goods, including used ones in the food processing sector. Excise and import duty rates have been reduced substantially on a number of inputs for food processing and processed food items. In fact, many processed food items are totally exempt from excise duty now. Customs duties have also been substantially reduced on plant and equipment as well as on raw materials and intermediates, especially for exports. Export promotion The Exim Policy (2002-07) emphasises on the importance of agriculture exports and included some policy measures to boost farm exports such as:
Free export of almost all agricultural products Removal of procedural restrictions like requirement for registration, packaging etc. Setting-up of agri-export zones to enhance international market access and improve infrastructure facilities and to ensure better flow of credit. Assistance for reducing marketing costs such as transportation, handling and processing for exports of selected farm commodities, financial assistance for improved packaging, strengthening of quality control mechanism and modernisation of processing units, arranging promotional campaigns such as buyer seller meets and participation at important international fairs and exhibitions
Agri-Export Zones (AEZ) In the EXIM Polciy 2001-02, the Government announced the proposal to set up Agri-Export Zones for the purpose of developing and sourcing raw materials and their processing/packaging leading to final exports. The concept essentially embodies a cluster approach of identifying the potential products and the geographical region in which such products are grown and adoption of an end to end approach of integration of the entire process, right from the stage of production to consumption. Under the Scheme, the State Governments would identify products with export potential which have comparative advantage in local production Agricultural and Processed Food Products Development Authority (APEDA) is the nodal agency of the Central Government to promote setting up of Agri-Export Zones. Till December 2003, the Central Government has sanctioned and notified 46 Agri-Export Zones (AEZs) which are being set up in 19 States-West Bengal, Uttaranchal, Karnataka, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tripura, J & K, Madhya Pradesh, Bhar, Gujarat, Sikkim, HP, Orissa, Garlic, Mangoes (Kesar, Chausa, Dusshari, alphonso etc.), Grapes, flowers, Apples, Vegetables, Walnuts, Gherkins, Wheat, Ginger and Turmeric, Basmati Rice and Seed Spices. Agri-export and EXIM Policy 2004-09 The foreign Trade policy 2004-09, emphasized the importance of agricultural exports and announced the following policy measures to boost agri-exports: • A new scheme called the Vishesh Krishi Upaj yojana (Special Agricultural Produce Scheme) for promoting the export of fruits, vegetables, flowers, minor forest produce, and their value added products has been introduced
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8 • •
Funds shall be earmarked under ASIDE (Assistance to State for Infrastructure Development of Export ) for development of Agri-Export Zones (AEZ) Capital goods imported under EPCG shall be permitted to be installed anywhere in the AEZ. The Foreign Trade Policy 2004-09 emphasized the importance of agricultural exports and announced the following policy measures to boost agri-exports:
A new scheme has been introduced called the Vishesh Krishi Upaj Yojana (Special Agricultural Produce Scheme) for promoting the export of fruits, vegetables, flowers, minor forest produce and their value added products by incentivising exporters of such products Funds shall be earmarked under ASIDE (Assistance to States for Infrastructure Development of Export) for development of Agri Export Zones (AEZs) Capital goods imported under Export Promotion Capital Goods (EPCG) scheme shall be permitted to be installed anywhere in the AEZs
Research and Development Agricultural research and development is an area that deserves special attention. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) is a beneficiary of the scheme under which every commercial rupee earned by the institution is incrementally matched by another rupee from the budget. Besides this, ICAR receives funds from the Technology Development Board for all commercially viable projects. The budget 2004-05 also aimed at expanding farm-related R&D to new frontiers like biotechnology, vaccines and diagnostics. There will a special focus on farming in dry lands and unirrigated areas. Agricultural research has a vital role to play in the strategy for reviving and encouraging diversification. A task force headed by Dr M S Swaminathan has recommended the creation of a National Fund for Strategic Agricultural Research. An initial provision of US$ 11.5 million for operationalising this fund has been announced in budget 2005-06. Agri-business for small farmers The Small Farmers Agri-business Consortium (SFAC) was set up in 1994. SFAC will provide venture capital to projects and will be run, preferably by a banker, on purely business lines. The M S Swaminathan Research Foundation has identified 13 districts where there is a huge potential for agri-businesses and an appetite for investment of nearly US$ 36 million. The Ministry of Agriculture has initiated steps to improve the governance of SFAC, including the appointment of a banker as the chief executive. The budget also provides for the necessary additional capital that SFAC may require promoting agri-businesses aggressively. In addition, agri-businesses are given tax exemption for their further development. Export and Import of Agriculture Products Agriculture Exports India, in recent years, has been a net exporter of agriculture goods. The exports of agricultural products from India, which stood at US$ 67.4 million and US$ 7533 million in 2002-03 and 2003-04 respectively, were more than two times the import of agricultural products in the corresponding years. During the first half of the year 2004-05, the exports of agricultural products were US$ 3511 million which were slightly less than double of the imports of the agricultural products during the same period.
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Import of agricultural commodities rose to US$ 2.8 billion during 2002-03 from US$ 2.3 billion during 200102. The share of farm imports in total merchandise imports is around 4.5 per cent. Edible oil, accounting for almost two-thirds of total farm imports, is the single-largest item of farm imports. Import of pulses is also significant and accounts for around 20 per cent of total agri-imports.
A) Agriculture Export Total Export Agri-export as % of total export B) Agriculture Import Total Import Agri-import as % of total import
Agriculture Trade 2002-03 6734 million dollar 52719.4 million dollar
2003-04 7533 million dollar 63843 million dollar
12.8% 2803.4 million dollar 61412.1 million dollar
11.8% 3568.3 million dollar 78149.1 million dollar
4.6%
4.6% Source : Economic Survey 2004-05
Despite an increase of 11.87 per cent during 2003-04 and 14.43 per cent during the first six months of 200405, the share of agri-exports in total merchandise exports came down form 12.8 per cent in2002-03 to 11.78 per cent in 2003-04 and further to 9.7 per cent during the six months of 2004-05. The decline in the share of the agri-exports total exports, notwithstanding the growth in its volume in the range of 12-14 per cent, was because of a much faster growth kin the volume of merchandise exports, which ranged between 21 and 32 per cent during the same period. Marine products, with a share of 17.6 per cent in 2003-04 and 15.6 per cent in agri-exports during the first half of 2004-05, continued to dominate the agri-exports remained much below the level of 2002-03 at 21.3 per cent. The export of oil meals gained substantially, both in volume and share, during 2002-03. The growth was also sustained during the first half of 2004-05, because of the increasing demand for Indian oil meals in world market.
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10 There was a fall both in the volume of rice exports and its share in agri-exports in 2003-04 and the first half of 2004-05, in view of the decision of the government to ban fresh export of food grains from the FCI since August 2003, in the light of the declining stock of food grains. The exports of wheat also declined both in volume and share in the first half of 2004-05 as compared to the corresponding period of 2003-04. Agriculture Imports The import of agriculture products, which increased by 27 per cent in 2003-04, showed signs of softening in 2004-05, with the agriimports declining by 8 per cent during the first half of 2004-05 from US$ 1949 million in the corresponding period of 2003-04. The import of edible oils, which is the most dominant item of agriimports, accounting for almost two-third of the total agri-imports in recent years, registered a sharp increase of nearly 40 per cent in 2003-04, following low production of oil seeds in 2002-03 at 15.1 million tonnes. This was mainly responsible for the large increase in the volume of agri-imports in 2003-04. With the record production of oilseeds in 2003-04 at 25.1 million tonnes, the import of edible oils declined during the first half of 2004-05 by 15.2 per cent form US$ 1,457 million during the corresponding period of 2003-04, which mainly contributed to the decline in the agri-imports during the first half of 2004-05,. Despite the increase in the volume of agri-imports in 2003-04 by 27 per cent over 2002-03, the share of agri-imports in 2003-04 by 27 per cent over 2002-03, the share of agri-import in the total merchandise imports remained unchanged at 4.6 per cent. The share of agri-imports to total merchandise imports declined to 3.7 per cent in the first half of 2004-05 from 5.6 per cent in the corresponding period of 2003-04 Emerging Trends Increased levels of literacy, rapid urbanisation and rising per capita income have led to rapid growth and changes in demand patterns. An average Indian spends about 50 per cent of his household expenditure on food items. With a population of over one billion and a 350 million strong urban middle class and their changing food habits, the market for agricultural products and processed food is expected to grow significantly. The relatively low-cost but skilled workforce can be effectively utilised to set up large, low-cost production bases for domestic and export markets. The national policy aims at increasing the level of food processing from the present 2 per cent to 10 per cent by 2010 and 25 per cent by 2025. Foreign direct investment is not directly allowed in agriculture but there exist ample opportunities in related sectors. Food processing & packaging - harnessing the potential Food processing and packaging represents, perhaps, the biggest potential that the country's agriculture holds for the future with linkages with a spectrum of sub-sectors like horticulture, plantation, animal husbandry and fisheries. While India has an abundant supply of foodgrains, the food processing industry is still nascent. Only 2 per cent of fruits and vegetables and 15 per cent of milk produced are processed. But despite these apparently low volumes, the processed food industry is the fifth largest segment of the economy, representing 6.3 per cent of GDP. It accounts for 13 per cent of exports and 6 per cent of total industrial investment. The size of this sector is pegged at US$ 70 billion, including US$ 22 billion of valueadded products. Clearly, an increase in size in line with the potential is likely to place India right at the top of this domain. Historically, India's crop portfolio has been dominated by foodgrains and a handful of cash crops. Over the past one decade, there has been conscious, coordinated effort to diversify the agriculture base to develop domestic markets as well as increase export potential. The strategy has been to exploit the country's diverse climate and soil conditions that enable cultivation of an array of horticultural crops such as fruits, vegetables, floricultural plants, plantation crops, spices, medicinal and aromatic plants. The horticulture boom Horticulture is a generic term for a diverse range of products spanning fruits, vegetables, spices, coconut, medicinal and aromatic plants, mushrooms, cashew, cocoa etc. The boom in this sector over the past decade has seen its contribution to agriculture GDP touching about 24.5 per cent from a paltry 8 per cent of the total cultivated area. Besides providing nutritional and livelihood security and helping poverty alleviation
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11 and employment generation, this sub-sector sustains a large number of agro-industries, which generate huge additional non-farming employment opportunities. Surge in vegetable production Production of vegetables increased massively from 58.5 million tonnes during 1991-92 to 90 million tonnes during 2003-04 and is currently second only to China. India leads the world chart in the production of cauliflower, second in production of onions and third in production of cabbage. At 22.2 million tonnes, potato is the leading vegetable (in terms of tonnage) followed by brinjal and tomato at 7.7 million tonnes and 7.3 million tonnes respectively. With regard to vegetable production, West Bengal leads among the states with 18 million tonnes, followed by UP at 13 million tones and Bihar at 10.2 million tonnes. Yield has increased with adoption of hybrid seeds and also with increased cultivation of disease and pest resistant varieties. A seed production programme with advanced techniques has also helped enhance output and productivity. The National Horticulture Board is working on integrated development of vegetables, including root and tuber crops. The programme includes educating farmers on the latest technology, training them about postharvest management through on-farm demonstrations and popularising zero-energy cool chambers for storage. The fruits story With production of fruits at 47.5 million tonnes during 2003-04, India accounted for about 10 per cent of the world production and was the second largest producer of fruits in the world. Bananas have the highest share at 35.6 per cent followed by mangoes at 22.6 per cent. The other major fruits grown are papayas, apples, guavas and citrus fruits. The flowering of floriculture The domestic floriculture industry has been witnessing an unprecedented growth during the past years and has also been getting increased acceptability in world markets, currently estimated at US$ 50 billion. The floriculture industry has been growing at an annual rate of 17 per cent, which has also seen a number of corporate houses entering the fray during the past three to five years. Higher standards of living and the growing desire to live in an environment-friendly atmosphere have led to a boom in the domestic market as well.
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The export of cut flowers has been identified as a thrust area at the national level. The estimated area under flower cultivation is 106,000 hectares and the major flower producing states are Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra. Traditional flowers such as marigold, jasmine, chrysanthemum, china aster, crossandra and tuberose (usually marketed loose in the domestic market), occupy nearly twothirds of the area, the balance being under contemporary flowers such as rose, gladiolus, carnation, tuberose and orchids (used in bouquets and decorations). Production of cut flowers saw an increase of 219 per cent in a single year to 2,565 million during 2001-02 from around 803 million during the preceding year.
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Floriculture exports increased from US$ 14 million during 1996-97 to above US$ 20 million by 2002-03. USA, Japan, Netherlands, German Fed. Republic and UK are major buyers of cut flowers from India. The biotech opportunity The domestic farm sector has been successfully experimenting with the application of biotechnology since the mid-60s when the use of high-yielding seed varieties began to completely revolutionize yields. With the increased diversity in cropping pattern and new crop varieties, the importance of biotechnology inputs has only multiplied. Broadly, biotechnology refers to the techniques that allow scientists to modify DNA of crops to enhance their tolerance to pests and diseases, increase yields and improve quality and nutritional value. GM Cotton For the first time, the Union government approved commercial cultivation of genetically modified (GM) cotton, jointly developed by US multinational Monsanto and its Indian partner Maharashtra Hybrid Company (Mahyco), for three years from April 2002 to March 2005. The three cotton hybrids cleared by the Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC) carry the bacillus thuringienies (Bt) gene that protects the cotton plant against bollworm, a serious cotton pest rampant in the country. Although India is the world's largest cultivator of cotton, its output is less than that of the US and China. By cultivating Bt cotton, India expects to raise its cotton productivity and competitiveness. The rise of IT in the agricultural sector The application of information technology (IT) in agriculture is usually associated with markets in developed countries and capital intensive methods of production. However, its relevance to the rural economy in a country like India cannot be overlooked. IT can effectively be used to disseminate technology, streamline the supply chain for food processing and other agro-industries and lead to better price realisation by farmers. There are many efforts underway which demonstrate the concrete benefits of IT for the rural population and the sector as a whole.
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14 e-Choupals - the ITC experiment An example of the successful application of IT is the e-Choupal experiment kicked off by ITC. ITC has designed and set up Internet kiosks called e-Choupals to support its agricultural product supply chain. The e-Choupals are totally owned and set up by ITC with the operators not having any investment or risk of their own. There are four kinds of e-Choupals tailored very specifically for four different products: shrimps, coffee, wheat and soyabeans. The first two involve large commercial farmers and the focus is on creating internet access to global market information to guide production and supply decisions. There are a few dozens of these e-Choupals at present. In the case of wheat and soyabean, since there are many small farmers, over 2,000 e-Choupals have been set up in several states. Soya e-Choupals, for instance, are used as registry points for procurement. Actual procurement is done at the factory and warehouse hubs but the initial logging in is done through the e-Choupal, which provides price information and thus price certainty. In fact, the eChoupal price acts as a floor price for procurement, while the factory or warehouse price can be higher. e-Choupals can provide access to both local and global market prices on soyabeans and derivative products. In addition, they get access to operational information, developed by ITC experts, pertaining to cropping, seeds, fertilisers etc. The initial benefits of the ITC effort include a substantial reduction in transaction costs from 8 per cent to just 2 per cent. These gains are shared roughly equally between ITC and individual farmers. The longer-term goal is to use e-Choupals as sales points for soyabean oil, tractors and eventually a range of ITC produced consumer goods. The use of IT is just a part of ITC's supply chain overhaul, but quick delivery of complex information pertaining to market conditions makes IT so essential. Conclusion It is pertinent to note that it is only because of WTO that India can expect to be heard and thereby protect its interests in International trade. However, for gaining any advantage under the WTO it is not only important for India to have the Geographical Appellation Bill now Act but also the completion of the subsequent formalities In conclusion one can say that the governmental action is very important to protect the India interests under the WTO regime.
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September 2006
15 Reference: Prasad C 1994, Agricultural Research Management – An introduction, National Academy of Agricultural Research Management, Hyderabad. Suman sahal, “GATT and presenting Micro organisms” Economist and Political Weekly, April 9,1994. S. S Gill and J S Bran “Global market and competitiveness of Indian agriculture” EPW, august 10,1996. Yotopouloa and Lau (1974), “On Modeling and the Agricultural Sector in Developing Counties,” Journal of Development Economics, Vo. I Pradeep Sharma and Ashok Gulati (1995), “WTO and Indian Agriculture” EPW, 10 March,1995 Ashok Gulati and Tim Kelly, “Trade liberalization and Indian Agriculture Oxford University press, New Delhi Rakesh Singh (197), “Reviving Agriculture: From subsidies to investment” Paradigm, January 1997. Raghuram Parthasarathy, (2001), ‘Global competition: Strategies for Indian Businesses’, The hindu,5.4.2001 GOI, (2001), ‘Export import policy report 2001-02’ Ministry of Commerce, the Hindu,2.4.2001. Hooker N H and Julie Caswell (1999), “ A framework for Evaluating Non-Tariff Barriers to Trade Related to Sanitary and Phytosanitary Regulation”, Journal of Agriculture Economics, 50(2),May,234-246 Hoekman Bernard and Kym Anderson (1999), Developing Country Agriculutre and the New Trade Agenda, The world Bank Policy Research Paper No. 2125, Development Research Group, the World Bank, Washington DC. Swinbank, Alan (1999), “the Role of the WTO and the International Agencies in SPS Standards Setting”, Agribusiness, 15(3), 323-333.
Prof. Dr. Uday Salunkhe is Director at Welingkar Institute of Management, Development and Research. Email: director@welingkar.org Prof. Dr. P.S. Rao is Dean – Quality Systems and New Business Initiatives at Welingkar Institute of Management, Development and Research. Email: ps.rao@welingkar.org
Author’s Profile
Prof. Dr. Uday Salunke Director - Welingkar Institute of Management is a mechanical engineer with a management degree in 'Operations', and a Doctorate in 'Turnaround Strategies'. He has 12 years of experience in the corporate world including Mahindra & Mahindra, ISPL and other companies before joining Welingkar in 1995 as faculty for Production Management. Subsequently his inherent passion, commitment and dedication toward the institute led to his
Welingkar Research Journal
September 2006
16 appointment as Director in 2000. Dr. Salunkhe has been invited as visiting fellow at the Harvard Business School, USA and European University, Germany. He has also delivered seminars at the Asian Institute of Management, Manila and has been awarded "The Young Achievers Award2003" in the field of Academics by the Indo American Society recently.
Welingkar Research Journal
September 2006