Drumchapel | A Living Neighbourhood | Masterplanning by Urban Design Studies Unit, University of Strathclyde

A LIVING NEIGHBOURHOOD IN DRUMCHAPEL

Prepared by : Nour Kowatli Rabail Akhtar John Duffy

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel

Authors

Nour Kowatli

Rabail Akhtar

John Duffy

Department of Architecture University of Strathclyde Glasgow strath.ac.uk/engineering/architecture/

PgDip/MArch Advanced Architectural Design (AAD) MArch Architectural Design International (MADi) PgDip/MSc Urban Design

CONTENTS

Preface 6 i. Introduction 8 Site location Drumchapel in Context

ii. Key findings from Analysis Stage

Histories & Stories Drawing the Existing City Planning Framework Experiencing the City Network analysis of streets

iii. Key findings from Strategy Stage

Strategy phase, SWOT, City Development, Vision Strategic Plan MCA Concept Plan Existing- Concept Plan Proposed

iv. Framework & Coding 72 Foundation Masterplan Conservation - Transformation MCA Sense Check Phasing

v. The Local Urban Code 94 Typologies Diversity Colony Housing

vi. The Detailed Masterplan

106

Street Network & Creative Congestion â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Places before Movement

vii. Special Areas 126 Special Areas â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Common- Market Square- Plateau Special Systems- SUDS

viii. Bibliography

172

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel

â&#x20AC;&#x153;We stand for the restoration of existing urban centres and towns within coherent metropolitan regions, the reconfiguration of sprawling suburbs into communities of real neighbourhoods and diverse districts, the conservation of natural environments, and the preservation of our built legacy. We recognise that physical solutions by themselves will not solve social and economic problems, but neither can economic vitality, community stability, and environmental health be sustained without a coherent and supportive physical framework.â&#x20AC;? Congress for New Urbanism Charter -- Andres Duany, et al, Suburban Nation 2000

“Every increment of construction must be made in such a way as to heal the city” Christopher Alexander , A New Theory of Urban Design

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel

Preface Preface In the autumn of 2017, students of the Urban Design Msc course were tasked by Glasgow City council and Glasgow Housing Association with developing and proposing a new vision for the district of Drumchapel, Glasgow. Key to the briefing which was received, was the need to put the health and well-being at the top of the agenda for change in an area which has suffered from many of the undesirable markers of peripheral housing estates in the wider city: poverty, poor health outcomes, unemployment and most importantly poor life expectancy. Additionally, a seemingly irreversible decline in population coupled to lack of private development and dispersal of services means that longterm viability of the area is in question. This report represents the culmination of 6 months work analysing , strategizing and finally proposing a vision for the redevelopment and repair of the district of Drumchapel . A vision which we call â&#x20AC;&#x2122;A Living Neighbourhood for Drumchapelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Figure 1-01 Duffy, 2017 Drumchapel Study Area

Figure 1-02 Duffy, 2017 Drumchapel regional context

Figure 1-03 GCC, 1992 Drumchapel Local Plan

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel

I. Introduction Introduction The area of Drumchapel is blighted by the legacy of Modernist urban planning, incoherent spatial structure, ambiguous and negative open spaces and poorly constructed built form. Additionally, the planning of the district has been significantly influenced by the district’s undulating topography. It is an influence revealed in its street network which follows the most efficient way overcoming height difference- rather than the most effective way of connecting places. Where there are steep ridges and transitions, street and path connections are broken creating severance and disconnection. Furthermore, the area’s diversity and functional mix is poor, exacerbated by poorly built forms and negative open spaces. However, the area has key assets including proximity to a world heritage site and open countryside, a canal- which is a scheduled monument and a scattering of listed buildings with high legibility. Perhaps the most important asset of the area is the resilient nature of the local population, in whose view the area should be redeveloped and regenerated rather than liquidated. The locals’ strong positive territorialism has contributed to a resilient character – reflecting the wider city’s distinct Gallus nature. It is a critical resource if we are to effect change where involvement with the locals is not just a peripheral consideration, but central to any future trajectory of the district. In response to these issues A Living Neighbourhood for Drumchapel seeks to create a coherent network of inter-connected streets open spaces that define new, diverse urban blocks. We look to

strategise a manifesto for change that proposes 2 new neighbourhood centres, interlinked with the existing district centre and each other. The masterplan seeks to demonstrate that a re-densified area is possible by building on some of the existing armature of street network and topography and aspires to deliver a vibrant, diverse and liveable neighbourhood that is robust and resilient in its structure and flexible and fluid in its delivery. A Beginning -Analysis- The first stage in the process was an analysis phase, broken into 5 component sections • Histories and Stories • Drawing the existing City • Planning Framework • Experiencing and comparing Place • Network analysis of streets Each section was worked on in groups and their findings informed and framed the second half of the first semester: The STRATEGY. An organogram of the sequence of undertaking up to the final masterplan is summarised opposite. Analysis -Synthesis- Proposition In the next chapters we summarise the key findings of the analysis stage from which a vision for the area was developed and a strategy formulated for its regeneration and redevelopment. From each piece of analysis an individual report was produced and the findings are summarised hereafter. A number of months have elapsed since these reports were produced so we have taken the opportunity to update our thinking on the area, to produce new findings and to offer original thoughts based on the primary text.

ANALYSIS HISTORIES AND STORIES

DRAWING THE EXISTING CITY •

• •

To draw the study area covering aspects of the built environment(fencing, entrances, vegetation,traffic signs and ground floor uses) To enhance awarness of the complexity of the Urban ‘canvass’ To build up the basis of information for all successive phases

• •

•

To understand the evolution of a place through time To integrate investigation of historiographic sources and stories intertwined over the years To report a spatial narrative of memories through interaction with significant community figures and literature

PLANNING FRAMEWORK •

•

To study an area’s strategic potential by a clear, informed upt o date understanding To reveal ambitions of local and metropolitan stakeholders for its development To overview all recent actions and projects instigated by the city and other major stakeholders in the area

EXPERIENCING & COMPARING •

•

To gain an understanding of the area from the locals and from ones and from one’s own experience with more objective ananysis coming from systematic map anaysis To trace the elements contributing to the image of the place and help people navigate through it

NETWORK ANALYSIS •

•

To map the potential of each urban space in the study area to susutain a thriving and diverse local life To test alternative scenarios of development of the street system To understand the impact of local decisions on remote spaces in and out of the area

STRATEGY • • • •

To develop realistic urban regeneration programmes for the transformation of the area in the larger urban context To compare emerging ideas for change and transformation and combine them to form a a holistic strategy for the study area To formulate directions for the improvement of the study area and its urban context and their likey impact on space To illustrate the best configuration of its framework through the design of hierarchies of centres , mobility, densities and open spaces

THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK THE LOCAL URBAN CODE • •

THE FOUNDATION MASTERPLAN

To carry out a comprehensive morphological analysis of street fronts selected as representative of typical elements of the exisiting urban fabric To gain a compete understanding of the metrics and indicators asscociated with the LUC and how these can be applied to the final masterplan

• • •

To set the boundary of the masterplan area and within those boundaries the proposed street layout in a preliminary version along with the hierarchy of streets To define areas of Conservation and Transfromation To constitiute the regulatory framework and the overall rules for the development of the study area in the final masterplan

DETAILED MASTERPLAN • • • •

To deine the final product of your work as urban designers according to the rules set in the Foundation masterplan phase , incorporationg the rules defined by the compiled Local Urban Code To design a complete masterplan taking in to account the built-up land organised in blocks ,street fronts and plots which structure the the open urban spaces ( streets, squares etc) To design the green spaces and the streets in detail To define active fronts, stages and pedestrian priortiy precincts. To develop & design the special areas with the study area and to demonstrate an understaning of them via sketches , rendering sectionetc

Figure 1-04 Structure of the work packages . after (Feliciotti, 2012)

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel

‘.. the essential structural inadequacies of these estates -low density, incoherence, absence of true urban character, and … nothing of architectural merit’; their inhabitants are ‘condemned to live without hope in a spiral of decline ‘, and they should therefore be bulldozed back to ‘parkland’ :” wipe them out, and bring their long-suffering inhabitants back to the real city where they belong.!’ Gavin Stamp Former Professor of Architectural History, Mackintosh School of Architecture, Scotland on Sunday, 27th April 1997 (Glendinning D. P., 1999)

II. Key findings from Analysis Stage Histories and Stories

“ I’ve lived in Canada for 40 years but Drumchapel is still my home!” (Teresa Neish, Drumchapel resident in the 50’s and 60’s and emigree- interviewed for this report - her sister and friends feature in the above photograph)

Figure 1-05 Teresa Neish and Friends C. 1950’s

Histories and stories The purpose of this the histories and Stories report, within the overall analysis phase of Studio 1A was threefold: • To map the history of Urbanisation of Drumchapel • To map the social and economic history of the area • To map the stories of the area, to enable an insight into how the area has performed for its inhabitants By tracing the morphological and historiographic aspects of the area allowed us to gain a vital insight into the developmental structure of the area as well as building a holistic picture of the forces, both social and economic that have contributed to the shape and form that we see before us today. Drumchapel thro time: A context Drumchapel is a housing scheme on the peripheral northwest boundary of Glasgow. Colloquially known as ‘The Drum’, it is approximately 9km from the bustling centre of Glasgow as the crow flies and 2km north west lies of the once great ship-

building centre on the upper Clyde, Clydebank. To its northern boundary, across a narrow band of woodland lies one of the most affluent areas in not only in Scotland, but the UK: the district of Bearsden & Milngavie. Life expectancy for males in Drumchapel is approximately ten years less than in Bearsden. Immediately to the south lies Old Drumchapel, a name which belies this small neighbourhood’s quite separate history, character and development. To the east the expansive and sprawling garden suburbs of middle class Westerton and working class Knightswood. Just beyond the district’s northern boundary, lying within the green belt is the Antonine Wall, a recently designated UNESCO World Heritage Site and Frontier of the Roman Empire. Inscribing Drumchapel’s southern boundary and Old Drumchapel’s northern boundary lies the Glasgow, Dumbarton & Hellensburgh Railway line which opened in 1858 and still serves the area via Drumchapel Station (Craig, 2003). The station has a good service to central Glasgow with 4 trains per hour during the day but it is located approximately 2km away from the district’s furthest neighbourhood. Great Western Road, which straddles the area’s southern boundary was laid out in the early19th Century to cater for the city’s westward expansion (Urquart, 200) and by the interwar years it reaches Drumchapel. Today it is part of the A82 trunk road from the gateway to Loch Lomond & Trossachs and point further north- Inverness and Fort William. Immediately adjacent to Great Western Road to the south is the Fourth and Clyde canal, complet-

Figure 1-06 Garscadden Estate C. 1750 (NLS)

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel

Key findings from Analysis Stage: Histories & Stories- Mapping 1753

1795

1861

1914

1938

1958

1993

2017

Figure 1-07 Summary of temporal maps (John Duffy et al, 2017)

Summary of Concept Maps 1753

1938

1795

1958

Figure 1-08 Summary of concept maps (John Duffy, et al 2017)

1861

1993

1914

2017

ed in 1790 it was Scotland’s first great inland waterway to be built and helped to fuel the industrial revolution in the West of Scotland that reached its zenith almost a century later. It is also afforded the highest protection in law as a scheduled monument, one of only a handful in the city of Glasgow. (Scotland, n.d.) When the current estate was built in the 1950’s it was home to round 34,000 residents – about the size of the present town of Falkirk in West Lothian. Sadly, today the population is around 13,000 reflecting a gradual and persistent decline in the popularity of the area (http://www.understandingglasgow.com, n.d.). Despite this, a strong sense of community and local identity remains within the local population. The area as we see it today is largely a construct of postwar housing overspill policies of the postwar era and those attempted remedial policies in turn have their roots in the much earlier population explosion which Glasgow witnessed in the 19th Century. To trace the development and significance of the area as well as the events and changes that have shaped the district’s morphology maps which straddle number of different timeframes are offered as a background to events and morphological shifts in the area of study. Key findings via SWOT analysis Strengths: • Community Spirit – lack of mobility and economic adversity has created an especially strong sense of local identity and territoriality. In the views of the locals the area should be revitalised and not liquidated. • Heritage – Creates an inter-generational equity from the value of historic places. Antonine Wall, Canal, Heritage walks. Could Drumchapel be the new gateway to the wall and provide a new building which interprets its history? • Nature/ Setting- The area is encompassed by green areas – Green belt and woodlands. Biodiversity and habitats and open greenspace that can be exploited for leisure / amenity. South facing – sun and renewable energy • Connections- Road/ Rail connections – within easy reach of Loch Lomond & Trossachs and on a trunk road leading to the western Highlands. Regular train service to and from the city centre Weaknesses: • Connections -remoteness of train station

from the area’s ‘centre of gravity’.. Dispersal of services. Severance of neighbourhoods both natural and manmade. Primacy of the car as evidenced by roundabouts esp. to retail park and western flank. Tenuous links to adjacent neighbourhoods- Bearsden & Westerton and points south • Nature / Setting- Undefined function & negative open space. No centre/ focus for district. Lack of defensible space. Lack of natural surveillance- large ill-defined back courts. Low imageability – key buildings dispersed along road which takes path of least resistance- physical features do not create positive territorialism. • Community buildings, churches etc hidden away in highly defensible plots palisade fences, hedges trees create space barriers to vision. Lack of street trees. Long unobserved pathways. These weaknesses have played a major role in the formulation of our Foundation Masterplan and Detailed Masterplan. Opportunities: • Self sufficiency • COLOUR!! In the buildings • To connect/ reconnect hitherto unconnected streets/ neighbourhoods. Increase permeability. Introduce gateways N, S, E & W. To break the skyline with memorable buildings & increase the area’s imageability • To define / redefine better external spaces for leisure and recreation/ habitats. Better paths & connections • Better integration of important civic/ community buildings • Tramline connection to rest of the city – GWR Threats: • Employment opportunities locally • Fuel poverty • Lack of diverse demographic and ageing population • Lifecycle of existing housing stock • Noise/ air pollution – aircraft jet wash • Deterioration in woodlands – maintenance • Lack of a town centre & focus for the community • Lack of small- medium retailers • Management of vast open undefined areas • Buses and bus routes- withdrawal of services?

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel

Key findings from Analysis Stage:

Histories & Stories- Place & people specific narratives, landmarks, listed buildings

Figure 1-09â&#x20AC;&#x192; Place specific narratives (John Duffy,et al 2017)

Figure 1-10â&#x20AC;&#x192; People specific narratives (John Duffy et al, 2017)

Lost landmarks & Listed buildings

3 & 4 Garscadden estate and The Girnin Gates (demolished) The estate was built after 1723 and enlarged in 1747. The house witnessed the 1745 Jacobite rising and in 1938, it served as a refuge for WWII evacuees. The estate was destroyed by a fire in 1959. The gates were once considered to be the Ninth wonder of the world in Glasgow. Later on they lost their popularity and after being vandalized for a period of time, they were finally demolished in 1965 by Glasgow Corporation. (Drumchapel Heritage Group 2017)

3. B LISTED St Laurance (Martyr) Roman Catholic church and presbytery with boundary wall, gates, gatepiers and railings 215 Kinfauns Drive

5. Antonine Wall

4. B LISTED

The wall was constructed by the roman empire in 142AD and was listed as a World Heritage site bi UNESCO in July 2008. The wall forms the basis of some teaching to kids in the area and is part of some of the local health walks & local forestry walks. However it has a great deal more potential than has

St Pius X Roman Catholic church with presbytery, boundary wall, gates and railings Bayfiled Terrace

hitherto been exploited.

6. The peel of Drumry (demolished) 5. B LISTED

The peel of Drumry was built around 400 years ago and for a long time was considered to be the most popular landmark in Drumchapel. Unfortunately, it was eventually demolished by the Glasgow Corporation. (Drumchapel

Kinfauns centre, former Church of Jesus Christ of the latter day saints 436 Kinfauns Drive

7. St Benedict Church

6. B LISTED

St Benedicts church 1964-70 Was a masterly work by the Glasgow architectural firm of Gillespie Kidd and Coia. It announced itself forcefully to the street with a soaring concave copper roof and harled exterior. It was widely admired by the architectural; profession. It was demolished by the Archdiocese of Glasgow in 1991 much to the chagrin of those who admired it. It had been recommended to be A listed but the church proceeded despite this. Like many of the churches of this era and type, the roof leaked and was very expensive to heat . It was a convenient and

Campbell Colquhoun Burial ground Linkwood Crescent

permanent answer to a financial burden.

Figure 1-11 Lost landmarks (John Duffy,et al 2017)

Lessons learned from Histories and Stories: The Future • Organic growth (such as from pre-industrial times in Drumchapel) from a central area is an appropriate paradigm for the future development of Drumchapel. • Lack of resilience in the jobs market throughout the 60’s, 70’s and 80’s. Large industrial factories producing mono-products- Tyres, Sewing Machines, Biscuits meant that a general downturn meant mass redundancies. Needs to be a more diverse range of business activities and a corollary in jobs diversity. • That there is a possibility that Drumchapel could become a centre again attracting business from Bearsden or Clydebank just like the shopping centre did for a time in the 1970’s • There is a vast untapped potential for Drumchapel to be the new gateway to the Antonine Wall UNESCO World Heritage Site either by promoting it locally & nationally or , or perhaps more intriguingly, the estab-

Figure 1-12 Listed Buildings (vJohn Duffy, et al (2017)

• • •

•

lishment of a new centre ( building) for its orientation & interpretation. In the same way Milngavie is viewed as the start of the West Highland Way, Drumchapel could be the gate to the Wall. Better links to adjacent centres Bearsden and Clydebank Better links to canal for living / leisure potential The natural setting which encompasses the area needs to be protected and reinforced. A network of green fingers which connect to the heart of the area from the edge and which, in turn connect to the wider locality. It was clear that the original grand house, Garscadden House and attendant grounds had an economic eco system- Laird and associated land which produced food / serviced the ‘Big House’. Today Drumchapel needs its own economic eco-system perhaps its own currency to keep money locally. Think Global – Spend local!

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel

Key findings from Analysis Stage:

Histories & Stories- St Pius Church- Legibility and an important story

3. B LISTED St Laurance (Martyr) Roman Catholic church and presbytery with boundary wall, gates, gatepiers and railings 215 Kinfauns Drive

4. B LISTED St Pius X Roman Catholic church with presbytery, boundary wall, gates and railings Bayfiled Terrace

The church of St Pius X is a B-listed former Catholic Church now owned by UPVC window manufacturer. It sits in almost glorious isolation next to a care home and not far from the local High School. This was the church which formerly served a large Catholic population in Drumchapel and was the main church associated with its eponymous former secondary and primary schools which once stood in the vicinity. It is a building of high quality and detail and stands in contrast to the dull monotone of the original 1950’s housing stock. The land immediately adjacent is relatively flat and it sits near the foot of a small drumlin with a plateau where the former St Pius X primary school once stood. For us it is a building of crucial importance, it has a

St PiusX amid the urban tundra

high imageability in an area of none, breaking the skyline and creating the conditions of landmark and legibility. It is a building we feel could and should be acknowledged within any masterplan for the immediate area. The interviewee from ‘History and Stories’, Teresa Neish was a regular attender at this church when she was a child back in the 1950’s. She asserts that the only time that Drumchapel – as she knew itfelt like the busy and tight knit community she had left behind in Partick was outside the church on a Sunday afternoon. ‘It felt like being back in Partick- the place was buzzing’

View to St PiusX from plateau

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel

Key findings from Analysis Stage: Drawing the Existing City

Figure 1-13 Built areas (Rabail Akhtar, et al 2017)

Figure 1-15 Base map (Rabail Akhtar, et al 2017)

Drawing the Existing City The group that were tasked with Drawing the existing city were required to draw the entire urban district of the study area in a 1: 1000 plan. They were required to incorporate all aspects that cover the urban environment such as pavements, fencings, entrances, vegetation, traffic signs (both vertical and horizontal) and ground floor uses. The aim of this task wats in to gain a holistic awareness of the study area’s urban canvass and to allow this to form the basis upon which successive layers of information would be added and incorporated. The plans which incorporate themes such as built area, building use, typology, block size among others gives a fundamental frame upon which the multi-facetted spatial and structural complexities of the area can be assessed and built on. They attest to the condition that a seemingly mono-dimensional area has layers and layers of latent information which can be mined and put to good use. The analysis shows a number of important findings:

Figure 1-14 Green & open space (Rabail Akhtar, et al 2017)

Figure 1-16 Residential building Typology (Rabail Akhtar, et al (2017)

First there is clear separation of functional uses. Commercial and retail activity is aggregated to the south of the district as are a number of important public services: library, health centre and police station. • Second, there is a lack of diversity in residential building typology with the area still favouring the ubiquitous 3-storey 60’s tenement with balcony. • Accessibility. There is a considerable amount of residential areas which are outwith reasonable walking distances of essential and other services centres It is perhaps telling that the group, very early in their analysis document incorporate cross sections to describe the topography within the area. It is this topography that has a considerable influence on not only the geographical aspects of the district – street network hierarchy and built form but also the cognitive aspects of the district: neighbourhood territoriality, way-finding, legibility and defensible space. The map for green and open spaces gives an indi•

Figure 1-17 Building Heights (Rabail Akhtar, et al 2017)

Figure 1-18 Block sizes(Rabail Akhtar, et al 2017)

Figure 1-19 Building Uses (Rabail Akhtar, et al 2017)

Figure 1-20 Walking distances (Rabail Akhtar, et al 2017)

cation of the extent of grassed and wooded areas but it does not assign a type to them or differentiate them. It therefore does not address the issues of ambiguous and negative open spaces with no clearly defined function versus those with a positive aspect which offer either recreational opportunities or habitat or ecological possibilities. Furthermore, important key assets for the area are just off the map to the north and to the south, namely The Antonine Wall and The Forth and Clyde Canal. Notwithstanding these omissions this piece of analysis has proved to be vital for all groups including our own in providing much of the base hard evidence of the study area and contributing to our understanding of the spatial complexity of the district as well as helping to define and identify the local characteristics and resulting impacts.

Figure 1-21 Topographic sections (Rabail Akhtar, et al 2017)

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel

Key findings from Analysis Stage: Planning Framework

Figure 1-22 Functional Mix (Lisa Irvine, et al 2017)

Figure 1-23 Planning Designations(Lisa Irvine, et al 2017)

Planning Framework The purpose of the analysis of the Planning Framework was • To give an up to date understanding of the study area as it is today in terms of its population, land uses and environmental conditions • To give an understanding of what are the ambitions of local and metropolitan stakeholders for the area’s development • Who is who in the study area, private, public ownership and distribution of planned and built developments • How do residential, commercial and industrial areas connect or not • What are the study area’s ground conditions (soil, flooding river banks, underground tunnels etc)? • How does the area fit with the broader City Plan and what are the main changes planned / envisioned for its surroundings? In terms of lessons learned, these are questions which need answered to maximise the value of the area, to reveal its strategic potential, to make provision for omissions and ultimately to reveal how these tie in with the city’s wider policies and structural ambitions. Planning history to present day In terms of Drumchapel’s planning history, it is the embodiment of Modernist thinking coupled

with municipal zeal in providing vast quantities of homes in relatively short order. While this new white architecture initially was viewed with delight and relief by those escaping overcrowded inner-city areas it soon became clear that the area lacked the facilities and social cohesion of the tight-knit neighbourhoods that had been left behind in the inner-city districts. By the time that town centre facilities were completed, the area had already shown signs of neglect and decline. This legacy of severance and poor functional mix has left a blight on the area from which it has not fully recovered and efforts to reconstruct the area from the late 80’s to present day have followed a paradigm of piecemeal reconstruction of insular, low-density lollipop estates and a program of demolition & refurbishment of existing housing stock. While these new developments are undoubtedly welcome in providing much needed homes, they do not address the fundamental structural issues that underpin the area’s decline in population, the need for a proper town centre and the need for neighbourhoods to provide identifiable units from which to belong. Additionally, important public buildings like schools and community centres have not been located strategically to maximise their potential within the existing context -perhaps allowing and encouraging other services to coalesce nearby or perhaps forming

‘We shape our buildings, and afterwards they shape us’

Winston Churchill

Sub-optimal design quality & poor strategic placement of Important public buildings

Figure 1-25 Drumchapel Community Centre Figure 1-24 Transport Network (Lisa Irvine, et al 2017)

the centres of neighbourhoods around which dwellings and other specialist public buildings are orientated. Moreover, they have a less than optimal architectural design quality. The early 2000’s example of ‘Pitch and Ditch’ whereby new schools were built on the existing playing fields or grounds, allowing the existing school to remain open has put the expedience of building construction over any strategic move to integrate the schools in question into the fabric of the area. The current High School is an example of this operation. It is sited at high point off Kinfauns Dr and is an example of a raft of poorly-built and designed PFI schools in the city of Glasgow. The building is situated at a high point within the district, yet turns it’s back on views to the south and offers a range of facades with fenestration disproportionately small in relation to plan depth- and mostly behind palisade fencing. The main district community centre has been located away from the area’s centre of gravity. The building is set back from the street and presents a car park to the front. The building’s principal elevation presents a series of blank facades above the street and there is no active frontage at ground level. To the rear is a play area which is overlooked only by the rear of the centre itself. The overwhelming impression is impoverished and desperately unwelcoming.

Figure 1-26 Drumchapel High School - Main entrance

Figure 1-27 Drumchapel High School - Aerial

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel

Key findings from Analysis Stage: Planning Framework

Figure 1-28 Population Diversity (Lisa Irvine, et al., 2017)

Figure 1-29 Life expectancy/ Gender (Lisa Irvine, et al., 2017)

Planning Framework – Population – Who lives in Drumchapel? The most important findings, perhaps, of the Planning Framework analysis are the snapshots of the local demographic. These give us evidence of the socio-economic profile of the residents and offer a benchmark of comparison with indices in the wider city. By analysing the figures, we gain an insight into existing circumstances, how and why there are issues and how these issues might be targeted better. The figures presented here have a crucial bearing on the type of response we will outline with in our Strategy, Foundation Masterplan and Detailed Masterplan. The population of Drumchapel is currently 12,648 a fall from 13453 in 2001. Nearly one quarter (24%) of local people are under 16 years of age compared with 16% in the wider city. There are relatively fewer people aged 16 to 64 years old in the area compared with 70% in Glasgow. 12% of local people are aged 65 or over compared with 14% across the city.

Figure 1-30â&#x20AC;&#x192; Housing diversity (Lisa Irvine, et al., 2017)

The district is less diverse than the city with 5% of local people being from minority ethnic groups compared to 11% across Glasgow. 6% of local people were born outside the UK compared with 12% citywide. (Scanlon, 2017) Regenerative efforts have seen improvements in the quality of housing in Drumchapel but there are still huge challenges, Female and male life expectancy are slightly lower than the Glasgow average but it should be put in context that Glasgow has the lowest life expectancy of any comparable post- industrial UK city such as Manchester or Liverpool. (David Walsh, 2016). Drumchapel has a high proportion of children at 24% under the age of 16 and one of the highest rates of child poverty in Glasgow (48%) .20% of households in the area are made up of lone parent families. The area has a relatively low employment rate with a smaller percentage of students and retired people the Glasgow. There are relatively more local people (15%) who are disabled or have a long-term illness than in the rest of the city. (Scanlon, 2017). From these figures it is clear that there is a large

number of people, especially young people, children and single parents that are vulnerable to the effects of poverty, poor housing, lack of available services and segregation due to structural, environmental and transportation issues. It is also clear that there is a lack of housing typology diversity and tenures in the district. A living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel seeks to begin to address some of the issues associated with the latter by proposing a manifesto for change with a â&#x20AC;&#x153;coherent and supportive physical frameworkâ&#x20AC;? (Andres Duany, 2000). A manifesto which will be discussed in later chapters.

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel

Key findings from Analysis Stage:

Planning Framework- Current efforts -under construction

Figure 1-31 Front Cover- New Build Housing Linkwood Dr (Architects, 2017)

Figure 1-32 Location - (Architects, 2017)

Planning Framework- Current efforts Current efforts to provide housing (now on site) follows the pattern of not only of the existing 1950’s street pattern and hierarchy and topography, but also proposes low density 35 u/ha in blocks that have inaccessible long internal plots. Furthermore, an area which proposes a future allotment and community garden site adjacent to the existing tower blocks is remote from the rest of the proposed development and will have limited overlooking and eyes on the street to provide a sense of security and avoid the ‘fortress’ aspects of public spaces and institutions hitherto provided. The architect’s analysis of site ( see opposite) indicates and depicts very clearly a diagonal transverse route and ‘desire line’ across the existing street network yet this very clear and desirable move has not been included in the final design. As discussed previously the issue of topography has a considerable influence on the form of the problem in Drumchapel. Streets take the path of least resistance through the territory rather than directly

Figure 1-33 Location - (Architects, 2017)

Figure 1-35 Approved Design - (Architects, 2017)

Figure 1-34 Typology mix (Architects, 2017)

connecting important neighbourhood areas and nodes. While the surrounding topography of hills and wooded slopes provide the area with a huge untapped resource, the underlying topography in the heart of the central neighbourhoods is slavishly adhered to. Rather than be a slave to topography, there needs to be a case made for the pragmatic and judicious assessment of opportunity to create development platforms that do not strictly adhere to the terrain and that could more naturally form a street hierarchy that is more concerned with creating proper connections that make sense structurally and form a robust hierarchy. Considerable efforts have been made in land amalgamation prior to the market crash in 2008 resulting in the empty blocks transcribed by Kinfauns and Linkwood Drives, the purpose of which was to attempt to attract new private investment to the area. We postulate that the current form of building, and lack of an overall district masterplan is an opportunity missed to create the conditions that might form the heart of a new neighbourhood or boost the neighbourhood’s legibility or indeed to augment the idenzztity of the existing

Figure 1-36 Site analysis (Architects, 2017)

neighbourhood. Furthermore, and notwithstanding the considerable capital expenditure involved in the Community Centre and High School we see buildings of very poor quality and location that have had little impact in repairing or healing the neighbourhood. In fact, we postulate the opposite has occurred in respect of both these buildings.

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel

Key findings from Analysis Stage: Experiencing and Comparing Place

Figure 1-37 Mental map- Student (Gan, et al., 2017)

Experiencing the City This section of analysis deals with the cognitive and geographic aspects of the study area comparing it with other areas in the city as well as those further afield. • What is the composite image of the study area that the residents and professionals hold and what are the main differences? • What are the main character areas, how accessible are they and how do they link to each other? • What is the perception of safety throughout the study area, how legible is the study area and what features contribute or undermine its legibility? • What is the state of maintenance and repair around the study area? The methodology of obtaining these findings is based on the analysis derived from Kevin Lynch’s book ‘The Image of the city’. A study of mental maps is introduced and the 5 elements which make up these maps: path, edge, node, district and landmark. Furthermore, Lynch introduces the idea of ‘legibility’ and ‘imageability’ to the lexicon of urban design.

Figure 1-38 Mental map- Residents (Gan, et al., 2017)

‘…. this leads to the definition of what might be called imageability; that quality in a physical object which gives it a high probability of evoking a strong image in any given observer. It is that shape, color, or arrangement which facilitates the making of vividly identified, powerfully structured, highly useful mental images of the environment. It might also be called legibility, or perhaps visibility in a heightened sense where objects are not only able to be seen, but are presented sharply and intensely to the senses’ Kevin Lynch, The Image of the City

When viewed side by side there are great differences between the student’s mental maps and those mental maps from residents of the area. It is fascinating to compare and contrast the differing cognitive experiences of the territory. In this sense, and by virtue of their purpose in studying the area of Drumchapel, the students involved have what might be described as a more detailed mental map of the area. This is a natural consequence of the act of studying- of being a student of urban

Figure 1-39 Character Areas(Gan, et al., 2017)

Figure 1-40 Fear Map (Gan, et al., 2017)

Figure 1-41 Legibility & Imagebility (Gan, et al., 2017)

design, what one might describe as the experimenter affecting the experiment. Interestingly nodes, paths and landmarks are nearly all consistent between the two maps whereas edges and districts are largely missing from the local residents’ mental map – only some of the peripheral neighbourhoods are defined. This is a crucial finding and one which is particularly useful in determining solutions to the problems in the district. Christopher Alexander suggests that the pattern of the neighbourhood fulfils the social need to find ‘an identifiable spatial unit to belong to’ (Alexander, 1977). In other words, people want to recognise their neighbourhood as being distinct, to feel pride and collective ownership. If the perception of a district is simply not there, then there are fundamental structural issues prevalent in the area in question. And while residents acknowledge the ‘town centre’ as a node and landmark they do not even perceive it to be a district. This is again is fundamental to the understanding of the area’s deficiencies-the town centre is not somewhere where people live, it is not somewhere where people wish to dwell for any length of time and it is generally only used as a necessity. It is little wonder then that there is little or no perception of it as a district. When looking at the totality o f the district we perceive 6-character areas, each with a distinctive flavour and each which has its own particular issues and structural hierarchy. Again, the strong undulations of the topography are manifest in the local neighbourhood nicknames- ‘Up the Hill’ and ‘The Glen’. The character of many of the new housing additions to the neighbourhoods is one in which there is a feeling of ‘more is more’. In reacting to the monotony and monotone of the original housing stock many designers have opted to go in the opposite direction both to the detriment of the detail and to the overall feel of the new housing. We therefore have many instances of modestly sized housing utilising a visual palette consisting of six, sometimes more elevational materials. The visual effect is jarring and defeats any ambition of a coherent and balanced street frontage. The project currently on site and discussed previously has managed to avoid this by utilising a limited palette of robust quality materials and, while we have criticised the density and structure of the development, its elevational treatment presents a better paradigm for the district at large. Permeability – again this is where topography plays a prominent role. From the maps it is easy

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel

Key findings from Analysis Stage: Experiencing and Comparing Place

Figure 1-42â&#x20AC;&#x192; Maintenance map (Gan, et al., 2017)

Figure 1-43â&#x20AC;&#x192; Street Front assessment (Gan, et al., 2017)

to read that there are large areas of Drumchapel that are barriers to transverse movement due to the presence of steep ridges or drumlins and where there is no strong, safe and legible path network. This is an issue which we will again return to in our proposals for A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel. The Fear and Safety designations in map of the area follows an intuitive pattern: where there are no people around and no eyes on the street (Jacobs, 1961) there is a greater perception of fear. In other words, the areas and around the edges of the retail park where there are vacant plots surrounded trees and scrub, around the Edrington Industrial Estate and Town Centre and in within the first clockwise loop of Kinfauns Dr. Legibility and imageabilty is the ease with which users can navigate through an area based on the influences of both the physical and perceptual elements within their surroundings. The analysis, here offers a number of key factors and explanations which contribute to the relatively low legibility of the area. First there are many visual barriers which do not allow direct visual connections across urban space. Most of the original housing stock has large set â&#x20AC;&#x201C; backs and private space is often defined by fencing, hedges or a change in level- (as per points 1,2 and 3 on the map adjacent) These elements are often difficult to see over or through and thus there is a barrier that disrupts the visual link between the buildings and streets. Second, most if not all of the original housing stock has a monotonous, monotone aesthetic and is coupled to a lack of specialist buildings with architectural interest. This creates a low imageability profile which has negative impacts on positive territorialism and wayfinding within the district. Third, the undefined and negative open spaces which are interstitial to most spaces within the heart of the area creates a perception of neglect and lack of defined function. This has the effect of disorienting users as there is no reference at the edge of such spaces to direct and define the path of the users. Furthermore, the lack of defensible space means that crime is more likely to take place in such anonymous spaces. Maintenance and a quantitative assessment of street frontage was give consideration also and mapped against criteria ranging from vibrant to distressing to give an overall picture of the area. Only a very small area fell in to the category of vibrant with most other fronts falling in to the category- Dull. The analysis concludes by Comparing place.

Figure 1-44â&#x20AC;&#x192; Comparing place- Locus (Gan, et al., 2017)

Street network, block indicators, connectivity and accessibility, street network permeability and PedShed analysis were all assessed. For each set of indices Drumchapel was compared to Blythswood Square in the centre of the city, Newlands to the south and Trongate to the south east of the city centre. A summary of results makes clear that on a like for like comparison of these areas, Drumchapel is deficient in many of the aspects which make these comparator areas popular, accessible, walkable and legible. Again, these are very important findings which indicate the extent of the issues prevalent in the study area and which we will return to and address in our masterplan for the district.

Figure 1-45â&#x20AC;&#x192; Street network indicators (Gan, et al., 2017)

Figure 1-46â&#x20AC;&#x192; Street network permeability (Gan, et al., 2017)

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel

Key findings from Analysis Stage: Network Analysis of Streets

Figure 1-47 Centrality Study Area (Patarova, et al., 2017)

Good accessibility is linked to how central a place is and centrality is of crucial importance for creating vibrancy and desirability – central places represent urban “nodes” with intensive land use, high density of retail and service activities, as well as higher intrinsic value (Porta, Latora, 2009)

Introduction The network analysis looks to address the relationship between the street and pedestrian network and their centrality within Drumchapel. Furthermore, it looks to improve upon the current layout by examining and assessing alternative scenarios for the future. What is Centrality? In its most basic terms a central place is ‘a place that is close to all others. This rather simple state-

Betweenness ‘Do I need to pass through this street to get to other places?’

Closeness ‘How many places can I get to within a 5 min walk of this street?... 10mins 15mins?’

Straightness ‘Is this street a direct route to other places?’

Figure 1-48 Centrality - fundamental questions (Law & Mar,

ment, however belies a much more complex and subtle set of information in the hierarchical structure and comparison of places. To undertake such assessments, the city is viewed as an urban street network in which the streets form edges or vertices and their intersections form nodes. It is then possible to assign a centrality value to each node through a mathematical computation of its proximity or distance to all other points. The formula for this is based on the index or definition of centrality. Based on this formula the cognitive and performative aspect of the system can then be read off. The three indices of centrality which will be examined are • Betweenness Centrality which is based on the idea that a node is more central if it stands between many other nodes and passing through that node is the shortest and straightest way to connect nodes to each other • Closeness Centrality which determines the overall distance that separates that node from any other node in the network. In other words, how close is a place’s centrality to all others • Straightness Centrality measures the accessibility of a node comparing its actual distance to all other nodes. High straightness translates into many direct routes and easier navigation between individual nodes. Each of these indices can be calculated globally i.e. with all other nodes in the system or locally with reference to nodes with a set boundary.

Figure 1-49 What is centrality (Patarova, et al., 2017)

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel

Key findings from Analysis Stage: Network Analysis of Streets

Figure 1-50 Betweenness Centrality (Patarova, et al., 2017)

Betweenness Centrality At a global comparison – as one might expectthe street network of Drumchapel is much less dense than Glasgow city centre. The M8 which cir-

Figure 1-51 Global Closeness Centrality (Patarova, et al., 2017)

cumscribes the city centre has a ‘hot’ centrality as it acts as an important intermediary in getting form one place to another. One must be careful, however, to understand that while the Centrality of the M8 is very high it has many undesirable traits, for example severing not only the local road network but also inhibiting the transverse communication between the city centre and adjacent neighbourhoods. One might, therefore take the view that high speed urban motorways, which provide high betweenness centrality, do not provide the potential that local urban streets with high betweenness can offer. For the local situation in Drumchapel Great Western Road and Drymen Road circumvent the district and it consequently it is a much less of an intermediary destination.

Global Closeness The analysis of Global Closeness sets the district of Drumchapel in context with the wider city. By definition the area cannot hold a central position, however there are districts with the city boundaries about the same distance away from the centre of the city that have a higher level of global centrality. It is clear that Drumchapel could benefit from better strategic network of street to improve connectivity.

Figure 1-52 Local Closeness Centrality (Patarova, et al., 2017)

Figure 1-53 Straightness Centrality (Patarova, et al., 2017)zz

Local Closeness The map of the wider city tells its own tale here. The city centre, west end and parts of the east and south exhibit high local closeness. The fact that these areas are either part of the city centre’s grid network or are traditional tenemented areas with a strong grid hierarchy means that there is high closeness. The broken network of streets and lack of granularity in Drumchapel means that it does not hold a warm or hot network local closeness. It is clear that the pattern of streets does not maximise its potential as a setting for activities and interaction locally.

Straightness Again, we see the effect of a rectilinear grid network in the city centre. It holds a high straightness index as do the rectilinear grids of Dennistoun in the East End or Govanhill in the Southside. The M8 this time shows the effect of this transverse barrier north-south and east-west. The main artery feeding Drumchapel Great Western Road has a high straightness centrality but its path begins to meander as it reaches Drumchapel. The effect of topography on Drumchapel’s street network means that it creates an inefficient sequence of accessibility and its curvilinear geometry testament to the nature of the drumlins on site-roads curve around and circumvent the steeper topography.

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel

Key findings from Analysis Stage: Network Analysis of Streets

Figure 1-54 Existing Centrality (Patarova, et al., 2017)

Existing Centrality vs Proposed Following the analysis of the existing conditions of centrality, proposals were made to remediate the street network and create better connectivity throughout the district. A new network straddling the first loop of Kinfauns Dr and across to Summerhill Rd in the ‘Glen’ neighbourhood. In addition, new connections were proposed from Glenkirk Rd to Garscdden Rd and across the current array of football pitches at the Donald Dewar sports centre. The effects of these proposed changes create the conditions where a new urban centre might be a possibility in the central northern part of the district. This is perhaps not a desirable result

Figure 1-55 Proposed Centrality (Patarova, et al., 2017)

as there exists in the extant centre the possibility of creating & reinforcing the conditions of centrality there rather than a whole new urban centre. In reality these proposed connections would be difficult to achieve due to the considerable topography which is in the way of these new links, however the proposition demonstrates that the underlying network is adaptable and could create conditions which could help to make the area more connected , more vibrant and more central.

Key findings from Analysis Stage: Combined Centrality Scenario

Figure 1-56â&#x20AC;&#x192; Combined Centrality Scenario(Patarova, et al., 2017)

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel

‘We are searching for a kind of harmony between two intangibles: a form which we have not yet designed and a context we cannot properly describe.’ Christopher Alexander, Notes on the Synthesis of Form

III. Key findings from Strategy Stage Strategic Plan Phase The strategic plan phase of analysis aims at summarising the factors currently shaping the study area’s life and spatial configuration and to what extent these issues will shape its future. The outcome of this is a manifesto for change and while these factors are not necessarily spatially motivated – be they social, economic or political or other-they have an emphasis on spatial issues and offer solutions to the shape of the problem in the study area. Each problem that is identified is assessed and matched to an authority or stakeholder responsible for the present and future direction of change in the district. In many of the cases being considered, a multi-agency approach is not only necessary but desirable. And key to the success of these strategies lies in the active participation and co-operation of the local population- a move from Predict and Provide to Debate and Decide. A graphic summary of strategic issues that needs to be addressed is offered as a first step.

Population and density Since its creation in 1950s, the district of Drumchapel has had a continuous decline in population going from 34 000 to 12 714 people in 2015. This decline has had a dramatic effect on all characteristics of the area. It has contributed to the increase of vacant land and the closure of many local amenities due to the lack of footfall. The majority of the population in Drumchapel is comprised of young children and the percentage of single-parent households is the staggering 55% compared to 8% in Glasgow. There is also lacking cultural diversity due to the very low number of people from ethnic minorities. A mix of people of different ages and different background would help bring more vibrancy and diversity and it’s been suggested that this could be achieved by enriching the existing services, religious centres, places of work and housing types (Analysis Booklet 3 Planning Framework, 2017).

Figure 1-57 Population & Density (Duffy, et al., 2017)

Flooding Parts of Drumchapel, particularly to the north run a risk of flooding. This should be seriously taken into account since it can affect any proposed development or infrastructure intervention. The areas of Drumchapel that are susceptible to flooding also run the risk of ending up being less desirable to develop since higher chance of flooding often means higher insurance costs and can require expensive ways to remediate land to make it less vulnerable. (Analysis Booklet 1 Drawing the existent city, 2017)

Areas prone to flooding diagram, (Analysis Booklet 3 Planning framework, 2017) Figure 1-58 Areas prone to flooding (Lisa Irvine, et al., 2017)

Green space Drumchapel has an abundance of unused and unattended green space that acts as a bar-rier between neighbourhoods. Despite the generous amount of green space, the overall biodiversity in the area is quiet low and consists of common species. The Garscadden burn has the highest biodiversity in the area with strong vegetation and can support many species. SEPA encourages the preservation of areas like this and can offer advice on the protection of the water environment when considering a planning application. (Analysis Booklet 3 Planning framework, 2017) Figure 1-59 Green Space (Duffy, et al., 2017)

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel

Key findings from Strategy Stage: Stategic Phase

Topography

Drumchapel is set over several drumlins with the road network running between them. This is a major contributor to the depravity in some areas due to the lack of easy access. The fact that the drumlins in Drumchapel have an egg-shaped character means that some of them have one steeper side and that can cause problems when developing. (Analysis Booklet 3 Planning framework, 2017)

Street network

The key component of the road network in Drumchapel is the Kinfaus drive/ Linkwood drive/ Southdeen avenue circuit. It serves as a connection to the main road network- Great Western Road. An area that requires attention is the connection between North East Drumchapel and its surrounding areas (Cochno and Bearsden) as there isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t an existing robust connection. There is also a lack of direct connection between the north and south side of Drumchapel. (Analysis Booklet 3 Planning framework, 2017)

Lack of amenities Almost all parts of Drumchapel experience lack of access to amenity provision of any kind within 250m of the centre of their areas. The greatest access to provision, in the case of all of them was found within the 1-2 km ring which combined with the low numbers of car ownership raises the question of accessibility. There needs to be better distribution of amenities within the neighbourhoods so at the very least the everyday needs of the people living there are met. Most of the services and open buildings in Drumchapel are scattered around the main road artery and are surrounded by vast open spaces with no specific use. This makes walking in the area difficult as nothing to be used as a reference for (Analysis Booklet 1 Drawing the existent city, 2017)

Centrality

Unfortunately, Drumchapel doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t hold a central position as an intermediary between surrounding areas. The transport network goes around it and therefore Drumchapel is no an important linking destination within the overall network. This means that its potential as a setting for activities and interaction is dramatically reduced. One of the priorities for future developments in Drumchapel should be the creation of a backbone of streets with high betweenness centrality. (Analysis Booklet 5 Network analysis and streets, 2017)

Forgotten landmarks

Most of the historic landmarks in Drumchapel have been demolished. The most notable piece f history still standing in the Antonine wall which was listed as a World heritage site by UNESCO in July 2008. The wall is included as a stop in the local heritage trail route that is suggested for visitors but its full potential as a tourist destination remains not fully explored. (Analysis Booklet 2 History and Stories, 2017)

Transport Car ownership in Drumchapel is significantly lower as a result of the dominance of low-income housing in the area. This means that local people rely heavily on public transport to reach the city center. Drumchapel is serviced by one train station on the periphery but is very well covered by the bus network. Four of the available lines connect to the city center and Bus route 3 and CB2 allow a connection between Drumchapel train station and the rest of Drumchapel. There are some outer areas, however, that still have limited coverage and would benefit from introducing a new transport service similar to the CB2 as it connects all areas of Drumchapel. (Analysis Booklet 3 Planning framework, 2017)

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel

Key findings from Strategy Stage: Stategic Phase- SWOT analysis Strengths

Figure 1-60 Strengths (Duffy, et al., 2017) SWOT Analysis In the previous chapter we looked at the issues affecting the area of study at present and the analysis of the current concept plan. In this chapter, we aim to synthesize these issues and the lessons learned into a coherent strategy for the redevelopment of Drumchapel. To these ends we pose 5 questions: • • •

• •

What will the study area look like in 30 years’ time – what is the vision? What are the leading factors that will shape this transformation, what are the main themes for change? What activities and projects need to be implemented to generate the transformation we envisage and who is responsible? What are the interventions? What is the spatial side of such change – what is the concept plan. How do we ensure the work supports rather than inhibits the self-organising processes in the local community?

In addition to these considerations we have undertaken a SWOT analysis to identify Areas of Action in order to understand what areas or aspects of Drumchapel are in most need of being addressed through the proposals.

1. The economic adversity and the lack of mobility in the area has amounted to strong sense of community and territoriality amongst the residents of Drumchapel. In the view of the locals the area should be revitalized and not liquidated. 2. Because if its proximity to it, Drumchapel can be seen as a gateway to the Antonine wall and an important historical area. 3. Drumchapel is also encompassed by green areasGreen belt and woodland, which could be seen as a great condition for achieving a high level of biodiversity. 4. The topography of Drumchapel provides beautiful views from “up the hill” and from Linkwood across the city. 5. The proximity of Drumchapel to the Fourth and Clyde can be of interest to tourists.

Opportunities

Figure 1-61â&#x20AC;&#x192; Opportunities (Duffy, et al., 2017)

1. Putting an emphasis on Drumchapelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s historic past and the landmarks that are still present- the Antonine wall and the Fourth and Clyde canal, is likely to generate more interest in the area and might turn Drumchapel into an important educational destination. 2. There is also an opportunity to further strengthen the sense of pride of the local population by better integrating community buildings and important historic buildings. 3. The proximity to the Forth and Clyde canal provides opportunity for a variety of leisure activities and can also act as impetus for regeneration by living in, on or around the water. 4. Overcoming the barriers that now exist between neighbourhoods is going to result in better permeability. 5. Introducing a gateway to the North, South, East and West could provide better connection to and within the area. 6.. Some of the open green spaces have the po-

tential to be used as leisure destination and can promote healthier lifestyle and physical activity. 7. Introducing a new transport hub such as a bus station might ease the movement of people within the area and even improve the connection between Drumchapel and the city center. 8. An increase in the quality and quantity of local amenities and creating an environment that might attract more retailers of different scale, could help create a more self-sufficient community. 9. Breaking the skyline with some memorable or iconic buildings would increase the areas imageability. 10. Creating a well-defined pathway between the train station and Drumchapelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s center could make the area easier to navigate and more inviting.

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel

Key findings from Strategy Stage: Stategic Phase- SWOT analysis Weaknesses

Figure 1-62 Weaknesses (Duffy, et al., 2017) 1. The railway station in Drumchapel is located on the periphery and there isn’t a clear connection with the “center of gravity” of the area. 2. Even though there are four bus survives operating in the area, there are still some peripheral neighborhoods that are harder to reach. 3. The connectivity problems are further perpetuated by the barriers- both natural and manmade, that exist between neighborhoods. Vast open spaces, topography, poorly placed buildings and roads taking the path of least resistance, make some parts of Drumchapel very difficult and inconvenient to access. 4. The lack of provision of services within the different neighborhoods makes people more car or public transport dependent when they are trying to meet their everyday needs. 5. There’s a serious lack of medium and small retailers dispersed in Drumchapel which makes the shopping center and the retail park the main service providers in the area. 6. A lot of the buildings that are important to the community or are considered to be of architectural value such as churches or listed buildings, are hidden away in highly defensible plots behind palisade fence or hedges and trees that obstruct visibility. 7. Drumchapel has a continuously declining population with numbers going as low as 12, 714 in 2015. So far this has led to the closure of many local amenities because of the lack of footfall.

8. The majority of the population in Drumchapel is comprised of young children and the percentage of single-parent households is the staggering 55% compared to 8% in Glasgow. There is a lack of social diversity. 9. There is also a lack of ethnical diversity due to the low number of residents representing minorities. 10. Street connectivity within Drumchapel is very weak. Same can be said about its connections to surrounding areas. 11. Streets are designed with mostly cap-focused approach. 12. There is a lack of easily accessible and straightforward NorthSouth and East- West connection. 13. Drumchapel experiences high level of noise pollution due to its proximity to the airport.

Threats

Figure 1-63â&#x20AC;&#x192; Threats (Duffy, et al., 2017) 1. The soil conditions create difficulty in Drumchapel. The type of soil in some of the areas suggest only low-rise buildings and can slow down the construction of new roads due to the higher cost of the required thicker layer of capping. 2. Drumchapel was heavily mined and ground instabilities are to be expected. This past activity hints at the presence of an extensive network of underground tunnels which have already created issues in past developments. 3. Some areas of Drumchapel, particularly to the north are at risk of flooding and this can affect any future development.

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel

Key findings from Strategy Stage: Stategic Phase- City Development Plan

* authors’ annotation

Figure 1-64 GCC Strategic Development Plan (Duffy, et al., 2017)

City Development Plan In identifying and addressing the multi-facetted local issues facing Drumchapel we must also look to the more strategies, city wide initiatives contained within the Glasgow City Development Plan. It is a very clear aim of the Development plan in its city-wide spatial representation of the form of development for Drumchapel is the desire to create the conditions embodied in the 4 strategic outcomes: • A Green City • A Vibrant and Growing Economy • A Connected City • A thriving Network of Neighbourhoods Furthermore, the projected growth in the city’s population coupled to a decline in Drumchapel’s population presents a very substantial opportunity to begin to demonstrate how peripheral estates can be regenerated with a view to re-densifying the neighbourhood populations to more sustainable levels. For Drumchapel is very clear that increasing connectivity both to its adjacent district centres and to the ‘global’ centre of Glasgow is critical in its strategic outlook and future trajectory. A look t Drumchapel’s Local Plan from 1992 in

which a tram line stretching from the city centre to the district from the city centre is mooted seems fanciful to us today amid the very serious and rapid decline in the population both then and now. A more realistic view of transport, in particular rail and local bus service, needs to be established and are key considerations in our masterplan for A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel. Drumchapel’s peripheral location affords it adjacency to the countryside and is encompassed by very considerable areas of green space, yet there is very little to attract locals or those from outside the district despite the presence of a World Heritage Site to the North and za Scheduled Monument – The Forth and Clyde Canal to the South.

GCC’s City Development Plan lays out the strategic framework of planned urban growth for Glasgow and its conurbation. The main aspiration is to further develop Glasgow in four key directions: economic growth, sustainable development, connectivity and resilience. Within the strategic plan, Drumchapel is already envisioned as a centre in

The healthy growth of Glasgow’s diverse population is to be reinforced through a process of place-making through design. Carefully planned mix and density of land uses is meant to stimulate street life and activities while still considering issues of maintenance and management at early design stages. Glasgow’s environment also strives to foster the healthy living and well-being of its inhabitants. Additionally, the quality and access to residential amenities is set a bench-mark of safety and inclusion. Provision of renewable resources is also given priority. •

Figure 1-65 Development Plan Influences (Duffy, et al., 2017)

The main purpose of this strategic focus is to ensure the ability to move and do business in the city. The improvement of public transport and infrastructure is a key facilitator in that process. The resulting decrease in non-essential car use then ensures a safer environment for cyclists and pedestrians. Additionally, the plan aims that all new development are strategically located within adequate access to sustainable resources. All town centres within Glasgow’s metropolitan area are to be inter-connected through public transport that ensures access to a variety of shops, services and community facilities for everyone. On a digital level, connectivity facilitates business flexibility and mobile working while also creating conditions suitable for innovation. •

Figure 1-66 Policy & Delivery (Duffy, et al., 2017)

the metropolitan network (see map on the left). •

Vibrant Place

This objective is regarded through the prism of economic development achieved through diversifying employment in sectors such as retail, financial, business, higher education and tourism. Furthermore, the river Clyde is also considered key in developing waterfront activities and driving mixed use regeneration. The local creative industry is also an integral part of the economic growth with a focus on universities, cultural industries, research and manufacture. •

Connected Place

Green Place

An aspiration for resilience, attractiveness and accessibility drive the focus of this strategic objective. The green belt areas are to be protected, further developed and, where necessary, regenerated. The development of vacant and derelict land is also a high priority as a means of contributing to environmental quality. Additionally, continuity of the urban environment is also to be ensured through linking open space and prioritising pedestrian and cycling routes. Biodiversity, geodiversity and waterways such as rivers, canals and burns also are to be enhanced and protected so as to improve the quality of city living through engagement in activities related to nature. Reinforcing the character of established monuments and landmarks as well as enhancing less know historic assets is another way of using Glasgow’s heritage to its full potential.

Sustainable Place

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel

Key findings from Strategy Stage:

Stategic Phase- Policy , Placemaking and RESILIENCE

Through a number or policies, GCC drives the accomplishment of its four main objectives: CDP 1 The Placemaking Principle CDP2 Sustainable Spatial Strategy CDP3 Economic Development CDP4 Network of Centres CDP5 Resource Management CDP6 Green Belt and Green Network CDP7 Natural Environment CDP8 Water Environment CDP9 Historic Environment CDP10 Meeting Housing Needs CDP11 Sustainable Transport CDP12 Delivering Development IPG 1: (SG 1) Placemaking Part 1 What is it? This guidance comes in two parts. Part 1 provides the context and approach of Placemaking established in Policy CDP1. It includes a Glasgow interpretation of Qualities of Place along with an outline of the processes to be undertaken in preparing a development proposal. There is also a section on the different character environments that appear throughout the city that should help guide how a development can respond to its context. While there are a number of inter-related and inter-dependant policies which must be given due consideration in the context of Planning direction, this is perhaps the most important guidance document produced by the City Council (at least in urban design terms)and assists in directing placemaking both for existing and new settlements. For an urban designer the information contained in it is vital in the production of proposals for the redevelopment of Drumchapel and for that matter-any of the peripheral housing estates in the city. The guidance is tailored specifically to the city’s very particular needs -in its diversity of spaces, of neighbourhoods, of town centres and of the city centre. Information and direction of what constitutes successful spaces is given a clear precedence in the pursuit of the 4 main policy aspirations – vibrant, sustainable, connected and green and is further defined within the context of Qualities of

Figure 1-67 Elements of placemaking strategy (Council, 2017)

Figure 1-68 Key actions of placemaking (Council, 2017)

Place in which character and identity, successful open spaces, legibility and safety, ease of movement, vibrancy and diversity and adaptability and sustainability are given further consideration and detail. The guidance contained within IPG 1: (SG 1) Placemaking Part 1 was vital in formulating A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel and some of the important graphics and guidance is reproduced here.

Six Qualities of Place have been identified. These Qualities of Place are derived from the Scottish Government’s Qualities of Place (https://beta.gov.scot/publications/ creating-places-policy-statement-architecture-place-scotland/), but they have been adapted to more accurately reflect Glasgow’s own unique circumstances.

Character + Identity

Figure 1-69 Who is the guidance for? (Council, 2017)

Qualities of Place

Successful Open Space Legibility + Safety

Ease of Movement Vibrancy + Diversity Adaptability + Sustainability

Figure 1-70 Green Network guidance (Council, 2017)

Figure 1-71 Qualities of Place (Council, 2017)

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel

Key findings from Strategy Stage:

Stategic Phase- Policy , Placemaking and RESILIENCE

Figure 1-72â&#x20AC;&#x192; Economic Development Areas (Council, 2017)

Figure 1-73â&#x20AC;&#x192; Low density residential guidance(Council, 2017)

Resilient Glasgow

Glasgow joined the “100 Resilient Cities” network in 2014 as part of an initiative by the Rockefeller Foundation that aims to develop urban resilience through strategic management of the contemporary physical, social and economic challenges (ARUP, 2014, Resilient Glasgow, 2014). There are four main directions of development: • Health and Wellbeing o Meets Basic Needs o Livelihoods and Employment o Ensures Public Health Services • Economy and Society o Cohesive and Engaged Communities o Social Stability, Security and Justice o Economic Prosperity • Infrastructure and Environment o Protective Natural & Man-Made Assets o Continuity of Critical Services o Reliable Communication and Mobility • Leadership and Strategy o Effective Management o Broad Range of Stakeholders o Long-Term and Integrated Planning This initiative is based on a multi-agency approach that seeks to establish resilience through collaboration between the public sector, the private sector, voluntary organisations and local communities. As a city largely impacted by post-industrial economic stress, Glasgow strives to use its eco-

Figure 1-74 What is City Resilience? (Resilient Glasgow, 2014: 7) nomic, environmental and social advantages to their best potential. The Resilient Glasgow Strategy rests upon four main pillars: • Empower Glaswegians • Unlock Place-Based Solutions • Innovate to Support Fair Economic Growth • Foster Civic Participation Glasgow, through the prism of a resilient city, is imagined as reflective, robust, efficient, flexible, resourceful, inclusive and integrated. The strategy towards engagement of local communities includes face-to-face conversations, targeted workshops and on-line surveys. Partnerships and placebased solutions aim to reinforce the economic growth and reduce the inequality gap through agile work opportunities.

Stakeholders

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel

Key findings from Strategy Stage: Stategic Phase- Vision

Drumchapel 2051: A time oriented Vision Drumchapel is a thriving community of 25,000 people. It has a town centre that is very popular with the local inhabitants where they live, work, and play and where they also avail themselves of the local shops and public services. It is a place with a broad mix of house types and tenures and this adds diversity to the community. The town centre is a vibrant and memorable place which has pleasant external public spaces where the locals linger, it is a place where the old and young can interact and where life is the backdrop. It is a walkable neighbourhood that is well connected to its satellite neighbourhoods with streets that are tree lined and which are easy and safe to cross. The Plateau Park, built on the site of the former St Pius occupies a strategic high point within the district and attracts school children, locals and those form further afield to learn about the area, to garden in the many allotment plots that are available, produce food and learn about healthy eating in the external learning areas and in the visitor centre. It is a great place for walking and cycling. The park also attracts folk from further afield that have cycled the canal path and have turned into Drumchapel from Lock 32 on the canal to visit the new Centre. A short walk at the foot of the Plateau park, a new neighbourhood centre based in the former St Pius Church forms the centerpiece of a new neighbourhood square where regular markets are held selling the produce from the Plateau Park . This new neighbourhood centre is linked to Kinfauns Dr by a re-densified Linkwood Av which has a number of terraced and tenement buildings fronting the street. It is also linked another new neighbourhood node along a Green Common along which a new secondary and primary school are located.The schools are stitched into the fabric of the neighbourhood and feel a natural part of life in the district. From the centre of town, it is a pleasant 3-minute walk along the new High Street to the local transport hub where you can catch a train or a tram every 10 minutes in to town or avail yourself of the Express Bus Rapid Transport which follows a direct route along Great Western Road, stopping at Annniesland Cross, Gartnaval Hospital, the West End, St Georgeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Cross and finally Buchanan St Bus Station. The new transport hub has allowed the High St with independent, small retailers and public service providers to flourish by stimulating footfall and activity along its length. The inhabitants are happier & healthier because the ease of access to the surrounding countryside and the quality of their external public spaces which are sustainable, accessible and safe and which provide leisure and recreational opportunities. Their houses are warm and cheap to heat and there is a neighbourly atmosphere reminiscent of early Drumchapel or of the communities the original tenants left behind in the 1950â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s.

It is a Living Neighbourhood.

ACHIEVE A GOAL

LIMIT A THREAT

ENHANCE AN OPPORTUNITY

Figure 1-75â&#x20AC;&#x192; Drumchapel Transformed (Duffy et al.2017)

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel

Key findings from Strategy Stage: Stategic Phase- Vision Statement

‘Intricate mingling of different uses are not a form of chaos. On the contrary, they represent a complex and highly developed form of order’ Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities

Vision: Our vision for Drumchapel is that for which it was origvinally envisaged but never achieved: a semi-autonomous township. To this very direct aim, we look to build on the strong community spirit borne form economic adversity which has created an especially strong sense of identity and territoriality. We therefore take our cues from local people. In the views of local people, the area should be re-vitalised and not liquidated. We look to recreate an area that is sustainable, connected, liveable, diverse, thriving, healthy and resilient. Walkable neighbourhoods. Health – life expectancy. A town centre that is the focus?Density/population figures which were originally envisaged and density to support a neighbourhood. Green space, Green Networks & Heritage The vision takes into account this strong desire and the strategy looks to build on the area’s positive aspects – green open space internally and encompassed by green space around its northern periphery. We look to the considerable untapped heritage value of The Antonine wall and its designation as a UNESCO World Heritage site as a driver generator of economic activity as well as opportunities for education and health. We consider that hitherto the wall’s potential as an attractor has not been exploited to increase visitor numbers to the area from Glasgow and beyond. Exposing heritage this way creates an inter-generational equity from the value of historic places. In tandem with this we look to re-conceptualise the relationship between the peripheral urban edge and the agricultural hinterland. The Forth and Clyde canal which skirts the south-west flank of the area provides a valuable green corridor which should be exploited as a conduit from the wider city -reinforced and stronger connections made with the greens spaces internally. We aim to connect this new node via a green corridor to the northern area of the district with a new attractor. Finally, the interstitial ambiguous and negative green spac-

es are re-imagined providing defined & positive green and public spaces for the area. Built form- and Street Networks and Heart of Drumchapel There is an overwhelming feeling that Drumchapel lack a proper town centre. The current shopping centre provides a limited number of shops and services but lacks the special clarity and legibility that a thriving town provides. There is also very low density in the central and adjacent areas. We aim to introduce a new heart of the town which is vibrant and diverse with local shops and services that people are attracted to using with public spaces that are attractive and useable. We look to providing attractive places for people to live in the central district which will allow it to be sustained. We look to establish a series of neighbourhood nodes, which are connected to the district heart The road network, which follows the path of least resistance circumventing the transverse crossing of the local system of drumlins creates unnecessary extra distance between neighbourhoods and there is severance of the network along the train line and at various points within the district. We aim to re-establish and strengthen routes northsouth and east-west and to begin to address the disconnection long the train lines. We look to reconnecting neighbourhood that were previously disconnected. The industrial and retail built forms which completely sever the south west of the district from the main body of Drumchapel require creative interventions that will repair the road network, introduce new connections and create active frontages and uses where there is a more useful urban exchange. There are also opportunities to increase the granularity of the urban shed form through the process of sprawl repair. Transport Links We train station moved to a more central location which will allow a linear node and capitalise

Figure 1-77 Tramlines - 4D Vision for new transport modes (Duffy et al.2017)

Figure 1-76 Drumchapel z 1955-2051 (Duffy et al.2017)

on the excellent train service between DC and Glasgow city centre. Introduction of better connected bus- rail service and better more legible environment at the modal transfer. We propose BRT to take advantage of the long , relatively straight route along Great Western Road to the West End and points further east. We propose an express service which stops at Anniesland Cross , Gartnaval Hospital , West End , St George’s Cross, Buchanan St Bus Station. Population In conclusion we aim to increase the population of Drumchapel to 25,000 over a 30 year period and to break the current cycle of decline-invest- decline.

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel

Key findings from Strategy Stage:

Stategic Phase- Critical Quality Threshold- Moving to a more sustainable model

Figure 1-78 Drumchapel population 1955-2017 (Duffy et al.2017) Drumchapel investment 2001-014 Project

Expenditure (£m)

Social Housing

£29.3m

Private Housing

£20.6m

Schools

£22.4m

Leisure & Recreation

£1.25m

Green Space

£2.8m

Retail

£2.7

Industry & Business

£8m

Community & Health

£14.8

Total

£101.85m

Total estimated capital expenditure from mid 90’s to present day estimated to be of the order of £170m to £200m

Critical Quality Threshold Over the last decade the district of Drumchapel has been in receipt of very substantial sums of investment. Investment in social housing, in private housing, in education – (both bricks and mortar- and in support for teaching) in greenspace, retail and in health and community initiatives. This investment is very welcome- and indeed much needed- in an area which has high indices of deprivation and poverty, has low life expectancy and high unemployment. Much has been with this investment to improve the lives of the locals with better health facilities, new and refurbished schools, warmer and more affordably heated homes and better leisure and outdoor facilities, yet the decline of the area

in population terms has not been abated. Between the years of 2001 and 2011 the population dropped from 13,453 to 13,060 and from 2011 to the present-a drop of a further 412 people to 12,648. There is little research available to pinpoint the exact cause of the decline in population over these periods but it is clear that the very considerable investment has not stopped the population leakage, it has possibly only stabilised the rate of leakage from very high numbers prior to the year 2000. It still seems reasonable to suggest that current reasons for population decline are similar to those at the end of the 1970’s at the height of industrial decline and loss of jobs to the area- in other words- those with transferable skills that can leave do leave (John Duffy, et al., 2017). Furthermore, the local High School – which although improving- is the lowest achieving secondary school in Glasgow based on current league tables (Lisa Irvine, et al., 2017). One of the main drivers of popularity of an area is the quality of its schools and clearly with low attainment figures does not present an attractive proposition to parents with opportunity cost of moving to Drumchapel. For us- and despite the undoubted complexities of the issue, we postulate that the district has not yet reached a quality threshold that is self-sustaining. In other words, the investment that has been made hitherto has not concentrated on quality- either structurally in a district wide sense or by neighbourhood in a more local placemaking sense. This critical quality threshold – one which residents are invested in the upkeep of place over time allows the district to thrive for those in its interior and become more attractive to those from outside. At present it appears that Drumchapel is trapped in an invest- decline-invest decline scenario. The project Bo 01 in Malmo is a useful an example of how things can be done differently and in particular we look to the leadership of the project masterplanner, Klas Tham.

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Figure 1-80 Critical Quality Diagram , by Klas Tham based on (Duffy et al.2017)

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Figure 1-79 Sustainable development (Duffy et al.2017)

To this..... Figure 1-81 Sustainable development (Duffy et al.2017)

“Klas Tham, lead designer and programme co-ordinator of Bo 01 in Malmo Sweden, speaks also passionately about the need to embed quality in the design process. His Quality / Time model (Fig II 07 above) illustrates that with an initial investment in quality, development sits above a critical ‘quality’ line. Happy residents are invested in the upkeep of their place, the place thrives, and the value of the development grows over time. With development below the critical line, people still move in, but are less inclined to invest in upkeep and over time decline sets in. At some point, major investment will be required to regenerate, however, it will not be possible to bring it up over the critical line and over time, the same problems will arise again. This can lead to major financial implications for local authorities/ governments. This argument was presented to the City of Malmö in preparation for the Bo01 expo to convince them of the need to set a threshold for design quality.” Extract from “Architecture + Design Scotland- What does good leadership look like?: Lessons from Bo 01, Sweden” (Scotland, 2014)

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel

Key findings from Strategy Stage: Stategic Phase- Strategy Plan

Strategy Plan Based on our findings in the analysis phase of the project we have developed a strategy plan which seeks to rememdy the problems which have been identified. And while these propositions are not entirely spatially oriented they have strong spatial aspirations: reconnecting the district north-south,east west;introducing a re-densified heart to the district and exploiting the areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s natural & heritage assets for the benefit of the area.

CO UNES ! ! ! L L A ANTONINE W

Through effective public partnership

Surrounding District node Main District Roads

Potential Mixed-use building District centre

Railway station Green network Canal route Potential Green route Potential Gateways Denser street network Potential Neighborhood Existing Industrial/ Commercial Area Potential Neighborhood Nodes

Potential Mixed-use building District centre

Densified Street Network

!!! ANTONINE WALL !!! UNESCO !!!

Through effective public partnership

Figure 1-82â&#x20AC;&#x192; Strategy Plan (Duffy et al.2017)

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel

Key findings from Strategy Stage Existing Concept: Street Hierachy, Transport,Green Network, Nodes

Very Low (0-30 units/ha) Low (31-50 units/ha) Medium (51-70 units/ha) Medium (71-100 units/ha)

A Road (Major Road)

Wate

large-scale transport links within or between areas

B Road

Wood

Minor Road

Instit

connect different areas and feed traffic between A roads and smaller roads on the network

Golf

Medium (101-130 units/ha) smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, link High (above 130 units/ha) housing estates/ villages to the rest of the network

Natu

Sport A Road (Major Road)

Very Local Low (0-30 units/ha) Road transport links within or b Publi access to property, usually linedlarge-scale with buildings Low (31-50 units/ha) B Road Play traf Important Intermediary Road Medium (51-70 units/ha) connect different areas and feed Scho A roads and smaller roads on the ne Minor Road Medium (71-100 units/ha)

Specialist Areas

Minor Road

Medium (101-130 units/ha) smaller roads, connect to A and B ro UNESCO High (above 130 units/ha) housing estates/ villages to the rest Fro Local Road Specialist Areas the access to property, usually lined with An Wa Important Intermediary Road Minor Road

Educational Facility Leisure/ Sports Centre Medical Care Place of Worship Police Station Takeaway/ Sandwich Shop

Educational Facility

Restaurant/ Cafe/ Canteen

400

Leisure/ Sports Centre

800

1200 Medical Care

1600 m

Place of Worship Police Station Takeaway/ Sandwich Shop Restaurant/ Cafe/ Canteen

Drumry

400

800

1200

Edrington industrial estate

Figure 1-83â&#x20AC;&#x192; Road Hierarchy (Duffy et al.2017)

Railway Station Railway Track

Figure 1-84â&#x20AC;&#x192; Transport Network(Duffy et al.2017)

1600 m

Water Area

etween areas

Woodland

c between work

Golf Course/ Bowling Green

ds, link f the network

Natural Green Space

buildings

Public Park

Institutional Ground Sports Facility Play Field School Ground

UNESCO World Heritage Site Frontiers of The Roman Empire: the Antonine Wall Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Wall

Very Low (0-30 units/ha) Low (31-50 units/ha) Medium (51-70 units/ha) Medium (71-100 units/ha)

A Road (Major Road)

Water Area

large-scale transport links within or between areas

B Road

Woodland

Minor Road

Institutional Ground

connect different areas and feed traffic between A roads and smaller roads on the network

Golf Course/ Bowling Green

Medium (101-130 units/ha) smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, link High (above 130 units/ha) housing estates/ villages to the rest of the network

Natural Green Space Sports Facility

Local + Road

Specialist Areas

Public Park

access to property, usually lined with buildings

Play Field

Important Intermediary Road Minor Road

School Ground

Educational Facility

UNESCO World Heritage Site

Leisure/ Sports Centre Medical Care

Frontiers of The Roman Empire: the Antonine Wall

Place of Worship

Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Wall

Police Station Takeaway/ Sandwich Shop Restaurant/ Cafe/ Canteen

400

800

Very Low (0-30 units/ha) Low (31-50 units/ha) 1200 1600 m Medium (51-70 units/ha)

A Road (Major Road)

Water Area

large-scale transport links within or between areas

B Road

Woodland

connect different areas and feed traffic between A roads and smaller roads on the network

Golf Course/ Bowling Green

Figure 1-85â&#x20AC;&#x192; Green Network (Duffy et Minor Road Medium (101-130 units/ha) smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, link al.2017) High (above 130 units/ha) housing estates/ villages to the rest of the network + Medium (71-100 units/ha)

Natural Green Space Sports Facility

Local Road

Specialist Areas

Public Park

access to property, usually lined with buildings

Types of built-up areas:

Institutional Ground

Play Field

Important Intermediary Road Road TypesMinor of amenities:

School Ground

Educational Facility

Residential

Leisure/ Sports Centre

Frontiers of The Roman Empire: the Antonine Wall

Medical Care Place of Worship

Public

Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Wall

Police Station Takeaway/ Sandwich Shop

Commercial

Industrial

Bearsden

UNESCO World Heritage Site

Restaurant/ Cafe/ Canteen

400

800

1200

1600 m Edrington industrial estate

Clydebank

400m

800m

Railway Station Railway Track

400m

800m =

Anniesland Clydebank

Railway Station Railway Track

400m

800m

400m

Figure 1-86â&#x20AC;&#x192; Amenities (Duffy et al.2017)

800m

A Road (Major Road)

Very Low (0-30 units/ha)

Water Area

large-scale transport links within or between areas

Low (31-50 units/ha) Medium (51-70 units/ha) Medium (71-100 units/ha)

B Road

Woodland

Minor Road

Institutional Ground

connect different areas and feed traffic between A roads and smaller roads on the network

Golf Course/ Bowling Green

Medium (101-130 units/ha) smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, link High (above 130 units/ha) housing estates/ villages to the rest of the network

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel

Natural Green Space Sports Facility

Local Road

Specialist Areas

Public Park

access to property, usually lined with buildings

Play Field

Important Intermediary Road Minor Road

School Ground

Key findings from Strategy Stage Existing Concept: Educational Facility

UNESCO World Heritage Site

Leisure/ Sports Centre

Frontiers of The Roman Empire: the Antonine Wall

Medical Care

Topography, Density, Centrality Vs Density

Place of Worship

Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Wall

Police Station Takeaway/ Sandwich Shop

Low

Restaurant/ Cafe/ Canteen

400

800

1200

1600 m

High

Railway Station Railway Track

Very Low (0-30 units/ha) Low (31-50 units/ha) Medium (51-70 units/ha) Medium (71-100 units/ha)

A Road (Major Road)

large-scale transport links within or between areas

B Road

connect different areas and feed traffic between A roads and smaller roads on the network

Minor Road

Medium (101-130 units/ha) smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, link High (above 130 units/ha) housing estates/ villages to the rest of the networ

Local Road 1-87â&#x20AC;&#x192; Topography (Duffy et access to property, usually lined with buildings al.2017)

Specialist Areas Figure

Important Intermediary Road Minor Road

1ha

Number of Units

Educational Facility Leisure/ Sports Centre Medical Care

Number of Units:

Place of Worship

Very Low (0-30 units/ha)

Police Station

Low (31-50 units/ha)

Takeaway/ Sandwich Shop

Medium (51-70 units/ha)

Restaurant/ Cafe/ Canteen

400

Medium (71-100 units/ha)

800

large-scale t

connect diff A roads and

Min

1200 (101-130 1600units/ha) m Medium smaller road High (above 130 units/ha) housing esta

Loc

Specialist Areas

access to pr

Important Intermediary Road Minor Road Educational Facility Leisure/ Sports Centre Medical Care Place of Worship Police Station Takeaway/ Sandwich Shop Restaurant/ Cafe/ Canteen

400

800

Figure 1-88â&#x20AC;&#x192; Densities (Duffy et al.2017)

Very Low (0-30 units/ha) Low (31-50 units/ha) Medium (51-70 units/ha) Medium (71-100 units/ha)

A Road (Major Road)

large-scale transport links within or between areas

B Road

Woodland

Minor Road

Institutional Ground

connect different areas and feed traffic between A roads and smaller roads on the network

Medium (101-130 units/ha) smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, link High (above 130 units/ha) housing estates/ villages to the rest of the network

Local Road

Specialist Areas

Betweenness Centrality:

access to property, usually lined with buildings

Leisure/ Sports Centre A Road (Major Road) Very Low (0-30 units/ha) large-scale transport links within or between areas Medical Care Low (31-50 units/ha) B Road Place of Worship The Antonine Road Medium (51-70 units/ha) connect different areas and feed traffic between Police Station A roads and smaller roads on the network Medium (71-100 units/ha) Takeaway/ Sandwich Shop Minor Road Medium (101-130 units/ha) smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, link Restaurant/ Cafe/ Canteen High (above 130 units/ha) housing estates/ villages to the rest of the network

Local 1200 Road 1600 m

access to property, usually lined with buildings

Public Park

UNESCO World Heritage Site Frontiers of The Roman Empire: Water Area the Antonine Wall Woodland Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Wall Golf Course/ Bowling Green Institutional Ground Ladyloan Ave

Natural Green Space

Kinfauns Road

Sports Facility Public Park School Ground

+ Site UNESCO World Heritage

Educational Facility Leisure/ Sports Centre

Frontiers of The Roman Empire: the Antonine Wall

Medical Care Place of Worship

Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Wall

Police Station Takeaway/ Sandwich Shop

Restaurant/ Cafe/ Canteen

400

Sports Facility

Play Field

Important Intermediary Road Minor Road

Natural Green Space

School Ground

Educational Facility Number of Units:

800

Golf Course/ Bowling Green

Play Field

Important Intermediary Road Minor Road

0 Specialist Areas 400

Water Area

800

1200

Drumry

1600 m

Edrington industrial estate

Figure 1-89â&#x20AC;&#x192; Centrality (Duffy et al.2017)

+ =

Railway Station Railway Track =

Railway Station Railway Track

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel

Key findings from Strategy Stage Existing Concept: Multiple Centrality Assessment Betweenness Centrality

Drumchapel Linkwood Dr

Industrial Area

Drumchapel is accessed through Great Western Road, which is one of the chief intermediaries within the Glasgow Metropolitan Area. Thus, the streets branching out of it (Duntreath Ave/ Kinfauns Dr, Antonine Rd, Garscadden Rd, etc.) also have high betweenness centrality. Together with Drumchapel Rd, which is the main artery connecting Drumchapel to Bearsden, they form the backbone of the district. While the east-west axes work well, the fact that there is just one north-south axis and it is in the western part of the neighbourhood means that the north-east and south-east areas are disconnected despite being geographically close. Also, there is a lack of a neighbourhood core accessible from all sides.

Kinfauns

Figure 1-90 Closeness Centrality (Duffy et al.2017)

Closeness Centrality

Closeness Centrality at 400m

Garscadden Burn Southdeen Av

On a neighbourhood scale, only two areas have relatively high closeness centrality: the residential area north-west of Drumchapel Park, especially along Fettercairn Avenue; and to a lesser scale - the residential development locked between Linkwood and Kinfaus Dr. Both of those areas have been recently developed and have a denser street network and smaller plot sizes. Long streets with few intersections such as Ladyloan Ave in the north, Glenkirk Dr and the eastern portion of Kinfaus Dr have very low closeness centrality. This renders whole areas in the east of the neighbourhood isolated and hard to reach within a walking distance.

Achamore Rd

Kinfauns Dr

Belsyde Ave

Straightness Cetrality

Figure 1-91 Straightness Centrality (Duffy et al.2017)

Straightness Centrality

Linkwood Dr

Kinfaus Dr has moderate straightness centrality in its western part before it makes a sharp turn on itself. In addition, streets west of it have relatively good overall centrality, with enough intersections between themselves and Great Western Road. In the east meandering streets with few intersections such as Southdeen Ave, Jedworth Ave, and Belsyde Ave (which makes a loop) have the lowest levels of straightness centrality. Located along the valley of Garscadden Burn, those streets have already been identified as poorly integrated in the street network. Very Low (0-30 units/ha) Low (31-50 units/ha)

Medium (51-70 units/ha)

Medium (71-100 units/ha)

Drummore Rd Kinfauns Dr

Kinfauns Dr Antonine Rd

A Road (Major Road)

large-scale transport links within or between areas

B Road

Water Area Woodland

connect different areas and feed traffic between A roads and smaller roads on the network

Minor Road

Very Low (0-30 units/ha) Low (31-50 units/ha)

Medium (51-70 units/ha) Golf Course/ Bowling Green Medium (71-100 units/ha)

Institutional Ground

A Road (Major Road)

large-scale transport links within or between areas

Woodland

Minor Road

Institutional Ground

Medium (101-130 units/ha) smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, link High (above 130 units/ha) housing estates/ villages to the rest of the network

Medium (101-130 units/ha) smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, link Drumry RdNatural Green SpaceSpecialist Areas Local Road Drumchapel High (above 130 units/ha) housing estates/ villages to the rest of the network access to property, usually lined withRd buildings DuntreathSports Facility Local Road Specialist Areas Important Intermediary Road Public Park Minor Road access to property, usually lined with buildings Educational Facility Play Field Leisure/ Sports Centre Important Intermediary Road School Ground Medical Care Minor Road Place of Worship Police Station

Educational Facility

UNESCO World Heritage Site Takeaway/ Sandwich Shop

Leisure/ Sports Centre

Water Area

B Road

connect different areas and feed traffic between A roads and smaller roads on the network

Golf Course/ Bowling Green Natural Green Space Sports Facility Public Park Play Field School Ground

UNESCO World Heritage Site Frontiers of The Roman Empire: the Antonine Wall Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Wall

Restaurant/ Cafe/ Canteen

Medical Care

Betweenness Centrality

Place of Worship Police Station Takeaway/ Sandwich Shop

Frontiers of The Roman Empire: 0 400 800 the Antonine Wall

1200

1600 m

Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Wall

Figure 1-92 Betweenness Centrality (Duffy et al.2017)

Restaurant/ Cafe/ Canteen

400

800

1200

1600 m

+ =

Key findings from Strategy Stage Existing Concept: Framework

STrategic Framework The purpose of the following strategic framework is to address the problems identified in the district and strategically match them to potential solutions that fit the social, environmental and economic context of Drumchapel. This strategic plan lays the directions of development of the areas as connected, sustainable, inclusive, desirable place to live for residents and an attractive location for visitors. The actions and policies recommended are informed by the overarching Glasgow City Development Plan yet propose solutions specific to Drumchapel that take into account the complexity of the district, as well as its wider urban context.

We aim to synthesise these issues and the lessons learned into a coherent strategy for the redevelopment of Drumchapel. To these ends we pose 5 questions: 1. What will the study area look like in 30 years’ time – what is the vision? 2. What are the leading factors that will shape this transformation, what are the main themes for change? 3. What activities and projects need to be implemented to generate the transformation we envisage and who is responsible? What are the interventions? 4. What is the spatial side of such change – what is the concept plan. 5. How do we ensure the work supports rather than inhibits the self-organising processes in the local community?

‘Local shops, pubs, playgrounds, the local church and even bus stops serve as the meeting points where casual, informal contacts are made and exchanged. These contacts form the weave of the fabric of a local community because they build the trust and confidence necessary for the exercise of internal controls’ David Page , Building for Communities

In addition to these considerations we have identified Areas of Action and Project opportunities. In the final analysis we have produced a timeline of intervention to affect change over a period of 30 years.

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel

Key findings from Strategy Stage: Strategic Road Map - Calls for Action

GOALS

Drumchapel’s 4D Vision (Routes for Improvement)

1. Social

2. Economic

3. Environmental

4. Infrastructural

1A: Control Population Leakage

2A: Effective Partnerships

3A: Self-sufficiency

4A: Integrated Transport System

1B: Improve Wellbeing

OBJEC-

Action Areas: Calls for Intervention

1C: Community Oriented Development 1D: Better Integration of Public Services

4B: Networks and Connections

2B: Introducing Diversity

3B: Better Open Space

2C: District and Neighbourhood Centres Development

1E: Promote Heritage and Tourism

4C: Gateways and Thresholds 4D: Time and Scale Management of Interventions

4E: Energy, Water and Waste Management

Glasgow City Development

Economy and Society

Infrastructure and Environment

Decrease in Population Comparatively lower Life Expectancy and Life Complex Procurement Routes Low Community Involvement in Decision-making Insufficient Amenities

Health and Wellbeing Leadership and Strategy

Lack of Diversity

Resilient Glasgow

Connected Vibrant

Green Sustanable

Lack of Pronounced Town Centre

Figure 1-93 Road map for improvement (Duffy et al.2017)

Low Integration of Railway Station Strategic Road Map The issues surrounding Drumchapel present us with huge data sets and vast quantities of information relating to the analysis of history, site, demographics and many other metrics, indicators and indices. The question is how to proceed from the basis of understanding? Here we present one possible way of proceeding for a future trajectory of Drumchapel. It is a multi-faceted , multi-agency approach which nevertheless adopts some robust pricipals for the regeneration and economic development of the district. The proposal seeks to tinegrate all strategic thinking: spatial , social and economic. The findings are reproduced from (Duffy et al.2017).

Insufficient Connections to Adjacent DistrictsRailway Station Severance of Neighbourhoods Lack of Integration of Public Facilities Decline in the Quality of Current Housing Stock Underuse of Historic Heritage Insufficient Access to Sustainbale Energy Imbalance Between Housing and Infrastructure Figure 1-94 Action areas (Duffy et al.2017)

1. Social

2. Economic

1D: Community Oriented Development

1A: Control Population Leakage: Make Drumchapel more attractive for the existing population by: • Investing in external spaces turning those AMBIGUOUS/NEGATIVE/NON-DEFENSIBLE open spaces into CLEARLY DEFINED/ POSITIVE/DEFENSIBLE spaces, augmenting the leisure and utility aspects of green and wooded areas. To RE-CONCEPTUALISE existing underused spaces • Creating a new HEART of Drumchapel in which a range of services can be more easily accessed, a better selection of shops is available, less dispersed. • Better transport access at all TIMES to city centre • Better job opportunities for those existing residents • Less segregation of single parent families especially mums • A better place in which to grow a family- facilities better directed and located

Local solutions to local problems – promote a community oriented approach to redevelopment as local people are best placed to decide what is right and appropriate for their area: • DEBATE AND DECIDE rather than PREDICT AND PROVIDE • CHARETTES • Community Council – roles and responsibilities 1E: Promote Heritage and Tourism The richness of history & heritage in the area are not currently being exploited for the benefit of the community. Hence, the Antonine Wall and the Canal, which is mostly hidden, need to be celebrated in a more pronounced way. • A new CENTRE FOR THE ANTONINE WALL • New place to live on the CANAL perhaps • Recreational network connected via the green spaces

1B: Improve Wellbeing Improve life expectancy, life outcomes & wellbeing. Promote healthier living while aiming for HEALTH EQUITY WITH BETTER OFF AREA: • Minimise social isolation - having few social ties increases a person’s risk of dying early by 29% • Promote healthy lifestyles • Physical activity • Healthy Food • Contact with nature • Positive social contact • MAKE THESE FUNCTIONS INTEGRAL where they live, shop, go to school, are entertained 1D: Better Integration of Public Services The low level of current integration of public facilities negatively impacts the surroundings, especially schools. Nearly all community buildings are defensive rather than defensible. • All facilities planned to be in the right places with the right architectural and urban articulation, especially the Community Centre • Schools need to be integrated with the urban street network better

2. Economic

3. Environmental

2B: Introducing Diversity Increase the level of DIVERSITY of space, population, retail provision, social interaction and housing. Greater diversity of tenures required: • More Private housing • More PRS • More Private -Self Build • More Private- Self build co-operatives • Better differentiated parklands • Better ARMATURE to support retail, i.e. better town centre 2C: District and Neighbourhood Centres Development The current town centre offers only partial access to amenities and social activities. Improve connections, architectural articulation and urban realm: • Create new access roads that create conditions for centrality and ease of access • The SHOPPING centre is not necessarily a TOWN centre, therefore introduce other urban activators and public spaces to increase the quality of city living

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel

Key findings from Strategy Stage:

Strategic Road Map - Calls for Action- Timeline 2. Economic

4. Infrastructural

2A: Effective Partnerships

4A: Integrated Transport System

•

The service of the transport network in the area could be improved through the integration of different modes of transport. The railway station could be relocated so as to increase its integration into the heart of the city. Potentially, in longer term, a new tram system could be introduced for resilience of the overall system. • A tram system would be a fantastic addition, yet currently there is not enough in the way of population to justify/ sustain a new piece of public transport. Longer term planning can be pursued for new infrastructure integration • REINFORCE existing transport connections ROAD/ RAIL • Improve existing bus services so as to serve the community well at all times of the day/ week • Introduce an express bus service to Glasgow via Great Western Road

•

Work towards improved collaboration within the multiagency approach with the integration of local citizens in the process. Establish a streamlined tree of responsibility for clarity and transparency of all policies.

3. Environmental 3A: Self-sufficiency •

Improve the self-sufficiency of the area and create a township rather than a town: • Provide local services and facilities so that locals do not need to go further afield for banking, social, health and entertainment amenities. • Provide more physical/ human resources which can contribute to a more self-sustaining environment. o EDRINGTON – ENERGY o CANAL -DRAINAGE o MORTONS • Utilise opportunities to create MAGNETS to the area that take advantage of HERITAGE / INDUSTRY - create Visitor Centre/ Distillery/ Canal Living • Plan the life-cycle of Industry / Retail park which provide jobs but at the moment, yet present a physical barrier to the area creating severance. Improve the integration and role in contributing to local society and provide more to the area – energy/waste • Combined Heat & Power (CHP)/ District Heating System 3B: Better Open Space Vacant land creates an ambiguous and negative open space, therefore, focused effort need to be applied in the articulation of open space. • Improve residential green space so as to work better for the housing that is adjacent • Reconceptualised external spaces for better urban realm • High percentage of children live in the area, so introduce new play grounds • Access to the Antonine Wall through healthy walks and heritage walks

4B: Networks and Connections Insufficient coverage of the network and limited connections impose a challenge on Drumchapel, therefore it would benefit from connections internally and to adjacent areas – Bearsden/ Clydebank/ Drumry. • Train line, Industrial areas create large swathes of severance from GWR- Requires SPRAWL REPAIR • Lack of GATEWAYS to distinguish a THRESHOLD between one area and another • Need better connection NORTH SOUTH and EAST WEST • Need better multiple connections to town centre 4C: Gateways and Thresholds The lack of clearly established threshold /gateway conditions add to the severance of neighbourhoods and the feel of defensible space. • Neighbourhoods have distinctive names and historic areas but internally suffer from a lack of distinction and nodal concentration of neighbourhood services, therefore interconnectivity should be sought • Current insufficiency of pronounces nodes decreases imageability, therefore both intersections and buildings should be articulated in a pleasant urban manner create a sense of place 4D: Time and Scale Management of Interventions Each of the planned intervention has to be set within a framework of priorities over 20, 30, 50-year periods. Infrastructure and housing provision should be planned in conjunction so as to simultaneously add value to the area. • Rate interventions with a scale factor - S, M, L, XL • Introduce phasing of development • begin with areas where it makes most sense and has the biggest impact – the heart

3. Environmental 4. Infrastructural 4E: Energy, Water and Waste Management In order to increase the levels of sustainability in the area, water/ energy/ human resources need to be managed effectively for the good of the community. • Community Heating / District Heating / Heat recovery from Industry • Canal for drainage and canal water as a resource • Local water courses for drainage

2017 2020

2030

2040

Develope District Neighborhood - density &mixed use

Increase density in peripheral parts

Re-routing Public Transport

Invest in landmarks/ iconic buildings

Develop Main District Roads

Improve Green space Maintanance Green belt & Green network Increase Bio-diversity

Local Street Network development

4B 3B

Promote Tourism

Integrate the Industry

Establish Agricultural site

Create new working places

2050

Relocate the Railway station

Figure 1-95 4D Vision (Duffy et al.2017)

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel +

Key findings from Analysis Stage: Concept Plan Existing

units/ha)

s/ha)

units/ha) units/ha)

A Road (Major Road) B Road

Woodland

Minor Road

Institutional Ground

connect different areas and feed traffic between A roads and smaller roads on the network

Sports Facility Public Park

access to property, usually lined with buildings

Play Field

Railway Station Railway Track

School Ground

UNESCO World Heritage Site

Water Area Water Area Woodland Woodland Golf Course/ Bowling Green Golf Course/ Bowling Green Institutional Ground Institutional Ground Natural Green Space Natural Green Space Sports Facility Sports Facility Public Park 1200 1600 m Public Park Play Field Play Field School Ground School Ground

ween pween

nk wich Shop network nk e/ Canteen network

ngs ngs

Natural Green Space

Local Road

lity n areas Centre n areas

800

Drumchapel

Golf Course/ Bowling Green

0 units/ha) smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, link units/ha) housing estates/ villages to the rest of the network

mediary Road

Water Area

large-scale transport links within or between areas

Frontiers of The Roman Empire: the Antonine Wall Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Wall

UNESCO World Heritage Site UNESCO Heritage Site Very Frontiers LowWorld (0-30 units/ha) of The Roman Empire:

A Road (Major Road)

large-scale transport links within or between areas the Antonine WallRoman Empire: Frontiers of The Low (31-50 units/ha) the Antonine Wall Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine

B Road

Wall Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Medium (51-70 units/ha) connect different areas and feed traffic between Wall A roads and smaller roads on the network Medium (71-100 units/ha)

Minor Road Medium (101-130 units/ha) smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, + A Road (Major Road) link

Very Low (0-30 units/ha) housing estates/ villages to the rest of the network Number of Units: High (above 130 units/ha) large-scale transport links within or between areas Low units/ha) Specialist Areas Very (31-50 Low (0-30 units/ha)

A RoadRoad (Major Road) Local

Btransport Roadusually large-scale links within between areas access to property, linedorwith buildings

Water Area Woodland Golf Course/ Bowling Green Institutional Ground Natural Green Space Water Area Sports Facility

Woodland Water Area Public Park connect different areas and feed traffic between Golf Course/ Bowling Green Woodland A Road (Major Road) B Road Play Field A roads and smaller roads on the network Water Area Medium (51-70 units/ha) connect different areas and feed traffic between Medium (71-100 units/ha) arge-scale transport links within or between Golf Course/ Bowling Ground Green Institutional Important Intermediary Road areas School Ground + A roads and smallerRoad roads on the network Minor Minor Road Medium (71-100 units/ha) Woodland Medium (101-130 units/ha) + Institutional Ground B Road Natural Green Space smaller roads,Road connect to A and B roads, link Minor connect different areas and feed traffic between Medium (101-130 units/ha) housing estates/ villages to the rest of the network Bowling High (above 130 units/ha)smaller roads, connectGolf Natural Sports Green Space to ACourse/ and B roads, link Green Educational Facility Facility Heritage Site UNESCO World A roads and smaller roads on the networkhousing estates/ villages to the rest of the network High (above 130 units/ha) Local Road Specialist Areas Leisure/ Sports Centre Sports Facility Institutional Ground = Public Park Frontiers of The Roman Empire: Minor Specialist Road Areas accessLocal to property, Road usually lined with buildings Public Park Natural Green Space smaller roads,Medical connectCare to A and B roads, link the Wall access to property, usually lined with buildings PlayAntonine Field +the network housing estates/ villages to the rest of Play Field Place of Worship Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Sports Facility Important Intermediary + Road School Ground Important Intermediary Road Wall LocalPolice Road Minor Road School Ground Station Public Park Minor Road access to property, usually lined with buildings Takeaway/ Sandwich Educational FacilityShop Administrative Play Field UNESCO World Heritage Site Educational Facility UNESCO World Heritage Site Boundary Leisure/ Sports Centre d Restaurant/ Cafe/ Canteen Leisure/ Sports Centre School Ground Frontiers of The Roman Empire: Frontiers of The Roman Empire: Medical Care the Antonine Wall Medical Care the Antonine Wall

Station Track

Medium (51-70 units/ha) Low (31-50 units/ha)

400

Place of Worship Worship Place of

800

Police Station Police Station

1200

= Takeaway/ Sandwich Takeaway/ SandwichShop Shop

Frontiers of The Roman Empire: the Antonine Wall

Restaurant/ Cafe/ Restaurant/ Cafe/Canteen Canteen

Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Wall

68 0 0

1600 m

UNESCO World Heritage Site

400 400

800 800

1200 1200

16001600 m m

Site of the Antonine Ancient Ancient Fort SiteFort of the Antonine Wall Wall

Figure 1-96â&#x20AC;&#x192; Concept Plan Existing (Duffy et al.2017)

Natural Green Space

smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, link High (above 130 units/ha) housing estates/ villages to the rest of the network

Sports Facility

Local Road

Specialist Areas

Public Park

access to property, usually lined with buildings

Play Field

Important Intermediary Road Minor Road

School Ground

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel Educational Facility

UNESCO World Heritage Site

Leisure/ Sports Centre

Key findings from Analysis Stage: Medical Care

Place of Worship Police Station

Frontiers of The Roman Empire: the Antonine Wall Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Wall

Takeaway/ Sandwich Shop

Restaurant/ Cafe/ Canteen

Concept Plan Proposed 0 400 800 1200 1600 m

The proposed concept plan is going to focus on four main areas of improvement: street network, transport network, green network and nodes.

One of the main aims is to improve the density of the street network and to create better connections between neighbourhoods. This is going to be assisted by the introduction of a new transport and cycling hubs and buses that begin to service previously disconnected areas.

Drumchapel has the advantage of a beautiful natural setting so a new linear park around itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s periphery is going to showcase the surrounding stunning views. Strategically placed district and neighbourhood nodes are going to be introduced in hopes of leading to an increase in Drumchapelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s density.

New transport hub Relocated train station

Railway Station Railway Track New cycling hub Antonine Wall visitors centre

A Road (Major Road)

Water Area

etween areas

Very Low (0-30 units/ha) Woodland Green Node

ic between work

Golf Course/ Bowling Green Low (31-50 units/ha)

Institutional GroundGreen corridor

Natural Green Space units/ha) Medium (51-70

ads, link of the network

Sports Facility

Linear park

Medium Public Park(71-100 units/ha)

Water Area

large-scale transport links within or between areas

B Road

Woodland

connect different areas and feed traffic between A roads and smaller roads on the network

Golf Course/ Bowling Green Institutional Ground

Minor Road Medium (101-130 units/ha) smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, link Canal Road A Road (Major Road) School Ground

buildings

Play Field

Tourism Routes

Natural Green Space Very Low (0-30 units/ha) estates/ villages links to thewithin rest of network Water Area High (above 130 units/ha) housing large-scale transport orthe between areas Sports Facility UNESCO World Heritage Site Low (31-50 units/ha) Local Road Specialist Woodland Frontiers ofAreas The Roman Empire: B Road Public Park the Antonine Wall access to property, usually lined with buildings Medium (51-70 units/ha) connect different areas and feed traffic between Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Golf Play FieldCourse/ Bowling Green Wall A roads and smaller roads on the network A Road (Major Road) MediumIntermediary (71-100 units/ha) Institutional Ground Important Road School Ground Water Area oflinks Units: large-scaleNumber transport within or between areas Minor Road Minor Road Medium (101-130 units/ha) smaller Natural Green Space roads, connect to A and B roads, link A Road (Major Road) Woodland Very Low (0-30 units/ha) B Road Water Area housing estates/ villages to the rest large-scale transport links within or between areasof the network High (above 130 units/ha) Educational Facility Sports FacilityHeritage Site connect different areas and feed traffic between UNESCO World Low (31-50 units/ha) Golf Course/ Bowling Green Woodland Local Road Specialist Areas Sports Centre A roads andLeisure/ smaller roads on the network B Road Public Park Medium (51-70 units/ha) connect different and feed trafficlined between Frontiers access to areas property, usually with buildings Golf Course/ Bowling Green of The Roman Empire: Institutional Ground A roads and smaller roads on the network Medical Care Minor Road the Antonine Medium (71-100 + units/ha) Play Field Wall Institutional Ground Natural Green Space smaller roads, connect to A and B roads, link Minor Road Place of Worship Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine (101-130 Important Road Natural Green Space roads, connect to A and B roads, link housing estates/Medium villages toIntermediary theunits/ha) rest of smaller the network School Ground Wall Sports Facility Minor Road HighStation (above 130 units/ha) housing estates/ villages to the rest of the network Police Sports Facility Local Road Local Road Specialist Areas Public Park access to property, usually lined with buildings Takeaway/ Sandwich Shop Public Park Educational Facility access to property, usually lined with buildings UNESCO World Heritage Site + Administrative Play Field Leisure/ Cafe/ SportsCanteen Centre Play Field Restaurant/ Frontiers of The Roman Empire: BoundaryRoad Important Intermediary ad School Ground School Ground Medical the Antonine Wall Minor RoadCare

400

Place of Worship Educational Facility

800

1200

1600 m

UNESCO World Heritage Site

Leisure/ Sports Centre Police Station

Frontiers of The Roman Empire:

Takeaway/ ScaleMedical 1: 20Care Sandwich Shop

the Antonine Wall Frontiers of The Roman Empire: the Antonine Wall Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine

Place of Worship=

Restaurant/ Cafe/ Canteen

Wall

Police Station

Takeaway/ Sandwich Shop

400

Restaurant/ Cafe/ Canteen

800

Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine

UNESCO World Heritage Site Wall

1200

Ancient Fort Site of the Antonine Wall

1600 m

New District links

Figure 1-97â&#x20AC;&#x192; Concept Plan Proposed (Duffy et al.2017)

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel

Framework and Coding: The Foundation Masterplan

IV. The Foundation Masterplan

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;We are searching for a kind of harmony between two intangibles: a form which we have not yet designed and a context we cannot properly describe.â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Christopher Alexander, Notes on the Synthesis of Form

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel

Framework and Coding: The Foundation Masterplan

Urban Main Road Local Main Road

Area Boundary Conservation

Local Road

Specialist Building

Existing Bus Stops

Landmark proposed

Proposed Bus Stops Park / Landscape area Pedestrian Priority Area

M+ Density 51-71 Uph

Bike Route

M=Density 71-90 Uph

Linear Green Route

M - Density 91-110 Uph

Path Network

L + Density 31-50 Uph

District Node

L = Density 11-30 Uph

Neighbourhood Node

L - Density 10Uph

Figure 1-98â&#x20AC;&#x192; Foundation Masterplan (PBA)

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel

Framework and Coding:

The Foundation Masterplan: Design Area , Conservation & Transformation Areas

Plateau/ Wood Community Centre Playing Fields

St Pius X Church

Linkwood Tower Blocks

Conservation vs Transformation Design Area Boundary Conservation vs Transformation

Area of transformation

Design Area Boundary Area of transformation Area of Confirmation Area of Confirmation

Figure 1-99 Conservation Vs Transformation (PBA)

Foundation Masterplan The Foundation Masterplan augments and builds upon ideas and strategies formed during the analysis phase of the program. Blocks, street edges, public spaces, specialist and quotidian buildings and densities are all considered. The Foundation Masterplan is a derivation and translation of both Strategic Plan and Concept Plan Proposed. Initially a Design Area is chosen from the Study Area. We have chosen to consider the area bounded by Kinfauns Drive and Linwood Avenue and the area bounded by Kinfauns Dr and Summerhill Road. It is the area which has the highest level of vacant and derelict land in the district and has both topographic, structural and functional mix challenges. There is a dispersal of local services and a lack of aggregation thereof. On a positive level it also has opportunity in its landforms and green spaces, in its listed buildings and in the centrality of some of the main routes which traverse the neighbourhood.

Confirmation / Transformation The initial step was to define within the Design Area both Confirmation and Transformation areas. Confirmation areas are those which will not be targeted by interventions and Transformation areas are those which will be transformed in terms of density and use. To help us in this assessment we have assessed each space or building in terms of quality, longevity and opportunity-see Diagram opposite. • St Pius X Church: St Pius X is a B listed building. It has high legibility and imageability and therefore has great potential within any masterplan design. It will serve to connect people to the new neighbourhood by offering an identifiable focus around which people can gravitate and navigate • Drumchapel High School: Is an example of a raft of poor quality PFI schools erected in the city in the early 2000’s. It is more than half way

Conservation Vs Transformation Graded out 10 Building/ Area

Quality

Opportunity

Longevity

St Pius X Church

Drumchapel High School

Langfaulds Primary School

Community Centre

Housing @ Kinfauns

‘Lollipop Housing Linkwood Dr

Tower Blocks Linkwood

North Plateau/ Woods

Care Home @ St Pius X

Sundry sevices- Scout/Orange Hall

Conserve

Transform

Figure 1-100 Conservation Vs Transformation graded (PBA)

•

through its contract period and it will become the responsibility of the City Council to maintain and manage in around 15 years or so. It has a poor form that shrinks away from the street network and has a fortress-like perimeter which is unwelcoming and impoverished Langfaulds Primary School: Is now a building which is over 40 years old. It is a building which has been recently refurbished but which is reaching the end of its useful life. Drumchapel Community Centre: This is a very poor-quality building, almost the antithesis of what a community centre should be with blank foreboding facades. Nevertheless, there is a possibility that its form can be repaired so that it could have a new lease of life Housing at Kinfauns/ Linkwood Av: Has some quality and there is evidence that the dwellings are well maintained – neat hedges and well-maintained lawns. However, these buildings are part of the original design of the area and are reaching the end of their life-cycle. The buildings subtend an internal courtyard which is too big and ill-defined and offers no defensible space Lollipop Housing at Linkwood Dr: The housing in this location is a ‘lollipop ‘development with a single access and egress. It therefore lacks resilience and permeability that new development should enshrine. It is insular in outlook and severs transverse movement east-west and north-south across its boundaries Tower Blocks at Linkwood Dr: High rises in Glasgow are seen as fair game in the rush to

•

demolish and rebuild. One has already been razed and two remain. While these are seen as unpopular we think there is potential to demonstrate how they might begin to be pulled back in to the family of diverse typologies Woods to North Plateau/ Plateau: The Drumlin which sits to the north west encompassed by Kinfauns Dr and Summerhill Rd we see as full of intriguing possibilities. As one of the highest points within the Design Area and one which has incredible views across the territory and city we envisage it’s use for the whole of the community and look to the potential that such an elevated site could provide. Care Home adjacent St Pius X: The Care Home adjacent St Pius X Church is a very poor-quality building, shrinking away from the street edge and presenting a car park to its principal façade the plan form creates some awkward and unconvincing semi private external spaces Sundry Spaces- Scout Hall /Orange Hall/ Funeral Directors/ Former Police Station: These buildings are dispersed along both sides of Kinfauns Dr near to the community centre. I effect, they are single storey sheds with little or no architectural merit or scale. They do not have a form which either reinforces their use or reinforces the character of their surroundings.

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel

Framework and Coding:

The Foundation Masterplan: Design Area , Conservation & Transformation Areas

Conservation vs Transformation Design Area Boundary Area of transformation Area of Confirmation

Figure 1-101â&#x20AC;&#x192; Conservation Vs Transformation Proposed nodes(PBA)

A Manifesto for Change rather than a Wrecking Ball ! In choosing to select such a large Design Area and with it a large Area of Transformation it is important to recognise that we are not wielding a wrecking ball for these buildings or areas. What we are wielding is a manifesto for change. A program of incremental development and improvement and a masterplan which can allow things to stay as they are, but- anticipating certain possibilities-allows the plan to adapt to changing circumstances. A plan which is both fluid and dynamic over time. Where we propose transformation of buildings or areas, we make provision within the masterplan for replacements that demonstrate how they might otherwise be incorporated into a diverse, more compact and more closely grained urban fabric.

Framework and Coding:

The Iterating the sketch Foundation Masterplan

Figure 1-102â&#x20AC;&#x192; Sketch iterations-Foundation Masterplan(PBA)

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel

Framework and Coding:

Multiple Centrality Assessment - Sense Check Vs Foundation Masterplan Multiple Centrality Assessment Following the design of the Foundation Masterplan it was necessary to sense check the multiple centrality assessment to detect if there are any anomalies that need to be addressed or any unexpected results which might have the possibility to impede the desires expressed in the Foundation Masterplan. Fortunately, we are in the happy position that the MCA results support rather than inhibit the aims of the FM and further, they endorse and reinforce the decisions made in respect of the locations of the proposed node centres and neighbourhood street network. On a wider scale we see that a small proposed connection to Bearsden allows an extra ‘hot’ branch to Kinfauns Drive. We anticipate that this will augment the possibility of Kinfauns Dr supporting both Neighbourhood Centres as well as our ambitions for a connected, more densely grained territory. While our Foundation Masterplan does not call for it specifically, nor have we designed it to be included, there is a possibility that Kinfauns Dr Could support a linear shared node between neighbourhoods. This means that within the proposed structure of the Foundation Masterplan are the seeds to create a number of different possible trajectories for the area – not merely the one envisioned by the authors. In the Betweenness Centrality assessment we see that one route has a ‘hot’ transverse connection within the first loop of Kinfauns Drive indicating that it has a high potential for there to be activity and exchange. It is a route which has a school on both sides and passes across the neighbourhood common. We have therefore indicated the possibility of active ground floor uses at the corners of the adjacent urban blocks. For access to more outlying areas- to the west of

Betweenness ‘Do I need to pass through this street to get to other places?’

Closeness ‘How many places can I get to within a 5 min walk of this street?... 10mins 15mins?’

Straightness ‘Is this street a direct route to other places?’

Kinfauns Dr and north to Peel Glen Road, the MCA does nothing detrimental to these connections, and moreover, is likely to create the conditions of greater legibility of routes within the Design Area.

Figure 1-103 Existing closeness -400m(PBA)

Figure 1-106 Proposed closeness -400m(PBA)

Figure 1-104 Existing betweenness -400m(PBA)

Figure 1-107 Proposed betweenness -400m(PBA)

Figure 1-105 Existing straightness -400m(PBA)

Figure 1-108 Proposed straightness -400m(PBA)

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel

Framework and Coding:

Street Network, Hierarchy of Centres, Public Transport Network, Eco-Network

Urban Main Road

Local Main Road

Area Boundary Conservation

Local Road

Specialist Building

Existing Bus Stops

Landmark proposed

Proposed Bus Stops Park / Landscape area Pedestrian Priority Area

M+ Density 51-71 Uph

Bike Route

M=Density 71-90 Uph

Linear Green Route

M - Density 91-110 Uph

Path Network

L + Density 31-50 Uph

District Node

L = Density 11-30 Uph

Neighbourhood Node

L - Density 10Uph

Figure 1-109 Foundation Masterplan(PBA)

Street Network, Hierarchy of Centres, Public Transport Network, Ecological Network • The next stage was to re-examine the concept plan proposed and to map down in broad terms the elements which will form the basis of a new built up areas. • Density • Hierarchy of centres • Hierarchy of Streets • Hierarchy of Public Transit Routes • Proposed Ecological Network A number of sketched iterations of the street network were drawn and assessed before a finalised layout was produced. This included the proposed possible location of new node centres which are linked together by the new matrix of re-densified streets. The hierarchy of these streets is determined by whether they are connecting nodes or centres or merely joining up other local streets and spaces.

Framework and Coding:

Street Edge/ Densities/Hierarchy of Centres

Neighbourhood Node

Urban Main Road

District Linear Node

Local Main Road

Area Boundary Conservation

Local Road

Specialist Building

Existing Bus Stops

Landmark proposed

Proposed Bus Stops Park / Landscape area Pedestrian Priority Area

M+ Density 51-71 Uph

Bike Route

M=Density 71-90 Uph

Linear Green Route

M - Density 91-110 Uph

Path Network

L + Density 31-50 Uph

District Node

L = Density 11-30 Uph

Neighbourhood Node

L - Density 10Uph

Figure 1-110 Foundation Masterplan- Hierarchy of Centres(PBA)

Street Edge/ Densities/ Hierarchy of Centres Once the street edges had been established, the next task was to assign densities to these edges. Densities of HIGH, MEDIIUM and LOW. These were mapped by inscribing circles of 200 and 400 metres at the centre of each proposed node. Within the first circle, we reserve for the highest densities and within the second- lower densities. This ensures a smooth transition of densities from neighbourhood node to neighbourhood node and further to the district node. Within each density we assign and label the street edges a value at 3 levels: • High+, High=, High • Medium+, Medium=, Medium – • Low+, Low+, Low-.

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel

Framework and Coding: Hiearchy of Public Transit Routes

Urban Main Road

Local Main Road

Area Boundary Conservation

Local Road

Specialist Building

Existing Bus Stops

Landmark proposed

Proposed Bus Stops Park / Landscape area Pedestrian Priority Area

M+ Density 51-71 Uph

Bike Route

M=Density 71-90 Uph

Linear Green Route

M - Density 91-110 Uph

Path Network

L + Density 31-50 Uph

District Node

L = Density 11-30 Uph

Neighbourhood Node

L - Density 10Uph

Figure 1-111â&#x20AC;&#x192; Foundation Masterplan-Public Transit Routes (PBA)

Hierarchy of Public Transit Routes The concept plan proposed has revealed a number of deficiencies in the public transport network and infrastructure, in particular the provision for cyclists. We aim to address these directly with our proposals which include augmented bus routes and facilities throughout the Design Area which are more centrally and conveniently located near or very near to the adjacent associated proposed node centres. We propose a new network of cycle lanes and paths which not only join up the proposed neighbourhood centres to the district centre more effectively but also link to the adjacent areas of green network and beyond to the Antonine Wall. Furthermore, we suggest this network as the first step in connecting and re-connecting better to the adjacent districts of Bearsden, Clydebank and also, importantly, to the Forth and Clyde Canal to the south of the district.

Framework and Coding: Ecological Network

Woodland

Public Sq

Drumlin Plateau

Green Common Public Sq

Public Sq

Urban Main Road Local Main Road

Area Boundary Conservation

Local Road

Specialist Building

Existing Bus Stops

Landmark proposed

Proposed Bus Stops Park / Landscape area Pedestrian Priority Area

M+ Density 51-71 Uph

Bike Route

M=Density 71-90 Uph

Linear Green Route

M - Density 91-110 Uph

Path Network

L + Density 31-50 Uph

District Node

L = Density 11-30 Uph

Neighbourhood Node

L - Density 10Uph

Figure 1-112 Foundation Masterplan-Eco -Network(PBA)

Ecological Network The Ecological Network is of great importance to our Foundation Masterplan and plays an integral role in the mending and re-connecting of the proposed street network. • First, we aim to establish a Green Common which connects the two proposed node centres together. This is a multi-space green area in which proposes to locate areas for play, areas for sitting, areas for bio-diversity and habitat within a diverse strip of planting, trees and other flora. • Second, we propose a series of formal squares and pocket parks which are located throughout both neighbourhood zones to provide amenity and diversity of space • Third we aim to establish for the district an Agri- Park for the production of food for the local population. It is a Plateau park which has a visitor and orientation centre, allotments, provision for SUDS as well as areas for external learning and interpretation • Finally, we connect all street networks together with tree-lined avenues, boulevards and squares. Integrated with the tree locations we also propose rain gardens, sustainable drainage systems and other systems of rain-water attenuation

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel

Framework and Coding:

Foundation Masterplan - Phases 0&1 Phase 0- As Existing

Figure 1-113â&#x20AC;&#x192; Phase 0 (PBA)

Phasing Within the context of our masterplan, we have already asserted that its realisation should be based on incremental development steps. In other words, no phase of the masterplan should proceed unless conditions are correct for it to do so. The phasing of the masterplan is therefore of critical importance if we are to realise the aims of it.

Phase 1

Figure 1-114 Phase 1 (PBA)

Phase 1: Yrs. 1-12 Start where it’s easiest. At the centre. We propose a new neighbourhood node built around St Pius X church where it is envisaged a formal public square is created and an extension to the church added to create a new community facility. Around this square are built highest density 3 and 4 storey flatted developments with active ground floor uses. This not only allows a critical mass to develop in terms of population but also allows the relocation of the disparate services currently scattered to the west of the community centre to be aggregated at the street edge. Scouts and the Orange Lodge can use the former church as a meeting place. It can also be used as a nursery and café for the local residents. At the end of the 12-year period we envisage the early efforts in procuring the construction of a new secondary school catering for the demands of a new and engaged population living around St Pius X square. It will be delivered in the next phased increment. Phase one also makes provision for a number of self-build units both terraced and detached. These will be located to the north of Kinfauns Dr adjacent to the future development of the Plateau Park.

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel

Framework and Coding:

Foundation Masterplan - Phases 2&3 Phase 2

Figure 1-115â&#x20AC;&#x192; Phase 2 (PBA)

Phase 2: Yrs. 12-18 Phase 2 proposes an extension to the existing node along Kinfauns Dr and around the existing drumlin adjacent the current community centre. The first extension of the Green Common is proposed also, linking St Pius Square and the new Drumchapel High Secondary School which we envision completion of by the ends of this phase. At the end of this phase we can see that there is potential to leave things as they are and repair and re-densify the rest of the derelict areas. We have a neighbourhood square that links across a Neighbourhood Common to the existing local primary school. We have a plot of developable land to the south of the Common which could be infilled. We should also point out that the existing secondary school playing field is retained â&#x20AC;&#x201C; counter to the image depicted. We decided later in the detail masterplan to retain and repair the edge of the street adjacent with a Gym Hall and school sports facility- the foundation masterplan demonstrating its flexibility to absorb such changes.

Phase 3

Figure 1-116â&#x20AC;&#x192; Phase 3 (PBA)

Phase 3: Yrs. 18-24 Phase 3 sees the further development of built-up areas to include housing along Linkwood drive requiring partial demolition of existing housing stock at the junction of Kinfauns and Linkwood Drives. Phase 3 also begins the drive to inhabit more of the Green Plateau, this time with tenements, colonies, detached and semi-detached housing. Alongside this, infrastructure to support the redevelopment of the plateau will be constructed as well as measures to address sustainable drainage and bio-diversity

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel

Framework and Coding: Foundation Masterplan - Phase 4 Phase 4

Figure 1-117â&#x20AC;&#x192; Phase 4 (PBA)

Phase 4: Yrs. 24-30 Phase 4 sees the final tranche of development within the Design Area. Population has reached a critical mass and has fuelled demand for more housing. In this instance we see the possibilities in renewing all of the housing current stock that is left. The portion of housing to the west side of the Design Area has the potential to become a new neighbourhood node and the Green Common extends naturally to meet it. At the same time a new grid network of streets is developed around the node and joining up with the previous phaseâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s street hierarchy. To the southern edge of the Design Area we see the possibility of repairing the towers in the park of Linkwood Drive. These are now encompassed by new flats and houses forming a communal courtyard, bringing the towers into play and activating the ground plane adjacent. At the same time the Lollipop estate has been reconfigured as a permeable grid connecting to the tower block courtyard to Linkwood Dr and further across the new neighbourhoods

Masterplan Complete

Figure 1-118â&#x20AC;&#x192; Masterplan complete (PBA)

Masterplan Complete Based on our Strategy & Concept Plan our aim was to increase the population of Drumchapel by 6-7000 people by the creation of 2 new neighbourhood centres. This means that the total population we project to be around 19-20,000. It is within 5000 of the range suggested by the Urban Task Force in Towards an Urban Renaissance that denotes a district or town. With the redevelopment of other neighbourhood areas in the district with an appropriate density, we feel that the population could be further increased to a total population of perhaps 25-30k enabling a critical mass of population to support local services and further to create the demand for housing by increasing land values to attractive levels for developers. A population at this level will also be able to demand and sustain better transit connections so that the mooted tram link to the area could become a possibility in the future as well as the proposed relocation of the local train station to a more centrally accessible location.

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel

Framework and Coding:

Foundation Masterplan - Character Areas

Character Areas Within the scope and boundaries of our Design Area we have identified a series of different character areas which will contribute to a greater understanding and reading of the Foundation Masterplan. These areas correspond not only directly to the practical moves made in the FM – nodes, street hierarchy, blocks, and specialist buildings but also to the predominant topography and to the need for legibility. We have defined 5 distinct character areas within the Foundation Masterplan • Street Edge – Mains. The Street edge follows the line of Kinfauns Dr as it curves along its first loop. We propose to repair and establish a tighter more dense and active edge than is there currently. We will use wall buildings with an urban scale where necessary – tenements and terraces to create enclosure in the section and detached and semi – detached for diversity where there is an opportunity to do so • Pedestrian Priority/ Mews The mews area presents us with not only the opportunity to create a gateway condition to the neighbourhood but also to establish a grid of pedestrian friendly streets internally to this grid. Internally it is suggestive of family friendly housing and spaces. Part of this sub-area is also the main route to one of our neighbourhood centres and therefore there will be urban scale buildings lining both sides of the street • Educatorium/ Common This forms the backbone of the proposition to link the 2 neighbourhood centres together. A Green Common will be a space for all, but more importantly will act as a foil to both nodes as well as the 2 proposed new schools located along its edges • Neighbourhood Centres These act as the focus for each neighbouring community and will therefore be populated with buildings which are denser, which create enclosure and have ground floor activation, which will accommodate and aggregate local services and businesses

Figure 1-119 Character Areas (PBA)

•

Views

•

Character Areas Street Edge- Main Pedestrian Priority Educatorium Neighbourhood Centre Plateau / Park /Growing / Centre Eco -Grid Escarpment Views

Plateau/ Park/ Growing As the topography rises and undulates so too do the views from within the design area and beyond. At the highest point in our site we see amazing panoramic views which we would like to exploit. They give us the opportunity and inspiration not only to connect the neighbourhood back to the district but to connect the city back to the district with contextual views across the Clyde Valley. This area we view as belonging to the whole of Drumchapel. Not only do we propose a growing area for the whole community, we also propose a building which has both local and city-wide potential and importance Eco- Grid While we look to the whole masterplan in terms of its sustainability we see an opportunity at the foot of the plateau to demonstrate the possibilities of an intensified Eco-System and way of living. We look to the City Council’s initiative to promote self-build housing and will facilitate this with the provision in the Detailed masterplan of townhouses and detached properties for this specific demand. Escarpment This is what we have chosen to call the area directly south of Kinfauns Dr. where the 2 remaining neighbourhood tower blocks stand. We see this are within the FM as providing the opportunity to repair and to re-conceptualise the ground plane at the foot of the blocks. Despite their reputation the blocks are highly visible across the area and provide a legibility missing in the original low rise tenements. We see this as an opportunity and a demonstration of how we can bring these buildings back into the family of diverse building types.

Slope Plateau

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel

Framework and Coding: The Local Urban Code

V. The Local Urban Code

The Local Uban Code introduces the concept of the interaction plots-(the smalllest increment of developable space), blocks- (the aggregation of those plots),and the typology of the buildings which are placed on those plots. A multitude of indicators are derived from these fundamental building blocks , pricipal among them is the gross density of the block(s) in question , the typology of builidng deployed - tenement , terrace, semi-detached and detached and the manner in which are aggregated ( or not ) within the block structure. We have examined the LUC and have chosen anumber of different typologies whose densities are aligned with the aims of or Foundation Masterplan. For the Detailed Masterplan we arrange certain building types at certain locations to achieve a certain result- ie tenements and terraces along Urban Main routes and at node centres. We have also looked at colony house types which are examined in detail later in this document. Having assigned appropriate typologies to the blocks we have then reassessed and appraised their effect contextually. We have also given consideration to the demands for local housing and house types which have been provided by GHA and GCC. As a final act we have chosen to break some rules to add interest , incident and diversity.

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel

Framework and Coding: Local Urban CodeBuilding Typologies

L+

M-

11-30 Units/ha

31-50 Units/ha

55-70 Units/ha

2 storeys

3 storeys

2 storeys

•

Number of units

•

230

•

317

•

100

•

Population-2.1 Av Occupancy

•

110

•

506

•

697

•

210

•

Use

•

Street Edge

•

Local / Residential

•

Local / Residential

•

Plot Width (m)

•

12.5

•

Building Width (m)

•

12.5

•

Plot Depth

•

Average Plot

•

0.38

•

0.27

•

0.46

•

0.46

•

Access

Street

•

Parking

•

On street/ side drive

•

On street/ side drive

•

On street/ side drive

•

Private Open Space

•

Private Garden

•

Private Garden

•

CommunalGarden

•

Local Urban Code Ref

Glasgow Springbank Cres

•

Precedent references

•

Local Urban Code reference images

Residential

•

Street

n/a

Urban/Local

Communal Stair

Glasgow Springbank Cres

Govan/ Ibrox

•

Woonerf/Local

Street -both sides • •

On street/Parking court Private Garden

Rutherglen Colony (PBA)

n/a

Dalmarnock, pg 38 - Troon St

Residential

Millar Terr- Rutherglen

M+

H-

71-85 Units/ha

85-100 Units/ha

100-115 Units/ha

116-135 Units/ha

2/3 storeys

6 storeys

408

•

539

•

897

•

193

•

105

•

1185

•

132

•

Local / Residential

Residential/Mixed •

Residential/Mixed

Local / Residential

•

Urban/Local

Residential •

Local / Residential

Residential •

Urban/Local

•

6.8

•

17.4

•

5.6

•

Use

•

6.8

•

17.4

•

5.6

•

Use

•

Use

•

0.35

•

.30

•

0.45

•

0.37

•

Use

Street / Rear of plot

•

3/4 storeys

•

Residential

•

3/4 storeys

On street/ side drive Private Garden

Strathbungo

Queen Sq.,Strathbungo, pg70

Communal Stair

Communal Stair •

On street/ side drive

•

CommunalGarden

Craigpark Dr

Ibrox St, Govan pg 104

•

On street/ side drive

•

CommunalGarden

Dalmarnock

Craigpark Dr, Dennistoun pg 120

Street

Communal Stair

•

On street/Parking court

•

On street/ side drive

•

Private Garden

•

CommunalGarden

Oatlands

Provost Way, Oatlands pg 134

Oatlands

Hawview Terr., Oatlands pg 134

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel

Framework and Coding: Local Urban CodeBuilding Typologies

3/4 storeys

H+

116-135 Units/ha

136-150 Units/ha

•

Number of units

•

937

•

272

•

Population-2.1 Av Occupancy

•

1965

•

598z

•

Use

•

Street Edge

•

Plot Width

•

10.5

•

19.5

•

Building Width

•

10.5

•

19.5

•

Plot Depth

•

Average Plot

•

0.63

•

0.56

•

.53

•

Access

•

Parking

•

Private Open Space

•

Local Urban Code Ref

•

Precedent references

•

Local Urban Code reference

Residential/ Mixed •

Local / Residential

Residential/ Mixed •

Communal Stair • •

On street/ side drive Private Garden

Clalremont Terr

Residential/ Mixed

Urban/Local

•

Communal Stair •

On street/ side drive

•

CommunalGarden

Dennistoun

Urban/Local

Communal Stair • •

On street/Parking court CommunalGarden

Woodlands Rd

images Claremont Gds, West End Pg 150

Reidvale St, Dennistoun Pg 228

Woodlands Rd, West End Pg 244

Framework and Coding:

Diversity and Variation of Standard Typologies

Detached

Tenement Flats

Semi-Detached

Colony

Terrace

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel

Framework and Coding:

Housing Typology - Heterogeneity rather than Homgeneity

Figure 1-120â&#x20AC;&#x192; Diversity of typology(PBA)

In relation to Scotland, Newhall directly corresponds with the large,landed estates close to urban areas that are being sold for residential development or becoming â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;ripeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; for residential development. There are also valuable lessons for local authorities owning larger greenfield landparcels or anticipating urban extensions on greenfield land. On a socioeconomic basis, it is relevant to potential expansion of commuter settlements around Aberdeen, Glasgow and Edinburgh,such as Falkirk and Linlithgow. Extract from Newhall , Harlow , England -Architecture + Design Scotland- Delivering Better Places: Visual Case Study 5

Heterogeneity rather than Homogeneity The idea of designing diversity seems like a contradiction in terms. How do we therefore begin to introduce this concept without it feeling unnatural or manufactured? The answer lies in creating the conditions which can facilitate diversity. This means looking to design a diverse range of plots, blocks, streets and building typologies. This will allow a greater degree of flexibility and adaptability over time in which changing circumstances can be accommodated. The Local Urban Code has provided us with the

100

tools to assign typologies to blocks and to streets. These are derived as the title suggests from local buildings and while a cursory look to them may suggest a degree of repetition, they in fact hold within the code the potential for a diverse range of accommodation. One of the aims of our Foundation and Detailed Masterplan is to appropriately re-densify the district to self-sustaining levels and to those ends we have assigned a corollary building type with appropriate density from the Local Urban Code. This means that we have fulfilled one of the fundamental ob-

Existing Housing Assocaition Housing Stock and Demand

Tenement

4 in a block

Other/ Maisonette

% of Stock

Housing List Demand

%of Demand

% Comparison to stock

Property Type

House

High Rise

1 Apt

138

2 Apt

144

115

143

123

531

377

3 Apt

393

1570

109

2227

503

4 Apt

446

484

947

225

5 Apt

261

297

70t

Total Self Contained

1106

216

2318

256

226

4122

100

1206

100

Figure 1-121 Stock Demand (GHA)

Existing Housing Assocaition Housing Stock and Demand Notable is the demand for smaller units 71% against current stock. Housing providers claim an excess of tenement stock and not enough houses. We are mindful of this as an issue but have nevertheless provided tenements among our typlologies and in doing so aim to demonstrate thier diversity and flexibilty. We have provided a considerable number of semi detached and detached properties in our masterplan as well as introducing colony housing to the mix

jectives in the whole design exercise. However, we also look to the requirements of the local housing associations under the auspices of GHA and in particular the various demands for housing associated with the district. Within the context of these 2 competing local demands we look to what the various provision of house types and their variation might be. In particular we assess and promote the potential of an under- utilised house type: the colony. Glasgow City Council Within the context of the wider city we look to the City’s Strategic Housing Investment Plan (SHIP) whose over-arching priorities are to: • Promote area regeneration and enable investment in new build housing • Manage, maintain and improve the existing housing stock

TOTAL

Raise management standards in the private rented sector • Tackle fuel poverty, energy inefficiency and climate change • Improve access to housing across all tenures • Promote health and wellbeing We would assert that A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel is very much congruent with these aims Scottish Government Within a UK context, we take direction from Architecture + Design Scotland which promotes the new neighbourhood of Newhall, just outside of Harrow as a paradigm worthy of examination and of precedent. •

101

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel

Framework and Coding:

The Colony Housing Typology - A good Scottish Paradigm-Past & Future “The Edinburgh colonies are a magnificent model. Built by workers’ Co-ops, from about 1850, they consist of terraces of double-upper flats, accessed by forestairs from the west, over ground floor ones, accessed from the east. They are as dense as tenements but everybody has a garden; are loved, sell well today and make great communities and are, definitively, great, urban, family homes. I’ve spent 10 years trying to persuade our volume housebuilders to build them; but, in a dumb, myopic cycle, they argue “we’ve never built any, so can’t” Malcolm Fraser, Architect

In Praise of Colony Housing In Scotland the colony house typology is most closely associated with Edinburgh where there are around ten examples scattered across the city. They were originally built between the early Victorian period and late Edwardian (c1850-1912) to house artisan workers who provided many of the goods required for the local economy- ropes, ceramics and metalwork. Many were built under the auspices of co-operatives or of initiatives to improve the family conditions of local workers and some were built through philanthropy and the ideology of a ‘Model Community’. Originally each flat had four rooms and shared an external toilet and garden. Colonies were constructed as double flats – separate upper and lower levels-the flat on the upper level usually with a long external stair accessing it on one side of the building. On the other side of the building was the access to the lower floor’s apartments with front door access via 2 small gardens. In this respect the building type moved away from the predominant perimeter tenement form with communal back court to a more family-oriented typology yet still provided densities which approximated to many

Figure 1-122 Rutherglen Colony Context (PBA)

0.19ha

Figure 1-123 Rutherglen Colony Area (PBA)

se 2

se 1

se 3

se 4

Figure 1-124 Rutherglen Colony Indicators (PBA)

102

Figure 1-125 Glasgow Colony - now demolished

Figure 1-126 Rutherglen Colony - Aerial Context & Access (PBA)

Figure 1-127 Rutherglen Colony - street view

tenemented areas with up to 70 d/ha. Thus, we can see that the colony type is both aimed at a utopian ideal of a model village, but is grounded in the highly urbanised needs of the city. While today it may be viewed as a uniquely east-coast phenomenon, this is not strictly true. Glasgow too had many colony house types distributed throughout the city but most have been demolished. Early 20thc reconstruction and demolition due to Comprehensive Development in the 1960’s has seen all of them destroyed. There were

many colonies off the High St, in Townhead, in Calton and in other scattered pockets across the city. The one remaining colony in the city – or just across the city boundaries- is in Rutherglen just off Cambuslang Rd and forms the basis of our Local Urban Code analysis. While many of the original colonies in Edinburgh now form very expensive and highly desirable bourgeois homes, we feel very strongly that this typology could be very useful in creating vibrant, liveable, family-oriented communities in not only the inner city as they did and still do, but also in more suburban locations such as Drumchapel. At a recent charrette in Polloksheilds, colony housing within a new ‘Garden Suburb’ was proposed in order to cater to the demands of the local established Asian community. There is a very strong tradition in the community of inter-generational living- families living with both grandparents and occasionally great-grandparents. The colony has been mooted as a strong paradigm to enable families to live together in proximity, yet to have independence as well facilitating inter-dependence. (Weather, 2016) In Drumchapel, the typology could be very useful

103

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel

Framework and Coding:

The Colony Housing Typology - A good Scottish Paradigm Past & Future

Figure 1-128 Edinburgh Colony- street view

for a number of reasons. First, there is a demand for ‘smaller units’ in Drumchapel – both 2 and 3 apartment houses, (GHA, 2016)and the type can easily adapt to accommodate these sizes. Second given that 20% of the population are single parent families, (Lisa Irvine, et al., 2017) the potential of single parents and grandparents living in close proximity is very much promoted by this typology, facilitating and strengthening the support network and providing safe and well-overlooked garden spaces for both children and grandparents. In general, it is a very child-friendly and family-friendly house type, that allows a moderate density and avoids the sprawl issues associated with commonly built spec housing. It creates human-scaled mews terrace lanes and can easily adapt to the provision of interstitial communal spaces being provided. Recently completed in Leith in Edinburgh is the Fort development which has provided colony housing on the site of a notorious 60’s slab block. It has provided 94 units comprising a mix of 1, 2 and 3 bedroom dwellings all with access to south-west facing gardens and a mix of 1/3 social housing to 2/3 mid-market rent for Port of Leith Housing Association. At present, there are no colony houses in construction in the city of Glasgow either for social rent or for the private market. We feel that this building type which has proved popular both in the past and present day could offer the possibility of diversity, moderate density and liveability to many seeking a home in Drumchapel and we would encourage all stakeholders to make efforts to look at the positive benefits that may accrue. It will also help deliver the desire contained with the Glasgow City Council Strategic plan 20172022:( see oopsite)

Figure 1-129 Leith Fort Colony mews

Figure 1-130 Leith Fort Colony- communal

104

Figure 1-131 Pollokshields Charette Colony proposal

Figure 1-132 Leith Fort 1970s Figure 1-134 Leith Fort current colony housetype

Ensure that Glasgow’s developments, both residential and public realm, are of a high international standard and deliver clean, sociable, accessible and safe neighbourhoods and public spaces. Resilient & Empowered Neighbourhoods, Glasgow City Strategic Plan 2017-2022

Figure 1-133 Leith Fort current masterplan

Figure 1-135 Leith Fort - Fronts and backs

105

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel

The Detailed Masterplan: Introduction and Responsibilities

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;From a neighbourhod OF neighbourhoods to a district WITH neighbourhoods

VI. The Detailed Masterplan For a masterplan of this size and complexity it was necessary to assign the work between the three of the authors. We have delineated 3 distinct and equally complex areas to masterplan: Nour with an area which has a neighbourhood centre, two schools and a Green Common, Rabail with an area encompassing a drumlin and plateau as well as peripheral housing and public spaces and John with the main neighbourhood centre which proposes a new reconfigured church acting as a central focus, new care home and a repaired Kinfauns street edge. This edge is repaired through the strategic placement of a new gymnasium for the school and public and a newly re-configured community centre which is reconceptualised as community workshops. John acted as co-ordinator and each author designed their respective part of the masterplan. Throughout the process the Foundation Masterplan acted as the guiding principle for each of

106

us and every move was back-checked with the aims and desires encapsulated with in it. We reviewed each design on a weekly basis to ensure that there was a smooth transition between each designed space and that there were no conflicts across each boundary line. The Detail Masterplan is one possible expression of the Foundation Masterplan. It depicts a complete and overall change to the Design Area, however we assert that over time the phasing of the Masterplan allows things to stay as they are or adapt to changing circumstances.

Figure 1-136â&#x20AC;&#x192; Masterplan zones of responsibilty (PBA)

107

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel

Detailed Masterplan: xxxxxxx -

3 2

3 3

g Air

3 3

a Le

3 3

2 2

3 3

3 3 3

3 3

2 2

3 3

or dm

Plac e

Inve rcann y

3 3

2 2

Lang

holm

Com

mon

4 4

old

North

4 3

3 3 3

Lang

holm

3 3

4 4

tie

3 4

3 3

s an

3 4

3 3

len

4 4

3 4

Dr ns

fau Kin

3 3

2 3

4 4

4 3

Linkwood Drive

3 4

3 3

3 2

3 3

4 3

n ve

2 2

3 2

Mew

olm ngh

3 2

3 4

3 3

2 4

3 3

3 2

3 3

4 4

2 2 3

3 3

6 4

2 2

3 3

South

mon

Com

2 3

3 4

3 3

2 3

3 2

3 3 3

2 2

Linkwood Court

2 3 3

108

3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 4

4 3

3 3

3 3 3 4

3 4

Plateau Park

2 2

2 3

2 2 2

3 3

2 2

3 3

2 3

2 2

2 3

3 3

2 2 3

3 3

2 3

4 4

St Pius X Square

2 2

3 3

4 3

2 4

2 2

3 3

4 3

2 3

Carriageway (standard) Carriageway (Woonerf/ Mews) Pavement/ Pedestrian Priority Parking Bus Stop Bike lane Prioirity pedestrian crossing

Legend

3 3

2 4

Raised Table

2 4

3 3

3 2

3 3 3

2 2

Single Family Dwelling - Townhouse/ Terrace/ Colony Multi-Family Dwelling-Tenement/ Tower block Multi-Family Dwelling- Semi-detached Single Family Dwelling- Detached House Number of Floors Entrance Existing Buildings Proposed Specialist Buildings Garage/Granny Flat/ Live-Work

3 3

2 2

2 2 2

3 3 3 3

2 2

2 3

2 2

3 4

2 2 2

2 2

3 4

2 2

2 2 2

2 2

2 3

2 2

2 3

Plots Public Green Space Allotments SUDS Swales Neighbourhood Common Tennis Courts Trees Large Trees Small Existing Woodland 5m Contours

2 2

Masterplan 1:1000

109

A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel

Detailed Masterplan:

Street Network - Taming Traffic and Creative Congestion

Urban Main Road H

Local Main Road Local A Residential Local B Woonerf Local C Mews Path Network

Figure 1-137 Proposed Hierarchy of Streets (PBA)

“If you plan cities for cars and traffic, you get cars and traffic. If you plan for people and places, you get people and places”

Street Hierarchy Streets are the main armature upon which our urban blocks are built. They therefore have a significant impact in determining not only the character of a place but also its success. In A Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel we seek to promote the best ideas in current thinking to create an environment that puts is inhabitants first and which will

110

facilitate a walkable, accessible and safe network of street that helps to enhance the district and will promote sustainability. In the process of laying out a network of streets we look to the policies of the Scottish government and in particular the document ‘Designing Streets’ with its mantra of ‘Place before Movement’ and its assertion that a design-led approach is the most appropriate way to proceed. A sense of place can be considered as the emotional investment or connection that people have with that particular territory. A positive sense of place is essential to contribute to the vitality and diversity of the environment and is formed in the intricate interplay between street edge and the buildings which it subtends. Facilitating ease of movement too is vital to the success of the sense of place. Pedestri-

Figure 1-138 Proposed road use priorities (Duffy, et al., 2017)

ans and cyclists should be placed first in the order of priorities with walking and cycling as important modes of transport helping to tackle issues of health as well as climate change and carbon emissions. There are 6 key considerations Designing Streets promotes for the design of streets which we outline below. They should be: • Distinctive Street design should respond to local context and conditions and deliver spaces that are distinctive. The urban form should be distinctive and have a high imageability allowing good wayfinding and orientation. • Safe and pleasant Streets should be designed and configured to be safe and attractive places. The hierarchy should consider pedestrians as the priority, cyclists second and motor vehicles last. They should be inclusive spaces providing a place for all regardless of age, or ability. The roadways should be configured to alter driver behaviour to slow down to a speed appropriate for the local context. Furthermore, streets should be kept as free from the clutter of signs and road markings as is practical and they should be properly illuminated. Street furniture should be located for maximum benefit and should not interrupt the pedestrian desire line • Easy to move around Street should be configured for maximum ease of movement and be integrated well with existing network. Good connectivity for all modes of movement and for all groups of users, this includes the early GSPublisherVersion 0.50.100.100

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consideration of how public transport intersects with the public domain. Junctions should be considered with the needs of pedestrians first and should be designed for the context they are deployed in rather than from a standard roads and highways manual Welcoming The street configuration should facilitate and augment the positive interaction and exchange between member of the public. It should provide walkable access to local services and encourage social interaction and exchange Adaptable Street networks should join up with the surrounding street patterns allowing flexibility to allow a certain amount of adaptability to change in both built and social environments. Parking should be accommodated in a variety of forms to mitigate visual intrusion into the streetscape and the layout should also be able to accommodate emergency vehicles and their turning circles without affecting the quality and sense of place Resource Efficient Street design should promote the integration of sustainable drainage, an important factor due to issues of flooding in Drumchapel. It should consider orientation and utilise robust well-designed materials that can be easily maintained and planting should integrate with the natural landscape and promote biodiversity

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3 3 3 Urban Main Road â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Creative Congestion / Creating 3 3 Possibilities 3 3 3 Kinfauns Drive: 3 3 3 3 3 Our Urban main roads are both existing roads Kin3 fauns Drive an Linkwood Drive which we propose 3 3 to adapt to the new context of 3our Detailed Mas3 3 terplan. The first loop of Kinfauns Dr has problems 3 3 3 associated with indiscriminate parking on the foot2 3 path, causing problems for pedestrians passing by 3 3 3 a hazard for school children and 3 and also creating 3 2 3 3 others crossing the street. We aim to alleviate this 3 issue by the adoption of lay-by parking2 on both 3 2 sides of the street accommodating the demand for parking but also looking to prioritise the 2pedes2 3 trian. The curvilinear form of Kinfauns 2Dr means 2 that it has inherent passive traffic calming qualities 3 3 and we look to build on that to slow traffic and to 3 3 3 change driver behaviour. In particular we look to 3 3 3 3 provide bus lanes in each direction and the mini3 3 mum acceptable carriage width. This means that 3 when busses stop at their bus stops, traffic lights or 3 L ng 3 holm pause in the road, trafficabehind temporarily backs 3 Com mon Nortof up. This means that the average speed h traffic will lower making the street safer to cross and more pleasant to inhabit. In addition, we propose the integration of a dedicated cycle lane along the main transit routes to encourage cycle traffic 4 4 through the Design area and on to the District Centre, train stations and beyond.

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Figure 1-139 Proposed Urban Main Road Kinfauns Dr (PBA)

Figure 1-140 Urban Main Road, Newhall , Harlow

Figure 1-141 Urban Main Road, Newhall , Harlow

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Street Network - Urban Main- Linkwood Dr Linkwood Drive: Linkwood Drive serves as the main conduit to the second neighbourhood centre. Its cranked form also has potential for passive traffic calming, but we aim to augment this with the use of raised tables at junctions to Local Residential Roads which extend perpendicularly from it. In particular we have designed the blocks to the north of the Drive 4 4 to be set back around 10-15 metres. This allows 3 the 3 3 north side of the street to get more daylight and 2 sunlight through the year due to diminished over2 shadowing. We feel this will facilitate the possibility 2 of street life and in conjunction2 with the ground 2 2 floor uses of the adjacent blocks will be an asset to 2 2 a vibrant and diverse High2 Street. The extra width 2 2 of the footway at this2 point also serves to2 acknowl2 edge the threshold condition and gateway to the 2 2 second neighbourhood centre. The2 pavementâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 2 2 the possibility of introducing width also gives us 2 2 swales to help attenuate the 2run-off from what will 3 2 be 2a relatively steep street. Car parking and plant3 3 2 2sides of the street. ing is integrated on both

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Local Main Road 3 3 Peel Glen Avenue La 3 ngho lm Com Peel Glen Avenue is a new proposed Local Main3 mon North Road which connects the loop of Kinfauns Drive, helping to augment Betweenness and Straightness Centrality in the design area. It is an important link which helps to reinforce the areas north-south connections internally and beyond to the wider area. It is a tree lined road with integral parking to one side of the street with raised tables at the intersections. Where it crosses the Common we propose raised tables at both junctions and a pedestrian priority zone enabling users of the Common 4to 4 3 cross transversely with safety and confidence.

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Detailed Masterplan:

Street Network - Local A Residential Local A Residential These local roads make up the bulk of the neighbourhood. They are roads in which traffic is encouraged to slow down due to the narrower width of carriageway, tighter turning circles at intersections and the strategic placement of tree acting as visual warnings to drivers to slow their vehicles. Where we have important new specialist buildings like the proposed new Drumchapel High School we will utilise raised tables and rumble strips to alert drivers of the need to abate their speed. Figure 1-147â&#x20AC;&#x192; Residential Street, Newhall, Harlow

Figure 1-148â&#x20AC;&#x192; Residential Street, Poundbury

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Figure 1-149 Proposed Local A Residential Road (PBA)

Figure 1-150 Residential Street, Poundbury

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Local B3 Woonerf 3 3 Langholm Common South 3 3 The new proposed Woonerf is integral to the over3 3 all masterplan of the area. 3It,3 like the Common 3 3 straddles3 two neighbourhoods linking two node 3 3 3 centres, two Urban Main Roads and a new prima3 3 3 ry school. It is tree- lined, has designated on-street 3 3 parking along a shared surface which has a differ-3 3 3 ential surface material. It is specifically designed 3 4 4 3 r to facilitate4 pedestrian movement along the south 3 D tie 3 at edge of the Common, to create a safe environe B 3 3 ment at the principal façade of the new primary 3 4 3 school and to link seamlessly to each node centre. 3 4 3 Cycling is permitted but has no designated linear 4 3 3 path, encouraging slower cycle traffic. 3 3

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Local C Mews Langholm Mews The proposed new Mews Street is similar in many respects to the Woonerf. It is entirely pedestrian priority along its length but has raised tables at the junctions with Local Residential Streets. Where it differs is mainly in the proportion of width to wall – creating a tighter, more intimate feel to the street. Parking is designated on street and trees again are strategically located to discourage acceleration in motor vehicles. Mews and Colonies With the proposal to introduce colony housing we also introduce the need for a variation in the mews typology. The colony type has a double frontage and provides positive street edges in a distinctive manner- it runs counter to the assertion: ‘public fronts and private backs’. As well as increasing the density of the density of a typical terrace the fronts with multiple access points add to activity intensity and sense of place. 3

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Figure 1-157 Leith Fort - Mews

Figure 1-158 Leith Fort Amenity Space

Figure 1-159 Colony - double frontage

Figure 1-160 Proposed Colony Mews Street , Drumchapel (PBA)

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Detailed Masterplan:

Street Network - conclusion- Places before Movement Conclusion Despite the relative complexity of our masterplan we have utilised only a few street types to create diversity and interest. We have adapted each type locally to contextual conditions and have constantly back-checked the proposals with the aims and desires of the Foundation Masterplan. In the transition between Foundation and Detailed Masterplan we have adhered to the guidance contained in ‘Designing Streets’ and in particular that which relates to the proportion of Streets, Mews and Squares. The correct proportion of street width to facade hieght is of critical importance in facilitating a harmonious and human-scaled devlopment. In addition , the proportions of courtyard and squares are so devised as to maximise daylight and sunlight and to create the containment that intensifies the legibility of the spaces in question.

Figure 1-162 Example of poorly designed place

Figure 1-163 Streets as places first

Figure 1-161 Critical street and sqaure proportions

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Summary of Masterp an and H erarchy of Streets 3

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VII. Special Areas

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Neighbourhood Node 1 / Green Common / Educatorium SPECIAL AREAS Green Common Area Our vision for the ‘Green Common’ is to provide a sustainable, sensory and safe environment, and to create a distinctive place for that is legible and accessible to all. Furthermore, it is central to the aims of the Foundation Masterplan in linking 2 distinct neighbourhood centres together. We envision its creation through the establishment of a major centralised landscape feature, introducing a new equilibrium into the masterplan and inaugurating a new value for Drumchapel. We believe that it will improve the quality of life as it is an important resource both in terms of visual attractiveness and also the effect that the ecosystem has on health and well-being. It will encourage walkability and enhance the safety of the pedestrian as well as enhancing bio-diversity and habitat as well as augmenting the amenity value for residents. Opportunities The concept for the ‘Green Common’ will be: • Opportunities for people to gather and experience social support. Further, spending time with friends or family is a key motivation for use of space. • Opportunities for social interaction require sub-spaces that allow a variety of seating arrangements. • Opportunities for physical movement and exercise. Exercise is associated with a variety of physical and psychological benefits. Urban From The Green Common integrated within urban grid that brings a relief to the urban form and provides a multi-functional recreation resource. The location of the green space is inviting public and creating a continuous sightline from one edge to another connecting the two neighbourhood nodes, bounded by residential buildings alongside and surrounded by different types of streets; one of them will be shared street on the southern side of the Green Common which ends on the western side with a focal point which is the Market Square and Community Café. This Green Space acts as a connecting medium for the primary and secondary schools that were placed nearby the green common and connected through a road supported by pedestrian routes. The Green Space also acts as a play and civic life place, and so all are now united in one location. The housing around these areas will be 3 storey tenement houses facing straight onto the Green Common Space and getting sufficient sunlight and creating an urban scale edge. For the privacy of the houses set-backs are introduced and in certain cases are accessed by steps. The park provides economic value as houses looking onto the park can be sold at a higher price.

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SIZE & SHAPE The Linear green area is a landscaped to enable people to linger as a leisure and lively welcome area. The size of the green area is large enough to facilitate all sorts of activities so it is important to create an environment that would be sufficiently active and attractive to achieve its role of retaining this green area without becoming a forgotten place especially at night. Also, we have sought to ‘tame’ the topography in designing part of the green area by using steps and ramps to make sure the space is accessible to all. It has been designed to be a stepped public space providing natural places to linger, sit, eat, and play. PEOPLE AND ACTIVITY We facilitate, rather than dictate activities and we provide a design of the space with appropriate proportions and potential with the supporting facilities contributing to the sense of community activity and social heart of Drumchapel. Within the Green Common we provide a range of amenities and variety of activities along the site which includes: • An outdoor amphitheatre • Children’s play areas • Open grass areas • Trails • open-space gym, • Community Café at the heart of one of our proposed nodes, • Seating areas which facilitate people watching- such as walking, eating or chatting and ensures a lively neighbourhood. • We also include the use of pergolas in the Common to active the ground plane. These could be a host of temporary or seasonal farmer market or bazar or a host of community meeting outdoor and various activities. MATERIALS The design also has sense of attractiveness in term of using an appropriate palette of different materials and textures in the site. This facilitates the perception of different uses of the space using various kind of colours, flowers and trees. This sensory palette consequently attracts people in the first instance and then encourages them to linger longer in that place. Simple design features such as a variety of routes to encourage repeated use, or running routes that encourage more active use, surface finishes, and urban furniture. Use of well-considered lighting elements; on ground plane and on the street helps to facilitate safety at night and encourages the potential for evening use, especially in the long dark evenings of winter in Scotland.

Figure 1-164 Example of the Green common area

Figure 1-168 Example of the pergola and the sitting in the

Figure 1-165 Example of the Green common area

Figure 1-169 Example of the activities and amenities in the common

Figure 1-166 Example of the Green common area

Figure 1-170 Example of the environment in the common

Figure 1-167 Example of park outdoor gym in Edinburgh

Figure 1-171 Examples of the kind of used flowers

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exhibitions. The square is to be arranged and designed for pedestrians at a ‘human scale’. • Amenity and meeting space for interaction between3people. 3 Urban From 3

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The Market Square and The Community Café is locat3 ed on the Urban Main Road and in the neighbourhood node which will encourage activities such as markets and community events. The series of activities and spac3 es will improve the quality of the environment and make the area more interesting to engage people to walk and stay outside. Historically, outdoor activities have played an important3role in cities as activities are better than oth3 er features when engaging people (Gehl, 2011). A flour3 and ishing city or place should have vivid public spaces 3 rich social activities to attract residents and improve the 3 sense of belonging and (Gehl, 2011) 3

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Opportunities for the residents of Drumchapel 3 the space flexibly, through markets, to populate community events, skills workshops, and outdoor 4

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The Market Square lies on the Urban Main Road, within a 3 medium density area. The buildings around the area are mixed use buildings on the corners fronting the square are 4 storey residential buildings with 3 story buildings in3 filling between the corners. 3 The building of the Community Café will be an opportunity to create attractive views3from the square to be as ‘landmark buildings’ with its special design which give 3 and shaping the visual clues of the arrival at the square entrance to 3the Green Common to be as a leisure and lively welcome area. The Community Café3 has been designed 3 3 3 3 3 3

to form a continuous sightline of the landscape with green steps that allow people to seat on this open space theatre on both sides of the building to enjoy the view at the Green Common area and Market square. SIZE & SHAPE The aim of the square’s design has been to combine the nature and architecture in the square to create a harmonious and symbolic form that is adapted to all the activities. The size of the square area is big enough to facilitate all sorts of activities like markets and community events. The Community Café will serve the people in the community and to offer them a safe, warm and welcoming environment to meet with colleagues, family, and friends.

Figure 1-172 Example of the light elements in the Squares

PEOPLE AND ACTIVITY One of our main targets for this area is to create day and evening activities by the provision of facilities around the square to activate, populate, and facilitate its use as much as possible. Shops, restaurants and other local services are accommodated at ground floor and housing is located above these community and commercial uses. The use of canopies around the square to provides shade, shelter and visual interest and with its roof structure as a broken line gives a vibrant, natural, open aspect. Well considered seating areas will provide vitality to the open space. All these features will enable all the various activities that take place in and around the Market Square, and will allow the local inhabitants, to feel ownership of their public places as well as giving them a legible & identifiable space to which they feel they belong and comfortable to use. MATERIALS To generate a sense of place and pride in the quality of the built environment we have used different materials and textures in the square to subdivide the space into smaller compartments and to create a diversity of different uses. Design elements such as canopies, water features and surface materials all contribute to a sense of wholeness encouraging and facilitating activity by day. A well-integrated lighting strategy helps to facilitate longer use of areas especially in the late autumn and winter, when daylight becomes shorter and sunlight at even more of a premium.

Figure 1-173 Example of the canopy in the Market Place

Figure 1-174 Example of seats in the public spaces

Figure 1-175 Example of the water feature in the Market Place

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Terraces a major building block for A living Neighbourhood in Drumcahpel-3d Visualisation

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St Pius X Square One of the main drivers behind this part of the masterplan was the notion that a former church could form the basis of a new neighbourhood centre. St Pius X church is a beautiful B- listed building it has high imageability in an area devoid of legibility. It is a building type well suited to post de-sanctification uses, especially those involved with the community â&#x20AC;&#x201C; gatherings, meetings concerts and all other manner of spectacle and expositions. Furthermore, it has the potential to be adapted as a daytime nursey. Older churches, however lack modern facilities and step free access. We propose a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;battery packâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; extension to the church which touches the listed fabric minimally and sensitively providing the space to accommodate sanitary facilities and modern office and meeting spaces as necessary. Flanking St Pius Sq. is the proposal for a care home for the district and one which replaces the current incarnation presently adjacent the church. It is a 4

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building which is very much knitted in to the urban fabric, with a highly visible main entrance from the square and an amenity courtyard for the residents. It is the opposite of the present building typology which is set back from the street with a car park to the principal elevation and forms a fortress perimeter with high fences and dense planting. The three other sides of the square are formed by flatted developments with active ground floor uses embedded in their coding. As a neighbourhood node, the square presents itself as a stage for the local community. It is a space for all. It is a place, we believe which is ripe with possibilities It is lively and diverse place that is activated by day , safe at night and which is the stage and backdrop for a Living Neighbourhood in Drumchapel.

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Drumchapel One of the most striking aspects of Drumchapel is the topography and natural landscape setting. The area is surrounded by agricultural green belt, woodlands both ancient and more modern and watercourses which largely define the areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s northern periphery. Alongside these natural assets, however, there are huge swathes of green space which have a negative or undefined function. Spaces which cause severance between neighbourhoods, or are viewed as dangerous and inaccessible, spaces where there are no eyes on the street. Space which is commonly described as derelict, vacant, or gap sites. These sites are in great need of being properly de-

veloped and maintained. Furthermore, there are tenuous connections between these spaces and adjacent neighbourhoods, leaving a patchwork of green spaces largely inaccessible beyond a very localized level. At a wider level, the absence of green routes permeability into the local surrounding prevents the establishment of positive relationship between urban and rural realms.

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A Living Green Proposal for Drumchapel On neighbourhood scale, our proposal is to utilize the vast amount of vacant and derelict land into a productive urban landscape and sustainably to localise the food chain in Drumchapel with the belief that the health of the natural environment 3

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Figure 1-176â&#x20AC;&#x192; Lack of connection in existing ecological network. (Kennedy, et al; 2017)

Figure 1-177â&#x20AC;&#x192; Existing ecological network in Drumchapel (Akhtar, et al: 2017)

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Plateau Agri-Park Precedents and Deisgn Considerations determines the health of the community. By uniting them through education and recreation it will further create a healthier and happier ecological and social system. We estimate that of 8.5 hectares of green land along the Kinfauns drive has a potential for urban farming that will support the production and distribution of food on both commercial and community level in Drumchapel. The benefits of localising food systems in Drumchapel has the potential to go beyond a health and environmental impact. It will also support the local economy through job creation, urban renewal, and education. It assists in fostering a stronger sense of community, identity and intergenerational bonds. Purchasing food from large chain supermarkets sends consumer’s money out of the city, whereas local food production keeps money circulating in the community. Localising the food chain in Drumchapel will also create opportunity for jobs and growth in the local agriculture sector. Typically, jobs can range from growers, to delivery drivers, to scientists to marketing experts and retailers. With the development of the Green Network we anticipate a boost to tourism in Drumchapel as well. Glasgow’s Open Space Strategy is also referred to from time to time in the design of urban food production which takes the central stage of the development to create educational opportunities around food growing and environmental issues that could benefit the local communities .(URS AECOM,2010).The report ‘Community Growing in Scotland’ for green space highlights that “localised food production has been a growing agenda recently with wide variety of broader social benefits derived from a closer connection between food growing and consumption”. (URS AECOM,2010). In the UK, productive landscapes are beginning to be integrated into planning policy. Evidence for this can be found in the Greater London Authority’s / Design for London’s proposals for the “Green Grid”, a network of open spaces within the city including provision for productive landscapes 19 and the recently published London Assembly report “Cultivating the Capital: Food growing and the planning system in London.” UK Government is also reassessing agricultural policies off the back of the UK referendum to leave the European Union, this is a crucial time to address how we can support and increase the sustainability of our food systems through considering health, the economy and the environment on a local level.

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One in four British adults is obese, according to the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation, prompting fears that the UK has become the “fat man of Europe”. (NHS choice, 2015) A contributing factor to the rise in obesity rates is the lack of access and availability to healthy food. Food produced through intensive farming is generally processed to enable a longer shelf life due to the time it takes from harvest, through processing, packaging, distribution, retail and to finally arrive

Figure 1-178 healthy food healthy life Google, 2018

on the consumer’s plate. Also, a lack of education around healthy food choices, and an increase in the availability of unhealthy food products is also a factor. According to a recent report by the UK Government’s Foresight Programme “studies have shown the environment has a major influence on the decisions people make about their lifestyle. Known as “obesogenic environments”, these are places, often urban, that encourage unhealthy eating’. NHS choice, 2015 Urban Farming While Urban Farming is a recent phenomenon in the UK, other parts of the world are taking a lead. Portland, a city widely known as the ‘Green Capital of America’ has been designed for liveability through committing to green infrastructure practices and sustainable management. It was the first city in the US to implement an effective climate action scheme which included tree planting pol-

icies and green storm water solutions. Portland is committed to supporting local food initiatives and developing the local food movement. (Hannah Norman, 2016) Furthermore, progressive initiatives in Havana, Cuba made through economic necessity in the 90’s have sought to include food production across urban areas to help feed the local population. Precedent: Portland Farmers Market: The first farmers market in Portland was organised in 1992 by three local activists, with only thirteen stalls in a city car park. Twenty-five years on, the registered non-profit organisation Portland Farmers Market (PFM) manage over two hundred vendors and seven market sites within the city limits. PFM operate direct to consumer markets meaning customers are buying directly from the farmers and producers. Urban residents are supplied with locally grown, locally-made and locally-processed produce of which 80% is sourced from within a 100-mile radius of the city. This includes grains and nuts, dairy, fruits and vegetables, meats, fish, flowers and plants and preserves. (Hannah Norman, 2016) Figure 1-179 Portland farmer market. Hannah Norman, 2016

Urban farming in Havana Urban and peri-urban agriculture in Havana has evolved along with Cuba’s national programme for food production in urban areas. During the economic crisis of the 1990s, the focus was on developing organoponic and intensive gardens in empty or underutilized city spaces. In 2009, the government created a complementary programme for agricultural suburban, which seeks to transfer the “extremely positive experiences” of urban agriculture to the peripheries of Cuba’s towns and cities. This programme aims at achieving local food self-sufficiency through “food production in the barrio, by the barrio and for the barrio”. Their basic principles are agro-ecological production, local-level sustainability, continuous technological innovation, and producers’ ownership of what they produce. They are expected to use simple technologies and minimal resources in order to increase food production and reduce dependence on food imports. Architectural review,2016(google)

Figure 1-180 Production of seedlings, Vivero Alamar

Design considerations Green Plateau Figure 1-181 Rotonda de Cojimar, Havana,

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Plateau Agri-Park Precedents and Deisgn Considerations Topography: This green corridor is a hill with a relatively pronounced topography. At the plateau it is currently a derelict, brown field site. It was the site of a former Catholic Primary School called St Pius Primary which was demolished in the 1990’s. It has 3.5 hectare of south facing land and 5.3 hectare in north with very dense and scrubby woodlands within which is a very indistinct and out of the way path network which is not overlooked and therefore feels remote and dangerous. Aspect The plateau presents a long and narrow topography typical of glacial drumlins and presents a south facing slope towards the sun from early in 3

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Figure 1-182 Location of Green Plateau (Google earth, 2018)

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the morning till late in the evening. Soil quality Soil is an important natural asset on which life depends because it performs a wide range of essential environmental, social and economic functions. Soil quality is defined as the ability of soils to carry out these functions. The soil conditions on the slopes of the plateau are relatively good for use as a growing medium. Top soil is estimated at 1-2 metres in depth. The sub- surface of earth is glacial till which is good for free drainage of the upper levels of soil and the local average rainfall is more than sufficient to sustain a growing area of the size of the proposed park. Plateau Park We propose to divide the drumlin and plateau ews into two distinct parts: south facing land used for M lm gho Lan food production and communal activities and the northern section which is mostly covered by trees. We view the norther part of the site as a conser-

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vation area with a relatively good habitat and biodiversity. We look to augment and adapt the existing path network throughout it and propose the creation of a wild flower meadow for enhancement of biodiversity and amenity. Agro Food Park Drumchapel The Agro Food Park in Drumchapel, will be the centre for food and agricultural innovation with the aim of creating economic value within the urban and agricultural infrastructure that promotes innovation, knowledge sharing and interaction among the communities. Agro park consists of three parts • Plateau Park Visitor Centre• Innovation square • Allotments St Pius X Square Plateau Park Visitor Centre We aim to establish a visitor and working centre at 4

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the peak of the plateau. This building will be chiefly attached to the activities of the Agri-Park- growing food and disseminating information about the benefits the proposed activities. Education will be a principal responsibility of the centre which we view as a city-wide institution rather than merely locally based. We envisage this building as part of a series routes which are interlinked with the surrounding Green network and improved access to local heritage assets. The building is a strategic move which aligns directly with our aims and desires within our Strategy Plan, our Concept Plan Proposed and is realised with our Detailed Masterplan. Innovation Square Innovation square is designed on the theme of therapeutic and adaptive gardening. It is the ornamental version of various crops and flowers 2

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Precedent Agro food park Denmark: Location: Aarhus, Denmark. Aiming to serve as a benchmark for future global food industry development, the project will combine urban density with agricultural test fields in a collaboration of academic and commercial business. In combining urban and agricultural development into one larger concept, AFP aims to create economic value within the urban and agricultural infrastructure. The master plan of the 2

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modules. Public square is surrounded by flower garden with water feature and seating facility, connected to the raised beds allotments (test fields) by a 3m wide path which is easily accessible for wheel chair users and wheelbarrow. Trellis is the Scottish Horticultural Charity specialising in therapeutic Gardening according to them gardening is the art which boost physical, emotional and social wellbeing of the community. Allotments Allotments are designed around the Southside of green patio to gain the maximum advantage of sunlight. It includes community orchards, children allotments, community huts and vertical swales. Two types of planter beds are used • Raised planter beds • Ground level planter beds Allotments are designed according to Scotland’s allotments site design guide 2013. The original size of allotment plot is about 250sq.m. The normal shape is rectangular 25m x 10m, which is further divided into 20 rectangular planter’s beds of 1.2x6m and height 60cm (for raised planters). The main path between planter beds is 1m wide to allow easy access with wheelbarrows and kneeling and secondary paths is 45cm to allow walking and kneeling and path way between two allotments plot is 2m wide to encourage pedestrian movement along the allotments.

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Figure 1-183 Public square (Google,2018)

Legend Carriageway (standard) Carriageway (Woonerf/ Mews) Pavement/ Pedestrian Priority Parking Bus Stop Bike lane Prioirity pedestrian crossing Raised Table

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Plateau Agri-Park Precedents and Deisgn Considerations project will be composed of three main elements the Lawn, a central communal green space, the Strip, AFP’s main street, and the Plazas, which will bind together clusters of buildings with individual neighbourhood identities. While this development is of an altogether different scale compared to Drumchapel we feel there are important lessons to be learned and practical considerations which could have a direct bearing and influence on Drumchapel. Orientation of allotments According to Scotland allotment guide 2013 “the ideal site will have a slight slope to the south with drainage and minimum soil depth of 2m together with a shelter belt of trees to the north and east”. All allotments are positioned to south for maximise the effect of the sun and to minimise shadows. On flat sites allotments are positioned long side of the plot facing south and sloping sites have the long side up the slope. Allotments are designed in different levels layout responding to shape of site and topography which is easily accessible by the step heading towards the green plateau. Precedent: Awaji memorial garden in japan Tadao Ando’s Awaji Yumebutai Complex features a 100-step garden built on the side of a mountain. Ando’s proposal was to remediate the place through the creation of a park there that would re-establish the natural habitat in the area. The 100 flower beds lay on different levels up the hill; there is stair access to each individual flower bed, as well as 10-meter wide main access stair to the top. Drainage Drainage system of the allotment is connected to the vertical swales which carry it to the main swales that flow it to retention pond where it is store for re-use. Community area Community areas are designed at different position on the site for better engagement of people with the surrounding. They are designed with community huts with the living roof, a sedum green roof that provides thermal insulation and nectar for pollinators (increasing bio-diversity). Sedum is a low growing plant requiring little maintenance. Precedent: Inver Leith, Edinburgh Location: parkland, residential neighbourhoods. This site provides a significant number of allotments. It is compactly laid out and efficient in

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Figure 1-184 Agro food park Master plan (google,2018)

its structure. There are a number of plots which include excellent plot-based biodiversity features such as green roofs, ponds, and wood piles. Facilities include a communal hut ( a converted shipping container) which has living roof ,a sedum green roof for insulation and solar panels for lighting, compost toilet, communal tools / mowers. All access is along grass paths, which are attractive permeable and low cost. Due to this site’s central location no parking is required, plot holders use metered parking for occasional car trips. (Allotments guide,2016) Compost bins Compost bins are positioned along each hut for recycling organic waste into fertilizers. Well-rotted compost adds humus and nutrients to the soil. It is the classical way of recycling all the waste vegetation and non-invasive weeds. If managed properly it will provide a significant amount of the

Figure 1-185

South facing Allotments

Figure 1-188 Community growing space Partick-Scotlandt

compost requirement. (Zero Waste Scotland) Precedent: Community composting, New Victoria Gardens, Glasgow New Victoria Gardens Site has developed a successful community composting scheme which has been in operation for a year. It is proving to be a successful way of community composting, involving both local plot-holders and a local shop to mutual benefit. There are 21 compost bays for community use made from pallets, Average size 1.3m W by 1.25m D and 0.9m H. Different bays are rotated with hedge prunings, grass cuttings etc. which plot holders leave in bags near the bays. The bays are labelled according to the materials which can be left in them, viz. hedge trimming, soft woody material, grass cuttings, soft plant material, weeds, hard wood material and shrubs. Users are asked to chop material into a manageable size. In addition, vegetable waste from a local shop is collected when it is needed

Figure 1-186 Orchard planting (Wiseman, et al, 2016)

Figure 1-187 The 100 Stepped Garden at Awaji Yumebutai (Google, 2018)

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Plateau Agri-Park Precedents and Deisgn Considerations and mixed with the plot holders’ compostable refuse, cardboard and shredded white paper. (Allotments guide,2016) Children’s allotments Engaging children in an active lifestyle is the best way to ensure they pursue healthy activities throughout their life, this is even better when it can be done in a way that establishes a connection with the natural environment. Low raised planter beds and recycle sand pit with drainage hole and easy access-way from all side are designed for their engagement with the aim of building nature connection in early age. Precedent: P.I.N.E. Project, Toronto, Canada The Primitive Integrated Native Education (PINE) Project is an outdoor and environmental education non‐profit organisation. It was founded in Toronto in 2008 to provide an opportunity for children, youths and families to discover nature in their local urban environments, and be active in the process. Their classroom is any urban green space, and their goal is to inspire healthy, lifelong connections between people and nature through outdoor learning and play. By uncovering nature in the city, their programs foster an understanding of the interconnection between communities and ecologies encourage environmental stewardship and community leadership; and inspire active lifestyles. Their classes require no technology, no special texts and no particular setting, just a patch of grass or a tree, and the senses and imaginations of participants and instructors. Some of the classes include the tracking and nature club, home school programming, after school programs, and summer camps. Each of these programs blends active lifestyles, creative arts, natural history, science, indigenous skills, and stewardship to bring participants a unique outdoor experience right in their own backyards. (URS AECOM,2011) Crop division Division of crop on allotment is done on the basis of square foot gardening principles, which is basically the practice of dividing the growing area into small square sections with the aim to assist in planning and creating an intensive planting area, which only requires as little as 16 square feet per person for fresh eating and 32 square feet per person to have enough for preserving. (Google, 2018) Plant spacing on allotments:

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Figure 1-189 Inver Leith, Edinburgh (Allotment guide, 2013)

Allotments on the Plateau Park covers 9758 square meter area which is sufficient to feed 6,250 people. Food grown on the green plateau will supply to the local market and local restaurants. In this case residents have the added value of observing the food growing in their neighbourhood day by day before it is picked, distributed and consumed. Not all the north part of the hill, however, is unsuitable for plantation; certain part along the road is we propose the use allotments with raised beds. There are number of vegetables and plants that require less amount of light per day and these will be cultivated in these allotments and it will also define the edge of the road. Leafy crops such as lettuce, rocket, chard, kale and beans, climbing peas, cucumber will be more than happy with just three to four hours of sunshine a day. Currants, gooseberries and cherries are the best fruits to grow in shade. Herbs like parsley, mint, chives and garlic chives well suited to less light. Vegetables to Grow in Shade Bio-diversity Most of the north edge is dense woodland when it accompanied with the allotments vegetables, fruit trees and companion plants it will become more beneficial for wildlife. Many of the plants grown on an allotment will provide flowers right through the

Figure 1-190 New Victoria Gardens, Glasgow (Allotment guide, 2013)

butterfly and bumble bee season. Spring flowers are also vital for insects coming out of hibernation and autumn flowers help them build up their reserves for winter. Following are the list of herbs and companion plants that benefit biodiversity at the north edge.

Figure 1-191 P.I.N.E Project, Toronto, Canada

Defining the north woodland connection North part of the hill is covered with dark dense woodland, which gives the feeling of unsafe pathways for the user. We propose to strengthen these connections by proper provision of defined pathways. Paths are provided to encourage people to experience the nature. wildflowers & meadows which are provided along the north edges. We anticipate this area as having a wilder and more colourful character as a counterpoint to the more verduous southern flank.

Figure 1-192

P.I.N.E. Project, Toronto, Canada

Figure 1-193 Plants spacing on allotments (The food project, n.d)

Figure 1-195 Naturalising wood planting. (Wiseman, et al, 2016)

Figure 1-196 Wild flower meadow planting. (Wiseman, et al,2016)

Figure 1-194 Herbs and plants encourage biodiversity (Allotment guide,2013)

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Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems - A road map for Drumchapel Sustainable Urban Drainage System (SUDS) Within the Natural Environmental Policy in the Glasgow City Development Plan (CDP), Drumchapel is identified as a flood risk management area. Scottish Water is the public body responsible for flood risk management operations. Flooding is proving to be a major issue in the area and the existing drainage systems is in sufficient to cope with the demands. There are streets in the low points of the accumulate water area. Key areas of Drumchapel that need tackling include the north of the site as shown in the map(fig-1) where several schools are located, which brings water into the boundary and to the south eastern and south western edges. Many elevated points in the topography of Drumchapel result in rain water runoff that accumulates in dips and valleys. Our aim is to treat storm water runoff at multiple levels before it is stored for reuse or redirected to main drainage system. SUDS systems are proposed to prevent water ingress at the green edge to the north of Drumchapel. Policy 8 in the CDP states that it requires, ‘’the local authorities to exercise their functions to implement the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/ EC) in protecting the water environment, including preventing further deterioration of, and protecting and enhancing, the status of aquatic ecosystems. The Water Environment (Controlled Activities) (Scotland) Regulations 2011 requires all surface water from new development to be treated by a sustainable drainage system (SUDS) before it is discharged into the water environment’’ (GCDP, p48). Fig:1 Drumchapel flood map existing (Akhtar, et al; 2017) Fig 2: Drumchapel flood map proposed (Akhtar, et al: 2017) Fig 3: Flood in Drumchapel (Google, 2018) Fig:4 Flood in Drumchapel (Google, 2018)

Figure 1-197 Drumchapel flood map existing (Akhtar, et al; 2017)

Figure 1-198 Drumchapel flood map proposed (Akhtar, et al: 2017)

Figure 1-199 Flood in Drumchapel (Google, 2018)

Almost all the Drumchapel is at the risk of flooding but the area which needs immediate action is the northern edge of the district. At low lying levels there is high risk of water accumulation and existing measures are insufficient to address this. There is therefore a need for appropriate and effective SUDS strategies to overcome this destructive, natural hazard. In our Detailed Masterplan, we propose housing along Kinfauns Dr at the foot of the Green Plateau. This part and the northern side of Drumchapel generally has high risk of surface flooding because Figure 1-200 Flood in Drumchapel (Google, 2018)

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of the runoff from the pronounced topography, so our goal is to protect the housing against storm water accumulation and at the same time enhance bio-diversity of the site. We propose to resolve these issues by implementing various SUDS strategies including minimisation of impervious pavement and maximisation of the landscape. Street edges are integrated with SUDS facilities such as curb extensions, bio swales with check dams and rain gardens in reclaimed street spaces. These measures reduce flow rates by treating and infiltrating storm water runoff and channelling it downstream to SUDS ponds. SUDS ponds treat water on site by attenuating the flow with planting and allowing for retention and infiltration. These ponds are usually connected with oversized pipes to create redundancy and are sized according to the amount of storm water runoff expected to enter the street. Storm water runoff is also harvested and stored underground in SUDS ponds for later use. SUDS elements for the overall site consist of: • Pervious surfaces • Bios wales • Botanized lots and lanes to enhance biodiversity) • Rain gardens • Green parking • Tree box • Retention ponds • Urban riparian conservation

Figure 1-202 SUDS walkway.

Figure 1-203 Gibbs Street, Ottowa, Canada

Figure 1-204 8 Buckley Hill, Hobsonville, NZ 2016)

walkway.

(Wiseman, et al,

Fig 5:Section Woonerf street SUDS

Fig 6:SUDS walkways Fig:7 Gibbs Street, Ottowa, Canada (Wiseman, et al, 2016) Fig :8 Buckley Hill, Hobsonville, NZ (Wiseman, et al, 2016) Figure 1-201 Section Woonerf street SUDS walkway

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Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems - A road map for Drumchapel Fig :9 George Street, Australia (Wiseman, et al, 2016) Fig:10 Illustrative Local Shared Space Road (Wiseman, et al, 2016) Our strategy is to treat the surface runoff on three levels by using the mechanism of slow, spread and soaked. Slow: Implementation of flow control devices such as curbs and level spreaders to slow the flow of water before reaching the treatment facilities Spread: Limiting impervious surfaces and provide filter strips to filter and attenuate stromwater from streets. Soaked: Integration of rain gardens and bio swales in the easement for treatment of surface runoff.

Figure 1-205 George Street, Australia

(Wiseman, et al, 2016)

Step 1: At the edge of the woonerf street flush curb are used with slight slope towards the filter strip to allow water to be evenly distributed over the adjacent treatment facility and to also regulate the flow rate. Variety of curbs is used along the street edges on different location of the site depend on land use and storm water volume to be managed. Curbs are also used as a safety feature in the Detailed Masterplan especially in high traffic areas to separate pedestrian from vehicles. Fig:11 Curb alternative: Siskiyou Street Portland, Oregon (UACDC,2010)

Figure 1-206 Illustrative Local Shared Space Road (Wiseman, et al, 2016)

Step 2: Pervious paving such as grass concrete and turfs are used for pedestrian movement instead of conventional asphalt pavers. Pervious paving which is not only used for the pedestrian movement but also function as a filter strips to infiltrate water. Rain gardens are used at the residential side street’s edge to create areas for parking and recreation that filter and infiltrate surface runoff. Filter strips are used as a link to the rain gardens on one side (residential side) of the road and on the either side (allotment) rain garden is used as a link between allotments and bio swales. Botanizing Lawn Xeriscaping (native) lawns have significant economic and environmental benefits, such as increased biodiversity, food production, on-site infiltration, and low maintenance. Native grass

Figure 1-207 Curb alternative: Siskiyou Street Portland, Oregon (UACDC,2010)

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Figure 1-208â&#x20AC;&#x192; Botanizing Lawn (UACDC, 2010 )

Step3: Bio swales with check dams are integrated in the street edge to capture and filter storm water runoff which is further linked to the SUDS ponds where surface runoff further filter and infiltrate into underground storage tank for later used and in case of heavy storm water perforated pipes are also attached to distribute water to main drainage lines. Stored water in underground SUDS ponds is used for irrigation of allotments and community orchard. A vegetated riparian buffer is used along retention pond which not only prevents soil erosion but also regulates the stream flow and sedimentation. Fig: 11 New Hall harrow England. (Design Scotland, nd ) Within the Green Plateau in our Masterplan ,9758sqm area is designed with the allotments which not only fulfil the food need for the local community but also playing its part for surface runoff management. Mini swales on the top of the green plateau are connected with the vertical swales along the stairways, which run parallel to allotments and downstream water to main bio swales. Allotments on the hills function as a curb cut and also as rain gardens. Surface runoff from the main bios wales accumulates in retention ponds which contains the underground storage and stored water is further used for irrigation.

Figure 1-209â&#x20AC;&#x192; New Hall harrow England. (Design Scotland, nd )

provides the same appearance as non-native mono-culture and only requires mowing every three to five weeks on the other hand industrialized lawns are expensive and their root system provides little infiltration or ecological services, so for this reason we encourage the use of xeriscaping lawns for ecological benefits on the site.

(UACDC, 2010 )

Fig: 12 Botanizing Lawn Figure 1-210â&#x20AC;&#x192; Mechanism of bio swale with check dam (UACDC,2010)

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Bio swales. Two types of swales are incorporated in design • Mini bio swales • Continuous bio swales with check dams. Along the residential area continuous bio swale are integrated with check dams and under drains. In longitudinal bio swales check dams are important because it reduces velocity, increase residence time, protects plant material from erosion, and enhances pollutant removal and together it detains storm water, increases the infiltration rate and sedimentation. It also improves site aesthetics and increase bio-diversity. Fig: 12 Mechanism of bio swale with check dam (UACDC,2010) Precedent Commonwealth village SUDS SUDS elements incorporated in Commonwealth village are the example of Glasgow city council and its collaboration partner’s interest in managing the issue of rainwater in Glasgow. SUDS elements of the overall site consist of swales (shallow, vegetated channels designed to capture, con-

Figure 1-211 Commonwealth SUDS basin

(Google, 2018)

vey, filter and infiltrate runoff), permeable paving, bio-retention bays (gravel filled storage sumps designed to attenuate flows and allow for a degree of treatment / filtration), highway rain-gardens and a linear water feature / pond. The linear water feature has been designed as a ‘deep ’swale and is intended to retain a permanent depth of water along 50% of its total length outwit major rainfall events to provide an attractive water feature in addition to its surface water management function. As Drumchapel has high flood risk so these SUDS

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Figure 1-212 Sustainable urban drainage streets in Malmo. (Google,2018)

elements are particularly helpful in retaining and managing the rainwater and turn it into an attractive public amenity. basin

Fig: 13 Commonwealth SUDS (Google, 2018)

terials and waste, and its use of natural resources such as sun and wind energy. The rainwater drainage system has been designed to be aesthetically pleasing, with waterfalls, ponds and various elements for buffering and purifying the water. Some of the district’s topography was designed specially to realize a natural rundown to the sea or the central canal.

Figure 1-213 Pixelated parking (UACDC,2010)

Fig: 14 Sustainable urban drainage streets in Malmo. (Google,2018) Pixelated parking Parking area in Drumchapel has low ecological performance. Our aim is to change parking lot as a storm water garden with landscape architectural features. The pixelated parking is integrated along the street edges and it reduces storm water runoff through the addition of trees and pervious paving and will eliminate the need for conventional pipe. Water from impervious drive aisles flows to the pervious parking stalls it will slow and redistribute runoff. Through curb cuts /flush curbs, the water is directed to tree islands, which are connected by a bio swale or underground oversized pipe.

Figure 1-215 parking lots in Missouri Botanical Garden (Google, 2018 Figure 1-214 Tree filter box (UACDC, 2010)

Precedent Bo01, Malmö, Sweden Malmö is the third-largest city in Sweden. Regardless of the high density and the urban character, a great deal of attention has been given to highly diverse green spaces and biodiversity. The area is distinguished by its use of recycled water, raw maFigure 1-216 parking lots in Missouri Botanical Garden (Google, 2018

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Figure 1-217â&#x20AC;&#x192; Riparian Buffer diagram (UACDC,2010 )

Fig: 15 Pixelated parking (UACDC,2010) Tree Box Filter At some of the street edges where there the risk of flooding is medium to low density, tree box filters are used with the parking. These tree root systems treat and uptake storm water runoff captured from the street into the box filter. An under drain carries treated runoff to either a surface discharge location or a larger retention system for secondary treatment.

Figure 1-218â&#x20AC;&#x192; Commonwealth SUDS basin (Google 2018)

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Fig: 16 Tree filter box (UACDC, 2010) Precedent Missouri Botanical Gardens St. Louis, Missouri Parking area in Missouri Botanical Garden is de-

signed with storm water management aim, utilizing multiple types of porous pavements and an engineered rain garden (bio retention system). The installation and use of this treatment will help capture and hold rain water on site and significantly reduce runoff, flash floods, soil erosion and water pollution. Fig: 17, 18, parking lots in Missouri Botanical Garden (Google, 2018) Riparian buffer Drumchapel has higher rate of bio-diversity accompanied with the water channel runs all the way to River Clyde so riparian buffers will be a simple, inexpensive way to protect and improve water quality. ‘’Between 50 and 85 per cent of stormwater pollutant loads can be filtered within 100 to 300-foot vegetated buffers through local plant communities’’ (UACDC, 2010). Buffer Strips along the SUDS pond will allow the potential to increase bio-diversity and prevent soil erosion. Fig :19 Riparian Buffer diagram (UACDC,2010 ) SUDS ponds A retention pond, also known as a wet pool or wet pond, is integrated as a part storm water management on site. The storm water when it enters into this wet pond will remove pollutants through biological uptake processes and sedimentation. The amount of pollutants that are removed from storm water runoff is proportionate to the length of time runoff remains in the pond, along with the water treatment this storage pond will also enhanced aquatic habitat. Precedent Commonwealth village SUDS SUDS elements incorporated in Commonwealth village are the example of Glasgow city council and its collaboration partner’s interest in managing the issue of rainwater in Glasgow. SUDS elements of the overall site consist of swales (shallow, vegetated channels designed to capture, convey, filter and infiltrate runoff), permeable paving, bio-retention bays (gravel filled storage sumps designed to attenuate flows and allow for a degree of treatment / filtration), highway rain-gardens and a linear water feature / pond. The linear water feature has been designed as a ‘deep ’swale and is intended to retain a permanent depth of water along 50% of its total length outwit major rainfall events to provide an attractive water feature in addition to its surface water management func-

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Modelling the Masterplan Transect

Authors : Nour Kowatli-Rabail Akhtar -John Duffy -Derek Gillan We decided quite early in the masterplan process that the best way to to depict the diversity and richness of space as well as the challenging topography of the Design Area was to build a physical model. We have taken a transect through part of our detail masterplan and populated it with blocks, plots, streets and squares as well as specailist buildings. It is built to a scale of 1:1000, the same as our masterplan maps . In this endeavour we are indebted to Derek Gillan for his advice , technical support and hard work in the build of the model.

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Detailed Masterplan:

Summary Maps- Design Elements

Figure 1-219 Nodes (PBA)

Figure 1-220 Nodes & Street Network (PBA)

Figure 1-221 t

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Figure 1-222 Built-up areas (PBA)

Figure 1-223 Formal external spaces(PBA)

Figure 1-224 Neighbourhood Commmon(PBA)

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Detailed Masterplan:

Summary Maps- Design Elements

Figure 1-225 Plots(PBA)

Figure 1-226 Plateau Allotments(PBA)

Figure 1-227 Drumlins(PBA)

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Figure 1-228 Swails , SUDS, Trees(PBA)

Figure 1-229 Designed Green Network(PBA)

Figure 1-230 SUDS Alone (PBA)

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Detailed Masterplan:

Summary Maps- Design Elements

Figure 1-231 Cycle Lanes (PBA)

Figure 1-232 Tenements & townhouses (PBA)

Figure 1-233 Tenements & townhouses & Semi- Detached(PBA)

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Figure 1-234 Tenements & townhouses & Semi- Detached & Detached(PBA)

Figure 1-235 Specialist Buildings alone(PBA)

Figure 1-236 Specialist Buildings(PBA)

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Detailed Masterplan:

Summary Maps- Figure Ground Existing and Proposed

Figure 1-237â&#x20AC;&#x192; Figure Ground Exisiting(PBA)

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Figure 1-238â&#x20AC;&#x192; Figure Ground Proposed(PBA)

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Bibliograpghy & References References 1. Healthy food healthy life, Google, 2018 https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=food+production&safe=strict&rlz=1C1CHBD_enPK759PK759&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjmqpTn1cbaAhWLKcAKHYZfBZsQ_AUICigB&biw=1536&bih=735 2. Glasgow city council, Glasgow open space strategy, Google,2018 https://www.glasgow.gov.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=9478&p=0 3. SFGAT, Square foot gardening, Google,2018 http://homeguides.sfgate.com/many-square-meters-vegetable-garden-supply-family-year-101391.html 4. Havana Cuba urban farming, google, 2018 https://www.architectural-review.com/rethink/cubas-urban-farming-revolution-how-to-create-self-sufficient-cities/8660204.article Rabail Akhtar, Racheal Kennedy, Tuqba Ozer, Urban Chapel, strategy booklet, 2017 5. URS AECOM, consultant draft, Glasgow open space strategy,2011, google, https://www.glasgow.gov.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=9478&p=0 6. Portland farmer market. Google, 2018 Hannah Norman, Farming and the city 2016 https://www.wcmt.org.uk/sites/.../Norman%20H%20Report%202016%20Final.pdf 7. Architectural review, 2016, Havana urban farming https://www.architectural-review.com/rethink/cubas-urban-farming-revolution-how-to-create-self-sufficient-cities/8660204.article 8. Scotland allotments and garden society (SAGS), Scotland allotment guide,2013, Google,2018 www.sags.org.uk/docs/ScotlandAllotmentDesignGuide.pd 9.(Google earth, 2018) 10: UACDC, Low Impact Development a design for urban areas, Fay Jones School of Architecture University of Arkansas Press a collaboration Fayetteville, 2010. (Accessed March 15, 2018) 11: Flooding project in Drumchapel area of Glasgow, Scottish water, Google http://www.scottishwater.co.uk/about-us/media-centre/latest-news/flooding-project-inDrumchapel-area-of-Glasgow-completed (accessed 23March, 2018) 12: Missouri Botanical Garden. St Louis, Missouri, Google http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/sustainability/sustainability/sustainability-in-action/at-the-Missouri-botanical-garden/built-environment.aspx (Accessed 1 April 2018) 13: UACDC, Low Impact Development Manual for Michigan, Conservation Buffers: Design Guidelines for Buffers, Corridors, and Greenways,2010. (Accessed March 15,2018) 14: UACDC, Low Impact Development Manual for Michigan, Conservation Buffers: Design Guidelines for Buffers, Corridors, and Greenways,2010. (Accessed on April 15,2018) 15: BO o1 Malmo Sweden, Urban green-blue grid for sustainable and resilient cities, http://www.urbangreenbluegrids.com/projects/bo01-city-of-tomorrow-malmo-sweden/ (Accessed on March 21, 2018) 16: Common wealth village SUDS, The Metropolitan Glasgow Strategic Drainage Partnership, Briefing Note 14 - Winter 2014/15 https://www.mgsdp.org/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=37931&p=0 (Accessed on March 31, 2018) 17: Glasgow City Development Plan, Glasgow City Council, Policy CDP 8(p, 48) http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=19258& (Accessed on March14, 2018) 18: Rabail Akhtar, Racheal Kennedy, Tuqba Ozer, urban chapel, strategy booklet,2017

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Northern Ireland. s.l.:Yale University Press. Google, 2016. Google Street view Drumchapel Train stn. [Online] Available at: https://www.google.co.uk/maps/@55.9057909,-4.3704844,3a,75y,144.8h,91.11t/ data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1siUf395ESIHfmyDVg5OXudA!2e0!7i13312!8i6656?hl=en [Accessed 20/11/2017 November 2017]. Google, 2017. Google Street View_Lock 32. [Online] Available at: https://www.google.co.uk/maps/@55.9038574,-4.3515192,3a,75y,269.77h,93.23t/ data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1s-Csv3Z66x-ilnuyjiY2nnQ!2e0!7i13312!8i6656?hl=en [Accessed 23/11/2017 November 2017]. Google, 2017. Street view- Drumchapel Shopping centre. [Online] Available at: https://www.google.co.uk/maps/@55.9111341,-4.3719542,3a,75y,197.76h,91.81t/ data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1s6KTP9Kp3viZMANcXVQpenw!2e0!7i13312!8i6656?hl=en [Accessed 18/11/2017 November 2017]. Government, S., 2010. Designing Streets , Edinburgh: HMSO. groupbuilding, n.d. Building in the green belt: 3. [Online] Available at: https://groupbuilding.net/category/density/ [Accessed 19/11/2017 November 2017]. Horsey, M., 1990. Tenements and Towers. Edinburgh : HMSO. http://www.understandingglasgow.com, n.d. http://www.understandingglasgow.com/profiles/ neighbourhood_profiles/3_nw_sector/31_drumchapel. [Online] Available at: http://www.understandingglasgow.com/profiles/neighbourhood_profiles/3_nw_ sector/31_drumchapel [Accessed 15th Sept 2017]. Jacobs, J., 1961. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York: Random House. John Duffy, et al., 2017. Analysis Booklet_2 Histories and Stories. Glasgow: University of Strathclyde. Law, X. H. & Mar, L. K., 2017. Milton Booklet No. 5, Glasgow: University of Strathclyde. Lisa Irvine, Alexandra, L., Rachel, K. & Hristo, I., 2017. Analysis Booklet_3 Planning Framework. Glasgow: University of Strathclyde. Live, G., 2017. Rebuilding an empire? Glasgow backs £1.6m plan to ‘rediscover’ ancient Roman Antonine Wall. [Online] Available at: http://www.glasgowlive.co.uk/news/glasgow-news/rediscover-ancient-roman-antonine-wall-13905867 [Accessed 22/11/2017 November 2017]. Marshall, M. +., 2002. Mount Stuart Visitor Centre. [Online] Available at: http://www.mandp.uk.com/projects/arts/mount_stuart_visitors_centre.html [Accessed 24/11/2017 November 2017]. Museum, H., n.d. The Hunterian. [Online] Available at: https://www.gla.ac.uk/hunterian/collections/permanentdisplays/theantoninewall/ theantoninewallslideshow/ [Accessed 24/11/2017 November 2017]. MVRDV, 2016. Made in Sauchiehall & Garethill. [Online] Available at: https://www.glasgow.gov.uk/councillorsandcommittees/viewSelectedDocument. asp?c=P62AFQDNT10GZ3UTDN [Accessed 22/11/2017 November 2017].

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List of Figures List of Figures(PBA)- Produced by the Authors Fig 1-01: Duffy, 2017 Drumchapel Study Area Fig 1-02: Duffy, 2017 Drumchapel regional context Fig 1-03: GCC, 1992 Drumchapel local context Fig 1-04: After (Feliciotti, 2012) pg. 56 Fig 1-05: Teresa Neish and Friends C. 1950’s Fig 1-06: Garscadden Estate C. 1750- National Library of Scotland Fig 1-07: Summary of Temporal maps - (John Duffy, et al., 2017) Fig 1-08-: Summary of Concept maps - (John Duffy, et al., 2017) Fig 1-09: Place specific narratives - (John Duffy, et al., 2017) Fig 1-10: People specific narratives - (John Duffy, et al., 2017) Fig 1-11: Lost Landmarks - (John Duffy, et al., 2017) Fig 1-12: Listed buildings - (John Duffy, et al., 2017) Fig 1-13: Built Areas (Akhtar, et al., 2017) Fig 1-14: Green & Open Space (Akhtar, et al., 2017) Fig 1-15: Base map (Akhtar, et al., 2017) Fig 1-16: Residential building typology (Akhtar, et al., 2017) Fig 1-17: Building Heights (Akhtar, et al., 2017) Fig 1-18: Block Sizes (Akhtar, et al., 2017) Fig 1-19: Building Uses (Akhtar, et al., 2017) Fig 1-20: Walking distances (Akhtar, et al., 2017) Fig 1-21: Topographic Sections (Akhtar, et al., 2017) Fig 1-22: Functional Mix (Lisa Irvine, et al., 2017) Fig 1-23: Planning Designations (Lisa Irvine, et al., 2017) Fig 1-24: Transport Network (Lisa Irvine, et al., 2017) Fig 1-25: Drumchapel Community Centrez [online] Available at https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=drumchapel+community+centre&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwio0oml0ZLaAhUIOsAKHRdtD3QQ_AUICygC&biw=1440&bih=769#imgrc=-oh13LCCuU6HmM: [Accessed 30 Mar. 2018]. Fig 1-26: Drumchapel High School [online] Available at https://www.google.co.uk/search?biw=1440&bih=720&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=52-9WsaIHdH3gQbnwZzgBg&q=drumchapel+high+school&oq=drumchapel+high+&gs_l=psy-ab.1.0.0j0i30k1j0i24k1l8.240306.241286.0.242886.5.4.0.1.1.0.92.306.4.4.0....0. ..1c.1.64.psy-ab..0.5.314...0i67k1.0.cfXFCA5WD2o#imgdii=J9ZeqMePB2-4nM:&imgrc=t8PVxOFPJ4alzM:: [Accessed 30 Mar. 2018]. Fig 1-27: Drumchapel High School [online] Available at https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Drumchapel_High_School_ from_15_Linkwood_Crescent.JPG[Accessed 30 Mar. 2018]. Fig 1-28: Population diversity (Lisa Irvine, et al., 2017) Fig 1-29: Life Expectancy/ Gender (Lisa Irvine, et al., 2017) Fig 1-30: Housing Diversity (Lisa Irvine, et al., 2017) Fig 1-31: Front Cover- New Build Housing Linkwood Dr (Architects, 2017) Fig 1-32: t Fig 1-33: Road Layout (Architects, 2017) Fig 1-34: Typology mix (Architects, 2017) Fig 1-35: Approved Design (Architects, 2017) Fig 1-36: Site analysis (Architects, 2017) Fig 1-37: Mental map- Student (Gan, et al., 2017) Fig 1-38: Mental map- Residents (Gan, et al., 2017) Fig 1-39: Character areas (Gan, et al., 2017) Fig 1-40: Fear map (Gan, et al., 2017) Fig 1-41: Legibility & Imageability (Gan, et al., 2017) Fig 1-42: Maintenance map (Gan, et al., 2017) Fig 1-43: Street Front assessment (Gan, et al., 2017) Fig 1-44: Comparing place _ Locust (Gan, et al., 2017) Fig 1-45: Street network indicators (Gan, et al., 2017) Fig 1-46: Street network permeability (Gan, et al., 2017) Fig 1-47: Centrality study area (Patarova, et al., 2017)

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List of Figures Fig 1-47: Centrality- fundamental questions (Law & Mar, 2017) Fig 1-49: What is Centrality (Patarova, et al., 2017) Fig 1-50: Betweenness Centrality (Patarova, et al., 2017) Fig 1-51: Global Closeness Centrality (Patarova, et al., 2017) Fig 1-52: Local Closeness Centrality (Patarova, et al., 2017) Fig 1-53: Straightness Centrality (Patarova, et al., 2017) Fig 1-54: Existing Centrality (Patarova, et al., 2017) Fig 1-55: Proposed Centrality (Patarova, et al., 2017) Fig 1-56: Combined Centrality Scenario (Patarova, et al., 2017) Fig 1-57: Population & Density (Duffy, et al., 2017) Fig 1-58: Areas prone to flooding (Lisa Irvine, et al., 2017) Fig 1-59: Green Space (Duffy, et al., 2017) Fig 1-60: Strengths (Duffy, et al., 2017) Fig 1-61: Opportunities (Duffy, et al., 2017) Fig 1-62: Weaknesses (Duffy, et al., 2017) Fig 1-63: Threats (Duffy, et al., 2017) Fig 1-64: GCC Strategic Development Plan (Duffy, et al., 2017 Fig 1-65: Development Plan Influences (Duffy, et al., 2017) Fig 1-66: Policy & Delivery (Duffy, et al., 2017) Fig 1-67: Elements of placemaking strategy (Council, 2017) Fig 1-68: Key actions of placemaking (Council, 2017) Fig 1-69: Who is the guidance for? (Council, 2017) Fig 1-70: Green Network guidance (Council, 2017) Fig 1-71: Qualities of Place (Council, 2017) Fig 1-72: Economic Development Areas (Council, 2017) Fig 1-73: Low density residential guidance (Council, 2017) Fig 1-74: What is City Resilience? (Resilient Glasgow, 2014: 7) Fig 1-75: Drumchapel Transformed (Duffy et al.2017) Fig 1-76: Drumchapel population 1955-2051 (Duffy et al.2017) Fig 1-77: Tramlines - 4D Vision for new transport modes (Duffy et al.2017) Fig 1-78: Drumchapel population 1955-2017 (Duffy et al.2017) Fig 1-79: Sustainable development (Duffy et al.2017) Fig 1-80: Critical Quality Diagram, by Klas Tham based on (Duffy et al.2017) Fig 1-81: Sustainable development (Duffy et al.2017) Fig 1-82: Strategy Plan (Duffy et al.2017) Fig 1-83: Road Hierarchy (Duffy et al.2017) Fig 1-84: Transport Network (Duffy et al.2017) Fig 1-85: Green Network (Duffy et al.2017) Fig 1-86: Amenities (Duffy et al.2017) Fig 1-87: Topography (Duffy et al.2017) Fig 1-88: Densities (Duffy et al.2017) Fig 1-89: Centrality (Duffy et al.2017) Fig 1-90: Closeness Centrality (Duffy et al.2017) Fig 1-91: Straightness Centrality (Duffy et al.2017)

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Fig 1-92: Betweenness Centrality (Duffy et al.2017) Fig 1-93: Road map for improvement (Duffy et al.2017) Fig 1-94: Action areas (Duffy et al.2017) Fig 1-95: 4D Vision (Duffy et al.2017) Fig 1-96: Concept Plan Existing (Duffy et al.2017) Fig 1-97: Concept Plan Proposed (Duffy et al.2017) Fig 1-98: Foundation Masterplan (PBA) Fig 1-99: Conservation Vs Transformation (PBA) Fig 1-100: Conservation Vs Transformation graded (PBA) Fig 1-101: Conservation Vs Transformation Proposed nodes(PBA) Fig 1-102: Sketch Iterations-Foundation Masterplan(PBA) Fig 1-103: Existing closeness -400m(PBA) Fig 1-104: Existing betweenness -400m(PBA) Fig 1-105: Existing straightness -400m(PBA) Fig 1-106: Proposed closeness -400m(PBA) Fig 1-107: Proposed betweenness -400m(PBA) Fig 1-108: Proposed straightness -400m(PBA) Fig 1-109: Foundation Masterplan(PBA) Fig 1-110: Foundation Masterplan- Hierarchy of Centres(PBA) Fig 1-111: Foundation Masterplan-Public Transit Routes (PBA Fig 1-112: Foundation Masterplan-Eco -Network(PBA) Fig 1-113: Phase 0 (PBA) Fig 1-114: Phase 1 (PBA) Fig 1-115: Phase 2 (PBA) Fig 1-116: Phase 3 (PBA) Fig 1-117: Phase 4(PBA) Fig 1-118: Masterplan complete (PBA) Fig 1-119: Character Areas (PBA) Fig 1-120: Diversity of typology(PBA) Fig 1-121: Stock Demand (GHA) Fig 1-122: Rutherglen Colony Context (PBA) Fig 1-123: Rutherglen Colony Area (PBA) Fig 1-124: Rutherglen Colony Indicators (PBA) Fig 1-125: Glasgow Colony - now demolished [online] Available at: http://www.zldjx.org/1938418/showthread.php?s=ebd1024da3cffa4f998b793eac9d73b8&t=1861197&page=21 [Accessed Apr. 2017]. Fig 1-126: Rutherglen Colony - Aerial Context & Access (PBA) Fig 1-127: Rutherglen Colony - street view [online] Available at: https://www.google.co.uk/maps/@55.8322719,-4.2068422,3a,60y,260.43h,93.48t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1snFTsQ33BQQLCeF-

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List of Figures N2xlPZAA!2e0!7i13312!8i6656?hl=en [Accessed Apr. 2017]. Fig 1-128: Edinburgh Colony- street view [online] Available at: https://www.google.co.uk/maps/@55.9610727,-3.2099988,3a,75y,4.12h,90.02t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sIS11DrBFzY2EmtUk6GejCg!2e0!7i13312!8i6656?hl=en [Accessed Apr. 2017]. Fig 1-129: Leith Fort Colony mews [online] Available at: http://www.collectivearchitecture.com/projects/leith-fort [Accessed Apr. 2017]. Fig 1-130: Leith Fort Colony- communal [online] Available at http://www.collectivearchitecture.com/projects/leith-fort [Accessed Apr. 2017]. Fig 1-131: Pollokshields Charette Colony proposal (Weather, 2016) Fig 1-132: Leith Fort 1970â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s [online] Available at https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/news/entertainment/looking-back-at-edinburgh-s-notorious-leithfort-1-4027539 [Accessed Apr. 2017]. Fig 1-133: Leith Fort current masterplan- Malcolm Fraser Studio [online] Available at https://citydev-portal.edinburgh.gov.uk/idoxpa-web/caseDetails.do?caseType=Application&keyVal=ME5JMYEW09Z00 [Accessed Apr. 2017]. Fig 1-134: Leith Fort current colony house type- Malcolm Fraser Studio [online] Available at https://citydev-portal.edinburgh.gov.uk/idoxpa-web/caseDetails.do?caseType=Application&keyVal=ME5JMYEW09Z00 [Accessed Apr. 2017]. Fig 1-135: Leith Fort - Fronts and backs- Malcolm Fraser Studio [online] Available at https://citydev-portal.edinburgh.gov.uk/idoxpa-web/caseDetails.do?caseType=Application&keyVal=ME5JMYEW09Z00 [Accessed Apr. 2017]. Fig 1-136: Masterplan zones of responsibility (PBA) Fig 1-137: Proposed Hierarchy of Streets (PBA) Fig 1-138: Proposed road use priorities (Duffy, et al., 2017) Fig 1-139: Proposed Urban Main Road Kinfauns Dr (PBA) Fig 1-140: Urban Main Road, Newhall , Harlow [online] Available at https://www.google.co.uk/maps/@51.7724915,0.1352613,3a,60y,71.65h,90.95t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sSj8qHh21OYrPnqrKwo5mvA!2e0!7i13312!8i6656?hl=en [Accessed Apr. 2017]. Fig 1-141: Urban Main Road, Newhall , Harlow [online] Available at https://www.google.co.uk/maps/@51.7724915,0.1352613,3a,60y,71.65h,90.95t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sSj8qHh21OYrPnqrKwo5mvA!2e0!7i13312!8i6656?hl=en [Accessed Apr. 2017]. Fig 1-142: Urban block in Vauban (Duffy, et al., 2017) Fig 1-143: Proposed Urban Main Rd Linkwood Dr (PBA) Fig 1-144: Swales Housing Expo Scotland (Scotland, 2010) Fig 1-145: Local Main Road , Newhall, Harlow

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[online] Available at https://www.google.co.uk/maps/@51.7726244,0.1360672,3a,75y,76.5h,93.35t/data=!3m7!1e1!3m5!1sUNGQv29Ke7JxWa9WgUVeTg!2e0!6s%2F%2Fgeo1.ggpht.com%2Fcbk%3Fpanoid%3DUNGQv29Ke7JxWa9WgUVeTg%26output%3Dthumbnail%26cb_client%3Dmaps_sv.tactile.gps%26thumb%3D2%26w%3D203%26h%3D100%26yaw%3D75.55129%26pitch%3D0%26thumbfov%3D100!7i13312!8i6656?hl=en [Accessed Apr. 2017]. Fig 1-146: Proposed Local Main Road , (PBA)ztt Fig 1-147: Residential Street, Newhall, Harlow [online] Available at https://www.google.co.uk/maps/@51.7733484,0.1361379,3a,75y,36.59h,91.04t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sK-e1MtvhWEq2fiP7zeModg!2e0!7i13312!8i6656?hl=en [Accessed Apr. 2017]. Fig 1-148: Residential Street, Poundbury [online] Available at https://www.google.co.uk/maps/@50.711373,-2.4626261,3a,60y,349.81h,93.89t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1shD9xAJL5RmINn5jDuBgfLg!2e0!7i13312!8i6656?hl=en [Accessed Apr. 2017]. Fig 1-149: Proposed Local A Residential Road (PBA) Fig 1-150: Residential Street, Poundbury [online] Available at https://www.google.co.uk/maps/@50.7122616,-v2.4657807,3a,75y,93.43h,92.85t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sGGSl-mqlrvTw5WKblDr72A!2e0!7i13312!8i6656?hl=en [Accessed Apr. 2017]. Fig 1-151: Woonerf -Shared surface & materials [online] Available at https://www.pinterest.com/pin/222928250282847903/?lp=true [Accessed Apr. 2017]. Fig 1-152: English Woonerf - Home Zone [online] Available at http://sheffieldcyclechic.tumblr.com/post/468922245/speed [Accessed Apr. 2017]. Fig 1-153: Street at the Boundary of a Common- Poundbury [online] Available at https://www.google.co.uk/maps/@50.7133128,-2.4659931,3a,60y,265.92h,91.5t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1s9_gTkgpMpdwPGOtP-uKs8A!2e0!7i13312!8i6656?hl=en [Accessed Apr. 2017]. Fig 1-154: Proposed Local B - Woonerf (PBA) Fig 1-155: Woonerf -taking it easy [online] Available at http://sheffieldcyclechic.tumblr.com/post/468922245/speed [Accessed Apr. 2017]. Fig 1-156: Proposed Local C Mews (PBA) Fig 1-157: Leith Fort â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Mews [online] Available at http://www.collectivearchitecture.com/projects/leith-fort [Accessed Apr. 2017]. Fig 1-158: Leith Fort Amenity Space [online] Available at http://www.collectivearchitecture.com/projects/leith-fort [Accessed Apr. 2017]. Fig 1-159: Colony - double frontage (Government, 2010) Fig 1-160: Proposed Colony Mews Street, Drumchapel (PBA) Fig 1-161: Critical street an square proportions (Government, 2010) Fig 1-162: Example of poorly designed place (Government, 2010) Fig 1-163: Streets as places first (Government, 2010) Fig 1-164: Example of the Green common area

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List of Figures Google.co.uk. (2018). [online] Available at: z https://www.google.co.uk/maps/place/Accordia. Fig 1-165: Example of the Green common area King’s Cross. (2018). image_4008_1500_10501.jpg - King’s Cross.zz Fig 1-166: Example of the Green common area Google.co.uk. (2018). [online] Available at: https://www.google.co.uk/maps/place/Newhall. Fig 1-167: Example of park outdoor gym in Edinburgh Elgt.org.uk. (2018). Edinburgh & Lothians Greenspace Trust - Edinburgh’s First Outdoor Gym. Fig 1-168: Example of the pergola and the sitting in the public space Pinterest. (2018). Pinterest. [online] Available at: https://www.pinterest.com.au/. Fig 1-169: Example of the activities and amenities in the green park Glasgow, P. (2018). Parks & Gardens-Things To Do | People Make Glasgow. [online] Peoplemakeglasgow.com. Fig 1-170: Example of the environment in the green park. Architecture AU. (2018). Home. [online] Available at: https://architectureau.com/. Fig 1-171: Examples of the kind of used flowers Growwilduk.com. (2018). Homepage EN | Grow Wild. [online] Available at: https://www.growwilduk.com/. Fig 1-172 Example of the light elements in the Squares iGuzzini North America, C. (2018). King’s Cross Square Lighting Project - iGuzzini. Fig 1-173: Example of the canopy in the Market Place Afasiaarchzine.com. (2018). Attack Detected. [online] Available at: http://afasiaarchzine.com/2014/02/localarchitecture-2/. Fig 1-174: Example of seats in the public spaces MCrassus Art. (2018). “Design of the ground public space University Parking” – 8’th place. Fig 1-175: Example of the water feature in the Market Place Landezine-award.com. (2018). TANJONG PAGAR PARK « Landezine International Landscape Award LILA. Fig1-176: Lack of connection in existing ecological network. Rabail Akhtar, Racheal Kennedy, Tuqba Ozer, Urban Chapel, strategy booklet, 2017 Fig1-177: Existing ecological networks in Drumchapel Rabail Akhtar, Racheal Kennedy, Tuqba Ozer, Urban Chapel, strategy booklet, 2017 Fig1-178: healthy food healthy life Google, 2018 https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=food+production&safe=strict&rlz=1C1CHBD_enPK759PK759&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjmqpTn1cbaAhWLKcAKHYZfBZsQ_AUICigB&biw=1536&bih=735 Fig1-179: Portland farmer market. Hannah Norman, Farming and the city 2016

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https://www.wcmt.org.uk/sites/.../Norman%20H%20Report%202016%20Final.pdf Fig1-180: Production of seedlings, Vivero Alamar Architectural review, 2016, Havana urban farming https://www.architectural-review.com/rethink/cubas-urban-farming-revolution-how-to-create-self-sufficient-cities/8660204.article Fig1-181: Rotonda de Cojimar, Havana, Cuba Architectural review,2016 https://www.architectural-review.com/rethink/cubas-urban-farming-revolution-how-to-create-self-sufficient-cities/8660204.article Fig1-1182Location of Green plateau (Google earth, 2018) Fig1-183: Public square (Google, 2018) Fig1-184: Arch daily, 2016, Agro food park Master plan (google,2018) https://www.archdaily.com/794507/agro-food-park-expansion-in-denmark-to-combine-urbanity-and-agriculture Fig1-185: South facing Allotments Fig1-186 Orchard planting Chris Wiseman and Marc Miller, Bridging the Islands, Master planning booklet, 2016 Fig1-187:Kaushik,2015,The 100 Stepped Garden at Awaji Yumebutai ,Google,2018 http://www.amusingplanet.com/2015/08/the-100-stepped-garden-of-awaji.html Fig1-188: Community growing space Patrick-Scotland Chris Wiseman and Marc Miller, Bridging the Islands, Master planning booklet, 2016 Fig1-189: Inver Leith, Edinburg (Allotment guide, 2013) Scotland allotments and garden society (SAGS), Scotland allotment guide, 2013 ,Google,2018 www.sags.org.uk/docs/ScotlandAllotmentDesignGuide.pd Fig1-191: P.I.N.E. Project, Toronto, Canada URS AECOM, consultant draft, Glasgow open space strategy, 2011, google, https://www.glasgow.gov.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=9478&p=0 Fig1-192: P.I.N.E. Project, Toronto, Canada (allotment guide, 2013) URS AECOM, consultant draft, Glasgow open space strategy, 2011, google, https://www.glasgow.gov.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=9478&p=0 Fig1-193: Plant spacing on allotments (The food project, n.d ) Fig1-194: Herbs and plants encourage biodiversity (Allotment guide,2013) Scotland allotments and garden society (SAGS), Scotland allotment guide, 2013 ,Google,2018

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List of Figures www.sags.org.uk/docs/ScotlandAllotmentDesignGuide.pd Fig1-195: Naturalising wood planting. Chris Wiseman and Marc Miller, Bridging the Islands, Master planning booklet, Fig1-196: Wild flower meadow planting. Chris Wiseman and Marc Miller, Bridging the Islands, Master planning booklet, Image credit: Fig1-197: Drumchapel flood map existing Akhtar,kennedy,ozer Urban chapel, strategy booklet,2017 Fig1-198: Drumchapel flood map proposed Akhtar, kennedy, ozer Urban chapel,strategy booklet,2017 Fig1-199,1-200: Flood in Drumchapel (Google, 2018) https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=floods+in+drumchapel+2017&safe=strict&rlz=1C1CHBD_enPK759PK759&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjp77ylzdfXAhUGAxoKHQzcDZsQ_AUICygC&biw=1920&bih=974 Fig1-201: Section Woonerf Street SUDS walkway. Fig1-202: SUDS walkways UACDC, Low Impact Development Manual for Michigan, Conservation Buffers:

Design Guidelines for Buffers, Corridors, and Greenways,2010

Fig1-203: Gibbs Street, Ottawa, Canada Chris Wiseman and Marc Miller, Bridging the Islands, Master planning booklet,2016 Fig1-204: Buckley Hill, Hobsonville, NZ Chris Wiseman and Marc Miller, Bridging the Islands, Master planning booklet,2016 Fig1-205: George Street, Australia Chris Wiseman and Marc Miller, Bridging the Islands, Master planning booklet,2016 Fig1-206: Illustrative Local Shared Space Road Chris Wiseman and Marc Miller, Bridging the Islands, Master planning booklet,2016 Fig1-207: Curb alternative: Siskiyou Street Portland, Oregon (UACDC,2010) Fig1-208: Botanizing Lawn (UACDC, 2010 ) Fig1-209: New Hall harrow England. (Design Scotland, nd ) Chris Wiseman and Marc Miller, Bridging the Islands, Master planning booklet,2016 Fig1-210: Mechanism of bio swale with check dam (UACDC,2010) UACDC, Low Impact Development Manual for Michigan, Conservation Buffers:

Design Guidelines for Buffers, Corridors, and Greenways,2010

Fig1-211: Commonwealth SUDS basin (Google,2018) Common wealth village SUDS, The Metropolitan Glasgow Strategic Drainage Partnership, Briefing Note 14 - Winter 2014/15 https://www.mgsdp.org/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=37931&p=0

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Fig1-212: Sustainable urban drainage streets in Malmo. (Google,2018) BO o1 Malmo Sweden, Urban green-blue grid for sustainable and resilient cities, http://www.urbangreenbluegrids.com/projects/bo01-city-of-tomorrow-malmo-sweden/ Fig1-213: Pixelated parking (UACDC,2010) UACDC, Low Impact Development Manual for Michigan, Conservation Buffers:

Design Guidelines for Buffers, Corridors, and Greenways,2010

Fig1-214: Tree filter box (UACDC, 2010) UACDC, Low Impact Development Manual for Michigan, Conservation Buffers:

Design Guidelines for Buffers, Corridors, and Greenways,2010

Fig1-215-216: parking lots in Missouri Botanical Garden (Google, 2018) Missouri Botanical Garden. St Louis, Missouri, Google http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/sustainability/sustainability/sustainability-in-action/at-the-Missouri-botanical-garden/built-environment.aspx Fig1-217: Riparian Buffer diagram (UACDC,2010) UACDC, Low Impact Development Manual for Michigan, Conservation Buffers: Design Guidelines for Buffers, Corridors, and Greenways,2010 Fig1-218: Commonwealth SUDS basin (Google 2018) Common wealth village SUDS, The Metropolitan Glasgow Strategic Drainage Partnership, Briefing Note 14 - Winter 2014/15 https://www.mgsdp.org/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=37931&p=0 Fig1-219: Nodes (PBA) Fig1-220: Nodes & Street Network (PBA) Fig1-221: Pedestrian Priority(PBA) Fig1-222: Built-up areas (PBA) Fig1-223: Formal external spaces(PBA) Fig1-224: Neighbourhood Commmon(PBA) Fig1-225: Plots(PBA) Fig1-226: Plateau Allotments(PBA) Fig1-227: Drumlins(PBA) Fig1-228: Swales , SUDS, Trees(PBA) Fig1-229: Designed Green Network(PBA) Fig1-230: SUDS Alone (PBA) Fig1-232: Tenements & townhouses (PBA) Fig1-233: Tenements & townhouses & Semi- Detached(PBA) Fig1-234: Tenements & townhouses & Semi- Detached & Detached(PBA) Fig1-235: Specialist Buildings alone(PBA) Fig1-236: Specialist Buildings(PBA) Fig1-237: Figure Ground Existing(PBA) Fig1-238: Figure Ground Proposed(PBA)

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Department of Architecture University of Strathclyde Glasgow strath.ac.uk/engineering/architecture/