2.2. Methodology

• The extent to which the citizens feel comfortable in their surroundings and are included in the processes of crime identification and management – how prepared and aware they are of what to do at the time of emergencies

While the above questions largely directed the research of this goal in Trondheim, the following sections specify the qualitative assessment of the two chosen indicators further outlined in 2.2. presently applicable in the city.

2.2. Methodology

As it is understood from the description of the goal section and according to the core UEP values, this study is highly subjective. It involves interviews with various stakeholders dealing with emergency situations in the city of Trondheim. The first step in assessing the comprehensive security and rule of law in the city, was to understand the various stresses and shocks that the city and its residents have undergone in the past and those that have a high probability of occurrence in the future. Various reports such as the risk assessment of Trøndelag (2014) were partially translated and studied. Through the report, the consequence of a hazard and its likelihood (Figure 6) of occurrence were analyzed, to identify one or two indicators to elaborate in the goal 5, in the context of Trondheim city.

Figure 1 - Consequences and likelihood of occurrence of various stresses or shocks in Trondheim (Stavnas, 2018)

Through the literature study it was quite evident that the city, though has a high probability of the occurrence of natural disasters (considering its proximity to the coast and the presence of quick clay across major parts of the city), also has a likelihood of crime and terror attacks. In Norway, the police are responsible for preventing and stopping terrorism. This job however requires coordinated efforts involving several operators, including the defense, health care and immigration authorities. Although being the capital city, Oslo most likely has the biggest threatening aspects, an attack on Trondheim is a scenario that cannot be ruled out since the international student festival is scheduled to be held in Trondheim in 2019, which could possibly be a target for terror attacks. In this regard, the policing systems in Norway have undergone major technological and research shifts in terms of deterring crime. Bearing in mind the above context, two indicators were selected to further analyze and assess the law and security aspect:

• Effective systems to deter crime • Competent policing

Effective systems to deter crime & competent policing

Both indicators deal with integrated, collaborative and resourceful mechanisms to deter crime. Effective systems to identify crime are quite critical to increase a sense of safety amongst city residents, also indirectly reducing costs associated with fighting crime and to create a secure business environment that will attract inward investment (Silva and Morera, 2014). The indicators consider the 4