A Future for Church Buildings: Seven churches in Oss and Uden by Urban Lab

A FUTURE FOR CHURCH BUILDINGS CHURCH ANALYSIS - OCTOBER 2018

Urbanism & Urban Architecture Ir. Marcel Musch | Geert Das MSc.

1. Heilige Antonius Abtkerk Volkel, Gemeente Uden

2. Heilige Kruisvindingskerk Odiliapeel, Gemeente Uden

3. St. Jacobus de Meerderekerk Zeeland, Gemeente Uden

4. Heilige Geestkerk Oss, Gemeente Oss

5. St. Servatiuskerk Megen, Gemeente Oss

6. Garnizoenskerk Ravenstein, Gemeente Oss

7. Paaskerk, Oss, Gemeente Oss

1.1 VOLKEL, ANTONIUS ABT KERK General information

Volkel is a church village located in the municipality of Uden. The neighborhoods within the boundaries of Volkel include: Vliegbasis Volkel, BuitengebiedVolkel and Kom Volkel which mostly covers the village.

Moreover, Volkel village has a number of municipal monuments, which include a few houses dated around 1900, an old firehouse in Heuvelstraat, what used to be the prebystery beside the church, among others located in the outskirts.

1. Rudigerstraat in Volkel, the Van Dieten mill and Antoniuos Abtkerk are visible on the back. 2. Front of the church before the Schakelplein. 3. Volkel village in 1953.

The most likely explanation of the meaning of the name Volkel corresponds to “the forest of Fulco”. Where Volke- would be a variant to man’s name Fulco and the slot -l is a relic to the suffix “-loo” which means forest. The village lies south-east of Uden and historically was the edge of civilization, behind Volkel started the wilderness.

In Volkel’s region, there are 4 national monuments: the stand mill at Brabantstraat, the Diesselhangar at Volkel Air base, the Sacred Heart Image from 1926 by J. Dechin, and the Antonius Abt Kerk at Kloosterstraat.

4. Volkel village in 1978.

Sources: BHIC archives. Statistics from: allecijfers.nl

The village currently has 2,265 inhabitants. Since 2013, the population has increased only by 5 inhabitants. 59% of Volkel’s population correspond to persons of 45 years or older, 17% between 25 and 45 years old, 11% between 15 and 25, and 13% from 0 to 15 years old. Today, there are 1,012 homes in the village, where only 3% were built after 2000. Moreover, Volkel has a total of 165 business establishments where: 30% belong to trade and catering sector; 18% to the industry and energy; 18% to business services; 18% to culture, recreation and other services; 12% to financial services and real state; and 3% to transport information and communication. These statistics consider only the polygon of Kom Volkel. In addition, the region of Volkel is mainly known by the Volkel air base and the recreation park in Hemelrijk. The Volkel air base is currently in use by the Royal Netherlands Air Force, and Volkel is highly affected by the noise pollution produced by the air base. On the other hand, the Hemelrijk, located southeast of Volkel, is particularly popular in summer months for its large beach pool, and its outdoor and indoor playgrounds.

Scale: 1:5000

1.1.1 Historical map The historical map shows the urban development of Volkel village over the years. From black to lighter gray, shaded shapes represent where settlements mainly concentrated form 1815 to 1990. The todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Antonius Abt kerk is highlited in red, present since 1938 but the first chapel was founded in 1455.

The most noticeable urban growth corresponds around 1975. In addition, the map of 1990 is smilar to the current urban layout.

1990 1975 1945 1900 1815

Historical Information In 1455, the first chapel in Volkel village is founded, part of the Uden mother church, and was dedicated to Anthony Abt and St. Barbara. The oldest existent entry of Volkel however, is in a deed of 1313 in which Rutger van Herpen, Lord of Uden, Boekel and Zeeland issues common grounds to residents of Volkel and Boekel. This means that already existed a Volkel community back then. In 1635, the chapel was set on fire and was rebuilt more than a century later in 1740. In 1836, the chapel was enlarged, and in 1855 the chapel was elevated to a full parish church. With the growth of the community, the extensions to the original chapel made way for a real church. The current parish church of Volkel was built in 1938, designed by architect Van Halteren from ‘s-Hertogenbosch. Halteren’s creation was designated in 2001 as a national monument. Processions used to take place alongside the Antoniusstraat from the former procession park in the east between Antoniusstraat and Wilgenstraat. Volkel’s inhabitants were historically either farmers or shepherds, and a few practiced crafts related to agricultural life, like millers. At the beginning of the 19th century, the mill “Heike” existed. Frans van Dieten built a new stone scafolled mill in the village at the beginning of the 20th century, which used to be in the today’s Schakelplein. In 1949 however, the mill was completeley destroyed by a fire. The “Heike” mill was moved and also destroyed by a fire years later, but after several years it was ‘gloriuosly’ restored and it now stands in the Brabanstraat. In 1926 onwards, the surrounding heathlands began to be exploited on a large scale.

1815

1900

The historical urban development of the village is characterized by a convergence of roads around the chapel, or after 1855, the church of the village. Settelments have gathered around this central point, extending outward over time.

Sources: BHIC archives. Urban history information taken from: topotijdreis.nl

In 1815, the main road in Volkel is visible, which went from Uden to the road the united Zeeland and Boekel. Almost a century later, the main road is divided in two main routes, and a few trails are outlined around the outskirts. Settlements congregate mainly where the intersection of these roads converge. In 1945, the today’s church is present. The urban development expands not only in direction to the main roads but also towards other trails around the main intersection. In maps of 1975, it is visible that more primary roads are added to the urban layout and some residential complexes are visible with a more orthogonal typology. The main developments took place in this period. In the today’s building age map in this booklet, it is visible that a lot of constructions are dated around 1950 to 1970. Around 1988, the N264 highway north the village is built. Together with the N605 on the west, these two roads limit the urban expansion on these sides of the village.

1945

1975

1990

Scale: 1:2000

1.1.2 Morphological map The morphological map of Volkel shows the village layout with the plot lands. The plot corresponding to the Antonius Abtkerk still remains with the general original shape. It is visible that the church was meant to face the Kloosterstraat, while the lateral facade was meant to face the Antoniusstraat which name changes after the intersection to Rudigerstraat.

The urban growth and the different redesigns of the main intersection have left the church with an â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;awkwardâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; orientation.

Scale: 1:2000

1.1.3 Inverse Morphological map The inverse morphological map highlights the space between the buildings to appreciate the villageâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s morphology. A triangular void is visble in the central point of the village.

Because of the number of trails that converge here, it remains unsure how traffic flows without knowledge of the street arrangement.

Scale: 1:5000

1.1.4 Infrastructure map The infrastructure map shows the primary, secondary and tertiary roads of the village. The N264 on the north is highlighted in red for being the main highway. The N605 on the west is a regional road. The lighter red roads represent the main local roads which include the Antoniusstraat or Rudigerstraat, Schoolstraat, Kloosterstraat, Heikantsepad towards the south, and Nieuwstraat towards the north. The rest of the local streets remain in white.

The public transport routes go along the N605 and along the Rudigerstraat or Antoniusstraat. In the axonometry on the next page The main connection routes around the church can be seen. These are the Antoniusstraat or Rudigerstraat, the Kloosterstraat and the Schakelplein road. These roads intersect on the corner beside the church, and shape the todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Schakelplein.

Primary Infrastructure Secondary Infrastructure Tertiary Infrastructure

Scale: 1:5000

1.1.5 Green map The plots corresponding to forest, farmland and grass are represented in the green map. Along the N254, grass and forest green are visible which help separate the industrial park of Uden with Volkel. When the farmland green starts on both sides of the road in the northeast, boundaries between both sides are less visible. Farmland green mainly concentrates in the northeast and in the southeast of the village. Green public spaces are located in focal points in the village.

Small parks and playgrounds are visible besides the cementery and besides the tennis club and the soccer club in the north. A green space with a court and playground can also be found behind the school buildings along the Schoolstraat. The cementery is not represented with green, but is located below the churchâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s block in the big empty square.

Transitional Agricultural Visionary Water

Scale: 1:2000

1.1.6 Height map Sources: Height information taken from ahn. arcgisonline.nl

The height map illustrates the difference of heights in the buildings of the village. Most of the buildings consist of houses with double-pitched roofs where the highest point oscillates between 6 and 10 meters. Not considering the church, the highest buildings in the village are about 11 or 12 meters high which includes what used to be the presbytery besides the church and a house from 1920 in the Rudigerstraat.

Apart from that, the buildings in the village have an uniformity along the facades appreciated in the heights and the architecture of the buildings. In the sections, it visible that the church has a drastic height difference from the rest of the buildings of the village. The highest point in the tower is about 44 meters high without taking the cross into consideration. This makes the church visible in the entire village.

0-5 M 6-10 M 11-15 M +40 M

A-A’

B-B’

Location Map Scale: 1: 2500

Scale: 1:1000

Scale: 1:2000

1.1.7 Functions map Sources: Land Use information taken from kadaster.nl

The Functions map indicates the land use in the buildings of the village. The village mainly consists of residential buildings. The non-residential buildings concentrate mainly around the Schakelplein. The buildings in darker gray correspond to social land use, which include the school buildings at Schoolstraat, a library and a sports center infront of the Schakelplein, the church, and some others with a gathering function.

The commercial and offices buildings are located likewise in the villageâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s core, and include a Jumbo supermarket, a hairsalon, a pharmacy, a bank and several restaurants. On the other hand, the industrial buildings include a second hand store, a car repair and maintenance establishment, a catering service, a bicycle store, among others. Therefore, the main public space of village is around the Schakelplein and around the church where the main services converge.

Residential Offices Industrial Commercial Social

Immediate surrounding analysis

Orientation Analysis of Church Map of 1953 * Dashed lines indicate possible height and shape of existing buildings at the time.

Scale: 1:2000

Sources: Information of urban layout of village in 1953 taken from archives of BHIC. * See also: Photograph number 2 of Front of Church in Urban Analysis

In the immediate surrounding analysis, all the buildings with a non-residential function are shaded in gray. These correspond to the main services in the village whether commercial, of offices, industrial or social land use. In the todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Schakelplein, the church seems isolated from the rest of the activities due to its orientation. The orientation analysis diagram tries to explain this.

In the 1953 diagram, it is visible that the villageâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s core functioned differently. The Frans van Dieten mill is no longer present, but the void where it stood is visible between the buildings in the small island block. It is possible that the church was meant to be oriented towards the old intersection of streets.

Scale: 1:2000

1.1.8 Building Age map Sources: Building age information taken from: code.waag.org/buildings

The building age map shows in ranges the year of construction of the buildings in the village. The oldest building is dated to 1835 and is located around a few other constructions before 1900, along the Antoniusstraat. A few other buildings built between 1900 and 1944 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; including the church â&#x20AC;&#x201C; are located around this same street, and the Rudigerstraat, and some others around the Kloosterstraat.

It is visible that most of the constructions took place between 1945 and 1974, where more orthogonal residential complexes were created. Very few buildings however, are dated from 1996 to the present.

+1996 1975-1995 1945-1974 1900-1944 <1899

Today

1977

1953

1860

Scale: 1:5000

Sources: BHIC archives. * Historical diagrams are approximate.

As it has been mentioned, the continuous redesign of the same intersection is visible in different historical maps. Because of the number of roads and trails converging here, the intersection has been adapted to the needs of the time. The Frans van Dieten mill is not visible in any diagram as it was built at the beginning of the 20th century and destroyed in 1949. The church though was built when the mill existed.

Moreover, the Schakelplein is visible in a map dated of 1977, probably de redesign took place along with several other constructions of residential buildings. The urban growth has slowly pressured this intersection leaving doubts of the origins of the churchâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s orientation.

Antonius Abt Kerk Old Church Roads

1.1.9 Conclusion The urban structure of Volkel is characterized by a convergence of roads around the village’s church. The first main road – visible in maps dated of 1815 – would cross in a diagonal the today’s urban shape, however it after divided in the today’s main roads. In the 1850’s, roads were shaped around the center of the village, creating a void around Volkel’s chapel without a precise shape. The village’s development originated firstly towards two directions, and afterwards in direction towards several trails. The main developments are dated between 1950 and 1970, where residential complexes were shaped with a more ortogonal layout.

The Antonius Abt Kerk is a landmark for the Volkel community. Although the main intersection has been redesign several times over time, the respect to the church’s surroundings is appreciated even in the parcel’s shape that has not changed much. This has however, excluded the church from the main activities around the public space in the intersection. The street arrangment has not lined up with the church’s orientation but rather with the needs of the community over time.

Development in 1900 Development in 1945 Antonius AbtKerk

1.2 HEILIGE ANTONIUS ABT KERK General information The oldest chapel that has adorned the small village of Volkel has served the community up until 1835. On October the 10th of 1836 the “New Church” was opened. The project was co-financed by none less than King William I of the Netherlands after requests of Rector J. van Maren. This new church was renovated and extended in order to attain more sense of grandeur. Between 1880-1882 various additions were made to this church, varying from an addition of a choir to the widening of the nave. After these renovations the church was tormented with various defects of which the worst was the continuously leaking slate roof. After various restoration attempts of the roof the entire building was taken down in 1937. Upon this a new church, the Heilige Antonius Abt kerk as we know it today, was erected within a year. The consecration of the building as it is still present today happened on the 24th of October 1938 under Pastor L.J. Van Vroonhoven. The construction of the building that happened within just a single year was mainly possible through the combined funds of the community of Volkel. Together they raised over 30.000 guilders to erect the new church building. The architect they chose to design the building was J. van Halteren, an architect from Den Bosch. Together with contractor J. Versteegde (one of the many contributors to the funding) from Volkel and overseer de Rooy from the neighbouring village of Uden, the construction of the Heilige Antonius Abt kerk was realized.

With its 80 years this church building has a relatively short history, however it has been a turbulent one. Facilitating its basement shortly as a hideout during the beginning of the Second World War and the village surviving the bombings of the allied forces on September 5th 1944 of the North-Brabant area. During this period the German occupiers took both bells that adorned the church tower, after the war to be found back in the village of Liempde where it had stranded after the sinking of the ship both bells were on board. The Architect The architect, Johannes van Halteren, got the work for the new church commisioned in 1937 and was one of the first churches he designed. Amongst his other works are the monasteries Piushoeve in Nijmegen (NL) and Sister Franciscan in Aalst (NL), and various other churches such as Dominicus church in Tiel (NL) and the Victor church in Wamel (NL). Van Halteren worked for various architecture firms before being employed by the Governmental Building Agency. After his discharge at the Governmental Building Agency he started a firm in ‘s-Hertogenbosch (NL) and teamed up with architect W. van Aalst with whom he created his biggest works from 1925 onward. Johannes van Halteren is mostly known for his institutes for education, churches and monasteries. Amongst these larger projects Van Halteren also realized various villa’s in the south of the Netherlands.

Though still seeming a quite sober church considering the wealth and opulence of other NorthBrabant Catholic churches, the church was even less decorated after it had first come to use. It was in 1947 that the church gained its now notable ‘gallery of saints and figures’ that adorn all the columns in the church. The figurative ‘columnheads’ were commissioned by Pastor P.J. de Bree and realized by Albert Meertens, a sculptor from Berg en Dal. In total these new ‘capitals’ show a set of 54 different figures from old and new testament.

1. Roofstructure of the new church being built (1938) 2. Consecration of the Heilige Antonius Abt Church in Volkel by L.J. van Vroonhoven (October 24th 1938) 3. Demolition of the old church of Volkel (1937) 4. Interior of the old church in one of the last services held there (date unknown)

Sources: “Volkels Kerk Viert Veertig!” Hans Sluijters & Jan Buur Van Lanen Druk B.V. October 1978, Uden “Persoonlijkheden in het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden” N. Japikse & H.P. van den Aardweg Van Holkema en Warendorf 1938, Amsterdam

1.2.1 Construction 1. Construction analysis Floorplan 2. Construction analysis Sections

Buing built in the 1930s in the Netherlands the church is realized in the classical fashion of North-Brabant Catholic churches where all of the present structure serves as a loadbearing component. As can be seen in the sections on the next page and the three dimensional section of a part of the nave and aisles show that the ribbed structure forms the backbone of the main body of the church.

These ribs are then carefully filled in with slightly curved ceiling elements, drawn up in brickwork as well. The joining and exceptions needed to achieve the full masonry work that this church is can be seen in the three dimensional analysis of the ribbed structure.

Load Bearing

I. Ribbed Structure

II. Roof & Wall Fill-Ins

1. Construction Nave section 2. Construction analysis Longtitudonal 3D section

III. Roofstructure Exemptions

The rib-structure of the church can be clearly seen in the primary three dimensional drawing. In the analysis of this section of the church two seperate ‘fill-ins’ are highlighted; Wall-elements and ceiling elements. The ceiling through the curvature of the brickwork requires a ‘joining’ element that can be described as a ‘fisheye’ in the brickwork of the ceiling between the ribs.

IV. Joining of Roof and Wall in the Nave

Due to the gothic pointed-arch windows that are cutout in the section where ceiling and wall fill-ins meet there is a cutout of the curved brickwork necessary, as can be seen in darkest red in drawings III and IV on this page. As can be seen in later analyses the construction forms literally and figuratively the ‘backbone’ of this church design.

I. Floorplan Antonius Abt Church

IV. Proportion

II. Rhythm

V. Geometry

III. Symmetry

VI. Axes of Gravity

1.2.2 Structure 1. Structural analysis Floorplan 2. Structural analysis Section and Elevation

The columns, part of the ribs, together with the butresses compose the main grid and structuring of the building. The ribs in their turn mirror alongside the main axis of symmetry. The church building can thereafter be divided in two major rectangular shapes (the nave and what can be seen as a transept) of equal importance, enclosed by two minor geometrical shapes (see drawing IV and V). These can be seen in plan view but also in the elevations and the sections.

When looking at the setup of these geometrical compositions it is visible that both shapes form the primary body of the church, both planwise and sectionwise, and are only flanked by the tower and apse. Dividing these into the centers of gravity it is clear that the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;divineâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; aspect is one of the few that follows these centers of gravity through placing the new altar onto it.

Primary Secondary

I. Rhythm

II. Proportion

III. Axes of Geometry

I. Religious Spatial Division

IV. Entrances

II. Congregational Spatial Division

V. Ascention Points

III. Structural Spatial Division

VI. Routing

1.2.3 Space & Routing 1. Spatial analysis Floorplan 2. Spatial analysis Sections

Elaborating on the division of the building through structure lies the division of the building through space. This division follows closely that of construction and structure. Noting that the main spaces of congregation and religious practicing embody the two main bodyparts that came about through structure; the nave and what can be referred to as a minor transept. Structurally it is again the same division with the main body parts flanked by parts of ‘lesser importance’ all strung together along the axis of symmetry of the entire building.

In the sections this division of spaces becomes even more clear with the ‘primary’ spaces that can be derived from structure, construction and spatial importance embody a much larger volume of the church. Not only are these spaces wider they are also much higher than the rest of the spaces adjacent to these main bodyparts of the church (again nave and minor transept). This adds into the importance and divine nature of these two spaces, giving an additional sense of congregating and at the same time the impending divinity of God.

Primary Secondary Tertiary

I. Religious Spatial Division

II. Congregational Spatial Division

III. Structural Spatial Division

I. Facade Geometry

II. Facade Openings

III. Constructional Elements

1.2.4 Facades 1. Facade Analysis South and West facade 2. Facade Aanalysis North and East facade

As stated in the previous sections the church manifests itself mostly through two main body components, that of the nave and that of the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;transeptâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. This is visible in the elevations as well. Traditionally in church facades only in the side-facades (North and South) these two spaces manifest themself because the nave follows the width of the church tower and the transept mirrors the height of the nave.

Because in this church both do not apply, the two spaces manifest themselves not only in the side facades but also in the front and back facades (East and West). Secondary to this, once again construction manifests itself. Through the many butresses of the church, which give it its heaviness and earthiness, the facade is primarily structured, adding to the readability of the facades.

Primary Secondary Tertiary Window Openings

I. Facade Geometry

II. Facade Openings

III. Constructional Elements

I. Ornamentation Exterior

II. Ornamentation Interior

1.2.5 Ornament 1. Ornament Analysis Interior and Exterior 2. Ornament Analysis Interior

Though notably less decorated than traditional Dutch Catholic churches, the Antonius Abt church does have some unique ornamentation that follows the structure and construction, namely the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;capitalsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, added later to the church design. Through the hands of sculptor Meertens all columns in the church were decorated with each face filled with figures of the old and new testament and church history, symbolically having the whole space supported by these figures.

The ornamentation shows a clear distinction with the outward facing sides for the old testament, the first two columns for the connectors of old and new testament (John the Baptist and Joseph). The 14 inward facing sides for the new testament and the remainder sides for figures of Church history amongst them Benedict, Dominic and Francis as well as 4 Dutch saints: Petrus Canisius, Leonardus van Veghel, Liduina and Petrus Donders.

II. Ornamentation Interior

I. Floorplan Antonius Abt Church

II. Scheme Bonifatius Church Leeuwarden

I. Floorplan Antonius Abt Church

III. Scheme ´Kloostergang Dom Utrecht´

I. Floorplan Antonius Abt Church

IV. Merged Scheme

1.2.6 Type 1. Comparative Analysis Type 2. 3D views Antonius Abt Church

The construction and geometric structure of the building with its balance between the ‘transept’ and the nave can be seen as a-typical to the type of Dutch Catholic churches. With its aisles much heavier subordanited to the nave compared to a ‘traditional’ catholic church, the focus of the body of the church lies on the center of congregation. This resembles much more closely that of the typology of an ambulatory in monasteries.

Comparing the Antonius Abt church to these two different types shows that the church in itself in structure is a merge of the both. With a very wide nave, yet still relying on the flanking of the central symmetry-axis the church shows characteristics of both the ambulatory and the traditional catholic church. However compared to the traditional church the aisles serve more a spectator function rather than addition to the congregating.

Proportion Primary Geometry Primary Direction

1.2.7 Conclusional 1. 3D Exterior Analysis summary 2. 3D Interior Analsysis summary

The construction, structure and spatial hierarchy of the church are all closely intertwined. In each layer of the building the setup of the church through its ribs and buttresses shows both in the interior and the exterior is communicated. In all elevations, the sections and the floorplans it is visible that the church is primarily composed of two main body parts, that what can be referred to as the ‘nave’ of this church and that what can be seen as a ‘minor transept’.

These two manifest themselves very clearly and add to the readability of the church and its spaces. Seeing the wide structure of the church and thusly the wide spaces that are present in it the church really is a set of two dominant spaces that are both centrally oriented, which deviates from the traditional ‘sequence of divine spaces’ and more longtitudonal design of traditional catholic churches. It is this proportional difference that sets this church apart from other, traditional, catholic churches.

Rhythm Minor Transept Nave

265x388mm

2.1 Odiliapeel, Heilige Kruisvindingkerk General information

The history of Odiliapeel starts with some roads through heather and swamps. In 1919, one began with reclamation of the moorland in â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;De Peelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. The first farms appear in 1922. After twelve farms and another nine agricultural businesses, the village Terraveen was founded.

The chuch, designed by Jan de Jong, follows the architectural movement Bossche School. Bossche School is an architectural movement based on the ideas of dom Hans van der Laan. The most important design concepts are the plastic number and numerical relationships.

In 1930, the village was renamed to Odiliapeel. The name Odilia comes from the sacred Odilia, patroness of the order of the holy cross, who was responsible for the mental health and religion of the village. Peel comes from the name of the moorland where the village is situated.

Van der Laan believed that the golden ratio only works for two-dimensional objects. In architecture, everything is three-dimensional and that is why he searched for the plastic number.

During the great depression, there were several projects initiated to keep people busy. One of these projects was afforestation. The land that was not suitable for farmlands was transformed into woodlands. In 1928, the first school was completed and in 1930, the village got his own church which is shown in the picture below. In 1939, construction started on a small monastry. This construction came to a halt because of the German invasion. The building was completed in 1941.

The left page shows a situation map of Odiliapeel. The church is highlighted in red. 1. http://chmodarch.com/nlindwg/

The church in Odiliapeel was designed as a rectangle where columns determine the central space. By placing this space asymmetrically inside the larger whole and by lowering it into the ground, it became an independant space. Every comparrison with a basilica was prevented. This lead to new opportunities. The funnel-shaped spaces inbetween the outerfacade and the central space create a perspective that stretches these spaces.

During the war, the Germans built an airbase directly North of Odiliapeel because it had acces to a railroad. Unfortunately, some buildings had to be demolished because of the construction of the airbase. Ammunition was stored in the woods directly south of the village. In september 1944, the village was liberated by English and American troops during Operation Market Garden. In may 1945, reconstruction began. In 1957, Jan de Jong designed a plan for the centre of Odiliapeel. The new church was part of this plan. The church was finished in 1959.

Left: An aireal picture of the airbase after being bom bed.Odiliapeel is visible in the bottom of the picture.

High resolution Black&White photograph

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ cc/Vliegveld_Uden_1944.jpg

Top:

The old church that was built by the Kruisheren.

https://www.odiliapeel.com/images/Het_Dorp/ Historie/eerste_kerkje_odiliapeel.jpg

Bottom:

An aireal picture of the new church, designed by Jan de Jong.

https://www.odiliapeel.com/images/Het_Dorp/Historie/ Oude_luchtfoto_van_de_kerk_van_Odiliapeel.jpg

265x308mm

1920

1965

1971

1990

2.1.1 Historical growth 1. https://www.topotijd reis.nl 2.

http://chmodarch.com/ nlindwg/

Odiliapeel was founded as a moorland colony. It started very slowly in the nineteen twenties. At first, the growth of the village went slowly. Except for a few famrs, the village had nothing to offer. After the completion of a school, a church (and after the second world war) the village started to grow faster. In the diagrams at the bottom of the picture, a small timeline is shown. As you can see, the airbase was an important factor in the development of the

infrastructure. The forest directly south of the village is also important for the growth of Odiliapeel. The village grew towards it and still is at the South East corner. Because this is a relatively new village and because there were little natural borders, a grid-system is used for the urban tissue. To have such straight roads is quite characteristic for reclamation villages.

2010

Scale: 1:5000

buildings from 1965 1971 1990 2010 2010+

265x308mm

Scale: 1:2000

2.1.2 Building age 1. https://code.waag.org/ buildings/#51.643,5. 703,15 2.

http://chmodarch.com/ nlindwg/

This map shows the age of buildings that surround the church. Around the church, most buildings are from after the war. There are not many buildings (left) from before 1945. After the war, the village started to extend towards the forest and along the two main axes of the village. After that, the village started to grow in blocks instead of linear. after 1985, only buildings were constructed (surrounding the church) in places where older buildings were demolished.

The white buildings have no information of their year of completion.

year of completion < 1945

1945-1965 1965-1985 1985-2005 2005 <

265x308mm

Scale: 1:10000

2.1.3 Morphology 1.

http://chmodarch.com/ nlindwg/

2. https://www.google.nl/ maps/@51.6444315,5.7 026077,1240m/ data=!3m1!1e3

This map shows the morphology of Odiliapeel. The dark grey buildings represent buildings. The lines are roads or borders. Odiliapeel is not very densely populated. The village itself has got around two thousand inhabitants. The village is pushed into a linear direction.

Because the village is inbetween the airbase and the forest, it is forced to expand along the main axis. In the nearby surroundings of Odiliapeel, there are only farms and agricultural buildings.

buildings

265x308mm

2.1.4 Inverse morphology 1.

http://chmodarch.com/ nlindwg/

2. https://www.google.nl/ maps/@51.6444315,5.7 026077,1240m/ data=!3m1!1e3

This map is a negative of the regular morphology map (on the left page). By changing the colors, the drawing gives a clear explanation of how densely the area is built. The grid structure of the village is also very clear in this map. The main axis is easily recognizeable.

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buildings

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2.1.5 Infrastructure 1.

http://chmodarch.com/ nlindwg/

2. https://www.topotijd reis.nl

The most important connection of the village is the N264, the darkest road in the map. After that, the main axis of Odiliapeel is the most important road. Finally, there is the second axis and some countryroads that have some importantce. The axis was created when the reclamation of the moorland started. There was new ground that could be planned. A straight line was drawn across the landscape. This has become the main axis of Odiliapeel. After

that, a grid system devided the rest of the land in rectangular or triagular shapes.

Church Primary road Secondary road Tertiary road

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2.1.6 Greenery 1.

http://chmodarch.com/ nlindwg/

2. https://www.google.nl/ maps/@51.6444315,5.7 026077,1240m/ data=!3m1!1e3

This map shows the amount of green in the neighborhood of Odiliapeel. Private gardens are left out. The village of Odiliapeel has got a very green surrounding. On the southside of the village, a forest was planted in the nineteen thirties. The rest of the village is surrounded with farms and meadows.

In the village itself, there are a few playgrounds with grass. Directly South of the church, there is a graveyard, surrounded by some dense bushes. Furthermore, there are a lot of trees in Odiliapeel next to the roads. Some also have a strip of grass.

Woods/dense bushes meadows/ farms public grass/ low bushes

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2.1.7 Height 1.

https://ahn. arcgisonline.nl/ ahnviewer/

http://chmodarch.com/ nlindwg/

The buildings in Odiliapeel are pretty much the same height. Every building is a one or two story high building with a pitched roof on top. Buildings in the backyard are only one story. There is one exception. The highest point of the village is the tower of the church. What is not drawn in this map is the height of trees. Most trees are very old because infrastructure in the

centre did not change that much. Over the years, the trees bigger and became taller than most buildings.

> 15 m 9 m - 15 m 6m-9m 3m-6m 0m-3m

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2.1.8 Function 1.

http://chmodarch.com/ nlindwg/

2. https://www.google.nl/ maps/@51.6444315,5.7 026077,1240m/ data=!3m1!1e3

Odiliapeel is a small village so it does not have that many functions. Besides the church, there are a few other public buildings. For instance there is a elementary school, a football club, a gym and a library. There are a few stores surrounding the church. The stores divert from a snackbar to postoffice and from a bank to a supermarket.

Most of the buildings that surround the church are residential buildings.

public commercial Residential

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1 - Entrance

6 - Altars

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2 - Interaction

7 - Interaction

12 - Misguided Sacristy

3 - Church Hall

8 - Baptismal Chapel

13 - Storage Space

4 - Priest Choir

9 - Odilia Chapel

14 - Wardrobe

5 - Altar

10 - Sacristy

15 - Toilet

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WEST ELEVATION 1 : 250

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2.2.1 Construction and Structure The main building materials used are off-form concrete and brick. The main external walls are concrete which previously had floor to ceiling clear small openings. These have been replaced by a frameless polycarbonate. The tower and the interior walls of the main church hall are constructed from bricks of varying cavity thicknesses. These thicknesses create depth in the walls in the form of large hollow columns in a repetitive pattern in the main church hall, Brick walls are capped with concrete elements.

Brick Concrete

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2.2.2 Landscaping Grass and low lying plants border the exterior walls of each facade. Low planter beds and trees are spaced throughout the site to direct vehicle, bike and pedestrian flow. Numerous paving patterns are used to direct movement to the church with generous empty spaces in between.

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2.2.3 Space and Routing A classical plan is given a unique twist on symmtery which creates spaces that tighten and widen around the main church hall perimeter. The main vehicular access if off Oudedijk and the ulterior road used for entry into the building and car parking is Wolfstraat. Bollards and different pavement patterns and colours are used at the main frontage of the building to restrict vehicle access and indicate pedestrian pathways. A secured gate is used to restrict access into the cemetery of the street and allow for access only through the church.

The main church hall is at lower level and is accessed via stairs or ramp. The Church altar and auxiliary spaces are at a higher level. This level change separates the public and private zones as well as service areas.

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2.2.4 Facade The Facade is determined by the Bossche School system and its rules on proportion and rhythm. The main church hall of the building is orientated east west which does not run parallel to the street frontage. The Main church hall sets up a pattern with its rhymically placed highlight windows which allow for an abunandce of natural light as well as giving the building a repetative facade element. Capping and lintels are emphassised as they are the horizontal lines in which determines building element sizing, spacing and proportions.

The tower is proportioned based on the height of the church. Horizontal bands of ornament express the line of calculation.

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2.2.5 Ornament The facade of the building can be classified as ornament in itself as it is designed in the style of the Bossche School. Vertical and horizontal building elements are emphasised by the use of raw concrete forms in the dimensions and proportions of the Bossche School. Each element is related to each other. More articulate Ornamentation is present inside the main church hall and at the main entry.

The highlight windows of the main church hall also serve their purpose of ornamentation as they contribute to the facade patterns. Wall cappings, door and window lintels are expressed in modular concrete forms that are spaced equally in between windows.

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3.1 ZEELAND, NORTH BRABANT General information

Country: Netherlands Province: North Brabant Municipality: Landerd Population (1 January 2013): 6,496 THE NAME The name of Zeeland shows the history of the city. Zeeland, coming from the old German word selilant or the Latin terra salica, means allodium. This is a place where people could settle in the neighborhood of a lord, without having to pay rent or tribute to him. It came up in the Frankish period, between 600 and 900. This system was in contrast to the old feudal system where the villagers had to pay for the protection by the landlord. The name comes from the village that appeared when these farms grew together. Eventually the word evolved to the name the city has nowadays. Zeeland is located in the province North Brabant and has a surface area of 4,919 kmÂ˛ and a population of 2,415,000 inhabitants, making it the second largest and third most populous of the Netherlands. Zeeland borders Uden in the southwest and west, to the north of Zeeland lie Schaijk and Reek, to the east Langenboom and Mill. The municipality of Zeeland included the hamlets and hamlets of Brand, Broek, Duifhuis, Graspeel, Hoefkens, Kreitsberg, Nabbegat, Oventje, Trent, Voederheil and Zevenhuis. The surface of the former municipality covered 3,133 hectares.

sible in the whole province and eventually this led to the growth of cities. In the 13th century, the population grew considerably and the city of Zeeland grew as a consequence of this. There was more agriculture needed to feed the growing population and in the neighborhood of Zeeland, land was prepared for this use. In 1339, the first mention of Zeeland has been made when the former lord of the area gave Zeeland the village regulations.

DEVELOPMENT AND OLDEST MENTION Around 1200 the city is already visible at maps as a connection of different small neighboring farms. This pattern of small farms placed together has been vi-

High resolution Black&White photograph

[Fig. 1]

High resolution Black&White photograph

Fig. 1 Meineri, F. (2018). View over Zeeland [photograph] Fig. 2 Meineri, F. (2018). Street in Zeeland [photograph] Fig. 3 Meineri, F. (2018). Street in Zeeland [photograph] Fig. 4 Meineri, F. (2018). Molenstraat in Zeeland [photograph]

INHABITANTS Zeeland was until 1800 not densely populated. The population grew to 1800 inhabitants in the year 1850. Afterwards the population shrank steadily due to the emigration to America, but at the start of the 20th century, Zeeland grew rapidly. The population reached 2500 in 1929 to 5000 in 1975. When the municipality changed to Landerd in 1994 it had 5800 inhabitants and afterwards it grew to 6500 nowadays. WAY OF LIVING The primary way of living in Zeeland, was for a long time agricultural. Besides the ground suitable for agriculture, there was also land which was suitable for cattle. In the marsh and heathland surrounding the area, it was difficult to distinguish borders, which is why the village was in constant struggle with the lands of Ravenstein and Cuijk. And the conflict with Uden and Grave about the Graspeel was once settled in the 20th century. In the 19th century, cattle was the primary way to earn money and the trade in agriculture was decreasing. Sheep were the most commonly held cattle as the ground was suitable for them. Besides this, there were some people who gained money with the turf which was present in the ground in the Peel. In 1850 there came up some linen weavers, two beer breweries and two windmills. Later on, one of the beer breweries located along the Kerkstraat, along with the Jacobuskerk and the former town hall, became monumental buildings. Since 1960 there has also been a base for industry in Zeeland, which was long held back as the inhabitants thought industry should not be present in Zeeland, but in Uden. The mayor decided to move some industries to his municipality to keep the population in his city at a steady rate. Farming became less, so people had to be able to work in this city.

THE MUNICIPAL COAT OF ARMS The municipal coat of arms that the High Council of Nobility awarded to the new municipality of Zeeland in 1818 is actually very special. The weapon seems to be a literal translation of the name of the congregation. Probably the designer of the weapon has simply added a sea and a symbol for land to represent the word Zeeland without any historical awareness. With a little imagination you could say that the broad-branched tree in the middle of the weapon symbolizes the judgment under the linden, as the former village authorities did. But historically the coat of arms of Zeeland does explain itself.

1. Wols, R. (2009). Zeeland in Vogelvlucht. Retrieved October 30, 2018, from https://www.bhic.nl/ ontdekken/verhalen/zeeland-in-vogelvlucht

[Fig. 3]

High resolution Black&White photograph

[Fig. 2]

[Fig. 4]

Scale: 1:5000

3.1.1 Historical map From the 1800 historical map it is possible to notice the first main streets and the central location of the church dedicated to H. Cornelius. The first church was also built at the same location, just in front of the church as it is built now. Its position in the city itself has not changed then. In the next centuries, the city had a development around these streets to form residential areas. The first development was along the Kerkstraat in a defined area. As Zeeland started as a farm village, the buildings were at first built along this street with pieces of land behind their homes. The buildings were built along the road, so they had easy access to the different villages in the neighbourhood and trade could florish. After more residential areas were created, the commercial buildings came here at the central part of the village. The city grew fast when the road from Reek to Uden through the city was paved and the city had more visitors. The paving of this road was a result of the industrialisation which started in North Brabant at this time. The infrastructure in the province had to be improved to make the transportation of the products in the area easier. 3

Cuypers was one of the main architects of these churches, of whom the architect of the Jacobus the Greaterchurch was a student. The main growth was during the 20th century with the construction of the actual residential area on the west-side. In order to keep the inhabitants attracted to his city, the mayor had to think of something to increase jobs in the city. This resulted in the attraction of industries to the village to make sure the inhabitants stayed and had a job there. The factories were built in the West part of Zeeland. The population grew and new residential area was needed as a result of the new industry in the West of Zeeland. The new neighborhoods were built in this direction to create a connection with the industry and the factory workers living in the village.

1. Province of North Brabant (n.d.). Eupedia. Retrieved at October 30, 2018, from https://www.eupedia. com/netherlands/noord_brabant_ province.shtml 2. Zeeland, Brabant (n.d.). Plaatsengids Retrieved at October 30, 2018, from https://www.plaatsengids.nl/zeeland-brabant 3. Dongen, S. van (2010). Geschiedenis 9e eeuw. Familiegeschiedenis. Retrieved at October 30, 2018, from https://saskiavandongen.com/ pages/21855/geschiedenis_19e_ eeuw.html 4. Katholiek Documentatie Centrum (n.d.). Radboud Universiteit. Retrieved at October 30, 2018, from https://www.ru.nl/kdc/weten/geschiedenis-nederlands-katholicisme/

In the period between 1950 and 2000 the city has assumed the current urban conformation. This happened when the area inbetween the main roads leading out of Zeeland was filled. This land was at first agricultural, but as the agriculture was less practised, the land could be used to create residential areas. This created more consistency in the village and drove the agriculture outside of the city centre.

After the road through the city was finished, the church was rebuilt in its current position in 1871. 2 Building this church was the result of the reinstated position of the Catholic church in the Netherlands. There was freedom of religion again in the new Republic, which resulted in an increase in Catholicism and the church started to build churches in Neo Gothic style to show the splendour of the church again.

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3.1.2 Morphological map 1. Rafael Moneo (9 May 1937) is a Spanish architect. In 1996 he won the Pritzker Prize for architecture and the RIBA Royal Gold Medal in 2003. 2. Zaera, A. (1994) Conversaciones con Rafael Moneo. El Croquis; pp64. *The plots are drawn using the Kadasterkaart Nederland from Perceelloep

The morphological map and the one the inversed colors are based on Rafael Moneo [1] context analysis, which are used to show the urban plan and characteristics of Zeeland. The maps are used to understand what the context is and use it in the design. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Obviously, the architectural context is a decisive factor for a project. But here I would like to insist that I do not understand the project as something that completes or as a mere continuation of what is already present. â&#x20AC;&#x153; [2]

From this specific map is possible to notice a remarkable density of small houses outside the historical centre. Moreover, it is possible to see an important contrast between the east part and the west part of the city. The city is divided in two different part, the east part in this map is characterised by larger plots and buildings and the west part by smaller ones. The plots along the main street are characterised by the direction towards the street and go on in depth. Due to this there is more density along Kerkstraat.

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3.1.3 Inverse morphological map 1. Gulinello, F. (n.d.) University of Bologna. Rafael Moneo: The complexity of empty space. Retrieved at October 30, 2018, from http://www. da.unibo.it/it/risorse/files/tesi_dottorato/raffaella-sacchetti

The inverse morphological map is made as a negative of the previously one, showing the ground floor to see how the open areas of the city can be experienced. â&#x20AC;&#x153;The experience of the void, necessary to produce the forms and to use them, can be considered the foundation of the activities that accompany the training processes. If emptiness and matter give structure to architecture, their role in defining form, symbolic value and constructive methods they define the quality of the

space.â&#x20AC;? [1] In contrast with the previous map, this one shows the density of unbuilt ground. In this map there is no distinction between green areas, streets, pedestrian areas and private gardens. All the unbuilt area is considerated in the same way. Using a different approach this maps highlights the contrast based on the dimension of the buildings. Moreover, it is possible to notice that along Kerkstraat the buildings with a bigger footprint are located, in contrast o the other areas.

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3.1.4 Street map The street map is made with the aim to show, first of all, the infrastructure of Zeeland and also to explain the growth of the city in the infrastructure needed to connect the new parts to a coherent city. As can be seen from the map, there are several parallel streets, developed from the North to the South of the city which are created as the main connections to the neighboring towns, which also is the street through which the bus from Uden to Nijmegen goes. There are also perpendicular streets at the previous ones, which function as a connection between the

main streets. Zeelandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s development, during the years, has happened from the main street, the Kerkstraat. As this street grew denser and there was more need for residential area in the village, there was a parallel street built along the Kerkstraat, which is the Molenstraat. This is the start of the more organised residential part in the West. The farmland between the main streets towards the East was filled as well with logical roads to create the network for this new neighborhood.

Primary roads Secondary roads Tertiary roads

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3.1.5 Green map 1. Planmatig groenbeheer (n.d.). Gemeente Hoogeveen. Retrieved from October 30, 2018, from https:// www.hoogeveen.nl/Wonen_en_Leven/Omgeving/Groen_Hoogeveen/ Planmatig_groenbeheer Fig. 1 Meineri, F. (2018). Visionary green [photograph] Fig. 2 Meineri, F. (2018). Transitional green [photograph] Fig. 3 Meineri, F. (2018). Residential green [photograph] Fig. 4 Dijk, R. van (2018). Agricultural green [photograph] Fig. 5 Meineri, F. (2018). Natural green [photograph]

The green map explains the five main types of public green spaces.[1] According to the map most of the green for agricultural fields is located around the city center, indeed Zeeland is characterised by predominantly agricultural community. Moreover, in the North some areas of natural green can be found. This type of green in located in the younger development of the city, characterised by a different footprint, as is possible to see from the street map. In the city center is one main playground for children

located South-west of the church. This space is organised with a skate park, playing area and a zoo. Because of its location in part of the city, it will not be used by all of the town. The transitional green is located around the residential neighborhoods. In this case the nature penetrates into the neighborhood, becoming a buffer space between the different areas. The green inside the graveyard and around the city, mostly located in the corner of the streets has been considered as visionary green.

Visionary Green Transitional Green Residential Green Agricultural Green Natural Green

[Fig. 1]

[Fig. 2]

[Fig. 3]

[Fig. 4]

[Fig. 5]

Scale: 1:2000

3.1.6 Height map The height of the building is important to shows the urban charateristics of Zeeland and how the different parts are identified. In fact, as is possible to see from the map, the building with multiple stories are located along Kerkstraat. This is also the main street in the middle of the city, so the space is more dense and should be higher when the size of the plot is not large enough. In contrast, the lower buildings are around the other streets around this, which is mostly the location for the residential areas.

Most of the houses are characterised by one or two floors, with a typology of a detached house or with two houses under one roof. The main characteristic of the city is that the city is mostly at the same height, but the center of the city grows higher. The St Jacobus Church can be considered as a landmark for the city. In fact, it is the highest buildings in the city, also used for transmission by a local phone companies.

0/3 stories 3/6 stories 6/9 stories 9/15 stories +15 stories

Section East-West

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3.1.7 Function map 1. Enquete uitslag (2018). Kerkgebouw Zeeland. Retrieved from October 30, 2018, from http://kerkgebouwzeeland.nl/uitslag-enquete/

The function map is made to show where the main services are located. This shows that the center is located along the main street from Reek to Uden. As is possible to see, along the main street, there are several difference services as a restaurant, a school, a bank and two supermarkets. As seen in combination with the other maps, the functions are located in the higher buildings with the most footprint. In contrast, the residential areas are located along the other streets and are characterised by detached houses with no more than two floors. Around 500 m.

from the city centre there are the fields with agricultural buildings. This map suggests that Kerkstraat shall be considered as the core of Zeeland with the services and public space around this, the residential areas are located. Moreover, along the main street, the church is located as a landmark and central point for the community. Due to that, for the future of the church the citizens want to keep the church there, even though it is not needed in this size anymore. [1]

Social Commercial Agricultural Industrial Residential Central Public space

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3.1.8 Interpretation map The core of the city is formed by the oldest part of the city. This has been built along the main connection point to other cities, through Zeelandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s centre. The red shows the main public area in the city centre, along this axis. This has been rebuilt to house the public functions as well and therefore, the public area in this part is bigger, to create spaces where the people can get together. The agricultural past is not visible in the centre of the city anymore. This is still available around the city, where a green crown is present all around the

city. It used to be much closer to the city centre, but the connection between the two is now mostly gone due to the creation of more neighborhoods around the core. The green along the main street has largely been removed, creating no visible connection anymore. The neighborhoods were first created West and East of the core, but in the end, there were new residential areas created in a diagonal axis from the core. The church remains at the centre of the city, as the areas are mostly built keeping similar centrality.

Public Space CIty center Main neighborhood Surrounding neighborhood Agricultural fields

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3.2 ST. JACOBUS DE MEERDERE KERK General information

The first St Jacobuschurch was located at the same position it is built now. It was the landmark of the old village and a place to get together. The church was an upgrade of an existing chapel. That first chapel was founded in 1376 by the Bossche nobleman Arnold Heym and dedicated to St. Cornelius. Cornelius was the pope in Rome from 251 till 253. The Roman emperor Gallus banished him. His special attribute is a horn (cornu), which is associated with his name Cornelius. He was also honored as patron saint of the horn cattle. This connects the Saint to Zeeland, as the residents mostly held cattle in the village. Because he had once healed a paralyzed girl, he was also called against infant convulsions and epilepsy. “It was not until the seventeenth century that Zeeland became an independent parish. In 1871 the medieval church was replaced by a neo-Gothic building. At the same time, the parish was given another patron saint: had the church always been built to honor Cornelius, the new church was dedicated to St. Jacobus as well.” [1] The original chapel was improved into a church with a tower in the 16th century as Zeeland became an independent parish in 1628. The church main patron was not only Cornelius now, but also the apostle and nephew of Jesus St Jacobus. This is not the same Jacobus as today, but St Jacobus “the Lesser”, who got the nickname to distinguish him from the other nephew and apostle. In 1871, a completely new church building in Zeeland was built by the architect Cornelis van Dijk in neo-Gothic style, replacing the late medieval church that had been used until then. He was a student of Cuypers and both built various churches around Brabant. [2] The new church got a new patron in Jacobus the Greater, whose grave is still present in Santiago de Compostella and used as a place of pilgrimage.

up to the height of the side aisles. The whole is covered by a saddle roof with slate in mesh cover. At the celebration a hexagonal openwork wooden needle spire. At the east side of the church, a tower is rising, which is seperated in four different parts, which is double the size of the roof of the building. The church is situated next to the cemetery and at the other side of the cemetery is a chapel built in 1914 by the architect Van Groenendael built in brick. Its plan is T shaped pointing towards the church. [3] The Jacobus the Meerdere church is of great interest in many fields. It shows the evolution of Catholicism in Brabant and is therefor of cultural-historical interest. It if of interest for architectural history through the style and detailing in the church and also as a model for the work of the architect Cornelis van Dijk. Moreover it is of importance for the art historical field due to the interior parts of the church, presbytery and the chapel in the cemetery. It also shows in combination with its surroundings relevence for the growth of a church village in Brabant. And as this church is preserved very well, it is an important piece to show these elements. Within the church, at the right side upon entry, a chapel has been made for St Jacobus. This was built after 1967 to honour the saint after who the church was named. A guild in his name, the St Jacobusguild has already existed in the village since the 15th century. Then the guild was a fraternity to protect the hearths of the houses in Zeeland. The tasks of this guild until 1961 were nothing more than the sacremental days for St Jacobus. The unwed guild members are to carry the baldachin during these processions. Now the guild has a more ceremonial function in the church and it organises activities in shooting and playing instruments. [4]

This new building is a three-aisled basilical church with pseudo transept built in Neo-Gothic style. The transepts were not in the original plan, but added in 1914 and built in the same style. The building has a ship of three bays and the side bays are lower than the middle bay. There is a subsequent pseudo-transept of two bays with a three-sided closed apse, built

Nowadays, the church is still used as a church during funerals, but it is not in use for the sunday masses anymore. The church has an organ made by the family Smits. [5] This organ is protected by funding, which made sure there was a performance of a choir within the church and the organ was used in this concert. This funding was available till 2018, so it is unsure yet what whether the concerts will continue.

High resolution Black&White photograph

[Fig. 1]

High resolution Black&White photograph

1. Klaver, J.P. (2009). Over de kleine en grote Jacobus. Brabants Historisch Informatie Centrum. Retrieved at October 30, 2018, from https://www.bhic.nl/ontdekken/verhalen/over-de-kleine-en-de-grotejacobus 2. Zeeland, Kerkstraat 53 - Jacobus de Meerdere. (n.d.) Reliwiki. Retrieved at October 30, 2018, from http://reliwiki.nl/index.php/ Zeeland,_Kerkstraat_53_-_Jacobus_de_Meerdere 3. Monumentnummer: 519138 Heilige Jacobus de Meerdere (2017). Cultureel erfgoed. Retrieved at October 30, 2018, from https:// cultureelerfgoed.nl/monumenten/519138 4. Sint Jacobusaltaar (n.d.). Sint Jacobus Gilde Zeeland. Retrieved at October 30, 2018, from http://www. stjacobusgilde.nl/over-jacobus/ het-sint-jacobusaltaar.html 5. Bron, P. and Laus, J. (2009). Het F.C. Smits III orgel. Kerkorgel. Retrieved at October 30, 2018, from http://www.brabantorgel.nl/Zeeland-Jacobus_frameset.html Fig. 1 De middeleeuwse kerk [online image]. Retrieved at October 30, 2018, from https://www.bhic.nl/ ontdekken/verhalen/over-de-kleineen-de-grote-jacobus Fig. 2 Meineri, F. (2018). Front of Jacobus de Meerderekerk [photograph] Fig. 3 Meineri, F. (2018). Back of Jacobus de Meerderekerk [photograph] Fig. 4 Meineri, F. (2018). Interior of the Jacobus de Meerderekerk [photograph

[Fig. 2]

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3.2.1 Church Context Analysis The St Jacobus church is situated in an area with a school at the right and the parish building was transformed into a restaurant at the left. The cemetery with a chapel is located at the back of the church. The last two buildings are part of the property of the church. The main street along which it is located, is the Kerkstraat, which has some shopping facilities in the street, supermarkets and offices. Behind it is the first increase of the city, which was the first street parallel to the main street. Next to the church is a connection between the two, which is an alley,

connected to the square where the children from the school play. The green in the area is mostly in front of the parish building and around the corner in the cemetery. The border at the left of the church is also a green border. In front of the church, a parking space is located. This is part of the public space around the church. The space under the tower is also a part of this, as it is open for public and can be used to put a candle at the altar for St Mary, which is located here.

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Section C

East Faรงade

0,5

West Faรงade

3.2.2 Construction Analysis The columns inside the church make cross connections to each other to create a vaulted roof in along three naves. These arches are pointed in the middle with a keystone in the middle. The weight is transported through the columns downwards. The colums are solid, with small columns added together, which make different connections with other columns through the arches. On top of the vaults, concrete is poured. This keeps the brickwork in position. The side forces from the arches towards the outer wall, are lifted due to the butresses at the outside of

the wall. These are at the same location as the columns inside or at corners in the wall. The roof is supported by a wooden structure with triangular beams supporting each other. A horizontal beam is placed on the outer wall and on top of this, the diagonal beams run to the upper corner of the roof where they are joined together. There is a vertical beam which also joins the other beams. Smaller diagonal beams are used to support the weight of the roof.

Rhythm

Geometry

Division

3.2.3 Structure Analysis The rhythm in the building is mostly regular due to the structure of columns. This has a similar distance between them, with a windows in the middle of these columns. Towards the choir, the rhythm becomes more dense, which puts the windows more dense together, to let more light into the church. The church is mostly built out of geometrical shapes like rectangles and some triangles. There is one shape which does not follow this, which is the end of the choir, which is built like a half circle. This creates an ending towards the church and embra-

ces the choir. Originally, the church was built as one rectangle, but due to the transepts, a crossing of two rectangles is created. Due to the addition of the transepts, there is a new division created in the church. The church is now in length divided in four parts, named here tower, nave, transepts and choir. In width, the tower forms the size of the main bay and choir. The side bays end earlier due to the transepts. The main bay is the most important part, which is also not interupted in any way from entrance to choir.

Community area

Choir

Service area

3.2.4 Space and Routing Analysis The main space in the church is the place where the community sits down during a mass. This place is consisting of a main bay, which to sidebays at the other side of the columns. This area is reached immediately after entering the church, as it is the place for the community. The space is oriented towards the choir and filled with church pews. The three bays are repeated in the doors inside the tower, which is most visible in the route to enter. The choir of the church, is the part which the priest uses during a mass. It is close to the sacrity, as this

is the place where the priest comes from to perform a mass. This place is where the altar and ciborium is located. The private places in the building, are located at the back of the church, behind the transepts. They are reached through the doors in the transepts. From the front of the church, these places are not visible, to show at the front only the grandeur of the larger spaces. These places also have small doors at the back through which they can be entered.

metry

Geometry

penings

Openings

elements

Structural elements

3.2.5 FaĂ§ades Analysis As mentioned in the structure part of the building, the building exists mostly of rectangles. The nave is a cube which has a triangle on top of it, which is also how the transepts are creates. They are created by two â&#x20AC;&#x153;navesâ&#x20AC;? and therefore exist of two triangles. The most openings are similar to each other and only differ in size. These are the openings in the nave, the smallest and highest, the side aisles, which light the community part of the church and the largest in the choir part. The openings in the tower are mostly thinner and they are not decorated with stained glass

as the community does not see them from the inside. In the axonometry on the opposite page, you can see the location of these different windows in the inside of the church. The butresses on the outside show the locations of the columns at the inside as well, since they are following the same pattern. The butresses make sure the sideward forces are lifted and the wall stays upright. The butresses are changing in thickness and are thickest as they are closest to the ground.

3 1 2

Ornament 1: Column

Ornament 2: Balcony wood

Ornament 4: Windows

Ornament 3: Balcony concrete

Ornament 6: Main door

Ornament 5: Brickwork

3.2.6 Ornaments The most prominent ornamentation in the church is the windows, as they are highlighted literally with the light coming through it. This accentuates the shape of the windows, but more importantly it shows the colourful stained glass put inside the frames. The columns are the next most prominent thing, as they are situated along the main nave and create the seperation of spaces. The columns are the location against which statues of saints are situated. These statues are not integrated in the church, but put

against the columns. They can be replaced easily therefore. The balcony over the entry is created in wood and highly decorated with woodwork and statues. And behind this, the organ is located, which is an important piece in the church. It is the only place in the church where wood is located, as the rest is made of stone.

Columns 1. Gothic Sculpture (n.d.). Visual Arts. Retrieved at October 30, 2018, from http://www.visual-arts-cork. com/sculpture/gothic-sculpture.htm 2. Rian, I. and Sassone, M. (2014).

Tree-inspired dendriforms and fractal-like structures in architecture. Department of architecture and design, politico di Torino.

Fig. 1 Meineri, F. (2018). Jacobus de Meerderekerk column [photograph]

The columns exist of a square with different smaller circular columns running along it. The columns at the side of the side aisles run halfway and then move to each other to create the ribbed vaults. The columns are decorated with a flowery theme at the place where the column bends from a straight line towards the pointed arch. The small columns forming together a large column, create a light feeling in the columns. The Gothic was about building light and high structures, and a

thick column, makes the feeling more massive. The masses together form in the roof a fan like structure, which is inspired by trees, forming a networks of branches in pointed arches. [2] The column situated at the border between the new transepts and the original aisles, is the only column which is different. It is a solid cilinder and has a granite appearance, with a floral decoration at the top. There it changes in the multiple small cilindrical columns creating the ribbed vaults again.

Balcony Fig. 1 Meineri, F. (2018). Jacobus de Meerderekerk Brickwork [photograph]

The balcony where the choir was originally singing from, is made with woodwork. The wooden balcony follows the same rhythm as the windows do and the same shapes. This creates a connection between the two and harmony in the church. Against the balcony, wooden statues are carved, which represent saints worshipped in the church. Behind the balcony, the organ is located, which is a sight in the church.

1. Zeeland, Kerkstraat 53 - Jacobus de Meerdere. (n.d.) Reliwiki. Retrieved at October 30, 2018, from http://reliwiki.nl/index.php/ Zeeland,_Kerkstraat_53_-_Jacobus_de_Meerdere 2. Rian, I. and Sassone, M. (2014).

Tree-inspired dendriforms and fractal-like structures in architecture. Department of architecture and design, politico di Torino.

Fig. 1 Meineri, F. (2018). Jacobus de Meerderekerk window [photograph] Fig. 2 Meineri, F. (2018). Jacobus de Meerderekerk concrete decoration [photograph]

Windows

Volute

The stained glass windows in the church are made by Frans Nicolas in Roermond. They are depicting various biblical scenes and saints. The three windows at the end of the choir are twice the size of the other windows in the church. [1] The windows are present in three different sizes. They have been explained in the Facades chapter and let in different amounts of light to highlight different places in the church.

The concrete supports of the balcony are created using two circles with a flowery theme. This refers to the nature references which are present in Gothic architecture. [2]

Brickwork 1. Zeeland, Kerkstraat 53 - Jacobus de Meerdere. (n.d.) Reliwiki. Retrieved at October 30, 2018, from http://reliwiki.nl/index.php/ Zeeland,_Kerkstraat_53_-_Jacobus_de_Meerdere Fig. 1 Meineri, F. (2018). Jacobus de Meerderekerk Brickwork [photograph]

The brickwork is horizontally articulated by a hard stone cordon frame on the brick plinth, and is closed with a twill wedge frieze with racks. [1] The brick decoration is created by shifting bricks and creating a pattern in it. The top frame with brickwork is more decorated, as it also shows crosses in the brick rhythm. The brick decorations are located at the end of the wall, at the border with the roof.

Front door The door is located back into the wall and therefore it is darker due to the shadows running further over the church. Above the door, a rose window is placed to brick light into the church. However, here the rose window lights only the space under the tower and there is no connection to the inside of the church.

Which future for the church?

publicpublic square square connection connection

Type of connection

publicpublic square connection square connection

Public square

school connection school connection

cemetery cemetery connection connection

cemetery connection school school connection connection cemetery connection

Graveyard

School

shopping shopping connection connection

Shopping

shopping connection shopping connection

3.2.7 What is the future for the church? The church could make more connection to the functions, which are situated around the church. In the main vicinity are the public square and the graveyard. These are already touching the church, as the areas are against the church and are already connecting towards each other. There was already talk of using the church for funerals only, both religious and not religious. This was not the preferred new function for the church. A connection can also be made with the buildings along the street, which is the school, whose square

is already placed against the church. The shopping facilities along the street can also be taken into account when choosing a future for the church. The function they preferred for the church now, is the seperation of the church as it is used now and to create a space for church masses in the choir part. In the nave part a place for small offices can be made to generate money to keep the church. The main nave can then still be used for the concerts and also when there is a large mass.

Your Proposal

Church Service

Concert Hall

Private service

4.1 OSS - HEILIGE GEEST CHURCH General information

The Heilige Geest church is situated in the city of Oss, just outside of the city center. When it was built in 1925 is was called the Visserskerk, named after the first pastor that resided in the church, pastor Vissers. It started out on the edge of the city, but slowly became more part of the center of Oss. You can see from the picture on the top right and bottom left that the church is in the middle of the urban fabric, but is still fairly situated on the edge of the city.

The third period was the 1990s and the previous two decades. In this period the relationship with the city and the church is less direct. The city kept expanding, while the amount of people going to church became less. The large building was not needed anymore, and they demolished the expansing of the building.

1. Stadsarchief Oss. (n.d.). Retrieved September 30, 2018, from http://www.stadsarchiefoss.nl/Default.aspx?so=a

Photographs: 1. Stadsarchief Oss 2. Stadsarchief Oss 3. Stadsarchief Oss 4. Own photograph

Throughout these three periods, with each transition the church lost part of its intention. The original site plan (1.8) shows the whole plot designed to support the church, but slowly the church and its surroundings grow estranged from its plot and look like a lost relic in the urban fabric that keeps changing.

In 1956 the church needed to expand due to the growing Catholic community in Oss. In this period the city itself grew as well, due to succesful industrial renewal. In this period the industrial area in the south developed quickly and with this the city as well to accomodate the people coming to the city.

These three important periods in the city are also visible in the urban fabric, you can see this in the historical analysis. The church stands exactly on the edge of these periods, connecting to them and at the same time not belonging to any of them. The church has been redeveloped so many times that it does not identify with just one of the urban fabrics anymore.

In the 1970s there was a new boost in the industry in Oss. this asked for more housing to take in the new people. In the 1990s this industry broadens more, just as the housing. The suburban areas are developed in the north of the city. There are three important periods in the development of the city that reflect in the development of the church. The creation of the church, paired with the plans to expand the city in 1925 is the first significant moment. The city expected a growth of the population, because of the upcoming industry and the pull-factors belonging to this. They built the church for the people, making the ship broad, to accomodate many people.

The parish of the church has fused a couple of times throughout time, resulting in the fusion of congregation as well. In a fusion of parishes the original intentions of a church cannot be fully preserved. One of the fusions was in 1996, when the expansion was demolished together with the rectory.1

The second important period is the renewal of the industrialisation, this was in the 1950s. The industry developed itself further, creating new jobs and pulling more people into the city. This meant there needed to be more houses, but also that the church community grew and there was need for more space in the church, so they expanded the church as well.

High resolution Black&White photograph

Scale: 1:5000

1925 1956 1976 1996 2018

4.1.1 Historical Information Oss is a town that has existed for a long time. There are sources of existance from the middle ages. Even though the town has existed for a long time, it only began expanding greatly in the 20th century. The first plans of expansion were made in 1919. In these plans were also included the founding of two new parishes. These are realised around 1925, when the Heilige Geest Church, then called the Visserskerk was built. This moment is the first moment on the timeline. The town of Oss has a center, and just on the edge of that the new church, the Visserskerk, is situated. In 1925 Oss got rid of its fortress walls to expand towards the east. Oss has remained around the same size for a long time. Right untill the 1950s, when the expansion was realized. This resulted in a more centralized position for the Visserskerk. In the year 1956 the church itself was also expanded. This correlates with the rapid growing of the city in the east-bound direction. The district Schadewijk was created, this is the area surrounding the Visserskerk on the east and south. Schadewijk was created for the workers of the industry south of the railroad. In this period Oss mainly focused on renewed industrialisation. This meant Oss also attracted new companies to come to Oss, which became a big pull factor for people to come and live there. In the 1970s they dug out the harbor connecting Oss to the river Maas, which made the city even more attractive for industry. This is the beginning of the industry in the North of the city (of which only a portion is shown in the upperright corner). In this period, the residential area is also pulled more to the north. This however grew more in the 1990s. From the

1970s to the 1990s the area adjacent to the harbor of Oss grew rapidly with more industry, creating the need for more houses in the area, so people could live closer to their work and the industry area would not be such a loose attachment to the city. The area that used to be farmland now rapidly develops into new neighborhoods. one of those neighborhoods already showing as the more luxurious organic district in the north. This all leads up to 2018 where the holes in between the different occupied areas get filled up and the city becomes more of a whole instead of different factors bound together. by roads. Oss started out as a core that has existed for a long time with the roads that still exist now - some of them re-laid - with individual houses alongside these roads. This core has a very organic structure with closed off building blocks. The Visserskerk was built on the edge of this core when the plans were made to expand the city. In the next period - 1950s - The industry got a revitalization creating more jobs and creating the individual workers homes in the area around the church. This also called for an expansion of the church itself. In 1970 they built the harbor in the north, creating new opportunities for work, and with it new functional residential areas, with stripconstruction. In 1990 the new industry took off and with it a whole new suburbian district. In 2018 the areas in between have gotten a new purpose, not everything in the north has been built, but the ground is being prepared to be built on. The different pull-factors of the city of Oss have been linked by the residential areas needed to satisfy this pull-factor.

1956 1925

1. Het geheugen van Brabant. (2009, November 28). Retrieved September 30, 2018, from https://www.bhic.nl/het-geheugen-van-brabant

1996 1976

2018

Scale: 1:10.000

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4.1.2 Morphological map In morphology form and positioning of urban fabric and architecture is analysed. When looking at the church in the middle of the urban fabric its position and orientation is the most notable. All the buildings are orientated to streets adjacent to their plot. In the case of the church it is facing two streets. The street facing the front of the church originates from before the church was built, the church was positioned in such a way that it faces the street connecting to the city center. The other street faces the side facade

orthogonally and makes the church a point of view at the end of the street. Morphologically seen the area is divided in different systems. On the west of the church (city center) there are closed building blocks that are the oldest, while to the south of the church there are detached houses. More on the periphery large modern complexes with a large surface are situated. The church lies on the boundary of these systems and is a secluded unit that communicates with the systems but also detaches itself from them.

Buildings

Scale: 1:2000

4.1.3 Inverse color morphological map When removing the plots from the map and solely make a division between building and not building the area looks more undefined. There are a lot of big open spaces in the area that are allocated. The large open spaces on the top are two cemeteries belonging to the Catholic church. These cemeteries take up a lot of space but are relevant for the church and stand in a close connection with it. The one on the east was even planned in the site plan of the church in 1925.

In the south of the area there is a big â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;openâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; space that belongs to the school there. This is a sports field in property of the school. There is a lot of parking space in the area. This links with the position of the church in the city. The city center is a bit more to the west and this area is a buffer zone for cars to keep them out of the center. There arenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t many parks in the area, there is a lot of private green, but open green is scarce. There are two small plot-parks, one near the church and one in the south.

Buildings Open area Function

Scale: 1:5000

4.1.4 Infrastructure map 1. Stadsarchief Oss. (n.d.). Retrieved September 30, 2018, from http://www.stadsarchiefoss.nl/Default.aspx?so=a

For Oss the railway system is the most important member of infrastructure. The railroad has been there since 1981 and is an easy acces for the industry area south of the railroad.1 Besides the rail road there are two important roads in the primary infrastructure; The Singel 1940-1945, north of the church and the Wethouder van Eschstraat in the south. These two roads connect the city to the highway system of Noord-Brabant. The primary

infrastructure connects the city and the area around the church to the outside. The secondary infrastructure is the Oostwal, a boundary of the old city center and the later developed neighborhoods on the east. This road is close to the church and this relation is visible in the sections on the right. The tertiary infrastructure links the primary and secondary infrastructures. One of this tertiary roads is the Berghemseweg, the road adjacent to the church.

Church Primary infrastructure Secondary infrastructure Tertiary infrastructure Buildings

Section 1:5000

Section Oostwal 1:1000

Scale: 1:5000

4.1.5 Green map 1. Google Street View

Like explored in the second morphological map there is not much public green in the area of the church. There is however visionary green along the streets, also functioning as a guideline of the vocal point of the church (first picture). The transitional green is located around the industrial areas, the railroad, the separating roads and the villa neighborhood in the north. On the second picture the trees are separating the industrial area in the north from the houses.

The residential green is very scarce. In the neighborhoods there are only a couple of parks the size of a small plot to use. One of those plot-parks is visible on the third picture. There is a lot of private green in the middle of the residential blocks. There is nearly no agricultural land. The whole area in the north used to be agricultural land, but in the last two decades the city expanded and is planning on filling these areas with more houses.

Visonary green Transitional green Residential green Agricultural green

Visonary green

Transitional green

Residential green

Agricultural green

Scale: 1:2000

4.1.6 Height map 1. [AHN Viewer]. (n.d.). Retrieved September 25, 2018, from https:// ahn.arcgisonline.nl/ahnviewer/

There are a few high points in the neighborhood. Besides the church, there are five buildings that are higher than 20 meters. There are three residential buildings on the west of the church next to the Oostwal. Walking from the city center you first see these three buildings with only the church tower in the back. These buildings contradict the concept of the history of the church, where the church was on the edge of the city, facing the street from the center.

The fourth and fifth building are situated around a parking lot next to the Oostwal. The rest of the buildings around the Oostwal are also higher, more to the east in the area the buildings are lower, mostly 2-3 story residential buildings. The large high buildings on the Oostwal function as a buffer for the neighborhood, protecting it from sound, view and polution. When walking through the neighborhood you donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t notice that there is a large street nearby.

15+ m 9 - 15 m 6-9m 3-6m 0-3m

Scale: 1:2000

4.1.7 Functions map 1. [Kadaster]. (n.d.). Retrieved September 25, 2018, from https://bagviewer.kadaster.nl/lvbag/bag-viewer/index.html

The neighborhood of the church is a residential area. Close to the church there is mixed use. They are classical dutch commercial-residential blocks, where the ground floor is part of the shopping district belonging to the center, fanning out into this area. In the direct area of the church there are a lot of social functions. Looking purely at this map, it seems that the church is part of a social public center, but when walking through the area, the church seems to

belong more to the commercial functions leading up to the center. This is because of the orientation of the church and the new residential building next to the church that interupts the wholeness of the social block. In this map you can see the hierarchy of the infrastructure with commercial and public functions at the Oostwal, going from north to south and in the neighborhood social and commercial functions are on the tertiary infrastructure of the Berghemseweg.

Public Commercial Industrial Agricultural Residential

4.1.8 Building years 1. Kadaster 2. https://code.waag.org/buildings/

The map of the building years serves as a support for the historical analysis. You can see that the church and the area on the west stem from the period right after expanding the city center. These buildings are built in neatly closed building blocks. The residential area to the south and east of the church has been built as a ‘workers village’ for the industry in the south. In this period the houses were built individually, detached.

In the 1990s and early 2000s some of the open spaces were filled, creating new buildings in a somewhat new style with bigger surfaces. The modern buildings from 2005 till now are more free and don’t conform to the style of the residential area. some of these buildings have a big surface area, filling up the whole plot. When you walk through the neighborhood you can clearly see the different time periods.

1900-1929 1930-1949 1950-1969 1970-1989 1990-2005 2005-2018 Oldest building (1875)

1925

2018

4.1.9 Spatial organization 1. Blueprint from 1925

One of the most interesting things about this church is the spatial organization of the plot. When looking at the urban plan, the orientation and position in modern maps are odd. The orientation is directed towards the two streets facing the 2 facades. On the top you can see this orientation towards the streets. However, the position on the plot and the connection to the surrounding building is still illogical. The picture on the bottom left is the situation map from 1925.

In the north and to the east were the boys and girls school. The church had a large plot with a rectory attached and a lot of green. The rectangle above the church is a kitchen garden. When laying this over the current plan, you can see similarities; The church and cemetary are still there, the two school-locations still have social functions, but the two buildings in the middle of the plot disrupt the wholeness of the originial plan, because the ground was sold in 1996.

4.2 HEILIGE GEEST CHURCH General information

The Heilige Geest church is situated facing to streets with two facades. The front of the church faces towards the street from 1925, which let into the city centre. The position of the church has always been like this, but it used to be more logical in the original situation and surroundings. In the spatial organization you can see the original site plan, where the whole plot belonged to the church, connecting the orientation with the kitchen garden and the cemetary, making a complete social plot with a boys school and a girls school. This plan slowly declined through time.

When the two parishes fused in 1996, the church was redeveloped. The expansion was not needed anymore, just like the rectory. The pastor lived in a rectory near the parish itself. The church was restored to its original state in volume, but the inside and the outside of the back of the church had changed. In the back facade it had been made clear that part of the church was cut off, The materials used were different and showed clearly the adjustments. On the inside the stage has changed. The pastor came closer to the people, the stage has been rounded of and accentuated, making it more like a theater stage.

The Heilige Geestchurch was called the Sint Gerardus Majella church, after the parish it belonged to. In this time (1925-1996) the pastor was bound to this church alone, thus the rectory was connected to the church. When in 1996 the parishes of Sint Gerardus Majella and Don Bosco fused together, there was no need anymore for the rectory, just like the expansion from 1956. This resulted in the demolishing of the whole area, except for the front of the church (about the same size as the orinigal church). Because the church didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t use the ground anymore they sold it, resulting in only a small plot closely around the church. The parking lot belongs to the residential building next to it. Now the joined parishes are added to the parish of Willibrardus, to which the Grote Kerk also belongs.

Photographs 1. Own photograph 2. Own photograph 3. Own pothograph 4. Stadsarchief Oss

Through the transitions of the church, each adjustment has made its mark on the building. As all the transitions happened at the back of the church, this is the only part that has been marked. The front of the building and the central space has remained the same since 1925, with some minor adjustments on the details. The interior of the church has been overseen by Rector Lingg, an expert on the area of church interiors. The interior of the main space is very smooth and light colored. It does not look like a classical catholic church. The ornamentation is about making gestures.

The three important periods explained in the urban analysis also continues on an architectural and more detailed level.

As can be seen in the situtation map on the left, the church has been built in by its surroundings. Where the church used to have a big plot, it now only has its direct surroundings.

The original plan and design of the church itself is still visible. The broad ship with the tower and entrance in the front. The church now looks more like the original church than the expanded church in 1956. In this new shape of the church there was space added to the sides of the stage of the pastor. the plan looked more like a classical latin cross. The stage was the knot of the seating area of the people.

High resolution Black&White photograph

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Ground Floor

1st Floor

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A-A

B-B

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C-C

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4.2.1 Construction Most of the outer walls of the church are loadbearing. Other loadbearing elements are the 12 columns on the sides of the main space and the wall between the main space and the front of the church. The loadbearing walls are supported by a steal frame in both the new and old parts of the church. The newest walls inside the church are masonry. Most of the non-loadbearing walls are within the low construction at the back of the church. The large roof is constructed of a steel frame with trusses, allowing for the wide and high vaulted space inside.

Loadbearing elements Trusses Forces

24000 24000

18000

15000

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4.2.2 Structure The front of the church includes the tower, whose base can be seen in the plan, and the chapels on top of which are the balconies for the choir and the organ. The main space seems in the plan to be divided by the columns into the high middle and the lower side naves. That is not the case however: the space is made into one large unit by the dormer windows. The dormers divide the church into three equally large slices, two of which are for the main space and one at the north end for the utility spaces. The spaces are very symmetrical.

Loadbearing elements Rythm

Scale: 1:300

4.2.3 Spatial hierachy and routing The largest part of the church is the main hall which is the most public area of the church and the public can access it from the doors at the front of the church. The closed off spaces at the back of the church are the most private spaces in the church and they have their own entrances as well. Their private nature is highlighted in their closed off form. Semi-public spaces are the balconies and the altar: spaces you can see into, but donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t go into as a member of the public. The main hall of the church is not a conventional

shape for a catholic church in the way the congregation is seated, because the seating is wider than it is long. The altar at the front is also brought towards the public, higligted by how it reaches forward in the shape of the stage. This brings a theatre like aspect to the space. The space above the private part is not in use for people and there are no stairs up there. It is simply there to close in the back rooms of the church and is used for technical fittings.

Private Semipublic Public Not in use Employees Public

Scale: 1:300

4.2.4 Spatial identity The main hall of the church is the highest space in the building. It is made almost entirely of the vaulted ceiling which starts at only 2,4 meters from the floor and goes as high up as to 14 meters at the centre. The main hall is not strictly divided into a centre and side naves by the columns, because the large dormers are so dominant in the space. The main hall encompasses the very low spaces at the back of the church, which are boxed in. This was probably the simple solution to composing the secondary spaces behind the altar. This way the old part of the church from

the fifties could be just cut off and the outer wall could be constructed as a simple one. The spaces are fairly low at just 2,4 meters. The shape of the curved wall in the center creates a stage like frame for the altar in the main space which brings a theatre like connotation to the space. At the front of the church are the tower, chaples and balconies, which are made of mostly rectangular one-storeyhigh rooms stacked on top of eachother. At the top of the tower the last two landings are octagonal in shaped and more slender than the space at the base of the tower.

Boxed in Ship Secondary

Scale: 1:300

4.2.5 Facades and massing The outward mass of the current church can be seen to be composed of three elements: the tower, the main mass of the gabled roof on the low rectangular base, and the dormer windows. All in all, the church is very symmetrical. When looked at from the side, the roof takes up most of the main mass, and from the front the shape of the building seems almost triangular. The church seems cut short, and as has been shown, this is because a part of the church has been cut off on the north-eastern end.

The tower is located at the front of the church. Its shape is octagonal at the top, but its base within the church is rectangular. The tower is very slender compared to the main mass, which is highlighted by the steep roof which starts very soon after the tower base comes out of the roof of the main mass. The tower is leaning slightly to the south but looks straight from the side. The dormers dominate the side facades, which is mainly composed of the windows. There are three windows on each side but they are as high as to be first floor windows.

Scale: 1:300

4.2.6 Ornaments On the outside the church does not have much ornamentation. At the back of the church is the newest part of the building which is the simple back wall. The back wall has material changes that indicate the space within. The colour of the plastering stands out and the colour of the brick is different from the original as well. Inside the ornamentation is minimal. The columns have sculpted capitals in three designs, under which there is a very bright turquoise tiling that can be found at the front of the church as well. There are a few sculptures and pictures depicting religious imagery, but they are just hung on

the walls. The windows do have some tinted glass, but it is all in the same yellow. There is a geometric pattern in the tiling on the floor to indicate the aisles. The most dominant decoration in the church is the composition of wood and red panel framing the altar. It serves the purpose of hiding the technical installations above the boxed in spaces at the back of the church. The shape of the composition also suggests religious symbolism with how it directs the eye towards the cross. It frames the altar in a way that almost reminds of a stage set, enhansing that theatre like assosiation of the â&#x20AC;&#x153;stageâ&#x20AC;?.

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1925

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4.2.7 Changing shape Within its 93-year-old lifespan the church has gone through some major changes in shape. The original church of 1925 was slightly longer than the current one, with its supportive spaces reaching to the north at either side of the altar. The shape of seating for the congregation was almost the same as in the curren situation - being wider than it is long - but the distance to the ceremonies performed was longer. There also used to be a house for the pastor to live in on the church grounds, which was connected to the church.

As Oss expanded the church became too small and had to be enlarged in the 1950s. This plan had the altar surrounded by people on three sides. The extension also had large north-facing windows reaching the floor, something the old and newest parts of the church do not have at all. With the role of the church diminishing in the communities by 1996 the expansion was too much and the church was reduced into its current shape which is even smaller than the original. The house of the pastor was demolished as well. The unneeded parts were simply cut off and the hole was filled with a simple back wall.

1925 1925 1956 1996

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5.1 MEGEN General information

Megen is a small city in the municipality of Oss located along the Meuse river. The reason that a town with only 1.615 inhabitants is a city and not a town is due to its rich history1. The location on the Meuse was a strategic place in the middle ages. Back then a castle and a fortrified town were the two elements Megen consisted of. During the 80 years war between the Spanish and Dutch the city of Megen and its surroundings tried to be independent and they succeeded2.

became part of a bigger whole. The municipality and religious organisations in Oss are facing great challenges. The municipality of Oss has a relatively high number of religous heritage. Not all religious buildings will be used in the future as a church no more. In Megen this is allready the case. This chapter will explore and analyse the urban aspects of Megen and the architectural aspects of the Sint Servatius Church.

1.https://allecijfers.nl/buurt/megen-oss/ 2.https://www.bhic.nl/ontdekken/ verhalen/de-h-servatiuskerk-in-megen 3.https://www.bhic.nl/ontdekken/ verhalen/klooster-sint-josephsberg-in-megen 4.https://historiek.net/grondwet-thorbecke-1848-samenvatting/75675/ 5. https://www.topotijdreis.nl 6. https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oss_ (gemeente)

Megen was not part of the Republic of the Netherlands and acted more or less as an independent county. This history of independence is important for the further development of the city. There was a certain amount of freedom of religion in the Republic of the Netherlands, but not fully. Especially Catholicism was restrained in its freedom. Since Megen had no restrainments concerning the freedom of religion two monastries got founded in Megen. The womanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s monastry was built on the remnants of the castle and the menâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s build a new one on the other side of Megen3. This explains why Megen has such a high amount of religious buildings for such a small city. The monastries never left the town. Megen became part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815 after the defeat of Napoleon. Catholicism was not fully allowed but, this did not harm the monks anymore. When in 1848 Catholicism was integrated in the new constitution of the Netherlands they were fully aknoledged by the state4. Being part of the Netherlands the village developed further, without really major changes. However, after the Second World War a big change was made in the landscape surrounding Megen. The Meuse river made a very sharp bend here and the government decided to make the bend less sharp here5. With this decision the Meuse got a new location allmost directly next to the dike. The river got around 500 meter closer to the town which restricted future developments. The most recent major development of Megen is the annexation of the village by the municipality of Oss6. Megen and two small villages in the surroundings

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Historical information Megen has a rich history and the city and its surroundings therefore has changed often over time. The element that remains (allmost) constantely the same over the years is the dike. The centuries old protection against the flooding water of the Meuse river defined the urban growth of Megen ever since. In the first diagram the old city of Megen is visible. The womans monastry built on castle ruins and the old city with its direction of development.

In the fourth diagram a large recreational are is created where the Meuse used to flow. The city continued to develop along the two post war directions and is slowely expanding.

1. https://www.topotijdreis.nl

The large overview map indicates the directions of growth in the actual situation. It also highlights the parts that once formed the original city.

In the second diagram the church is built. The church and other urban developments follow the direction of development. This direction did not change yet, since the boundary (dike) has not been reached. After the Second World War we see a big geographical change in the landscape. The sharp bends of the Meuse river are being cut. The river is much closer to Megen now and it seems that urban growth is developing along two axises now in stead of just one.

1815

1947 1872

2018

5.1.2 Morphological map The morphological map indicates the way the town city is spatially organised. In Megen many different typo-morphological elements can be discovered. The womans monastry surrounded by water immediately catches the eye. The original medieval part of the town shows a higher density than the rest of the town. The newer parts often contain more freestanding houses.

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Church Buildings Water

5.1.3 Inverse morphological map The inverse morpjological map shows the ‘‘empty spaces’’ as black. For Megen this map gives quite a dispersed impression. However, it shows that there is a quite strong relation between urban structure and architecture in the city. The white caused by the buildings still shows how the roads are organised.

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5.1.4 Infrastructure map The infrastructure map show the hierarchy of roads in the area. The most imporant one is the regional highway from Oss to the province of Gelderland by crossing the Meuse river. There are several roads of medium impotance for the agricultural facilities and surrounding towns. The lightest roads serve as connection for inhabitants between the bigger roads and the least important roads to their houses.

visionary greengreen Scale: 1:5000 visionary visionary green

transitional green transitional green transitional green

Primary roads

residential green Secondary roads residential green

residential green

Tertiary agricultural greenroads agricultural green natural green

agricultural naturalgreen green

natural green

landmark landmark (church) (church) landmark (church)

primary roads primary roadsr primary

secondary roa secondary roa

secondar

tertiary roads tertiary roads

tertiary ro public public

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5.1.5 Urban growth & Infrastructure

The urban growth and infrastructure diagrams shows an interesting development of urban growth. There is an old structure of roads present in the city. The black lines surround big plots, mainly for agricultural use. When the agricultural functions moved away from the inner city these large plots were to big for ordinary dwellings. Therefore the old road structure gets filled with new roads, until the plot is completely saturated. It is an interesting aspect of the city, since it helps understanding its current shape.

visionary

transition

residentia

5.1.6 Green map The green map shows the agricultural nature of Megen very well. The city is surrounded with land used by farmers, this happends also quite close to the residential areas. There is also quite some public green in Megen. However, not all green is always accesible. The gardens of the monastries are open a couple of times every week and the footbal fields in the north are also not always accesible.

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Agricultural green Public green

agricultur visionary gree

transitional gr

natural g

residential gre

agricultural gr

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Photo of green

5.1.7 Functions map 1.https://bagviewer.kadaster.nl/ lvbag/

The function map shows a more organisational aspect of the city of Megen. The two monastries are indicated as public buildings since they open their doors every week for visitors. Their chapels are also used for masses for the people of Megen. The most frequent function in the town is offcourse residential. Most other functions are organised around the church or located in the larger volume in the south west of the map.

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Church Public Commercial Industrial Agricultural Residential

5.1.8 Height map 1.https://ahn.arcgisonline.nl/ahnviewer/

The height map immediately indicates that the building height in Megen is relatively low. However, there are three exceptions to be found. The three buildings with a religious nature all rise out into to sky. Both monastries and the church have a tower, which gives Megen a little religious ‘‘skyline’’.

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+15 stories 9-15 stories 6-9 stories 3-6 stories 0-3 stories

5.1.9 Building age 1.https://bagviewer.kadaster.nl/ lvbag/

The building age map shows how the village has been growing morphologically over years. It is clear that the old centre and monastries are the oldest buildings. But also outside this structure there are pre 1900 buildings. Like in the infrastructure maps it shows how bigger plots got filled in with roads and newer buildings. On the oldest roads often the oldest buildings are located. Where on the newer roads between the old roads newer developments can be recognised.

-1900 1900-1933 1933-1966 1966-2000 2000+

5.1.10 Megen Urban Development The diagrams above show graphically the allready noticed development that occured in Megen. In the first situation some buildings are located on the allready existing roads. Because of urban growth the old roads is getting more and more saturated until it reaches a maximum. Because of the large size of the total plot there is still space inside it. Therefore people start making roads to the inside of the plot to built their houses there. As allready indicated, this form of urban developments is often seen in Megen.

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5.1.11 Space & Ownership When a map is drawn with only plots, buildings and water a large variety in space and ownership can be discovered. In the oldest part of the city the buildings have no frontgarden but, a very long back garden. These gardes stretch out to the former citywall. Between the womans monastry and the oldest part of the city the church can be found. The plot structure in this area is quite dispersed. At the edges it two buildings with a farm typology are located. These buildings probably lost its agrarian function over

time and the free land was used for new dwellings and a church. The further infill of the by roads surrounded plot could have caused the current dispersed situation.

5.1.12 Urban Axonometry The urban axonometry shows the spatial urban situatian around the church. In the space and owernship map it is allready indicated that the plot where the church is on is quite a dispersed one. The large volumes on the edged who used to have an agricultural function lost their land to residential developments. The spatial result is shown here, a plot with large and small volumes and a dispersed plot and spatial structure.

5.2 SINT SERVATIUS CHURCH General information

The Sint Servatius is not the first Catholic church that was ever built in Megen. A previous one was located on the current graveyard and got destroyed during the 80 years war1. When Catholicism became an aknowledge religious in the Netherlands in 1848 plans were made to built a new church for Megen. Untill then masses were hold in small chaples in and around the village.

Both pictures come from own collection. 1.https://www.bhic.nl/ontdekken/ verhalen/megen-in-1558 2.https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.C._ Dobbe

In 1872 the Sint Servatius Church was completed. The architect was H.C. Dobbe, an architect who built many religious and public buildings in the area of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s-Hertogenbosch and Oss. His church for Megen can be categorized as a neo gothic building. This was not the only architectural style H.C. Dobbe worked in, neo gothic, renaissance and classicism are the three styles he built in2. A neo gothical church is often seen in many villages and cities in North-Brabant. The Sint Servatius in Megen forms in that sense no exception. However, the church does not have the rather typical latin cross shape. Since it has no transcept the church has an I-shape. The church is located in the middle of Megen, across the church the graveyard can be found. Together with the two monastries they give the city of Megen quite dominant religious atmosphere. Attached to the church is a little service building for the religious community. Here the community can organise meetings and it contains some auxilliary spaces.

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5.2.1 Elevations The facades give a good first impression of the Sint Servatius church. It has a somewhat similar look to other churches in Brabant. A neogothical church with a high tower forming the highest point in the village. However, the church deviates from the often seen ‘‘Latin cross’’ church structure. Since this church does not have a transcept. Despite the absence of a transcept the facade still indicates where the alter of the church is located. The difference in windows gives this impression. Apart from some small details

the church is allmost complete symmetrical. Only in the tower and the building connected to the church the symmetry is disturbed.

Scale: 1:200

5.2.2 Plan As allready indicatd in the elevations the church has no transcept. This is very well visible in the plan of the church. It might feel a bit odd, Since church typology in Brabant often is based on a Latin cross shape. Besides the altar, tower and mid part of the church the spatial organisation becomes more clear. Next to the tower the small spaces are present. The one on the east is a little altar, the one on the west is a place to keep the coffin for funeral ceremonies. On the west side of the altar a space for heating is loca-

ted. On the otherside some service spaces for the priest and church community are organised. There is also a passage to the small auxiliary building for the church community.

Scale: 1:250

5.2.3 Sections The sections give a good first spatial impression of the church.In both sections the quite typical gothic ribbon structure is visible. This structure made of volts, columns and walls structures the space in the church. In the short section the spatial ratios of central, side parts and height become visible. Like many gothic churches the approach to create a heaven on earth visible in the section. The height and windows try to create this transcedental feeling. In the long section a composiiton of three different parts beco-

mes visible. An entrance through the tower with a relatively low ceiling. Than the entance of the central space of the church and the composition is ended by the altar part of the church.

5.2.4 Construction In gothic architecture the construction often forms a harmonical composition with the structure and ornamentations of the builing. Especially for the interior this is the case for our church. In red the stone construction is indicated. The volts and butresses are very typical gothic elements in the Sint Servatius. The roof has a very different appearance from the outside compared with the inside. The construction drawings also show this. The interior ceiling is part of the masonry construction elements. On top of this

masonry construction the actual roof construction is built. It is made out of wood and carries the waterproofing part of the building. In the drawing we made a approximation of what it can be. Since there were no drawings available of the actual roof construction.

5.2.5 Structure When investing the structure of the church something special occured. Where most buildings have only one grid structure. The Sint Servatius church has three. These three structures are not only legible in the floorplan but also in the facade. There is a main grid for the centre part of the church defined by columns and walls. The other structures form the tower and the part where the altar is located. By placing the middle of the tower on the main structure and connecting the walls of the church to the

columns of the main structure both parts form an integrated whole. The vertical grid of the altar part of the church also differs from the main structure. Here less effort seems to be taken to create an integrated whole. Perhaps because the altar is an extra special place in the church. Since the church has no transcept it could be that this is done to indicate a difference in spaces. The windows do contribute to this, since they have more details than the other windows in the church.

5.2.6 Space & Routing As allready indicated in previous chapters the church can be devided into three parts. Tower, central space and altar space. These themes are also imporant for the space experience and routing in the church. The visitor starts its visitation in through the entrance in the tower. A small space is entered, where there is the possibility to go to the choir part or to continue into the central area of the church. When entering the central space a high and light space is being experienced. The central space has

on both sides some auxilliary spaces. The large central space is on the one side restricted by the tower and on the other side restricted by the altar part. This altar space deviates a little from the central space in structure and windows. It is also a little elevated from the ground floor. This last part completes the composition of space and indicates the end of the routing through the church.

5.2.7 Exterior Ornaments 1.http://www.bossche-encyclopedie.nl/personen/dobbe,%20 hugo%20cornelis%20(1903).htm?p1=_index.1.htm?title=Personen&t1=Personen&title=Hugo%20 Cornelis%20Dobbe

The exterior of the church has a rather typical neogothic appearance. Its total shape, the lancet arches and the long vertical windows create this experience. However, in the eaves (dakranden in Dutch) we see a special kind of brick bond. Looking into other buildings of the architect H.C. Dobbe we can see similarities. Many of his buildings contain quite expressive brick eaves1. The Sint Servatius also possess this quality. The quite formal Dutch bond (or cross bond) gets a variation when rising to the top

of the wall. The bond in the eaves deviates strongly from the rest of the wall but, both parts still form a whole. The tectonical legible eaves of the Sint Servatius form a special element in the total facade composition. Adding some exterior ornamentation to the facades of the church.

5.2.8 Interior Ornaments For the interior ornaments the main focus is on elements that are integrated in the architecture of the church. Since statues and paintings are relavively easy to removed these ornaments are strongly related to the architecture of the church. The columns have an intricate structure. They start on a firm rectengular basement, while going up a little statue of an angle occurs. This angle forms the start of the pilaster conjoined with the column. The crown of the column is a corinthian inspired capital. This pilaster

is an important architectural element in the church. The volts of the ceiling start where the pilaster ends. The angles ‘‘carrying’’ and the capitals ‘‘ending’’ the pilaster form an integrated ornamental part in the structure and architectural appearance of the church.

Interior Ornaments The interior of the Sint Servatius has many vertical elements. The eye is drawn up while experiencing the space. However, a grey horizontal accent is visible on the walls of the church. This element is complemented by little gothic inspired ornaments. These elements form the base of the clerestory windows high in the church. It seems that here also a corinthian capital is used as a reference in the ornament. However, the ornament predominantely gives a gothic impression. Like the pilaster this ornament

also is strongly integrated on the architecture of the church. It is part of the strong horinzontal accent running through the interior and it forms a whole with the window above.

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6.1 RAVENSTEIN General information Ravenstein is a city situated in the South of the Netherlands, in the North Brabant province. In 2003 it was incorporated into the city of Oss. Population of the city is around 8,500 people.

1. http://www.toerismeravenstein.nl/

There are around 3,300 people living in an urban centre of Ravenstein. 1 out of 7 residents is an elderly person, there is a similar amount of children. Almost all of the residents’ parents are Dutch. City is quite popular among tourists, it is very rich in monuments. There are 81 national and 26 municipal monuments in Ravenstein. Verious tours, excursions are being organized. The city has a station on the railway line ‘s-Hertogenbosch - Nĳmegen. Ravenstein also has a connection to the A50 trunk road and is on the N277. There is also a marina that is connected to the Maas. From April to October, a bicycle boat sails over the Maas to Niftrik. Ravenstein is particulary interesting because it used to be a fortress. Ancient streets and monumental buildings give the city its historical character.

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1.1 Historical map The historical maps shows the overall development of Ravenstein. The contradiction between the two different planning developments due to religious inﬂuences is made clear. On the one hand the urban planning of Catholic - loose and organic -, which is perpendicular arranged around the existing roads. The St. Lucian church was realised under these inﬂuences.

On the other hand the inﬂuences of the State-Garrisson, who developed clear building blocks with plots according to these blocks. The Garnizoenskerk, in english the Protestant church, can be found in one of these. Last but not least, the expansion of Ravenstein can be found in this map, outside the fosse of the inner city of Ravenstein.

Historical information In 1360 Ravenstein was founded by Walraven van Valkenburg, lender of leenman of the Duke of Brabant. He built a castle on the banks of the Meuse (1). Ravenstein is a city where influences of the catholic and the protestant can be found. Ravenstein used to be a free, catholic enclave and thusly was not under the authority of the Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlandse Gewesten (the Republic of the Seven United Dutch Regions). The Land of Ravenstein thus became a refuge for monastic orders that had fled from the Republic, while Catholics attended Mass from across the border in churches on Ravenstein’s territory. The city would maintain this sovereignty, until the French in 1794 put an end to it. The Catholic influences can be found in the perpendicular plots to the road, a “loose” and organic planning style (2). In 1735, a new Catholic church was built in Ravenstein, the St. Lucian church.

the state withdrew again. The fortiﬁcations were then demolished. In 1794, the French occupation put an end to the autonomy of the Land of Ravenstein. In 1800 Ravenstein and the corresponding country were sold to the Batavian Republic. In 1814 Ravenstein joined the then founded Kingdom of the Netherlands. Under Dutch rule, the castle was demolished in 1818 to the foundations. Only the Kasteelsepoort remained as part of it.

1.http://www.cultuur-ravenstein. nl/?page_id=9 2.http://www.toerisme-ravenstein. nl/?page_id=248 3. Topotĳdreis

The railway line and the railway bridge were opened in 1874, the Ravenstein station was opened in 1881. The Maas also offered transport possibilities. After 1860, companies began to develop outside the narrow town enclosed by fortiﬁcations. Until 2003 Ravenstein together with a team of surrounding villages formed an independent municipality with about 8500 inhabitants. Now Ravenstein is also part of the municipality of Oss, due to ﬁnancial reasons (4).

Hoewever, during the 80-year old war, the government in the Hague had the right to encamp a State Garrison in this town. This had to serve as a counterweight to the advancing Spanish troops. The story goes that the prince and son of the sovereign of Ravenstein, George Wilhelm, had a loan with the States-General of 100000 thalers. This was also referred to as the ‘horseshoe’ debt. In return this loan, the lender received the right to place a troop in the city as collateral. This army needed its own church building and thus Ravenstein, after Willemstad and Hooge-zwaluwe, became one of the ﬁrst places in Brabant, where in the 17th century a Protestant Church arose. In 1641 this church was built. Contradictionary to the planning style of the Catholics, the States-General had a more building block oriented planning style, as shown in diagram (3). But, at the arrival of the French in 1672, the garrison of

<1500

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6.1.1 Morphological map The difference between the inner and outer city is made clear in the separation of water. The density of the innercity is clearly higher than the outer city, where more detached houses can be found. At the place where the castle ďŹ rst stood, there is now an open space. Ravenstein is also clearly separated by the dike and Maas, which are clear spatial elements in the area.

Although Ravenstein looks like a village if you only look at morphology, it is a city, which gained city rights around 1600 by the sovereign of Ravenstein.

Buildings Water

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6.1.2 Inverse morphological map In the inverse morphological map the differences in morphology between the outer city of Ravenstein and the inner city of Ravenstein is even more accentuated, because of the large open space which is created by the fosse. In the inner city also the difference between development under religious inďŹ&#x201A;uneces can be seen: on the one hand, the compact Protestant plots and on the other hand the organic placed Catholic plots. The Pro-

testant plots all have the same direction, from west to east. The Catholic plots however are all aligned to the street in a perpendicular way. All in all, Ravenstein has a low rate of density, which makes living in this area attractive.

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6.1.3 Infrastructure map There are a few major roads that can be used to get to the Protestant church: the dyke is the most important one. In the North â&#x20AC;&#x201C; West side of the city there is a railway line providing important connections to other cities like NÄłmegen and Oss itself, which is connected to the industrial part of the city. Another remark on the roads is that the Protestant

roads are more linear than the Catholic roads, which are grown organically.

Major roads Secondary Tertiary Church

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6.1.4 Green map In Ravenstein there is clear division of two types of green: agricultural and quality green. Ravenstein can eb deďŹ ned as a really green city. The city has two major inďŹ&#x201A;uences that contribute to this greenness: the dyke which was built for the Maas and the fact that it was once a fortress and therefore a fosse was built. Therefore, living around the fosse, has a certain quality that cannot be found elsewhere. This combination of elements and the fact that it is re-

ally an old city, give Ravenstein some typical kind of aesthetic which can be related to the qualties of Megan, which has a comparable set of qualities.

Public Agricultural Transitional

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6.1.5 Height map 1. AhnHoogtebestand

The differences in height in Ravenstein are quite minimal. Therefore 4 landmarks can be deďŹ ned, which differ largely in height: 1. The Catholic Church 2. The Protestant Church 3. The sand factory 4. The brewery of Ravenstein

The Catholic and the Protestant Church are both deďŹ ned by their towers on top of the building itself. The sand factory also has two towers. The brewery of Ravenstein is actually a windmill.

+ 25 meters 20-25 meters 15-20 meters 10-15 meters 0-10 meters

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6.1.6 Functional map 1. Bagviewer

The fact that there are two churches in Ravenstein is very prominent, but also other functions can be found in this city. There is a primary school, which can be found in the west of Ravenstein. There are also two industrial complexes, one under the fosse in the South and one above the Maas, the sand factory, which is quite prominent because it stands alone and it is the only building which is faced when you drive on the dyke towards

Ravenstein. The city center is full op public, commercial and industrial functions.

Church Public Industrial Commercial Residential

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6.1.7 Local characteristic: Spatial relations Space analysis around the church and streets that are nearby shows spatial relations within the area. First of all, the church we are analyzing is situated next to less active, narrower roads than the Catholic church. Also, there are various boundaries â&#x20AC;&#x201C; fences, rows of trees â&#x20AC;&#x201C; that form enclosed spaces. When you are near the church it does not feel like there is that much open space around it, those boundaries split it into smaller areas.

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6.1.8 Local characteristic: Building block The urban planning of the Protestant church is deďŹ ned by creating building blocks. However, the Protestant church has quite an odd place, according to the building morphology of the other plots. It is actually overlapping on the south, but more inside on the north and inside the building borders of the east and west. Remarkable is that in front of the Protestant church is also a lot of urban space because of the void that is created because the morphology of the building block

is not followed. On this place the parking lot is realized, but the fact is that there is a large open blank space which has no interesting function which creates possibilities for further development.

Legend 1 Legend 2 Legend 3 Legend 4 Legend 5

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6.1.9 Local characteristic: Monuments 1. RÄłksmonumentenregister

Because of the old history of Ravenstein, there are a lot of buildings with high historical value which are worth preserving. The city of Ravenstein has 81 national monuments; see the national monuments register. In addition, there are 26 monuments registered in the List of municipal monuments in Ravenstein. One of these monuments is the Protestant church, but

the Catholic Church is also a monument. The fact that there a lot of monuments in Ravenstein reďŹ&#x201A;ects the idea that Ravenstein has a very high historical quality.

Monument

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6.1.10 Local characteristic: Public versus private 1. BagViewer

Public and private building map shows how public buildings are situated within the city. We can see that the most of them are in the city center and they host commercial functions. They are all quite close to the Protestant church. However, bigger public buildings are further from the city center, they are less dense.

Public Private Legend 3 Legend 4 Legend 5

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6.2 GARNIZOENSKERK General information The Reformed Church was built in 1641 for the garrison from the Republic that was stationed in Ravenstein. Contractor of the Garrissonchurch, Dirk de BÄłl, started building the church in 1641. He undertook to deliver the work for 6000 guilders minus 77.5 muds of lime. In addition, the contractor had to donate 3 tons of beer to the garrison. The building style of the church must be called archaic-gothic. The Gothic had been over her heyday during the construction of this church for years.

boat construction to the construction of the roof. One does not have to have a rich imagination to ďŹ nd the rafters of an inverted ship in the rafters of the church. What is good for the design of a ship, he will have reasoned, is also useful for the construction of a roof. This is the most interesting element on the interior of the church, while the rest of the interior is quite sober.

1. http://www.protestantsekerkravenstein.nl/

The church is now in use for the protestant mass but also the Catholic church uses it for their ceremonies, because their church is not in use anymore due to renovation problems.

However, the architect, local harbor master and boat builder, was guided by his knowledge of familiar churches in the area. This is how a building in Gothic style rose. It became a hall church, equipped with simple buttresses, windows with fork traces and printed round arches, erected in clear brick. The designer of the building had apparently applied his experiences in

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6.2.1 Plan (interior) 1. http://www.toerisme-ravenstein. nl/?page_id=5010 2. http://www.protestantsekerkravenstein.nl/?page_id=536

The interior can be characterized by quite sober, with some few interesting furniture elements. The choir fence was made in 1659 by Ravensteinse joiner Christiaan Martens of Ghent. The Ten Commandment sign - â&#x20AC;&#x153;the taeffel of the X commandmentsâ&#x20AC;? - is a gift from the state governor Johan Baron van Merode, commander of Ravenstein. It carries its weapon and was manufactured in 1648 by J. Van Gendt.

The organ is an instrument by Gotlieb Heyneman. It is related to the then popular cabinet organs. The difference is the absence of doors, so that the actual cabinet organ is not recognizable as an organ in closed condition. Also the benches (which are preserved) and the pulpit of the church are quite remarkable.

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6.2.1 Plan (roof structure) 1. http://www.protestantsekerkravenstein.nl/

The most characteristic part of the Garrissonchurch in the interior is the play of wodden beams and columns in the roof. The structure is inspired by the construction of ships. The rafters of the roof are the practical inverse of the rafters of a ship. This is probably the case because the architect was also a harbor master and boat builder. The black structure is also a huge contrast to the

rest of the interior, which is mostly white (except for the ďŹ&#x201A;oor). All in all, this structure gives some kind of pushing downwards, but is also embracing the communal feeling of the church with the round arches. The total roof construction is wrapped with pins and holes according to the drawings and requirements of the work.

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6.2.1 East elevation and section The facade is articulated into six supporting buttresses and has classic gothic windows.In the windows, fork tracing and printed round arches are visible. The church can be deďŹ ned as a true Protestant church which is sober and has a strong rhytm.

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6.2.1 South elevation and section http://www.protestantsekerkravenstein.nl/?page_id=536

The facade is articulated into three supporting buttresses and has blind windows, which used to be real windows, but were densiďŹ ed with bricks around 1731. It used to be customary in some places to store the ďŹ re sprayer near or even in the church.This was also the case in the Garrisonchurch of Ravenstein. This fact may also explain the need for a generous main entrance. They had to be able to drive in and out of the building with the device. The spraying mechanism was

parked in the church until 1778.

6.2.2 Construction analysis There are three types of constructions in the building: self-bearing; load-bearing and load-transferring. 1. Self- bearing: walls of the church; 2. Load-bearing: some of the walls, buttresses; 3. Load transferring - roof structure. This shows that buttresses have a very important part in the construction of the church.

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6.2.2 Construction analysis Forces of the building construction are also split into self-bearing (1), load-bearing (2) and load-transferring (3). Detailed analysis of how different parts of the church work can be seen in church sections (4,5). Also, there is a summary of main forces in the building (6).

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6.2.3 Structure There are three different scales of axis used in order to analyze symmetry and rhythm of the parts of the building. The thinner the lines are, the less of an inďŹ&#x201A;uence they have. Church building has both compositionally strong vertical and horizontal elements. There is strong symmetry in the South elevation of the building. In the elevations buttresses are forming secondary axis; decorative window elements are also important, they are highlighting

verticality in the building. Interior of the church has very strong horizontal axis formed by wooden beams in roof construction.

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6.2.3 Structure The rhytm that is realized in the east and west elevation of the church gives the church on the interior an even more uniform feeling. This feeling enhances the communal aspect of the church. A clear axis can be found on the point where the roof structure starts: a division between two spaces: the upper and the lower part.

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6.2.4 Spatial analysis Inside of the church can be split in different spatial areas. Because of various dividing elements (balusters, construction elements, curtains, different heights, walls) interior does not feel like a single, continuous space. Boundaries are shown in two line styles: strong (walls, windows), softer (non-full height balusters, stairs, curtains, constructions). Spaces are divided not only by elements build on the ďŹ&#x201A;oor but also by roof construction. If feels as if church is divided to lower (ground ďŹ&#x201A;oor) and higher (roof) structure. Roof con-

structions are splitting roof into even smaller areas.

6.2.4 Spatial analysis Black and white space analysis highlights proportions between church, spaces inside and outside it. From the space around church analysis we can see that there is a lot of open space nearby. Spatial structure around it is non-typical for Ravensteinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s old town. There is a spacious square in front of the church. Now it is a parking lot but it must have hosted an important function over the time as it was always open. It could have been a market, gathering space.

Due to addition to the church on the North-West side of the building, building is not completely symmetric. It is, however, partly connected to the building block next to the church. Church itself is split into a few different sized areas. Entrance area, that is divided by curtains, is rather small. About third of the church is divided by balusters and is private - pastorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s area.

6.2.4 Spatial analysis The building is deﬁned by three different spaces created by the roof and the division on the ground. The most remarkable space is the one above eye level: the dark roof construction which is deﬁned by heaviness. The most public space is the place where the mass takes place and where the people sit: when you enter the building.

The private part of the building is also a separate place. Here, the building makes a curve, embracing the ‘people’ in the other space. Here, the pastor speaks to his people. The different spaces in this building, make this building, despite its simpleness, interesting.

6.2.5 Transformation analysis A drastic change in the interior was made in the 18th century. The church was provided with a stucco ceiling. This wanted to combat the cold and promote acoustics. At the last restoration in 1971 this ceiling was removed again. The 17th-century situation with white walls, bright windows and an open roof has been completely restored. The facade is articulated into three by supporting buttresses and has blind windows.

Initially, these windows were ďŹ tted with checkers. In 1732, however, the church council decided to brick these windows, as the windows were continually destroyed. Vandalism was already a well-known phenomenon at that time. The latest renovation are the new beams parallel to the front faĂ§ade.

6.2.6 Floor The dark floor is, just like the dark roof structure, quite striking in this church. Especially the floor is quite an interesting remark for this protestant church regarding there is no adjacent graveyard. People used to be buried below the floor. If you were a rich person in those days, you got a large, decorated gravestone, but poorer people simply got a number.

Nowadays, nobody is buried under the ﬂoor and the bones of the people who passed away have been removed to an other location.

6.2.6 Chandeliers Recently, the chandeliers in the church have been renovated with new light bulbs. There are four chandeliers, all black and arranged on the main axes of the church. Chandeliers are typical elements for a protestant church. In the night, the chandeliers are turned on and because there are a lot of windows, the church gets some

kind of spooky effect towards the environment. This is important to attract people towards the church.

7.1 OSS, NORTH BRABANT General information

The city of Oss is located in the province of North-Brabant in the Netherlands, and as a municipality contents 2 cities and 17 towns with, as of october 2018, a total count of 91.238 inhabitant as a commune. This range is a result of historical developments in relation to religious developments throughout the history of Oss. Oss has a rich history, as references to the city date back to 1161. From early writings it was proven that the Abbey (NL: Abdij) van Echternach ruled the town via patronage law. Official township rights were provided to the city and its citizens in the year 1286, by Duke Hertog Jan I of Brabant. The economy bloomed after the plague epidemic in 1346, characterized by the butter trading business. The growth of Oss as a community resulted in building the castle of Oss, and the town was provided with city walls to protect the citizens. Other measures, like digging ditches and trenches, were taken in order to guarantee safety, though this didn’t withhold invaders from burning the city in 1387. To further reinforce the city after the fire damage, canals were dug to surround the city walls, which mark the organic infrastructure of the city center as of today. In order to legally protect itself from outside threats, the city was granted its city rights by Dutchess Johanna van Brabant. The War of Gelders (NL: Gelderse Oorlogen) were responsible for the impetuous history of Oss after 1477, resulting in pillages in the years to come. Emperor Karel V ended the war by incorporating Gelre in 1543.

Due to its troubling past, Oss was formerly known as a poor city, resulting in a negative reputation across the Netherlands. It was in the 18th century that Oss was infamous for its savage culture of “messentrekkerij” and “bekkesnijden”. Both pursuits were based on the scarring of an opposing challenger with dull knifes, as a play of masculinity and the conquering of a woman. This reputation was wide-spread and so Oss made itself a distant commune towards the rest of the Netherlands.

Sources: http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_Oss http://www.stadsarchiefoss.nl/Default.aspx?so=g&id=125 https://www.bhic.nl/ontdekken/mijnplaats/plaatsen/oss https://www.historischnieuwsblad.nl/ nl/artikel/43319/de-bende-van-oss. html

Only due to the industrialization of the late 19th century, Oss became an important economical base because of two main factories: Jurgens Margarine factory and Organon. It was because of this industrial development the city hosted a large scale of employees and was able to expand in urbanization. This evelution was the starting point of rapid growth within the coming decades.

After the incorporation, the Eighty-year War started, resulting in the invasion by the Spanish legions in the Netherlands. (One of the infamous raids was the arson of 60 houses committed by 60 Spanish cavalry men, whom later were hunted down and driven away from Oss). At the end of the 16th century, another plague epidemic spread across Oss, causing many fatalities. Only a few decades after the war, protestant Christian religion gained the upper hand in the city. This happening was the turning point for religious development within Oss, as the Christian religion and its public practice became prohibited. This resulted in the now great presence of Catholic and Protestant churches is Oss and its surroundings. It was only in the late 1980’s that both movements were merged and decided to practice their belief together in combined fashion.

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7.1.1 Historical map 1. Castle of Oss 2. Graafse Poort 3. Bossche Poort

On the map above we can distinguish how the former city wall was constructed around the old city centre. The wall was built around 1387, as an expansion plan for fortification of Oss. This way, the Castle of Oss (1) was no longer the only military facility to protect the city. The city centre was accessible by entering through two main gates on the east (Graafse Poort (2)), and on the south (Bossche Poort (3)). Today, we can only see traces of the former wall by parts of the infrastructure, and with metal pinpoints where the former canals used to be situated.

This was done in 1999 to celebrate 600 years of official city rights for Oss. The wall itself is no longer visible, as it was demolished between 1850 and 1940. The city wall, as represented on the map above, can be categorized in present influence and visibility. The solid lines represent parts where the infrastructure follows the former wall structure, whereas de dashed line indicates where no present visible traces of the wall can be distinguished.

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Historical information Built environment

Industry

From 1850 to 1900, Ossâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; urban fabric expanded slowly towards the south, and only expanded more rapidly because of the developing industrial sites. When the railway was constructed in 1881, it provided an easy transportation route for companies and factories alike.

Maasland, where Oss was the capital, consisted partly of territory that was regularly flooded by the Meuse and as such was only suitable as meadow. As a result of the same floods, the meadows were also fertile. This meant that cattle and meat, as well as milk and butter, were important products. On this basis, an important industry arose and Oss was also at the basis of two global concerns, namely Unilever and AkzoNobel.

Because of these developments, the once financially disadvantaged Oss became more economically engaged and provided housing for employees which were active in Oss. In just 50 years, Oss expanded around four times its original magnitude, and the ubranization extended towards the eastern and western parts of Oss. The original city center of Oss The built environment of the city center of Oss originated from 1161, as the town has a rich history dating from midieval times. The city of Oss was shaped by ages of war (e.g. Gelderse Oorlog, Tachtigjarig Oorlog), and only grew to the city as we know it today as from 1850, as a result of the industrial revolution. After the Second World War, the urban fabric further ranged towards northern parts, and shaped the community as we know it today.

Families from traders such as Jurgens and Van den Bergh saw their products being paid in butter by the farmers, because of this they also went into the butter trade. In 1871 Hendrikus Jurgens produced margarine on a commercial scale for the first time after a French invention. In 1872 this also succeeded for Simon van den Bergh. This created two mutually competing margarine factories. A further very important industry was the export slaughtering industry, and in this sector Zwanenberg (from 1886) became the strongest player, while competitor Hartogs Vleeschfabrieken, started as an export slaughterhouse in 1876, also played an important role. The latter is still present as a Unilever factory in the city and produces the Unox brand. Between Hartog and Zwanenberg has been a fierce competition for years. In 1929 the factory of margarine factory went from Jurgens to Rotterdam. This again led to massive unemployment and this was linked to increasing crime. The empty factories were taken in 1930 by Philips, who was going to make lighting products there. It was the first Philips branch in the Netherlands outside the Eindhoven region. This factory grew strongly but eventually went almost down: In 2006 the production activities were discontinued. with the development of a typical Brabant church village. It has been preserved intact and is important because of its architectural-historical and typological rarity.

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7.1.2 Morphological map On this map, the morphological structure of the urban context within the vicinity of the Paaskerk is shown. The fabric translates the urbanization process and its relation to the surrounding environment. The distinction between organic fabric and planned urbanization after the construction of the railway can be analyzed due to the grid structure of building blocks in the areas around the old city center, whereas the building structure within the old city walls follow an alter-

nating hollow and bulb form due to the remaining formation of the former city wall. This is where parts of the original enclosed city of Oss translate themselves in to structures of the present day.

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7.1.3 Inverse morphological map Much like the previous map, the inverse morphological map distinguishes a certain urban fabric where a difference between old and new structure is analyzed. The inverse map emphasizes the building blocks themselves, and their morphological qualities, in disregard of any old or new infrastructure. These qualities range from building typology to public space. The map indicates on a rough scale the different domains within Oss.

A quality that this map shows is the grain size of the urban fabric. A distinction between large and small scale buildings, blocks and neighbourhoods can be made in order to regulate and understand the structure of the urban context.

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7.1.4 Infrastructure map The main infrastructure of Oss originated from the access to the former inner city, whereas the center would be reachable from all directions. With the growth of Oss and its expanding urban fabric, primary roads were spread and provided a reachable structure for the users. The map distinguishes primary, secondairy and tertiary infrastructure in order to analyse the importance, reach and accessablility for an to the city.

The main infrastructural orders are the inner and outer ring, together with the railway which gives access to the city at two stations (Oss and Oss West).

Primary Secondary Tertiary

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7.1.5 Green map The green map shows what types of natural facilities lie within Oss. In the city, the presence of green is an influental part of the street quality, residential space or public domain. Therefore a distinction is made between different types; namely visionary green, residential green, transitional green, natural green and agricultural green.

The analysis of the natural elements shows how the urban fabric is connected on the ground level, and the degree its present to serve a particular purpose. The city of Oss has a dense structure, so the factor of natural and agricultural green increases only when ranging towards the city borders.

Visionary Transitional Residential Agricultural Natural

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7.1.6 Functions map The green map shows what types of natural facilities lie within Oss. In the city, the presence of green is an influental part of the street quality, residential space or public domain. Therefore a distinction is made between different types; namely visionary green, residential green, transitional green, natural green and agricultural green.

Medical Education Public Sport Culture

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7.1.7 Height map The Paaskerk is located south of the railway, in an urban fabric which was developed during the industrial rise of the late 19th century. This means that most of the buildings in the vicinity are of a lower height, as a result of the resendential function. The Paaskerk itself has a transitional function between the higher layers of buildings with a public program towards the residential areas in the South-West.

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7.1.8 Location specific The isometric view of the context displays an impression of the Paaskerk within its urban surrounding. Emphasizing certain key elements such as domains and infrastructure, the qualities of the church within its context are analyzed.

7.2 PAASKERK General information

The Protestant movement in Oss was not of notable size untill the late 17th century, when the public display of Catholic belief became prohibited. During this development, the Protestant movement grew as a community, resulting in a larger increase of Protestant churches. The Paaskerk in Oss, although built in 1966, is a later result of the influence of the Protestant belief and shows the modern presence of a long existing movement. The construction of church was commissioned by the church council in 1953, and was build for the new reformed Protestant church community. The church itself was designed by architects van Mourik and van Wely, and it shows a modernist interpretation of the Protestant belief and manner of expressing this. With non-oriented building placement and a non-traditional floorplan it goes against the established fashion of church design. Although its distinct architectural expression, the symbolicism remains. The underlying meaning of the Protestant movement is present, as it connects partisants and creates a humble, sober environment for church-goers. Originally, the main service area was oriented in 1 way, were seating for the visitors was orientated towards the southern direction, and remained able to expand due to removable sliding elements of the back wall. This allowed for bigger church services, yet simountaniously guaranteed the initmacy of a Protestant church ambiance. Because of the popularity of the church, an aditional building was attached to the Paaskerk, named the Pinksterterp. This edifice was constructed in 1976, to facilitate additional community events. As time passed, the Protestant movement in Oss reduced in members, and the use of the church underwent changes. In 2005, the Paaskerk was renovated to fit a new program, and transformed in a more flexible facility. After the 2005 renovation, the main service area was transformed into a circular seating orientation, and the sliding elements of the back wall became static, providing a seperation of altar and alternative spaces within the Paaskerk. This seperation was amplified by the installation of a water fountain, which elongated towards the outside patio. This long fountain stretches across two different spaces and ends at a fire basket, with the symbolic meaning referring towards the Jordan river

and the eternal Christian light. Symbolicism is evident in the Paaskerk, as another striking element accentuates the Protestant belief, namely the bell tower. The bell itself is seating within 12 columns of differing heights, which refer to the 12 apostles, or more accuratly, to the 12 sons of Jacob. The bell tower is located at the core of the church, whereas the spatial movement of the visitors revolves around this area, ending in the service area. Because of the shifting program use, this renovation provided office space within the church, and integrated communty meeting spaces within. The Pinksterterp became a communital meeting point in order to guarantee its usefull faciltitation. Lastly, an intergrated interior element emphasizes the uniqueness of the Paaskerk, which is the main organ of the church. This organ was meant to provide an extra dimension to the service area, and was a gift of design by the siblings van Gulpen in 1973. The organ became activily used at the services by 1974.

Sources: http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_Oss http://www.pkn-oss.nl/wb/index.php https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paaskerk_(Oss) https://www.protestantsekerk.nl/ over-ons/kerkzoeker/protestantse-gemeente-oss-paaskerk http://reliwiki.nl/index.php/Oss,_Wethouder_van_Eschstraat_165_-_Paaskerk https://kerkdienstgemist.nl/ streams/427378-Protestantse-gemeente-te-Oss h t t p : / / w w w. b r a b a n to rg e l. n l / Oss-Paaskerk_frameset.html

7.2.1 Floor plan Spatial simplicity is what emphasizes the symbolicism in movement tendencies for the user. the Paaskerk. Although the floor plan shows a static dividence, what clarifies the use of the church is the sequenThe main structure of the floor plan is translated in the tial movement within. Whereas the entrance lies hidden quartering of the surface area, where the emphasis of in a protected entrance hall, it shows the direction of the the program is guided towards the altar and seating Orginal floor plan of the Paaskerk (1966). Lorem eventual destination, namely the service area. area. The revolving movement ends in the patio, which provides a soft ending of enclosure. This movement revolves around the core, where the stairwell has an upward movement towards the bell tower. This means that the Paaskerk houses 2 main, circular

1.1 Floor plan (ground floor, original 1966) 1. Lorem

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7.2.2 Elevations The Paaskerk shows an enclosed spatial assemblage as well in the floor plan as in the elevations. Interaction is emphasized within the church itself, and the relation towards the external environment remains distant. Differing heights of the outer wall translate into a sloped roof with a vertical movement, which is made visible in the horizontally orientated elevation drawings. Small, vertical openings of the north elevation accentuate the magnitude of the height, and shows little to rela-

tion to the actual height of the floor plans. Large, open facades on the entrance and patio side provide a more responsive attitude of the relation between interior and exterior. This results in a lighter ambiance on the interior service area, and a more receptive entry of the building.

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7.2.3 Sections In order to further explain the spatial sequencing within the Paaskerk, the sections show how the building mostly consists of larger open spaces with a high ceiling. This is concieved by the use of a constructional core, which forms one of the main supports for the long beams for the roof structure. The dividence of spaces within is also visible, showing how there is a clear distinction between main areas and the smaller, elevated spaces.

These areas are accessed throught the main routing sequence in this constructional core, which serves as a multipurpose element for the church. As an extention, the bell tower is based on this core and tower higher above the roof, resulting in the eye-catcher that is clearly visible from the exterior.

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7.2.4 Construction As mentioned before, the central core forms the main constructional base and connects the beams to the outer, load-bearing walls. These loads are then conducted towards the foundation in the ground, which is connected by situ-concrete. The exploded view shows the different elements and their internal connection, and gives an overview of the collaboration of the construction of the building as a whole.

Because of the spatial dividence of the floor plan, an additional load-bearing wall is implemented to guarantee the intented configuration of the different areas within. The roof is constructed as a whole, and composed of interrelating wooden slats that connect to the load-bearing beams. This results in an equally divided load and the total constructional weight to be distributed towards the foundation.

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7.2.5 Spatial analysis The diagrams above show the interpration of the floor plan and the spatial sequencing within the Paaskerk. As mentioned before, the floor plan of the church is subjected to a circular movement that leads the visitor towards the main service area. The altar remains the focal point of use, and from this base, the remaining areas are oriented. The seating is an extention of this idea, as a result of placement within the service area.

The stairwell in the core creates a dense, vertical moventent in the center of the church, which provides the main access to the upper floors. The circular movement is thus also translated in a secondary sequence.

Primary Secondary Tertiary Patio

7.2.6 Ornamental elements The Paaskerk is, unlike the traditional church, a modernist, Protestant church. The design as a whole is on different analysis displayed as a differing edifice, yet traditional symbolism plays a large role.

rising from the main core of the building. The bell is seated between 12 columns of differing height, referring to the 12 apostles, or more accuratly, to the 12 sons of Jacob.

The fountain, altough added later during the 2005 renovation, referers to the Jordan River, ending in a fire basket which represents the eternal Christian light.

Smaller, lesse evident symbolic traits are analysed during the previous analytical drawings, and show how a modernist church relations to traditional orders.

The most obvious symbolic element is the bell tower,

Colophon Eindhoven University of Technology Faculty of the Built Environment Urbanism and Urban Architecture Supervisors: Geert Das MSc. ir. Marcel Musch

Student teams 1. Heilige Antonius Abt Church - Volkel Nick van Garderen Laura Monroy Torres 2. Heilige Kruisvindingskerk - Odiliapeel Joris Kemperman Brandon Villatora 3. Jacobus de Meerdere - Zeeland Ruben van Dijk Francesca Meineri 4. Heilige Geest Church - Oss Aukje Hefting Anna Kärki 5. Sint Servatius Church - Megen Stijn Giesbers Mallika Jayaraman 6. Garnizoenskerk - Ravenstein Merel van Hooren Liucija Šimkūnaitė 7. Paaskerk - Oss Joshua Evers Michaela Vatral’ova Layout Team: Joshua Evers Nick van Garderen Stijn Giesbers Aukje Hefting Merel van Hooren Francesca Meineri