Physical Education (A level) Cardiovascular & Respiratory Systems C Jones Please note that you may see slight differences between this paper and the original.
Duration: Not set
Candidates answer on the Question paper. OCR supplied materials: Additional resources may be supplied with this paper. Other materials required: • Pencil • Ruler (cm/mm)
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES • • • • • •
Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes above. Please write clearly and in capital letters. Use black ink. HB pencil may be used for graphs and diagrams only. Answer all the questions, unless your teacher tells you otherwise. Read each question carefully. Make sure you know what you have to do before starting your answer. Where space is provided below the question, please write your answer there. You may use additional paper, or a specific Answer sheet if one is provided, but you must clearly show your candidate number, centre number and question number(s).
INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES • The quality of written communication is assessed in questions marked with either a pencil or an asterisk. In History and Geography a Quality of extended response question is marked with an asterisk, while a pencil is used for questions in which Spelling, punctuation and grammar and the use of specialist terminology is assessed. • The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. • The total number of marks for this paper is 60. • The total number of marks may take into account some 'either/or' question choices.
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Answer all the questions.
1(a).
i.
Give an average value for cardiac output for a performer at rest and during maximal exercise.
[2] ii.
Describe how the conduction system of the heart controls the systolic phase of the cardiac cycle.
[4]
(b).
Describe the mechanics of breathing for inspiration at rest.
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[4]
(c).
Fig. 2 Describe neural factors which regulate the cardiac and respiratory systems shown in Fig. 2 during exercise. Using Fig. 2, explain how these systems affect an endurance performer.
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[10]
2.
i.
Outline how oxygen is transported in the blood.
[2] ii.
Describe the process of oxygen diffusion at the alveoli during exercise.
[3]
3.
Gravity is one mechanism of venous return which aids the flow of blood back to the heart. i.
Identify three other mechanisms of venous return.
[3]
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ii.
Explain how an increase in venous return during exercise affects the quality of an athlete’s performance.
[3]
4(a).
During exercise the mechanics of breathing change. Explain the role of the sternocleidomastoid muscle in respiration during exercise.
[4]
(b).
Describe the short term effects of exercise on gas exchange at the alveoli.
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[4]
5(a).
Describe the mechanics of breathing for inspiration during exercise.
[5]
(b).
Describe intrinsic control of the heart during exercise.
[4]
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6.
Fig. 2 shows the changes in stroke volume and heart rate from rest to maximal exercise.
Fig. 2
i.
Calculate the cardiac output when the heart rate is 180bpm. Show your working.
[2] ii.
Explain the changes to stroke volume during sub maximal exercise.
[3]
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7(a).
Explain the cardiac cycle of the heart using the following key terms:
Atrial systole Ventricular systole Diastole
[3]
(b).
An athlete has a tidal volume of 0.5 litres and a breathing frequency of 12 breaths per minute. i.
Calculate the athlete’s minute ventilation using these values. Show your workings.
[2] ii.
During a 5000 metre race, the athlete’s tidal volume increases. Explain how neural control of breathing causes this to happen.
[2]
END OF QUESTION paper
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Mark scheme Question
Answer/Indicative content
Marks
Guidance
Accept Do not accept 1.
without units
2.
without units
2 marks for 2 from(At rest)
1.
Examiner’s Comments
4—6 l/min or l min-1 or litres/min or litres min-1 or l or litres 4,000—6,000 ml/min or ml min-1 or or ml
Give an average value for cardiac output for a 1
a
i
2
(During maximal exercise) 2.
performer at rest and during maximal exercise.
20—40 l/min or l min-1 or litres/min or litres min-1
or l or litres 20,000—40,000 ml/min or ml min-1 or ml
This question proved to be difficult. Commonly, candidates confused the required cardiac output values with stroke volume values, heart rate or blood pressure.
Very few used the correct units, resulting in most candidates failing to gain marks.
Accept 1.
pacemaker
2.
systole or depolarisation or contraction on own
3. bicuspid and / or tricuspid vales
4 marks for 4 from Conduction system should be considered in the correct order to gain marks.
1.
SA node or sino-atrial node or SAN initiates or sends an
4.
impulse 2.
this causes atrial systole or atrial depolarisation or contraction
3.
blood forced or pushed or flows from the atria to the ventricles
5.
of atria
ii
or out of the atria or through AV valves 4.
4
impulse travels to or is received by the AV node or atrio-
systole or depolarisation or contraction on own
6. 7.
ventricular node or AVN / AV node sends impulse 5.
Do not accept
impulse continues down the bundle of His and to the Purkinje fibres
6.
Causing ventricular systole or ventricular depolarisation or
Examiner’s Comments
contraction of ventricles 7.
blood is ejected from the ventricles
Describe how the conduction system of the heart controls the systolic phase of the cardiac cycle.
Knowledge of the conduction system was good, resulting in most candidates gaining maximum marks on this question.
Candidates were strong at linking the passage of the impulse (through the
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conduction system) with the systolic phases of both the atria and the ventricles, linked with the corresponding movement of blood through the heart.
Many candidates achieved 4 marks max before the end of their answer.
Do not accept
Accept 1. 2. lowers 3. ribs 4. increasing size of thoracic cavity or lungs/ thorax / chest or chest cavity or rib cage / expands or increased area in lungs = BOD
5. decreasing pressure on own if decreasing linked to thoracic pressure on cavity or thorax or own lungs referred to inpt 4.
4 marks for 4 from
increasing volume on own / creating more room
1.
external intercostals contract
2.
diaphragm contracts or flattens
3.
(which) pulls or moves the rib cage up and out
4.
increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity or thorax or lungs
5.
decreasing the pressure within thoracic cavity or thorax or lungs
b
4 / pressure within thoracic cavity is less than atmospheric
breathe in on 6. lungs fill with air own / / breathe air in = reference to BOD oxygen
pressure
6.
Examiner’s Comments
forcing air into the lungs / air enters the lungs
Describe the mechanics of breathing for inspiration at rest.
This question was answered well with a majority achieving maximum marks.
Most candidates wrote answers in a logical order covering points 1 to 6, with many achieving 4 out of 4 before the end of their answer.
There were two common errors; firstly some candidates did not specifically identify that external obliques contract, (referring instead to obliques in general and therefore being ‘too vague’, while others incorrectly identified the internal obliques. Secondly, some candidates did not refer to the increasing volume of the thoracic cavity
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and so were ‘too vague’ by just writing the thoracic cavity increases.
(e)* Levels of Response
Examiner’s Comments
Generic descriptors Discriminators Level 3 (8 – 10 marks) A comprehensive At level 3 responses answer: are likely to include:
Describe neural factors that regulate the cardiac
c
detailed knowledge & understanding effective analysis / critical evaluation and / or discussion / explanation / development clear and consistent practical application of knowledge accurate use of technical and specialist vocabulary high standard of written communication
Detailed description of the receptors Detailed description of neural regulation of cardiac system Detailed description of neural regulation of respiratory system o Inspiration and expiration Explanation of the effect on endurance performer
and respiratory systems shown in Fig 2.
Using Fig 2, explain how these systems affect an endurance performer.
This question was reasonably well answered.
Candidates achieved a good spread of marks here.
While there were more level 1 responses than level 3, a large percentage of candidates achieved level 2.
Knowledge of the receptors was strong, with a high proportion of candidates identifying chemoreceptors, proprioceptors and baroreceptors as well as thermoreceptors.
Many candidates described the changes accurately, by referring to an increase or decrease of the relevant levels. Weaker candidates got mixed up with the changes that each one detects.
10
Knowledge of the cardiac system was considerably better known than the respiratory system with many candidates identifying the cardiac control centre and linking it to affecting the firing rate of the SA node.
With regard to the respiratory system, most candidates could identify the respiratory
Level 2 (5 - 7 marks) At level 2 responses A competent answer: are likely to include:
control centre but then omitted to differentiate between inspiration and
satisfactory knowledge & understanding analysis / critical evaluation and / or discussion / explanation / development attempted with some success some success in practical application of knowledge
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Satisfactory description of the receptors Satisfactory description of neural regulation of cardiac system Satisfactory description of neural regulation of respiratory system Reference to the effect on Page 13 of 23
expiration, simply linking the RCC to affecting rate and depth of breathing without mentioning the steps in between.
While most candidates could offer a description of the neural regulation of heart rate and breathing rate, few went on to explain the effects of how an increase in both would affect an endurance performer.
This meant that a majority of responses were level 1 and level 2, as not all parts of the question had been addressed to a satisfactory standard.
Stronger candidates displayed a good knowledge of the positive effects of taking in more oxygen and delivering more oxygen to the working muscles of an endurance
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technical and specialist vocabulary used with some accuracy written communication generally fluent with few errors
endurance performer
performer. Being able to 'work for longer' was another frequently offered knowledge point.
Some high level 3 answers were evident, with most at the lower levels.
Overall
As a whole, this A&P question resulted in candidates achieving a good spread of marks.
Level 1 (1 - 4 marks) A limited answer:
There were very few nil responses.
basic knowledge & understanding little or no At level 1 responses attempt to are likely to include: analyse / critically evaluate and / Basic description or discuss / of the receptors explain / Basic description develop of neural little or no regulation of attempt at cardiac system practical Basic description application of of neural knowledge; regulation of technical and respiratory specialist system vocabulary Little or no used with reference to the limited effect on success endurance written performer communication lacks fluency and there will be errors, some of which may be intrusive
[0 marks] No response or no response worthy of credit.
Indicative content: Candidate responses are likely to include: (relevant responses not listed should be acknowledged)
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Numbered points = knowledge / understanding Bullet points = likely to be development of knowledge
General
1.
Neural control is under Autonomic Nervous System or ANS
2.
uses the sympathetic nervous system
control
Receptors during physical activity
3.
Chemoreceptors
o
detect increase in (pp)CO2 or carbonic acid or lactic
o
detect decrease in (pp)O2 or pH
acid or acidity
4.
Proprioceptors
5.
Baroreceptors
o
detect (increase in) motor activity or movement
o o
detect increase in blood pressure
o
detect increased stretch of lung walls
detect increased stretch of arterial or blood vessel wall
6.
Thermoreceptors or temperature receptors
o
detect increase in blood temperature
Cardiac System
7.
information sent to the CCC or cardiac control centre (in medulla oblongata)
o
impulses sent via the (cardiac) accelerator nerve
8.
to increase the firing rate or stimulate the SA node
9.
increasing heart rate
(overall effect…)
10. increases cardiac output or Q
o
Q = SV x HR / cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate
Respiratory System
11. information sent to RCC or respiratory control centre (in medulla oblongata) 12. (which) stimulates the inspiratory centre
(inspiration…)
13. increased stimulation or force of contraction of diaphragm
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o
via phrenic nerve
14. increased stimulation or force of contraction of external intercostals
o
via intercostal nerve
15. recruitment or stimulation of additional (inspiratory) muscles e.g. sternocleidomastoid or SCM or scalenes or pectoralis minor
(mechanics of inspiration compared to rest)
16. rib cage or ribs move up and out further 17. volume of thoracic cavity increases further 18. pressure inside thoracic cavity decreases further 19. more air rushes in 20. increases depth of breathing or tidal volume or TV
(expiration)
21. expiratory centre stimulated (by baroreceptors or stretch receptors) 22. expiration becomes active 23. recruitment or stimulation expiratory muscles e.g. internal intercostals or obliques or rectus abdominus or transverse abdominus or abdominals
(mechanics of expiration compared to rest)
24. rib cage or ribs move down and in further 25. volume of thoracic cavity decreases further 26. pressure inside thoracic cavity increases further 27. more air forced out 28. increases rate of breathing or breath frequency or ventilation rate
(overall effect)
29. increases minute ventilation or VE
o
VE = TV x f / Minute ventilation = Tidal Volume x breath frequency
Effect on endurance performer
30. endurance performer relies on supply of oxygen to working muscles or aerobic respiration or the aerobic system
(increased heart rate or cardiac output means ‌)
31. more oxygen or blood to the working muscles (per minute)
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(increased tidal volume or minute ventilation means …)
32. more oxygen inspired or breathed in (per breath or per minute)
(so …)
33. increase in aerobic respiration 34. performer will be able to work for longer / greater endurance capacity 35. performer will be able to work at a higher intensity
36. less build up of lactic acid e.g. run or cycle or swim faster 37. delayed fatigue or lactate threshold or OBLA / (accept) — increased lactate threshold or OBLA
[Total: 30 marks]
Total
20
Accept 1.
Do not accept Carried in red blood cells = TV
2. 2 marks for 2 from Conduction system should be considered in the correct order to gain marks. 2
i
2 1.
(combines) with or in haemoglobin / as oxyhaemoglobin or HbO2
2.
(dissolved) in plasma
Examiner’s Comments
Outline how oxygen is transported in the blood. This was a straightforward recall question for 2 marks and candidates scored well. The transport of oxygen with haemoglobin in the form of oxyheamoglobin was widely known, while many candidates also knew that oxygen dissolved in blood plasma to gain maximum marks. Points 1, 4 & 5 must be in correct order
3 marks for 3 from:
1.
Accept
oxygen diffuses or moves from the alveoli to the blood / oxygen diffuses down the diffusion or pressure or concentration gradient / oxygen travels from high partial pressure or concentration to low partial pressure or concentration
ii
2.
there is a high partial pressure or concentration of oxygen or
3
ppO2 in the alveoli 3.
(during exercise) muscles use more oxygen
4.
(so…) there is a low(er) partial pressure or concentration of oxygen or ppO2 in the blood
5.
there is a large(r)or steep(er) or increased diffusion or pressure or concentration gradient of oxygen
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Do not accept
1. lungs for alveoli / (pulmonary) capillaries for blood / pressure for partial pressure 2. lungs for ‘higher partial alveoli / pressure pressure in Created in ExamBuilder
6.
for partial pressure
more oxygen diffuses or moves (from the alveoli) to the blood / increased or faster rate of diffusion of oxygen (from the alveoli) to the blood
alveoli during exercise compared to rest’
3. more oxygen needed = BOD 4. (pulmonary) capillaries for blood / pressure for partial pressure 5. greater ppO2 difference 6. (pulmonary) capillaries for blood
Examiner’s Comments
Describe the process of oxygen diffusion at the alveoli during exercise. This question was a good discriminator. The stronger candidates were quick to make the link between exercise and a steeper oxygen diffusion gradient and could describe the process in detail, so achieved maximum marks easily.
However, the overall understanding of the process of external respiration during exercise was weak with the majority scoring either 0 or 1 mark out of the 4 available. These weaker candidates could identify that the partial pressure of oxygen was high in the alveoli for the first mark, but failed to describe the process in full. There were also a notable number of candidates who talked about carbon dioxide. Total
5 Mark first 3 attempts only
Accept 3 marks for 3 from:
1 Muscular contractions around veins
Mark first three attempts only
3
i
1.
Skeletal or muscle or muscular pump
2.
(Pocket) valves
3.
Respiratory (muscle) pump
4.
Smooth muscle
3
Muscular contractions or muscles on own
2
3
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4 Venoconstriction / increased venous tone / increased sympathetic stimulation (of veins)
Examiner’s Comments
Gravity is one mechanism of venous return which aids the flow of blood back to the heart. Identify three other mechanisms of venous return.
This question was answered well with a high percentage of candidates identifying the correct mechanisms. Many also described the mechanisms, which was not necessary for an “identify” command word.
Accept
Do not accept
1 2 3 marks for 3 from: Submax 2 for points 1–5 Must hit pt 6 and / or pt 7
3 … causes walls of the heart to stretch
for max (Increased volume of blood entering the heart …)
1.
… causes the (walls of the) atria to stretch
2.
(which) stimulates the SA node to increase heart rate or firing
4 5 more blood pumped out of Increase in CO the heart per beat = BOD
rate or rate of impulses 3.
… causes the (walls of the) ventricles to stretch / causes
4.
(which) causes a stronger force of contraction or increased
increased EDV or end diastolic volume
contractility (of ventricle walls) / causes decreased ESV or end systolic volume ii
5.
increase in stroke volume or SV or cardiac output or Q
6.
increase blood or oxygen supply to muscles
7.
increases endurance / delays fatigue or OBLA or lactate
Increased heart rate on own
6
More blood or oxygen around body
7
7 Better or improved quality of performance
3
Examiner’s Comments
threshold / increases intensity of performance / increases
Explain how an increase in venous return during
removal or decreases levels of lactic acid or carbon dioxide or
exercise affects the quality of an athlete’s
CO2
performance.
Candidates were stronger at applying how an increased venous return affects performance than they were at using their theoretical knowledge of Starlings’ Law to explain how this happens. Therefore, two
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marks out of three was the most common outcome. Candidates who did achieve maximum did so by linking an increased venous return with an increased stroke volume. Total
6
Four marks from:
4
a
contraction (of sternocleidomastoid) during inspiration (AO1) causes rib cage to move up / out (AO2)
4
causes a greater increase in volume of thoracic cavity (AO2) causes a greater drop in pressure in lungs (AO2)
(AO1 x2, AO2 x2)
Maximum of 2 marks to be awarded for AO1. Maximum of 2 marks to be awarded for AO2.
causes more air to be drawn into / enter lungs (AO2) relaxation (of sternocleidomastoid) during expiration (AO1) allows rib cage to move down / in (AO2)
Four marks from:
(during exercise) blood in capillaries at the lungs has a lower partial pressure of oxygen (AO2)
b
Accept concentration / ppO2 / pO2 For diffusion accept
air in alveoli / lungs has higher ppO2 (AO1)
4
gases diffuse from an area of high to low concentration (AO1) (therefore) more oxygen diffuses from alveoli to blood (AO2)
equivalent words e.g. move / travel.
(AO1 x2, AO2 x2)
blood in capillaries at lungs has higher ppCO2 (AO1)
Maximum of 2 marks to be awarded for AO1. Maximum of 2 marks to be awarded for AO2.
air in alveoli has lower ppCO2 (AO1) (therefore) more CO2 diffuses from the blood to the alveoli (AO2)
Total
8 Mark first 2 attempts only
Accept 1. Partial Pressure
5 marks for 5 from:
a
2,3,5,8 Any reference to increase
Reference to quicker contractions.
3.
Reference to quicker contractions.
1.
Air moves from high to low pressure
2.
The diaphragm flattens or contracts with greater force
3.
The external intercostal muscles contract with greater force
4.
Additional muscles are recruited / used or sternocleidomastoid /
5.
The rib cage moves up and out further (than at rest)
6.
Volume of the thoracic cavity/ lungs increases more (than at
4.
rest)
5.
scalenes / pectoralis minor / trapezius are recruited / used 5
7.
5
Pressure of the thoracic cavity / lungs decreases more (than at rest)
8.
More air enters the lungs / increased depth of breathing /
6. Chest cavity = BOD
Expand
7. Chest cavity = BOD
increased volume of air inspired
8.
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Oxygen air goes into lungs FASTER Created in ExamBuilder
Examiner’s Comments
This question was not well answered with the majority of candidates struggling to relate their responses to ‘during exercise’. Therefore many referred to, for example, “diaphragm contracts” without saying “with greater force”. It is clear that the majority knew the anatomical information well but were unable to apply it to the specifics of the question. Many managed to include the additional muscles (Sternocleidomastoid etc…) but didn’t go on to include the increases. So there were a lot of candidates who described the process correctly but did not highlight an increase in the various points at exercise as opposed to rest and were therefore deemed too vague.
Accept 1.
Do not accept More blood enters heart.
2. 3. SA node increases stimulation. 4. 4 marks for 4 from
5.
b
1.
Increase in venous return / more blood enters the right atrium
2.
The right atrium stretches
6.
3.
(Which causes the) SA node to increase rate of firing.
7.
4.
Increasing end diastolic volume (EDV)
5.
More blood enters the left ventricle which will cause it to stretch
6.
(This in turn) increases the stroke volume / forces more blood
8.
/ recoil with more force after stretch.
4
Examiner’s Comments
out per beat. 7.
Temperature increases which increases heart rate
8.
(Increased Temperature) increases the speed of nerve
DNA Starling’s Law
Once again this question was not well answered. Many candidates had difficulty interpreting this
impulses
question, being unsure of what intrinsic control was and going on to make reference to medulla oblongata and sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Temperature increase was regularly identified but not always related to increasing heart rate. There was a lot of irrelevant theory in answers for this question, usually about chemoreceptors and baroreceptors or how nerve impulses travel down and through the heart. Candidates that did score often got points 1, 6 and 7 on the mark scheme. Lots referred to Starlings law but did not explain it. Total
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Two marks for:
6
i
formula - Cardiac Output / Q = Heart rate x stroke volume/ 180 x 120
2 (AO2)
Must show units for full marks.
calculation - Cardiac output / Q = 21600ml / minute / 21.6litres / minute
Three marks from:
ii
stroke volume is dependent on venous return (during sub maximal exercise) increased VR
increased SV
3 (AO2)
(at higher heart rates) Reduced filling time of heart (at higher HR) Smaller end diastolic volume / EDV (which means) heart is only partially filled with blood
Total
5
Three marks for:
Candidate must link description of term to its effect on blood flow.
1.
(Atrial systole) - atria contract which forces blood into the Examiner’s Comments
ventricles 7
2.
a
3.
(Ventricular systole) – ventricles contract which pumps blood
3
out of the heart / into the aorta and pulmonary artery / to the
(AO1)
Learners often wrote a lot for three marks. Some learners referred to the conduction system and made
body and the lungs
this the focus of their answer, ignoring the
(Diastole) – relaxation phase or atria / ventricles relax which
‘contractions’ of the muscles and the requisite
allows blood to enter heart
movement of blood through the system. Many did not access the marks for diastolic because they didn’t mention the ‘relaxation’ of the heart muscle. Must have correct units for point 2
Two marks for:
b
1.
i
Minute ventilation = tidal volume/TV x (breathing) frequency or
(AO3)
0.5 x 12 2.
2
6 L/min or 6 litres/minute or 6 L min-1
Examiner’s Comments While many knew the equation and thus came up with the correct numbers there was a poor use of units in this question which often saw L/m used as opposed to L/min.
Two marks from:
Accept any named receptor e.g. chemoreceptor, proprioceptor, baroreceptor, mechanoreceptor,
1.
Receptors to RCC (respiratory control centre) / IC (inspiratory
thermoreceptor for point 1.
centre) or baroreceptors / lung stretch receptors to EC (expiratory centre) 2.
Examiner’s Comments
(Inspiratory centre) stimulates nerves/motor neurones to 2
increase depth of breathing
ii
3.
Phrenic nerve stimulates diaphragm to contract more strongly
4.
Intercostal nerves stimulate external intercostals to contract
(AO1)
into full answers. Most learners just focused on
Sternocleidomastoid / scalenes / pectoralis minor / internal
naming the receptors and their roles and therefore
intercostals / rectus abdominis / external obliques)
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lots of writing about all receptors and then no
often key words were seen but these did not develop
Recruitment of any named additional muscle (e.g.
Total
question – point one awarded the most often but often
progression further down the mark scheme - again
more strongly/with more force 5.
Learners generally scored quite low marks on this
scored 0 as they did not mention RCC.
7
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