Practice paper A Level Physical Education H555/01 Physiological factors affecting performance
MARK SCHEME
Duration: 2 hours
MAXIMUM MARK
90
Final Version
This document consists of 20 pages
© OCR 2017
H555/01
Mark Scheme
Practice Paper
MARKING INSTRUCTIONS PREPARATION FOR MARKING SCORIS 1. Make sure that you have accessed and completed the relevant training packages for on-screen marking: Scoris Assessor Online Training; OCR Essential Guide to Marking. 2. Make sure that you have read and understood the mark scheme and the question paper for this unit. These are posted on the RM Cambridge Assessment Support Portal http://www.rm.com/support/ca 3. Log-in to scoris and mark the 10 practice responses (“scripts�) and the 10 standardisation responses YOU MUST MARK 10 PRACTICE AND 10 STANDARDISATION RESPONSES BEFORE YOU CAN BE APPROVED TO MARK LIVE SCRIPTS. MARKING 1.
Mark strictly to the mark scheme.
2.
Marks awarded must relate directly to the marking criteria.
3.
The schedule of dates is very important. It is essential that you meet the Scoris 50% and 100% (traditional 40% Batch 1 and 100% Batch 2) deadlines. If you experience problems, you must contact your Team Leader (Supervisor) without delay.
4.
If you are in any doubt about applying the mark scheme, consult your Team Leader by telephone or the Scoris messaging system, or by email.
5.
Work crossed out: a. where a candidate crosses out an answer and provides an alternative response, the crossed out response is not marked and gains no marks b. if a candidate crosses out an answer to a whole question and makes no second attempt, and if the inclusion of the answer does not cause a rubric infringement, the assessor should attempt to mark the crossed out answer and award marks appropriately.
6.
Always check the pages (and additional objects if present) at the end of the response in case any answers have been continued there. If the candidate has continued an answer there then add a tick to confirm that the work has been seen.
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Practice Paper
7.
There is a NR (No Response) option. Award NR (No Response) - if there is nothing written at all in the answer space - OR if there is a comment which does not in any way relate to the question (e.g. ‘can’t do’, ‘don’t know’) - OR if there is a mark (e.g. a dash, a question mark) which isn’t an attempt at the question Note: Award 0 marks - for an attempt that earns no credit (including copying out the question)
8.
The scoris comments box is used by your team leader to explain the marking of the practice responses. Please refer to these comments when checking your practice responses. Do not use the comments box for any other reason. If you have any questions or comments for your team leader, use the phone, the scoris messaging system, or e-mail.
9.
Assistant Examiners will send a brief report on the performance of candidates to your Team Leader (Supervisor) by the end of the marking period. The Assistant Examiner’s Report Form (AERF) can be found on the RM Cambridge Assessment Support Portal (and for traditional marking it is in the Instructions for Examiners). Your report should contain notes on particular strength displayed as well as common errors or weaknesses. Constructive criticism of the question paper/mark scheme is also appreciated.
10.
For answers marked by levels of response: a. To determine the level – start at the highest level and work down until you reach the level that matches the answer b. To determine the mark within the level, consider the following:
Descriptor On the borderline of this level and the one below Just enough achievement on balance for this level Meets the criteria but with some slight inconsistency Consistently meets the criteria for this level
Award mark At bottom of level Above bottom and either below middle or at middle of level (depending on number of marks available) Above middle and either below top of level or at middle of level (depending on number of marks available) At top of level
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H555/01 11.
Mark Scheme
Practice Paper
Annotations used in the detailed Mark Scheme
?
Unclear
BOD
Benefit of doubt
Cross
Incorrect
L1
Level 1
L2
Level 2
L3
Level 3
REP
Repeat
Tick
Correct
VG
Vague
SEEN
Noted but no credit given
S
S (indicates ‘sub max reached’)
EG
Example
K
Knowledge
DEV
Development
Sub-maxes are indicated with S; the guidance section of the mark scheme shows which questions these are relevant to. K and DEV used instead of ticks on the extended response question to indicate where knowledge or development points from the indicative content have been made. On this extended response question, one K or DEV does not necessarily equate to one mark being awarded; the marking is based on a levels of response mark scheme which awards a level and mark holistically based upon the quality of the response overall against the
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Mark Scheme
Practice Paper
Section A Question 1
Answer •
Marks 2 (AO1)
Two marks from:
Guidance
1. (isotonic) contraction causing movement or change in length of muscle 2. (isometric) contraction without movement or no change in muscle length 2
Two marks from: 1. Phosphocreatine/PC 2. Sarcoplasm/cytoplasm
2 (AO2)
Two marks from: 1. Maximum force exerted during a single muscle contraction 2. Hand grip dynamometer or 1 rep max/1RM test
2 (AO1)
4
Two marks from: 1. Reluctance/resistance of a body to change its state of rotation/angular motion 2. MI = ∑m x r2 or MI = the sum of the mass multiplied by the distance of mass from the axis of rotation squared 3. Dependent on mass of body 4. Dependent on distribution of mass about axis of rotation
2 (AO1)
5
Two marks from: 1. (Distance) = 1600 metres or 1.6km 2. (Displacement) = 0
2 (AO3)
3
•
Answer must show correct unit for distance. Displacement does not need a unit for point 2 to be given
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Mark Scheme
Practice Paper
Section B Question 6
(a)
(b)
Answer
Marks
Four marks from:
4 (AO3)
Do not accept: shortened versions of muscles e.g. lats
4 (AO2)
Sub max 2 if no sporting examples. Sub max 3 if one example. N.B. Candidate may explain effect of low percentage of each fibre type.
Type of contraction
Movement
Agonist
Antagonist
abduction
deltoid
latissimus dorsi
concentric or isotonic
Four marks for: 1. Slow twitch/ST for endurance/stamina. E.g. footballer can last 90 minutes without fatigue 2. Fast oxidative glycolytic/FOG for muscular endurance. E.g. gymnast can complete a strenuous floor routine without tiring 3. Fast (glycolytic) twitch/FT/FTG for speed/power/strength. E.g. High jumper can produce explosive strength needed to jump over bar. 4. Mix of fibre types would benefit a games player, providing a combination of speed, muscular endurance and stamina
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Guidance
H555/01
Mark Scheme
Practice Paper
Section B Question
Answer
Marks
(c)
Three marks from: 1. Decreased/lower (atmospheric) pressure/ppO2 at altitude or air thinner 2. Increased breathing frequency 3. Decreased blood/plasma volume 4. Decreased stroke volume 5. Decreased maximal cardiac output/max heart rate 6. Reduced pressure/diffusion gradient or reduced O2 uptake by muscles or reduced VO2 max/aerobic capacity or reduced oxygen transport/muscle delivery
5 (AO1) Sub max 3 for effects of high altitude. Two marks for how performance in aerobic/anaerobic activities is affected.
Two marks for: 7. Lower performance in aerobic activities or decreased aerobic energy production or decreased intensity/duration before fatigue/OBLA 8. Improved performance in anaerobic/explosive/throwing/jumping activities (d)
(i)
5 (4 x AO1 1 x AO2)
1 mark: 1. Lactic acid/glycolytic system (AO2) 4 marks from: 2. Anaerobic or without (sufficient) O2 3. Glycogen/glucose/carbohydrates broken down to pyruvic acid/pyruvate 4. In sarcoplasm/cytoplasm 5. (enzyme) phosphofructokinase/PFK/glycogen phosphorylase/GPP/ lactate dehydrogenase/LDH 6. Pyruvic acid/pyruvate converted to lactic acid/lactate (in absence of O2) 7. 2 ATP produced (per molecule of glucose)
(d)
(ii)
Two marks from: 1. Lactic acid causes fatigue in muscles/onset of blood lactate accumulation/OBLA 2. Increase in acidity or increase in hydrogen (ions) or drop in pH 3. Inhibits/denatures enzyme action/decreases ATP resynthesis
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Guidance
2 (AO3)
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Mark Scheme
Practice Paper
Section B Question 7
(a)
Answer
Marks 4 (AO2)
Four marks from: 1. All elite performers will have greater energy expenditure due to demands of event/sport/training 2. Therefore energy intake will need to be greater 3. To maintain energy balance 4. Increased/higher carbohydrate intake than average for e.g. marathon runner 5. Increased protein intake for muscle repair than average for e.g. rugby player 6. Reduced fat intake than average for e.g. gymnast to prevent weight gain
(b)
Four marks from:
(i)
Three marks from: 1. Macrocycle is long term goal/1 year block e.g. a swimmer aiming to produce a pb for the championships 2. Mesocycle is medium term goal/1-4 months e.g. swimmer focusing on muscular endurance 3. Microcycle is short term goal/1-4 weeks e.g. swimmer improving tumble turn
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Sub max 2 if no sporting activity used. Sub max 3 if one sporting activity used. For points 4-6 many other activities could be used but must be correctly applied.
4 (AO1)
Must be a comparison for each mark.
3 (AO2)
Sub max 2 if no sport used
1. Creatine helps to increase stores of phosphocreatine/PC in muscles and bicarbonate increases buffering/removal of lactic acid 2. Creatine increases maximum/explosive strength/power/speed and bicarbonate increases strength endurance 3. Both are legal 4. Both are nutritional aids 5. Both have similar side-effects or can cause stomach cramps/diarrhoea (c)
Guidance
Cycle must be named for each point.
H555/01
Mark Scheme
Practice Paper
Section B Question (c)
(ii)
Answer
Marks
Three marks from: (tapering) 1. Reducing intensity/volume of training prior to event (AO1) 2. To ensure glycogen stores are full or ensure full recovery from intense training or to reduce fatigue (AO1)
Guidance
3 (2 x AO1 1 x AO3) Sub max 2 for tapering
(Effectiveness of tapering)
Sub max 1 for effectiveness
3. (Positives) Optimises performance or maximises energy stores or increased Hb/RBC/buffering capacity or increased hormone ratio to build and repair tissues or increased FOG fibre recovery/strength/speed/power output or increased immune response/ improved sleep (AO3) 4. (Negatives) Performer feels lethargic or struggles to cope with reduced intensity or misses endorphins/buzz from exercise or worries about weight gain or rapid decrease in aerobic enzymes (AO3) (d)
(i)
3 (AO2)
Three marks from: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Body size/weight/height/BMI/age (compared to opponents) Individual skill level/previous playing experience/fitness Previous injury/lack of joint stability/poor flexibility Posture/alignment issues Poor preparation/nutrition/hydration or lack of sleep Lack of/ineffective warm up
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Descriptions of intrinsic risk factors needed. Must be related to rugby union.
H555/01
Mark Scheme
Practice Paper
Section B Question (d)
(ii)
Answer
Marks
Three marks from: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
World Rugby’s 6R’s or “Recognise and Remove” message Recognise - the signs/symptoms of concussion Remove - player from field of play immediately Refer - to qualified professional for evaluation Rest - from exercise until symptom-free Recover – full recovery from symptoms is required before return to play Return – player must have written permission from qualified professional to play
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3 (AO1)
Guidance
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(a)
Mark Scheme (i)
One mark for: 1. The resistance to motion of two moving objects or surfaces that touch
Practice Paper 4 (1 x AO1 3 x AO2)
Sub max 3 if only 1 sporting example.
Three marks from: 2. (Contact surface) Increased roughness = increased friction e.g. sprinter wears spikes to increase friction which helps them run faster 3. (Ground surface) increased roughness = increased friction e.g. tarmacadam track in athletics increases friction4. (Normal reaction) increased (normal) reaction force = increased friction e.g. shot putter has high mass to increase normal reaction therefore friction to prevent over rotation in the circle 5. (Down force) Spoiler on F1 car applies down force, increasing friction to increase speed 6. (Temperature) Increased temperature = increased friction e.g. F1 racing warmup lap. (a)
(ii)
Sub max 2 if no sporting examples.
2 (AO3)
Two marks for: 1. Friction from foot in horizontal direction 2. Direction of motion matches direction to friction
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F Direction of motion (b)
3 (AO2)
Three marks from: 1. Named example e.g. Fosbury flop in high jump or front somersault at take-off 2. Description of given technique that causes CoM to move outside body e.g. (Fosbury) in flight the jumper arches their back or e.g. (front somersault) weight is thrown forwards 3. Centre of mass will follow predetermined flight path 4. Effect of technique on Centre of mass e.g. (Fosbury) CoM may pass under bar while jumper clears the bar or e.g. (front somersault) CoM is out in front of body during take-off 5. Performer (Fosbury) can clear greater heights with same effort or (front somersault) can rotate/apply eccentric force/initiate angular rotation
(c)
Do not accept diagram without explanation. Credit use of diagram if points are explained
6 (3 x AO2
Six marks from:
12
Do not accept sporting example unless it is clear CoM is outside body.
Do not accept:
H555/01
Mark Scheme
Practice Paper 3 x AO3)
Method of reducing drag 1. Reduce frontal/forward cross-sectional area 3. Streamlining or shape 5. Reduce surface effects / minimise turbulence / smooth surface 7. Reduce speed/velocity
(d)
Evaluation 2. An effective technique as swimmer keeps body as flat as possible or freestyle stroke minimises FXSA / hands enter water at same point 4. Smooth flow of water around a tear-drop shape/ freestyle very streamlined vs breaststroke less so 6. Easily done by wearing smooth swimsuits/swim caps or removing body hair/underwater swimming
Sub max 3 marks for evaluation of each way.
8. Not a feasible method as speed is key to success!
One mark for (Bernoulli): 1. The higher the velocity of air flow the lower the (surrounding) pressure or all gases move from an area of high to low pressure/down a pressure gradient
5 (1 x AO1 4 x AO2)
Accept any of the alternative points in 1 for outline of Bernoulli. If further points then used and applied to F1 car, give credit.
Four marks from: 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Sub max 3 marks for points for identifying ways to minimise drag.
(Reverse) aerofoil/spoiler is used Angle of spoiler creates a downward force/angle of attack/17o on car Air travels further/at a higher velocity/speed under spoiler Causing pressure to be lower under spoiler Air travels at lower velocity/speed over spoiler Causing pressure to be higher above spoiler Front wing diverts air further/ smaller space underneath chassis of the car/ increases velocity/ decreases pressure
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Points 4-7 must refer to spoiler.
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Mark Scheme 9. Enabling car to hold the road/bend better at higher speeds or increases friction.
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Practice Paper
H555/01
Mark Scheme
Practice Paper
Section C Question 9*
Answer
Guidance At Level 4 responses are likely to include:
Level 4 (17–20 marks)
detailed knowledge and excellent understanding (AO1) well-argued, independent opinion and judgements which are well supported by relevant practical examples (AO2) detailed analysis and critical evaluation (AO3) very accurate use of technical and specialist vocabulary there is a well-developed line of reasoning which is clear and logically structured. The information presented is relevant and substantiated.
accurate analysis of force plate graph of vertical jump detailed explanation and evaluation of how force plate technology can enhance performance in a range of named sports Clear description and explanation of a plyometric training programme to improve vertical jump height synoptic links are effectively made between the use of force plates and plyometric training to improve vertical jump height AO1, AO2 and AO3 all covered well in this level.
Level 3 (12–16 marks)
At Level 3 responses are likely to include:
good knowledge and clear understanding (AO1) independent opinions and judgements will be present but may not always be supported by relevant practical examples (AO2) good analysis and critical evaluation (AO3) generally accurate use of technical and specialist vocabulary there is a line of reasoning presented with some structure. The information presented is in the most-part relevant and supported by some evidence.
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good attempt to analyse the force plate graph understanding is shown of how force plate technology can enhance performance with some evaluation of its use in at least two sports at the top of this level. A plyometric training programme is described, and there will be an attempt to explain it at the top of this level some synoptic links are made between the use of force plates and plyometric training to improve vertical jump height maximum of 7 marks to be awarded for AO1 and 7 marks for AO2; some AO3 required for top of this level.
H555/01
Mark Scheme
Practice Paper
Section C Question Level 2 (7-11 marks)
Answer
Guidance At Level 2 responses are likely to include:
limited knowledge and understanding (AO1) opinion and judgement given but often unsupported by relevant practical examples (AO2) some evidence of analysis and critical evaluation (AO3) technical and specialist vocabulary used with limited success the information has some relevance and is presented with limited structure. The information is supported by limited evidence.
limited attempt to describe the stages of the force plate graph basic understanding of the use of force plates may be shown but with little development. At the top of this level at least one sport is identified and linked to the use of force plates At the top of this level evaluation of force plates may be limited to cost and availability a plyometric training programme is outlined with some exercises named and some indication of frequency and intensity maximum of 7 marks to be awarded for AO1 with no application.
Level 1 (1–6 marks)
At Level 1 responses are likely to include:
basic knowledge and little understanding (AO1) little or no attempt to give opinion or judgement (AO2) little relevant analysis or critical evaluation (AO3) little or no attempt to use technical and specialist vocabulary the information is basic and communicated in an unstructured way. The information is supported by limited evidence and the relationship to the evidence may not be clear.
(0 marks) No response or no response worthy of credit.
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stages of the force plate graph may be incorrect a very basic description of the use of force plates which may only cover measurement of explosive strength or leg power at the top of this level Plyometric exercises may be identified with a basic attempt at outlining a programme at the top of this level some inaccurate information may be present mainly AO1 content.
H555/01
Mark Scheme
Question 9*
Indicative content
Marks
(Stages of jump)(AO3) 1.
Practice Paper
Guidance
20 (7 x AO1, 7 x AO2, 6 x AO3)
A = Stationary/standing upright/preparing to jump Ground reaction force = weight of subject
2.
B = Crouched position/squatting/sinking down/lowest point in downward direction Ground reaction force is reduced or force applied is lower than body weight Eccentric muscle contractions created
3.
C = Pushing down during extension of legs/ankles/knees/hips (on plate) Ground reaction force is increased Due to concentric contraction of leg muscles Subject is still in contact with ground/force plate or has not taken off/left ground
(Explanation of use of force plates)
AO3 for analysis of graph
4.
Rectangular metal plate (AO1) Use load cells/strain gauges to measure force Force–time / acceleration–time / velocity–time / displacement–time / force– displacement / impulse can be calculated. Hand forces can also be measured / parallel and vertical forces E.g. Kistler (leading company behind development) Used in combination with video/motion analysis
5.
Used to measure motion / gait (AO1) Analysis of walking/running technique (AO2) Rehabilitation (AO2) Adaptation of prostheses (AO2)
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Mark Scheme
Question
Indicative content
Marks
6.
Used to measure balance (AO1) Static and dynamic balance (AO1) Reduction of ankle injuries/sprains (AO2)
7.
Used to measure explosive strength/power (AO1) Force generated at take-off and landing (AO1) Optimise angle of take-off (AO2) Prevention of injury/reduce strain on joints at landing (AO2)
(Sporting examples – credit where link made to how they optimise performance) (AO2) 8.
Sprint start Swimming start Swimming turns High jump Long/triple jump Jumping high in basketball/volleyball/netball/etc. Pole vault
(Evaluation of use of force plates) (AO3) 9.
3. 10.
Practice Paper
(positives) Improve sporting techniques Injury prevention Rehabilitation Large amount of information generated (for analysis) Immediate/accurate/reliable data (Negatives) Expensive Not available to most Must be maintained/calibrated Requires specialist training (to interpret data)
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Guidance
H555/01
Mark Scheme
Question
Indicative content
Practice Paper
Marks
(Plyometric training programme)(Main points are AO1, developments are AO2) 4. 5. 11. (definition) series of explosive exercises to improve the speed at which a muscle shortens/speed of concentric contraction muscles generate a greater force of contraction if pre-stretched Use eccentric contraction prior to concentric contraction Eccentric phase stores elastic energy Concentric phase is enhanced 6. 7. 11. Thorough warm up Pulse raiser/jogging Dynamic stretches 8. 12.
Named exercises e.g. hurdle jumps/bunny hops/bounding/hopping/box jumps Dev if 3 exercises named Dev if another 3 exercises named
9. 13.
Start at low intensity or gradually increase intensity Begin with fast exercises/all exercises performed at medium to high intensity at full speed Performer needs concentric muscle development before eccentric focus Make sure good technique is maintained Minimal contact time (with ground/medicine ball) Stop if joint/muscle pain is felt
10. 14.
Make sure movements are specific to vertical jump Jumping for height, not distance Lower body exercises
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Guidance
H555/01
Mark Scheme
Question
Indicative content
Marks
11. 15.
Use of sets and repetitions 2-6 sets and 2-10 reps or 10-30 metres No. of contacts per session Beginner – 40 contacts / Experienced – 150-200 contacts
12. 16.
1-3 minutes rest/recovery/full recovery between sets Work:rest ratio – 1:5+
13. 17.
(Frequency) 2-3 sessions per week 2 days/48 hours rest between sessions Allow muscle to repair/heal Protein synthesis / hypertrophy of muscle
14. 18.
Thorough cool down/active recovery Removal of lactic acid / buffering Flush oxygenated blood through tissues Use of ice baths Reduce DOMS
(Explanation of benefits) (AO3) 19.
Practice Paper
Significant increases in explosive strength Neuromuscular adaptations Increased recruitment of more motor units Initiation of stretch reflex
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Guidance