GCSE GEOGRAPHY Revision Questions Paper One Living with the Physical Environment SECTION B | The Living World
TROPICAL RAINFORESTS Note: questions get progressively more demanding as you move through. Mark schemes for each question can be found at the back of the booklet.
Q1. The figure below shows extreme environments in different parts of the world.
(i)
The following statements describe the distribution of areas of hot desert. Which two statements are true? Tick the two correct boxes. All areas of hot desert are north of the Equator.
No areas of hot desert are on the Equator.
Many areas of hot desert are located on the Tropics.
There are no areas of hot desert south of the Equator. (2)
(ii)
Complete the sentences below. Circle the correct answer in each set of brackets. Polar environments are found in the [lower / middle / higher] latitudes. Tundra environments are found in the [centre / edges / west] of continents. Tropical rainforest environments are found in the [polar / desert / equatorial] regions. (3)
(iii)
Three places are shown on the figure above as A, B and C. Which place (A, B or C) is in an extreme environment? ________________________ (1) (Total 6 marks)
Q2. The figure below shows a climate graph for an area of tropical rainforest.
(i)
Complete the figure above. Use the information below. Average monthly temperature in December = 26 °C Rainfall in December = 90 mm (2)
(ii)
Complete the sentences below. Circle the correct answer in each set of brackets. The average monthly rainfall is over 250 mm for [2 / 5 / 8] months of the year. The average monthly temperature is over 25 °C for [6 / 8 / 12] months of the year. The annual range of temperature is [2 / 12 / 22] °C. The total annual rainfall is [270 / 2770 / 5770] mm. (4) (Total 6 marks)
Q3. Which one of the following statements describes the climate of a tropical rainforest? Shade one circle only. A
Mild temperatures (10–18°C), rainfall all year (approximately 1000 mm)
B
High temperatures all year (over 30°C), very dry (250 mm of rainfall per year)
C
High temperatures all year (25–27°C), rainfall in every month (1800–2000 mm per year)
D
Wide range of temperatures (15–30°C), seasonal rainfall (approximately 750 mm) (Total 1 mark)
Q4. Study the figure.
In which two areas (A, B, C, D and E) are tropical rainforests found? Tick the two correct boxes. A B C D E (Total 2 marks)
Q5. Study the figure which shows the daily pattern of weather in an area of tropical rainforest.
The statements below show the daily pattern of weather in an area of tropical rainforest. Write the correct letter (A, B, C or D) next to each statement. Statement
Letter
Towering black clouds form. Thunderstorms bring heavy rainfall. At 9 am, temperatures are as high as 25 °C. The air near the ground heats up. More and more hot air rises and cools. It condenses and forms thick cloud. The sun is directly overhead and temperatures are over 30 °C. The hot air rises in convection currents. (Total 3 marks)
Q6. (i)
Describe the characteristics of the vegetation of tropical rainforest. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (4)
(ii)
Tick the correct box to show whether or not each of the following would be found in the tropical rainforest. Found
Not Found
Hardwood trees, e.g. mahogany
Conifers, e.g. spruce
Drought resistant trees, e.g. baobab (3) (Total 7 marks)
Q7. Study the graph, which shows how the forested regions of the world changed between 2005 and 2009.
(a)
Which region of the world had the greatest rate of deforestation between 2005 and 2009? ___________________________________________________________________ (1)
(b)
State the number of regions of the world where the rate of deforestation was greater than the world average rate of deforestation between 2005 and 2009. ___________________________________________________________________ (1) (Total 2 marks)
Q8. Outline one possible environmental impact of deforestation. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ (Total 2 marks)
Q9. Study Figures 1a and 1b. Figure 1a
Figure 1a is a satellite image of part of the Amazon Basin.
Figure 1b
Key
Area shown in satellite image
Figure 1b shows the same area outlined on an atlas extract. (a)
Name the country shown on the satellite image where there is a large area of deforestation. ___________________________________________________________________ (1)
(b)
Using Figure 1b, describe the location of the main deforested area shown in Figure 1a. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (2)
(c)
Suggest one reason why the area is being deforested. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (1)
(d)
Describe the effects of forestry and / or mining on the traditional farming of a tropical rural area. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Extra space _________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (6) (Total 10 marks)
Q10. (i)
Outline one cause of tropical rainforest deforestation. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (2)
(ii)
There are many effects of tropical rainforest deforestation. For each of the following statements decide whether the effect is economic, social or political. Write economic, social, or political in the box next to each statement. Locals do not have immunity to new diseases.
Governments try to manage the forest.
The sale of timber reduces national debt. (3)
(iii)
Describe one effect of tropical rainforest deforestation on the local environment. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (3)
(iv)
Describe how logging in tropical rainforest can be sustainably managed. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Extra space _________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (4) (Total 12 marks)
Q11. Study the photograph which shows deforestation in an area of a tropical rainforest below.
(i)
What is the meaning of the term ‘deforestation’? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (1)
(ii)
Why is this deforestation taking place? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (3)
(iii)
Describe the effects of deforestation on the local people in the tropical rainforest. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (4) (Total 8 marks)
Q12. Study the figure below which shows the process of shifting cultivation in Amazonia. Complete the figure below by writing the correct statement in each box. Choose from the following statements: move to another area
use ash as fertiliser
cultivate crops
(Total 2 marks)
Q13. Study the figure below, some methods of reducing problems in the tropical rainforest environment. • • • •
Reforestation Conservation schemes Ecotourism Ethical shopping
Choose two of the methods shown above. For each method, suggest one way it might help to reduce problems in the tropical rainforest environment. Chosen method _________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Chosen method _________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ (Total 2 marks)
Q14. Describe how replanting of trees is an example of sustainable management. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ (Total 2 marks)
Q15. The figure below shows the causes of deforestation in the Amazon region of Brazil.
(i)
What is the main cause of deforestation in the Amazon region of Brazil? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (1)
(ii)
What percentage of deforestation in the Amazon region of Brazil is caused by small-scale, subsistence agriculture? ________________________________________________________________ % (1)
(iii)
Explain two ways in which deforestation can damage the natural environment. Use the figure above and your own knowledge. 1. _________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 2. _________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (4)
(iv)
Suggest how use of the tropical rainforest environment can provide opportunities for economic development. Use the figure above and your own knowledge. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Extra space _________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (4) (Total 10 marks)
Q16. Suggest one way that international co-operation can help make tropical rainforests more sustainable. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ (Total 2 marks)
Q17. The figure below shows extreme environments in different parts of the world.
Describe the distribution of the extreme environments shown in the figure above. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ (Total 4 marks)
Q18. The figure below shows a climate graph for an area of tropical rainforest.
(i)
Complete the figure above. Use the information below. Average monthly temperature in December = 26 °C (1)
(ii)
Describe the patterns of rainfall and temperature shown in the figure above. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (3) (Total 4 marks)
Q19. The figure below shows the daily pattern of weather in an area of tropical rainforest.
With the help of the figure, explain the daily pattern of weather in an area of tropical rainforest. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ (Total 3 marks)
Q20. (a)
Are the following statements about tropical rainforests true or false? Tick the correct boxes. True
False
Tropical rainforests are located near to the Equator. Tropical rainforests are found in South America, Africa and Australia. The vegetation has a number of distinct layers. Leaves are broad and flat. (4)
(b)
Explain why deforestation occurs in tropical rainforests. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Extra space _________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (6)
(c)
Outline one effect (impact) of tropical rainforest deforestation. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (2) (Total 12 marks)
Q21. Study the figure below, a photograph of a tropical rainforest. Describe the characteristics of the vegetation shown in the picture.
_______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ (Total 3 marks)
Q22. Explain how tropical rainforest vegetation adapts to the climate. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Extra space _____________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ (Total 4 marks)
Q23. (a)
Outline one reason why tropical rainforest is cleared. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (2)
(b)
Describe how selective logging and replanting are examples of sustainable management in tropical rainforests. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Extra space _________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (6) (Total 8 marks)
Q24. The figure below shows some statements about deforestation in a less developed country.
‘Removal of tropical rainforest must be stopped.’ Do you agree? Tick the box of your choice.
Give reasons for your choice. Use the figure above and your own knowledge. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Extra space _____________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ (Total 6 marks)
Q25. The figure below shows the causes of deforestation in the Amazon region of Brazil.
(i)
What percentage of deforestation in the Amazon region of Brazil is caused by cattle ranching? ________________________________________________________________ % (1)
(ii)
Explain how deforestation can damage the natural environment. Use the figure above and your own knowledge. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Extra space _________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (5) (Total 6 marks)
Q26. Describe one way in which forests can be managed sustainably. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ (Total 2 marks)
Q27. (a)
What is tropical rainforest? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (2)
(b)
Explain why deforestation occurs in tropical rainforests. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Extra space _________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (6) (Total 8 marks)
Q28. Explain the relationship between climate and tropical rainforest vegetation.
Use the figure above and your own knowledge. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Extra space _____________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ (Total 6 marks)
Q29. Study the photograph showing part of the tropical rainforest in Central Africa.
Describe and explain the features of the vegetation shown in the photograph. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ (Total 6 marks)
Q30. Describe the structure and characteristics of the vegetation of tropical rainforest. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ (Total 6 marks)
Q31. Study the photograph below which shows deforestation in an area of tropical rainforest.
(i)
What is the meaning of the term ‘deforestation’? ___________________________________________________________________ (1)
(ii)
Describe the effects of deforestation on the local people in the tropical rainforest. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (4) (Total 5 marks)
Q32. (i)
Outline one cause of tropical rainforest deforestation. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (2)
(ii)
Using a case study of a tropical rainforest, describe the effects of deforestation. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Extra space _________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (8) (Total 10 marks)
Q33. Explain how use of the tropical rainforest environment can provide opportunities for economic development.
Use the figure above and your own knowledge. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Extra space _____________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ (Total 6 marks)
Q34. Describe how selective logging and replanting are examples of sustainable management in tropical rainforests. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Extra space _____________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ (Total 6 marks)
Q35. Study some methods of reducing problems in the tropical rainforest environment. • • • •
Reforestation Conservation schemes Ecotourism Ethical shopping
Suggest how one of these methods might help to reduce problems in the tropical rainforest environment. Chosen method _________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ (Total 2 marks)
Mark schemes Q1. (i)
2 × 1 No areas of hot desert on the Equator. Many areas of hot desert are located on the Tropics. 2
(ii)
3 × 1 higher, edges, Equatorial. 3
(iii)
1×1B 1
[6]
Q2. (i)
2 × 1 correctly positioned line at 26 degrees C (line does not have to continue to RH side of graph), correctly positioned bar at 90mm (top of bar should not touch 100mm line or drop below 90mm line). 2
(ii)
4x1 5, 12, 2, 2770 4
[6]
Q3. One mark for the correct answer: C High temperatures all year (25–27 °C), rainfall in every month (1800–2000 mm per year). No credit if two or more statements are shaded. AO1 = 1
[1]
Q4. 2x1 B, C. [2]
Q5. 3x1 D, A, C, B (4=3 marks, 3=2 marks, 2/1=1 mark). [3]
Q6. (i)
Level 1 (Basic) 1-2 marks
Basic e.g. there are tall trees, a canopy, ferns and small shrubs, buttress roots, bare ground, mainly hardwoods. Level 2 (Clear) 3-4 marks Clear achieved by developed points e.g. the tallest trees are emergents at over 40 metres tall. There is a canopy of trees at about 30m high, the tallest trees have buttress roots, mainly hardwoods with examples. 4
(ii)
Found, Not Found, Not Found. 3
[7]
Q7. (a)
One mark for the correct answer: Central America. No credit for stating more than one region. AO4 = 1
(b)
One mark for the correct answer: Six/6 (regions). AO4 = 1
[2]
Q8. Credit one impact only. Impact must be environmental, not economic or social. One mark for stating an impact, e.g: • forest habitats are destroyed (1) • soil erosion increases as the tree cover is removed (1) • burning the rainforest releases CO2 (1). Second mark for developing the point, e.g: • forest habitats are destroyed leading to reduction and possible decimation of species (2) • soil erosion increases as the tree cover is removed which can cause barren land, flooding and landslides (2) • burning the rainforest releases CO2 which contributes to world climate change (2). AO2 = 2
[2]
Q9. (a)
Brazil AO3 – 1 1
(b)
2 × 1 or 1 × 2 Needs to show evidence of the use of the atlas extract In Brazil / Rondonia. South east of the River Madeira. North east of River Guapore / Mamoré. South west of Serra de São João / Grande / de Providēncia AO2 – 2 2
(c)
Logging (beef) farming / mining / quarrying / transport infrastructure developments. AO1 – 1 1
(d)
A case study is not a requirement here but the necessary clarity is likely to have some reference to a tropical farming area, e.g. Amazonia. Does not need to be a rainforest. Max L1 if only a description of farming with no reference to forestry or mining. Level 1 (Basic) 1–4 marks Simple statements largely concerned with the effect of forestry or mining activities with little reference to the impact on the traditional farming. The trees are cut down to clear land for cattle farming. The mining company clears the forest so that they can get at the minerals below the ground. Annotation •
L1 Simple statements
Level 2 (Clear) 5–6 marks Linked statements with the link between forestry and/or mining and the traditional farming clearly expressed. The traditional farming of slash and burn cannot be carried on because the logging companies clear the land and the soil becomes exhausted. Farmers who are farming traditionally get ill from the metals like mercury that get into their water and so they cannot work. Annotation •
L2 Clear link between forestry and effect on traditional farming
•
L2 Clear link between mining and effect on traditional farming AO1 – 3 AO2 – 3 6
[10]
Q10. (i)
Any valid cause – likely to be logging, mining, hep schemes, ranching, subsistence farming, settlement. There needs to be a brief description of the cause, e.g. forest has to be cleared for mining, so that resource can be accessed/ quarried/for roads into mine. 1+1 2 AO1 – 2
(ii)
Locals do not have immunity to new diseases – social Governments try to manage the forest – political The sale of timber reduces national debt - economic 3 AO1 – 1 AO2 – 1 AO3 – 1
(iii)
Environmental effect likely to refer to impact on soil – removal of trees means loss of protective cover and so topsoil exposed, likely to be washed away as a result – soil erosion. This may have an impact on rivers and their levels. Water cycle is likely aspect – as runoff rates will increase due to reducing interception; may increase flood risk, as water will get to river quicker. Likely to lead to
more slides of material. The forest will suffer – species will be lost, biodiversity will reduce. NB only one effect. No credit for global effect. 3×1 or 1+(1+1) 3 AO1 – 2 AO2 – 1
(iv)
Responses likely to refer to selective logging where only fully grown trees are felled so younger ones allowed to reach maturity or where certain trees are left due to their value to the forest; replanting where one or two trees are planted to replace that felled to ensure continuation of the forest. May look at role of education, trying to increase what is made from products to reduce what is cut down. There should be reference to the sustainable element and the fact that this ought to protect the environment – be less damaging – and also ensure survival of the industry so that sustainability can be seen in an economic sense. Level 1 (Basic) 1-2 marks Simple, general statements. Describes strategies such as selective logging or replanting. New trees can be planted to replace those that have been cut down. They can just take certain trees, rather than chopping all those down in one area. CMI annotation •
L1 Simple references to strategies – description
Level 2 (Clear) 3-4 marks Statements are developed and linked. Strategies are linked to the idea of sustainability. Selective logging can be introduced. This means that only mature trees are taken and young ones are left so that they can grow. This protects the soil as the trees provide cover and the environment is not damaged and so it is sustainable. It means the industry can go on for a long time, even for ever if people are careful so it is very sustainable. CMI annotation •
L2 Links strategies to sustainability. Develops ideas. 4 AO1 – 3 AO2 – 1
[12]
Q11. (i)
Removal of trees, cut down, burning, destroyed. 1
(ii)
Timber, drugs, farmland, reservoirs, mining, settlement, agriculture, pay off debts, greed, exports / to earn money, growing population. 3 × 1 or dps. Max 2 for list. 3
(iii)
Level marking.
Level 1 (1-2 marks) Basic statements. Locals lose land, people get jobs. Level 2 (3-4 marks) Clear statements. Local people lose their land so their food supply is lost, soil erosion makes soil infertile so locals can’t grow crops, in some areas the locals have been forced to live in reservations, people get jobs, e.g. in mining and logging. 4
[8]
Q12. Cut/burn – use ash – cultivate crops – harvest – move on. 3 correct = 2, 1/2 correct = 1. [2]
Q13. 2x1 Reforestation: Quick growing trees are planted (1) leaves intercept rainfall etc (1) + effects (1) e.g. reduce flooding/erosion etc. Accept references to maintaining local climate (1) + effects (1) e.g. evapotranspiration keeps moisture in atmosphere. Falling leaves return nutrients to soil (1) soil keeps its fertility and trees will grow etc (1). Accept agroforestry e.g. trees and a variety of crops are planted, some of which help to return nutrients to the soil (1). Mimics the layers and diversity of the natural rainforest (1). Serve as a ‘buffer zone’, surrounding and protecting the remaining rainforest (1) etc. Conservation: Credit ideas and developed points for the effects of; nature/rainforest reserves, carbon credits, logging permits/limits or quotas, butterfly and orchid farms/sustainable forest employment schemes etc. Also, accept ideas about restoring damaged areas e.g. Mining companies can be made to agree to a forest restoration program before mining starts (1) otherwise permits are not issued (1). Before mining the topsoil can be removed along with the ash from the burnt trees, this can then be stored and replaced when mining has finished (1). Trees can then be replanted and will grow successfully as the soil still has nutrients (1) etc. (Reafforestation can take place using quick growing local species of trees (1). This provides protective cover from wind and rain (1). ACCEPT ONCE ONLY) (ECOTOURISM as a conservation scheme – ACCEPT ONCE ONLY). Accept schemes that take place outside rainforests that would help with conservation: international agreements, education substitution, recycling, energy conservation etc. Ecotourism: Responsible development and management of tourism, which helps to preserve the environment (1). Tourists become aware of the beauty of the tropical rainforests and understand their importance. They are then more likely to support their conservation (1). Provides funds for conservation projects (1). Provides jobs for local people (crafts, guides etc) less poverty and less need to deforest area (1) etc. Ethical shopping: A certification label on products shows that it comes from a sustainable source (1) buying these supports local communities and helps with conservation (1). The demand for tropical hardwoods can be reduced by replacing them with alternative materials (1) e.g. plastics or timber from sustainable forests (1) etc. (Accept any case study examples as developed points). [2]
Q14. Either 2 simple points or 1 developed point. Replacing trees cut down will mean supplies don’t run out (1). Wood / trees there for a long time (1). Environment not changed (1). [2]
Q15. (i)
1×1 Cattle ranching Accept farming 1
(ii)
1×1 30 1
(iii)
2×1+1 Animal habitat is being destroyed (1), the food chain is disrupted and rare species are being threatened (1). Removes supply of nutrients to the soil (1), forest cannot grow back (1). Alters local climate (1), reduces rainfall and land dries out (1). Accept global warming. 4
(iv)
Level 1 Basic (1–2 marks) Simple statements without development of ideas. There must be some simple development beyond the key on Figure 13. They can sell forest products. Accept examples of forest products such as timber. Any idea beyond Figure 13. They can export crops, cattle products etc. Accept reference to attracting tourists etc. Knowledge of basic information. Simple understanding. Few links; limited detail; uses a limited range of specialist terms. Limited evidence of sentence structure. Frequent spelling, punctuation and grammatical errors. Level 2 Clear (3–4 marks) Develops statements to give a clear suggestion as to how use of the tropical rainforest environment can increase economic development e.g. Areas could be cleared to grow soya beans, these can then be processed to increase their value and then exported. Ecolodges can be set up in TRF areas and the money bought in can fund development projects. Knowledge of accurate information. Clear understanding. Answers have some linkages; occasional detail/exemplar; uses some specialist terms where appropriate. Clear evidence of sentence structure. Some spelling, punctuation and grammatical errors. 4
[10]
Q16. Credit one way only. The answer must focus on the international implication of sustainable forest management and show understanding of a worldwide initiative.
One mark for stating the method, e.g: • countries can be relieved of some of their debt, known as debt for nature schemes (1) • international organisations such as the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) promote sustainable forestry (1). Second mark for a developed explanation, e.g: • countries can be relieved of some of their debt, known as debt for nature schemes (1) in return for retaining their rainforest areas (2) • international organisations such as the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) promote sustainable forestry (1) by guaranteeing that timber products are sourced from sustainable managed forests (2). AO2 = 2
[2]
Q17. 4x1 Many areas of hot desert lie on/between the tropics, many on the western edges of continents. Polar environments are found in the higher latitudes. Accept extreme north or south – reject ‘far north’. Tundra on the edges of continents tropical rain forest in equatorial regions / on equator / low latitudes. All 4 environments do not have to be described to reach the maximum mark. Reject ‘top’, ‘middle’, ‘bottom’ of the earth and the number of each environment in each continent. [4]
Q18. (i)
1 × 1 correctly positioned line at 26°C. 1
(ii)
3×1 Highest rainfall Jan-May (1), up to 450mm or ranges 300-450mm (1). Lowest rainfall June-Dec(1), range 90-175mm (1) (85mm). Rainfall varies throughout the year (1) annual range 90-450mm (360mm) (1). High annual total (1) or over 2000mm per annum (1). High/constant temperatures all year round (1) range 26-28°C or 2°C (1), always 26°C or above (1). Max 2 temp/max 2 rainfall. Reject ‘the hottest period is Jun/Jul/Aug’ or ‘the hottest temperature is 28°C’. There must be some reference to constant/high temperatures throughout the year. 3
[4]
Q19. 3x1 At 9 a.m. temperatures are as high as 25 degrees C. The air near the ground is heated (1). By mid-day the sun is directly overhead and temperatures are over 30 degrees C. The hot air rises in convection currents (1). More and more hot air rises and cools. It condenses and forms thick cloud (1). By mid-afternoon towering black clouds form. Thunderstorms bring heavy rainfall (1).
[3]
Q20. (a)
4×1 True Tropical rainforests are located near to the Equator
✓
Tropical rainforests are found in South America, Africa and Australia
✓
The vegetation has a number of distinct layers.
✓
Leaves are broad and flat.
False
✓ AO1 – 4 4
(b)
Deforestation occurs for a variety of reasons. The specification refers to farming – slash and burn and commercial ranching, logging, road building, mineral extraction and population pressure. There is a need to describe what one or more of these entails and to link clearly to how it / they result in the forest being chopped down. For example the fact that more people demand more food so land is cleared for farming; the minerals are beneath the forest and as resources are near the surface, the forest is cleared to allow it to be ‘quarried’. Level 1 (Basic) (1 – 4 marks) Simple statements. Statements are generalised and separate. Explanation is implicit. Deforestation occurs because there are minerals in rainforest areas. In some places hydroelectric power stations and reservoirs are made. Trees are chopped down to make way for cattle and for people to grow food. Level 2 (Clear) (5 – 6 marks) Develops points. Linked statements – the reason is related to the need to chop trees down. Explanation is clear. Trees are cleared for many reasons. Commercial ranching is an important reason for chopping trees down in Amazonia. The trees make it look as if the soil is fertile and that grass will grow well, but once the trees are cleared to make way for large numbers of cattle, the soil loses its fertility. This means that the ranchers, who are interested in making money from their cattle, simply clear yet more of the forest and turn the cattle on to other areas. In addition to this, building roads means that trees have to be chopped down to allow construction. This then makes areas accessible and encourages further deforestation e.g. corridors are developed along railways in Amazonia between Sao Luis and Maraba where there are saw mills so that the products can be taken to be sold. AO1 – 3 AO2 – 3 6
(c)
Any valid effect e.g. soil is eroded as there is no protection from the trees.
Wildlife habitat is destroyed leading to a reduction in number and diversity of species. 1x (1 + 1) 1 for basic statement+1 for elaboration AO1 – 1 AO2 – 1 2
[12]
Q21. Any valid point from photograph – a variety of species is present as shown by the different coloured and shaped leaves; the vegetation is dense – the leaves and branches giving complete cover in what is the canopy; some trees are taller – these are emergents such as the palm like tree in the foreground; different layers of vegetation. 3×1 AO2 – 1 AO3 – 2
[3]
Q22. Likely to explain the presence of the canopy and emergents as the trees fight to get to the sunlight to allow photosynthesis to take place. There may be reference to specific features such as lianas that climb the trees to reach the light, epiphytes that live on the trees to access the light; buttress roots which seek to stabilise the trees as their roots are shallow and they grow so tall. Drip tip leaves that are designed to shed the large amount of rain as is the smooth bark. Level 1 (Basic) (1–2 marks) Simple statements. Statements are generalised and separate. May describe climate and/or adaptations. Explanation is tentative, partial understanding. Climate is very hot and wet. Trees grow very tall. Water drips off pointed leaves. Level 2 (Clear) (3–4 marks) Develops points. Linked statements – may have specific species. Climate linked to adaptations. Explanation is clear. The trees grow very tall as they are trying to reach sunlight and compete with each other. Epiphytes live on the higher branches so that they can get sunlight. The leaves on the trees come to a point – known as drip tip, so that the large amount of rainfall can flow off them easily, without them breaking. AO1 – 3 AO2 – 1
[4]
Q23. (a)
Any valid reason – 1 mark for reason such as farming, logging, settlement, mining. A further mark for outlining the reason, e.g. wood is cut down to be sold so that loggers can make a profit; to get to the trees, roads have to be built; an example used can score both marks available here. 2×1 AO1 – 1 AO2 – 1 2
(b)
Selective logging involves taking certain trees – of a certain size or age. Most of the forest is left. This encourages regeneration as vast areas are not cleared and the ecosystem is protected. This secures the rainforest for the future, environment is not harmed and trees can be taken on a small scale in the long term. Thus, this can be seen as sustainable. Replanting requires the replacement of trees that have been felled. This may work hand in hand with selective logging as in Malaysia and National Forest Policy there. Trees are replanted 5 – 10 years after felling so that they can grow to replace those removed. This ensures a constant cycle of wood is available and protects the environment by maintaining protection for the soil, providing habitats for animals, insects. It is therefore sustainable as it offers long term employment, does not harm the environment. Level 1 (Basic) 1–4 marks Simple statements, perhaps list-like at lower end. Descriptive statements relating to strategy/ies. There is likely to be an emphasis on one strategy. Selective logging means cutting some trees down and leaving most behind. Older and larger trees are felled, leaving younger ones. Trees are also replanted – so that new ones are planted to replace those that are chopped down. Level 2 (Clear) 5–6 marks Develops statements and makes links. There will be reference to both strategies. There will be links between the strategy/ies and sustainability. A small number of trees are cut down in a specific area – maybe only 5 – 7 per hectare. Most are left – especially the younger ones so that they can grow to be mature trees, especially as they have more light. This means that the forest will continue and people will have trees to cut down in the future. Replanting is a way of replacing those that have been chopped down and this is also sustainable. AO1 – 3 AO2 – 3 6
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Q24. Level 1 Basic (1–4 marks) Simple statements without development of ideas. No: Gives a simple reason for continued deforestation/recognises arguments ‘against’ from resource e.g. not a rich country. They need the income from logging. They sell forest products abroad. They need the jobs. Yes: Gives a simple reason for ending deforestation/recognises arguments ‘for’ from resource e.g. trapping carbon helps in the fight against global warming. It will save rare animals. It will bring in money from tourism etc. Knowledge of basic information. Simple understanding. Few links; limited detail; uses a limited range of specialist terms. Limited evidence of sentence structure. Frequent spelling, punctuation and grammatical errors. Level 2 Clear (5–6 marks) No: Develops the idea to show clear reason for continued deforestation/recognises arguments ‘against’ from resource and develops
them further. E.g. they have few alternative sources of earning money; the developed countries removed their forests to earn money, so why not the developing countries? E.g. the rainforest is a valuable source of raw materials which can be exported. The forest will have to be removed to access the valuable mineral reserves in the ground beneath them so that the country can develop its economy. Development might be a reference to the idea that these activities could still continue, but in a way which is more sustainable. Yes: Develops the idea to show clear reason for ending deforestation/recognises arguments ‘for’ from resource and develops them further e.g. trapping carbon helps in the fight against global warming the forest acts as a carbon sink and also adds oxygen to the atmosphere. It will save rare animals as their habitat will not be destroyed and lessens the chance of extinction etc. Might develop to show that ‘on balance’ the case for ‘yes’ outweighs the case for ‘no’. Knowledge of accurate information. Clear understanding. Answers have some linkages; occasional detail/exemplar; uses some specialist terms where appropriate. Clear evidence of sentence structure. Some spelling, punctuation and grammatical errors. [6]
Q25. (i)
1×1 61% 1
(ii)
Level 1 Basic (1–3 marks) Simple undeveloped effects. E.g. Animal habitat is being destroyed. Forest cannot grow back. Alters local climate. Accept ‘global warming’. Cattle ranching – credit if can see the problem relates to deforestation eg trees unable to grow back. Knowledge of basic information. Simple understanding. Few links; limited detail; uses a limited range of specialist terms. Limited evidence of sentence structure. Frequent spelling, punctuation and grammatical errors. Level 2 Clear (4–5 marks) E.g. Animal habitat is being destroyed, the food chain is disrupted and rare species are being threatened. Removes supply of nutrients to the soil as no leaves fall to the ground and rot to form a humus layer, therefore the forest cannot grow back. Alters local climate as transpiration is reduced, this reduces rainfall and land dries out. Accept CO2 released into the atmosphere causing global warming. Knowledge of accurate information. Clear understanding. Answers have some linkages; occasional detail/exemplar; uses some specialist terms where appropriate. Clear evidence of sentence structure. Some spelling, punctuation and grammatical errors. 5
[6]
Q26.
Any valid way – 1 per basic point; 1 + 1 per developed point, e.g. replanting (1) replace each tree used by planting at least one sapling so that trees can regrow (1). Selective logging (1) – cut down trees of certain age only allowing others to reach maturity (1). [2]
Q27. (a)
Any valid statement about tropical rainforest. Found around the Equator – up to about 20 degrees N and S / 1 mark for location or climate; 1 mark for vegetation. It consists of a very diverse range of plants, mainly deciduous trees and is characterised by a number of layers, such as the canopy, under-canopy and shrub layer. The tallest trees are emergent. 2 × 1 for basic statements; 1 + 1 for a statement that is elaborated. AO1 – 2 2
(b)
Deforestation occurs for a variety of reasons. The specification refers to farming – slash and burn and commercial ranching, logging, road building, mineral extraction and population pressure. There is a need to describe what one or more of these entails and to link clearly to how it / they result in forest being chopped down. For example the fact that more people demand more food so land is cleared for farming; the minerals are beneath the forest and as resources are near the surface, the forest is cleared to allow it to be ‘quarried’. Level 1 (Basic) (1 – 4 marks) Simple statements. Statements are generalised and separate. Explanation is implicit. Deforestation occurs because there are minerals in rainforest areas. In some places hydroelectric power stations and reservoirs are made. Trees are chopped down to make way for cattle and for people to grow food. Level 2 (Clear) (5 – 6 marks) Develops points. Linked statements – the reason is related to the need to chop trees down. Explanation is clear. Trees are cleared for many reasons. Commercial ranching is an important reason for chopping trees down in Amazonia. The trees make it look as if the soil is fertile and that grass will grow well, but once the trees are cleared to make way for large numbers of cattle, the soil loses its fertility. This means that the ranchers, who are interested in making money from their cattle, simply clear yet more of the forest and turn the cattle on to other areas. In addition to this, building roads means that trees have to be chopped down to allow construction. This then makes areas accessible and encourages further deforestation e.g. corridors are developed along railways in the Amazonia between Sao Luis and Maraba where there are saw mills so that the products can be taken to be sold. AO1 – 3 AO2 – 3 6
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Q28. Level 1 Basic (1–4 marks) Simple statements without development of ideas. Describes the pattern of climate only. E.g. hot and wet all year round. Accept references to ‘like a greenhouse’. Describes the nature of the vegetation only e.g. plants/trees grow quickly/all year round. Or gives
simple statements which are not linked together e.g. continuous growing season. Layers develop as trees have to grow rapidly to reach sunlight. Accept simple adaptations to climate. Answers must focus on the inter-relationships between climate/vegetation. Credit responses that explain why there is a hot/wet climate or the daily pattern of weather at L1 if there is a link to vegetation. Knowledge of basic information. Simple understanding. Few links; limited detail; uses a limited range of specialist terms. Limited evidence of sentence structure. Frequent spelling, punctuation and grammatical errors. Level 2 Clear (5–6 marks) Clear explanation of relationships with development of ideas. Clearly links the pattern of climate (may cite figures) to the vegetation. E.g. hot and wet all year round which means that plants/trees grow quickly/all year round to produce luxuriant vegetation. May link the high daily temperatures to convectional rainfall and give the effects of this on vegetation i.e. accept clear adaptations to climate e.g. drip tips. Knowledge of accurate information. Clear understanding. Answers have some linkages; occasional detail/exemplar; uses some specialist terms where appropriate. [6]
Q29. Level 3 (Detailed)
Marks 5–6
Description AO3 Applies detailed knowledge of rainforest vegetation to interpret the features identified. AO3 Clearly relates characteristic(s) shown in the photograph to the climate of tropical rainforest environments.
2 (Clear)
3–4
AO1 Demonstrates accurate knowledge of the features of vegetation and climate to support the explanation. AO4 Makes clear and effective use of the photograph
1 (Basic)
1–2
AO1 Demonstrates limited knowledge of vegetation and climate in rainforest areas AO4 Makes limited use of the photograph
0
No relevant content.
Indicative content • Responses should include description and explanation. There should be clear evidence that the photograph has been used, e.g. the buttress roots of the trees, limited undergrowth, straight trunks. No credit for features not observed in the photograph. • Due to the high rainfall, leaves often have drip tips which allow the water to be channelled to the end and fall so the leaf does not break. Leaf stems are also flexible to allow leaves to move with the sun.
• • • • •
The bark on the trees is thin and smooth to allow free flow of water and because the high temperatures mean that there is no need for protection against cold. The waxy upper surface of the leaves protects against the heat. Some plants, such as lianas, climb up the trees to reach sunlight for photosynthesis, while others live on branches in the canopy for the same reason i.e. epiphytes. Buttress roots support the trees as they grow incredibly tall (over 50 m in some cases) as there is great competition for sunlight. Max level 1 for either description or explanation. AO1 = 2 AO3 = 2 AO4 = 2
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Q30. Level marking Level 1 (1-2 marks) Basic, e.g. there are tall trees, a canopy, ferns and small shrubs - may be only types or structure. Level 2 (3-4 marks) Clear achieved by developed points, may still be imbalanced, e.g. the tallest trees are emergents, then there is a canopy of trees at about 30 metres high, etc., Mahogany grows. Level 3 (5-6 marks) Detailed in structure and types included, e.g. the tallest trees are emergents about 40 metres tall. Then there is a canopy of trees at about 30 metres high including trees such as teak and mahogany. Below the canopy there are smaller trees and shrubs and a fern layer. The forest floor can be quite bare unless at a riverbank or clearing. Lianas grow from the floor to the top of the trees, they are creepers. [6]
Q31. (i)
Removal of trees. 1
(ii)
Level marking. Level 1 (1-2 marks) Basic statements. Locals lose land, get jobs. Level 2 (3-4 marks) Clear statements. Local people lose their land so their food supply is lost, soil erosion makes soil infertile so locals can’t grow crops, in some areas the locals have been forced to live in reservations, people get jobs e.g. in mining and logging. 4
[5]
Q32. (i)
Any valid cause – likely to be logging, mining, hep schemes, ranching subsistence farming, settlement.
There needs to be a brief description of the cause – e.g. forest has to be cleared for mining, so that resource can be accessed/quarried/for roads into mine. 1+1 2 AO1 – 2
(ii)
Case studies likely to be dependent on those appearing in related texts. AQA endorsed book uses Malaysia; Amazonia also likely to be a popular choice. Effects likely to relate to environmental impacts – such as effect on water cycle. Soil and erosion, possibly climate and rainfall amounts as well as forest itself and biodiversity; social such as displacement of local people, loss of culture, introduction of new diseases to which locals are not immune, loss of potential medicines/drugs from forest plants, economic such as money made, export trade, reducing country’s debts. Level 1 Basic (1-4 marks) Simple statements, perhaps list like at lower end. Describes effects of deforestation – in a random way. Information is general. Trees will disappear and soil will be washed away. The trees will be sold so people will make money. Local people may have to get off their land. Floods may increase. CMI annotation •
L1 Simple ideas. Describes effects – generic
•
L1 Some limited description of ideas or variety
Level 2 Clear (5-6 marks) Develops statements Organised description of effects Some reference is made to the case study. The environment will be affected. 140000 hectares of forest are cut down each year in Malaysia. This means that there are fewer trees and the variety of trees will fall with so many being cut. Soil will be washed away. But for some chopping trees down is a good thing as they make money from the tin mines in Malaysia. CMI annotation •
L2 Develops ideas – links statements. Some reference to case study
Level 3 Detailed (7-8 marks) Fully developed statements. Purposeful description of a variety of effects. Specific, detailed reference is made to the case study. 140000 hectares of forest are cut down each year in Malaysia. This means that biodiversity will be less. The loss of the protective cover will increase soil erosion. The loss of certain species may mean the potential for development of cures for Aids will be lost. People lose their homes due to deforestation. In Malaysia
9000 Kenyah people have been forced to leave because a dam is being built for hep for the industrial area of Malaysia. This benefits that area, but is a disadvantage for the locals. Locals protested against a logging company in Sarowak and were put in prison. CMI annotation •
L3 Develops and links effectively. Detailed effects with specific reference to case study 8 AO1 – 4 AO2 – 4
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Q33. Level 1 Basic (1–2 marks) Simple statements without development of ideas. There must be some simple development beyond the key on the figure. They can sell forest products. Accept examples of forest products such as timber. Any idea beyond the figure. They can export crops, cattle products etc. Accept reference to attraction tourists etc. Knowledge of basic information. Simple understanding. Few links; limited detail; uses a limited range of specialist terms. Limited evidence of sentence structure. Frequent spelling, punctuation and grammatical errors. Level 2 Clear (3–4 marks) Develops statements to give a clear suggestion as to how use of the tropical rainforest environment can increase economic development E.g. areas could be cleared to grow soya beans, these can then be processed to increase their value and then exported. Exports if forest products can increase GNI (accept GNP). Ecolodges can be set up in TRF areas and the money bought in can fund development projects. Clear understanding. Answers have some linkages; occasional detail/exemplar; uses some specialist terms where appropriate. Clear evidence of sentence structure. Some spelling, punctuation and grammatical errors. Level 3 Detailed (5–6 marks) Continued development of the idea. Development may be case study examples. Detailed linkage between forest activity and how this can lead to increased levels of economic. Activities can be linked to areas of cleared forest and the crops/products resulting from land-use change, or they can be sustainable use of the TRF (Agro forestry, ecotourism, forest crafts etc) and how these can contribute to increasing GNI or generating money for investment in development projects. Knowledge of accurate information appropriately contextualised and/or at correct scale. Detailed understanding, supported by relevant evidence and Well organised, demonstrating detailed linkages and the interrelationships between factors. Range of ideas in a logical form; uses a range of specialist terms where appropriate. Well structured response with effective use of sentences. Few spelling, punctuation and grammatical errors.
[6]
Q34. Selective logging involves taking certain trees – of a certain size or age. Most of the forest is left. This encourages regeneration as vast areas are not cleared and the ecosystem is protected. This secures the rainforest for the future, environment is not harmed and trees can be taken on a small scale in the long term. Thus, this can be seen as sustainable. Replanting requires the replacement of trees that have been felled. This may work hand in hand with selective logging as in Malaysia and National Forest Policy there. Trees are replanted 5 – 10 years after felling so that they can grow to replace those removed. This ensures a constant cycle of wood is available and protects the environment by maintaining protection for the soil, providing habitats for animals, insects. It is therefore sustainable as it offers long term employment, does not harm the environment. Level marking Level 1 (Basic) 1–4 marks Simple statements, perhaps list-like at lower end. Descriptive statements relating to strategy/ies. There is likely to be an emphasis on one strategy. Selective loggings means cutting some trees down and leaving most behind. Older and larger trees are felled, leaving younger ones. Trees are also replanted – so that new ones are planted to replace those that are chopped down. Level 2 (Clear) 5–6 marks Develops statements and makes links. There will be reference to both strategies. There will be links between the strategy/ies and sustainability. A small number of trees are cut down in a specific area – maybe only 5 – 7 per hectare. Most are left – especially the younger ones so that they can grow to be mature trees, especially as they have more light. This means that the forest will continue and people will have trees to cut down in the future. Replanting is a way of replacing those that have been chopped down and this is also sustainable. AO1 – 3 AO2 – 3
[6]
Q35. 2x1 or 1+1 Reforestation: Quick growing trees are planted (1) leaves intercept rainfall etc (1) + effects (1) e.g. reduce flooding/erosion etc. Accept references to maintaining local climate (1) + effects (1) e.g. evapotranspiration keeps moisture in atmosphere. Falling leaves return nutrients to soil (1) soil keeps its fertility and trees will grow etc (1). Accept agroforestry e.g. trees and a variety of crops are planted, some of which help to return nutrients to the soil (1). Mimics the layers and diversity of the natural rainforest (1). Serve as a ‘buffer zone’, surrounding and protecting the remaining rainforest (1) etc. Conservation: Credit ideas and developed points for the effects of; nature/rainforest reserves, carbon credits, logging permits/limits or quotas, butterfly and orchid farms/sustainable forest employment schemes etc. Also, accept ideas about restoring damaged areas e.g. Mining companies can be made to agree to a forest restoration program before mining starts (1) otherwise permits are not issued (1). Before mining the topsoil can be removed along with the ash from the burnt trees, this can then be stored and replaced when mining has finished (1). Trees can then be replanted and will grow successfully as the soil still has nutrients (1) etc. (Reafforestation can take place using quick growing local species of trees (1). This provides protective cover from wind and rain
(1). (Accept ecotourism as a conservation scheme). Accept schemes that take place outside rainforests that would help with conservation: international agreements, education substitution, recycling, energy conservation etc. Ecotourism: Responsible development and management of tourism, which helps to preserve the environment (1). Tourists become aware of the beauty of the tropical rainforests and understand their importance. They are then more likely to support their conservation (1). Provides funds for conservation projects (1). Provides jobs for local people (crafts, guides etc) less poverty and less need to deforest area (1) etc. Ethical shopping: A certification label on products shows that it comes from a sustainable source (1) buying these supports local communities and helps with conservation (1). The demand for tropical hardwoods can be reduced by replacing them with alternative materials (1) e.g. plastics or timber from sustainable forests (1) etc. (Accept any case study examples as developed points). [2]