Paper 1 - Section C - Coasts by Ullswater Community College

GCSE GEOGRAPHY Revision Questions Paper One Living with the Physical Environment SECTION C | Physical Landscapes in UK

COASTS Note: questions get progressively more demanding as you move through. Mark schemes for each question can be found at the back of the booklet.

Q1. The following statements are about processes that affect the coast. Write the correct process (weathering, mass movement, erosion or transportation) in the box next to each statement. Each answer may be used once, more than once or not at all. Material slides down a slope

Particles of sand are bounced along the beach Temperatures rise above and fall below 0 Â°C causing ice to thaw and water to freeze (Total 3 marks)

Q2. The following statements are about the different types of weathering. Write the correct type of weathering (mechanical, chemical or biological) in the box next to each statement. Each answer may be used once, more than once or not at all. A change in both the appearance and the mineral composition of rock. The effects of plant roots or burrowing animals on rock. The breaking of rock into smaller pieces without changing its composition. (Total 3 marks)

Q3. Briefly describe how weathering can affect the coast. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ (Total 2 marks)

Q4. A number of transportation processes affect the coastal zone. Draw a line to link each transportation process to the correct statement.

Traction

occurs when small particles are carried within the sea water.

Saltation

occurs when large pebbles are rolled along the sea bed.

Suspension

occurs when small pebbles hop along the sea bed. (Total 2 marks)

Q5. The sea erodes the coast in a variety of ways. Draw a line to link each process to the correct definition. Process

Definition

Erosion is

sand and pebbles being thrown against the coast.

Hydraulic power is

the dissolving of some rocks by sea water.

Abrasion is

the wearing away of the land.

Attrition is

the force of the water against the coast.

Solution is

the colliding of rock fragments into each other. (Total 4 marks)

Q6. Describe how the sea erodes the coast. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ (Total 3 marks)

Q7. Complete the table below. Write the correct term next to each definition. swash

backwash Term

longshore drift Definition the movement of sediment up a beach the movement of sediment along a beach the movement of sediment down a beach (Total 2 marks)

Q8. Study Figure A, a 1: 50 000 Ordnance Survey map extract of part of the coast of south west England. Figure A

(a)

Using Figure A, match the coastal feature below to the correct grid reference. Shade one circle only. Choose from the following grid references: A 673398 Coastal feature

B 669421

C 668428

Grid reference

Wave cut platform (1)

(b)

What is the straight line distance between Warren Point (6642) and Bolt Tail (6639)? Shade one circle only. A

1.8 km

2.4 km

3.0 km

3.6 km (1)

(c)

Suggest one reason for the uneven shape of the coastline shown in Figure A. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (1)

Study Figure B, a photograph of Bolt Tail shown in grid square 6639 Figure A. Figure B

(d)

Using Figure A and Figure B, in which direction was the photographer facing when the picture was taken? Shade one circle only. A

North east

North west

South east

South west (1)

(e)

Name one process of erosion that may affect these cliffs. ___________________________________________________________________ (1) (Total 5 marks)

Q9. (a)

Study Figure 1, a photograph of North Landing, Flamborough Head. Figure 2 is a sketch of Figure 1. Figure 1

On Figure 2, label landforms X, Y and Z. Figure 2

(3)

(b)

Complete the paragraph below to explain the formation of a sea stack. Circle the correct answer in each set of brackets.

Waves erode the [ base / face ] of the cliff. An important erosion process is [ longshore drift / abrasion ]. A [ cave / bay ] is formed. Continued erosion causes an arch to form. This [ retreats / collapses ] to leave a sea stack. (4) (Total 7 marks)

Q10. The figure below shows coastal landforms.

(i)

Complete the figure above. Write the correct label in each box. Choose from the labels below. arch

cave stack

headland wave-cut platform (4)

(ii)

Explain how processes of erosion have created the landforms shown in the figure above. Use the figure above and your own knowledge. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (5) (Total 9 marks)

Q11. (i)

The figure below shows the process of longshore drift.

Write labels for X, Y and Z. X ____________________________________________________________ Y____________________________________________________________ Z ____________________________________________________________ (3)

(ii)

Give two landforms that result from longshore drift. 1. _________________________________________________________________ 2. _________________________________________________________________ (2) (Total 5 marks)

Q12. The figure below shows a coastal area.

(i)

What is the name of the coastal defence shown in Zone A on the figure above? ___________________________________________________________________ (1)

(ii)

Describe the shape of the beach in: Zone A ____________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Zone B ____________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (2)

(iii)

Suggest why the beach in Zone A is different from the beach in Zone B. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (2)

(iv)

Suggest why coastal defences were built in Zone A. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (2) (Total 7 marks)

Q13. (i)

The following statements are about destructive and constructive waves. Write the correct wave type (either destructive or constructive) in the box next to each statement. These waves have crests a long way apart.

These waves are steep.

These waves are more frequent. (3)

(ii)

Using a case study, explain why some areas of the coast are likely to collapse into the sea. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Extra space _________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (6) (Total 9 marks)

Q14. Give two differences between destructive waves and constructive waves. 1. _____________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 2. _____________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ (Total 2 marks)

Q15. Mass movement is a process affecting the coastal zone. Describe this process. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ (Total 3 marks)

Q16. (i)

Complete the diagram below to show how natural coastal systems work. Use these terms: Deposition

erosion

transportation

weathering

(3)

(ii)

The following statements describe different types of coastal erosion. A pebbles rubbing against each other as waves break B breaking waves throwing pebbles against a cliff C breaking waves forcing water and air into cracks on a cliff face

Complete the table below. Write the correct letter in each box. Letter Hydraulic action Attrition (2)

(iii)

Study the figure below. The figure shows a coastal spit. Complete the diagram below. Write the correct term in each box. mudflats

neck of spit salt marsh

recurved end saltwater lake

(4)

(iv)

Explain how a coastal spit is formed. You may use a diagram to support your answer. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (4)

Q17. Study the following figure which shows features of coastal erosion.

(i)

Name the features found at: A ________________________________________________________________ B ________________________________________________________________ C ________________________________________________________________ D ________________________________________________________________ (4)

(ii)

Explain how processes of erosion have formed the stack shown above. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Extra space _________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (5)

Q18. Explain how some coastal defences work. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ (Total 4 marks)

Q19. Explain how soft engineering might be used to manage the coastal zone. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Extra space _____________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ (Total 4 marks)

Q20. The diagram below shows hard engineering strategies at Happisburgh in Norfolk.

With the help of the diagram, explain how hard engineering can reduce the risk of cliff collapse. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ (Total 6 marks)

Q21. Study the photograph showing sea defences at Beesands in Devon.

Suggest how the sea defences help to protect the coastline. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ (Total 4 marks)

Q22. Describe how coastal areas are protected from erosion and/or flooding. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Extra space _____________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ (Total 6 marks)

Q23. Study the sketch map showing features of coastal deposition.

Using the map and your own knowledge, explain how different landforms may be created by the transport and deposition of sediment along the coast. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ (Total 6 marks)

Q24. (i)

On the figure below, a sea stack has been labelled. Mark with an arrow and label three other landforms resulting from coastal erosion.

(3)

(ii)

Explain the formation of a sea stack. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (6) (Total 9 marks)

Q25. (i)

Draw a labelled diagram to show the process of longshore drift.

(3)

(ii)

Explain why deposition occurs at certain places along the coast. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (3) (Total 6 marks)

Q26. (a)

Study Figure 1, a photograph of North Landing, Flamborough Head. Figure 1

Figure 2 is a sketch of Figure 1. On Figure 2, mark with an arrow and label three coastal landforms. Figure 2

(3)

(b)

Q27. The figure below shows coastal landforms.

(i)

Complete the figure above. Write the names of the coastal landforms in the boxes. (4)

(ii)

Explain how processes of erosion have created the landforms shown in the figure above. Use the figure and your own knowledge. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Extra space _________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (5) (Total 9 marks)

Q28. Weathering and erosion are important physical processes in coastal areas. (i)

What does weathering mean? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (2)

(ii)

What does erosion mean? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (2)

(iii)

Study the following figure which shows features of coastal erosion.

Explain how erosion has created the features shown in the figure. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

Q29. The diagram below shows hard engineering strategies at Happisburgh in Norfolk.

With the help of the diagram, discuss the costs and benefits of using hard engineering to reduce the risk of cliff collapse. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Extra space _____________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ (Total 8 marks)

Q30. Study the figures below, photographs of dunes at Studland in Dorset. Near the sea

Further inland

Describe how the vegetation changes from near the sea to further inland. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Extra space _____________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ (Total 4 marks)

Q31. Study the figure below. It shows an example of managed retreat in a coastal area.

(i)

Explain how the method of managed retreat works. Use the figure and your own knowledge. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Extra space _________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (6)

(ii)

Suggest one environmental advantage of managed retreat. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (2) (Total 8 marks)

Mark schemes Q1. 3×1 Material sliding down a slope

Particles of sand are bounced along the beach

Temperatures rise above and fall below 0° C causing water to freeze and ice to thaw

mass movement

transportation

weathering AO1 – 1 AO2 – 2

[3]

Q2. 3×1 A change in both the appearance and the mineral composition of rock.

chemical

The effects of plant roots or burrowing animals on rock.

biological

The breaking of rock into smaller pieces without changing its composition.

mechanical AO1 – 3

[3]

Q3. Weathering can weaken the coast making it easier to erode. Changing temperatures around 0 degrees will lead to freeze thaw weathering and pieces of rock will be ready to break off if hit by the waves. Changes in temperature with a lot of heat during the day and less at night will lead to similar effects. Some rocks such as chalk and limestone allow water to enter them and so they are susceptible to freeze thaw weathering and they are also soluble in rainwater. 2 × 1 for basic statements; 1 + 1 for a statement that is elaborated. AO1 – 1 AO2 – 1

[2]

Q4. All correct = 2; 1 correct = 1 2×1

AO1 – 2

[2]

Q5.

All correct = 4; 3 correct = 3; 2 correct = 2; 1 correct = 1. 4×1 AO1 – 4

[4]

Q6. The sea erodes the coast via hydraulic power – which is the sheer force of the water on the coast (1); abrasion – where material being carried is hurled at the cliffs (1) and this acts like a sandpapering effect (1); attrition – where material being carried knocks into other rock fragments (1) and they become smaller / more rounded (1); solution where certain rocks such as chalk and limestone (1) dissolve in sea water (1). Swash / backwash – stronger backwash removing beach material. 3×1 AO1 – 3

[3]

Q7. Swash Longshore drift

Backwash 1 correct – 1 mark 2/3 correct – 2 marks [2]

Q8. (a)

One mark for the correct answer: B 669421. No credit if two or more answers shaded. AO4 = 1

(b)

One mark for the correct answer: B 2.4 km. No credit if two or more answers shaded. AO4 = 1

(c)

Accept reference to the effect of: • • • •

direction of dominant waves (1) differences in offshore gradient (1) differences in rock type and gradient, e.g. some rocks are stronger than others resisting wave attack (1) structural differences, e.g. faulting and jointed structures (1).

Answers must apply understanding of coastal factors to interpret the resource. No credit for description of the coastal features or for explanations relating to different types of waves. AO3 = 1

(d)

One mark for the correct answer: B North west. No credit if two or more answers are shaded. AO4 = 1

(e)

The process only has to be named. There is no requirement to explain or describe the process. Likely to state hydraulic power (action) (1) or abrasion (corrasion) (1). Allow solution or corrosion. No credit for attrition. AO1 = 1

[5]

Q9. (a)

3×1 AO1 – 1 AO2 – 1 AO3 – 1 3

(b)

Waves erode the

/ face of the cliff. An important erosion process is

longshore drift /

/ bay is formed. Continued erosion

causes an arch to form. This retreats /

to leave a sea stack.

4×1 AO1 – 3 AO2 – 1 4

[7]

Q10. (i)

1 mark = 1 correct 2 marks = 2 correct 3 marks = 3 correct 4 marks = 4/5 correct Arch Headland Cave (accept sea cave)

Stack Wave-cut platform (w.c. platform) 4

(ii)

Level 1 Basic (1–3 marks) Basic understanding of process (names of processes with no real explanation) and incomplete sequence (individual features). The sea hits the cliff and it is eroded forming caves and arches. Eventually the arch gets bigger and collapses leaving a stack. Level 2 Clear (4–5 marks) Some clear link between processes and features and an understanding of the sequence of erosion (link between features – not all features required). The force of waves hitting the bottom of the cliff causes cracks and caves to develop. The waves carry sand and this speeds up erosion when it hits the cliff. Where land sticks out into

the sea, the caves on each side break through to form an arch. With continued erosion, the arch collapses, leaving a stack. 5

[9]

Q11. (i)

X – swash / approach at an angle; Y – backwash / goes back at right angles, straight down beach; Z – direction of movement of material / longshore drift. or any valid descriptive alternative for each. 3×1 3 AO1 – 1 AO2 – A AO3 – 1

(ii)

Any 2 – spit, bar, beach, tombolo, cuspate foreland. 2×1 2 AO1 – 2

[5]

Q12. (i)

Groyne (accept incorrect spelling as long as clearly referencing a groyne). 1

(ii)

1 mark for a point about each zone (not comparative statements). A – wide beach/beach at angle or zig-zag/triangular/angular or diagonal/slanted/observation about unevenness linked to groyne B – narrow beach/straight beach/thin/fairly even with ‘jagged’ edge. 2

(iii)

2 × 1 mark for single point – At A the groynes trap the beach material/protect the beach (1) – Not much beach material gets to B because of the groynes at A (1) – A is protected, B is not (1) 2 marks for developed point In Zone A the beach is wider because it is protected from longshore drift by groynes which trap the sand. 2

(iv)

Because of the town, etc (max 1 mark – no reference to the idea of protection). Because of longshore drift (1), to preserve the beach (1) To protect build environment (1) such as (town, holiday centre, main road) (1) To protect the town (1) without defences the area would be

threatened (flooding, erosion) (1) Because it is a holiday centre where the beach (1) needs to be protected (1) Because of the town/holiday centre (1) which is valuable (1) 2

[7]

Q13. (i)

These waves have crests a long way apart - constructive These waves are steep - destructive These waves are more frequent - destructive 3×1 3 AO1 – 3

(ii)

Content will depend on case study used. Expect reference to Norfolk coast such as Happisburgh, Barmston, Mappleton in Holderness and Barton-on-Sea, Hampshire which is example in endorsed textbook. Reference likely to be made to exposed nature of coast and length of fetch giving rise to powerful waves; the rock type that is often soft and easily eroded and undermined; the presence of different rocks with permeable sands on impermeable clay encouraging instability; the presence of buildings adding weight to the cliffs or use by people, e.g. footpaths; the presence of streams (Barton) or very heavy rain (Holbeck Hall Scarborough). There may be reference to the vulnerability of the base of cliffs and possible reference to the impact of coastal management – especially groynes and areas further along the coast being starved of beach material. Level 1 (Basic) 1-4 marks Simple points, may be list like. Generalised, applicable to anywhere where cliff collapse is an issue. Statements may be in a random order. Ideas are separate. Waves are big and powerful. They have come from a long way. The cliffs are made of soft rock. People make groynes along the coast and interfere with it. This makes cliffs collapse. CMI annotation •

L1 Simple points – generic

•

L1 Begins to explain – has a variety of points

Level 2 (Clear) 5-6 marks Points are developed and linked. Clear sequence; explanation is focus. Refers to case study – points relate to case study quoted. The Holderness coast is exposed and waves travel a long way across the North Sea to reach it. The large fetch makes the waves powerful and able to undercut the cliffs. The cliffs are made of boulder clay in many areas and is

soft and easy to erode. At Mappleton, rock groynes have been put in front of the cliffs to stop erosion and at right angles to them. This stops the material moving down the beach and increases the erosion at places such as Great Cowden. CMI annotation •

L2 Clear focus on explanation. Develops/ links and refers to case study 6 AO1 – 3 AO2 – 3

[9]

Q14. Any 2 valid differences relating to the frequency, steepness, height, relative importance of swash/backwash. [2]

Q15. Mass movement occurs when loose material on the land surface (1) moves downslope (1) due to gravity (1) sliding and slumping (1). This is often fast and sudden (1) as with landslides (1) when the base of the cliff has been eroded, making the cliff unstable (1). With a landslide, the whole column of material moves in one go (1), slumping is similar, but this involves a curved movement (1). 3×1 AO1 – 3

[3]

Q16. (i)

Erosion Weathering

Transportation

Deposition

1 correct = 1 mark 2 correct = 2 marks 3-4 correct = 3 marks 3

(ii)

C A (2 x 1) 2

(iii)

Saltwater lake Salt marsh Neck of spit 1 correct = 1 mark

Mudflats

Recurved end

2 correct = 2 marks 3 correct = 3 marks 4-5 correct = 4 marks 4

(iv)

Identify key points which illustrate the process of movement and deposition. - Any idea about material being carried/moved (1) - name of process – longshore drift (1) - links to the shape of the land (1) - any idea about material being deposited (1) - waves/currents reshaping the land (1) 4

[13]

Q17. (i)

4x1 A – headland (accept ‘type’ of headland) B – cave C – arch D – wave cut platform 4

(ii)

Level 1 Basic (1–3 marks) Some basic understanding of process but limited technical detail. The stack used to be part of the cliff but the sea has worn it away until the top of the cliff has collapsed, just leaving the stack which is now separate from the main cliff. Level 2 Clear (4–5 marks) Clear awareness of correct sequence and some appreciation of technical detail. Clear, correct sequence and some process (4) Clear, correct sequence and process (5) Hydraulic action has eroded a cave in the cliff which has got bigger over time forming an arch. Eventually the roof of the arch has collapsed, leaving an isolated piece of rock which is the stack. 5

[9]

Q18. Level marking Level 1 (1-2 marks) Basic statements.

E.g. Stop the waves, trap sand, stop erosion, absorb wave energy. Level 2 (3-4 marks) Clear statements. Link between technique and how it works, the gabions absorb the power of the waves reducing erosion, the fences trap sand helping to build up the beach, sea walls reflect the waves and their energy. [4]

Q19. Soft engineering involves things such as beach nourishment where sand is added to the existing beach and so protects the coast behind from erosion by forming a barrier, dune regeneration where sand dunes are stabilised by planting marram grass and areas are fenced off from people to prevent erosion, and these like the beach nourishment protect the area behind. Marsh creation where low lying areas that are seen as being unimportant are allowed to flood to protect other more valuable areas. Level 1 (Basic) (1–2 marks) Describes soft engineering strategy(ies). Statements are simple and separate. Sand is added to the beach. This is beach nourishment. Some areas are allowed to flood and marshes are created. Level 2 (Clear) (3–4 marks) The description is followed by clear attempt to explain. Statements are developed and linked – the strategy to the way the land is protected. Extra sand is added to the existing sand on the beach. This acts as additional protection and is a barrier between the sea and the land, protecting the coast. Sometimes, areas are allowed to flood and marshes are created. These areas then take the force of the sea and protect more valuable areas once they have been sacrificed. AO1 – 2 AO2 – 2

[4]

Q20. The diagram shows a number of hard engineering strategies. Revetments that are built along the line of the cliff but in front of them. Groynes at right angles to the cliff as well as rock armour where huge boulders are placed at the base of the cliffs. Revetments ensure that waves break in front of or on these, protecting the bottom of the cliff; they often allow material to go through and build up behind, offering further protection. Rock armour works in a similar way but is usually directly at the base of the cliffs and this absorbs the power of the waves and so protects the coast behind. Groynes work in a different way as they are built at right angles to the coast and so try to keep beach materials in place and prevent longshore drift from occurring and so enabling the beach to protect the cliffs. Other hard engineering strategies can also be used such as sea walls which are specifically mentioned in the specification. Level 1 (Basic) (1 – 4 marks) Describes strategies shown in the diagram. Begins to explain at the top end. Simple separate statements. There are groynes shown. These are wood or rock fences built at right angles to the cliffs. Rock armour is found on a small part of this coast where rocks have been piled up against the cliff to try to stop erosion. Level 2 (Clear) (5 – 6 marks) Uses information in the diagram – may refer to other hard engineering strategies.

There is a clear explanation. Develops and links statements. Rock armour and revetments are shown along the coast. These run along or just in front of the base of the cliff and are designed to take the force of the wave and so protect the cliff, meaning it is not undercut and so remains stable. Groynes are placed at right angles to the cliff at intervals along the beach. These catch the sand being carried in the waves and so the beach is not eroded. Instead, it stays to protect the bottom of the cliffs from the waves. AO1 – 2 AO2 – 2 AO3 – 2

[6]

Q21. Level

Marks

Description

2 (Clear)

3–4

AO2 Demonstrates clear understanding of how coastal defence(s) work in defending the coast. AO3 Application is sound with clear interpretation of the strategies shown in the photograph.

1 (Basic)

1–2

AO2 Shows limited understanding of how the coastal defence(s) work. AO3 Application is limited with basic interpretation of the strategy(ies) shown in the photograph.

No relevant content.

Indicative content • (Curved) sea walls reflect the energy of the waves back to the sea. They protect the base of cliffs, land and buildings against erosion and can prevent coastal flooding in some areas. • Rock armour consists of large boulders piled up on the beach. These absorb the energy of waves and may allow the build-up of a beach. No credit for simply identifying the type of sea defence or for describing other hard (or soft) engineering strategies. AO2 = 2 AO3 = 2

[4]

Q22. The question is about protection, there is no specific need for detailed reference to erosion/flooding. This question is not about environmental management. Level 1 Basic (1–4 marks) Max 2 marks for a list of methods with no explanation, i.e. (Sea walls, groynes, gabions, rip rap etc). Some explanation for 3-4 marks.

“In some areas concrete sea walls and gabions, which are wire baskets filled with rocks, are put in front of the cliffs to stop the waves hitting them. This can stop erosion.” Level 2 Clear (5–6 marks) Clear description of methods and understanding about how they work. “There are many types of coastal defences including sea walls, gabions, groynes and rip rap. Sea walls are built in front of cliffs and they stop the waves hitting the cliff. Some are curved and this throws the breaking waves back out to sea. Rip rap or large boulders are placed in front of cliffs or sea walls. They take the energy from the waves so it does not damage cliffs or break down the sea wall. Groynes trap sand to create a beach which protects the land. [6]

Q23. Level

Marks

Description

3 (Detailed)

5–6

AO3 Demonstrates thorough application of knowledge and understanding to analyse geographical information, giving detailed explanation of formation of the features shown. AO3 Makes full analysis of the resource, using evidence to support response.

2 (Clear)

3–4

AO1 Demonstrates specific and accurate knowledge of processes and landforms in depositional coastal environments. AO2 Shows clear geographical understanding of the interrelationships between coastal environments and processes.

1 (Basic)

1–2

AO1 Demonstrates some knowledge of processes in depositional coastal environments. May be limited to an explanation of longshore drift and other processes only. Alternatively the account may be descriptive and be confined to landform appearance and structure. AO2 Shows limited geographical understanding of the interrelationships between coastal environments and processes.

No relevant content.

Indicative content • Responses should analyse the map, finding connections and providing a logical chain of reasoning. • The question implies knowledge of the processes of transportation and deposition as well as landform(s) of deposition. Emphasis is on explanation, so processes

• •

• • •

• •

should be outlined as well as the sequence of formation. In the specification the relevant landforms are beaches, spits and bars, but credit other variations such as tombolos and barrier islands. The landforms are created by the process of longshore drift. Some eroded material is caught up within the waves and is carried by the sea along the coastline. Material is carried along the shore in a zigzag fashion by waves as they swash material up the beach at an angle and backwash material down the beach at a right angle. The angle of swash is determined by the prevailing wind. On the map the direction is from west to east as shown by the prevailing wind, and the shape and growth of the spit. Credit processes of transportation such as traction, saltation and suspension. Allow labelled diagrams as part of the explanation of processes and landforms. Spits are formed by longshore drift in areas of relatively shallow and sheltered water where there is a change in the direction of the coastline. Deposition occurs, resulting in the accumulation of sand and shingle. The material initially deposited is the largest material, dropped due to the reduction in energy. A bay bar may develop across the entrance to a bay and eventually join two headlands due to transport of sediment by longshore drift. Beaches are areas of sand, pebbles and shingle that are formed by deposition produced by wave processes and by longshore drift. Gently sloping beaches are formed by strong destructive waves that backwash more material away from the beach than they swash up the beach. Steeply sloping beaches are formed by constructive waves that swash more material up the beach than they backwash away, building up a steep beach gradient. AO1 = 2 AO2 = 2 AO3 = 2

[6]

Q24. (i)

Three different landforms should be identified – cliff, wave cut platform, headland, bay, cove, stump (only small feature). 3

(ii)

Answer should refer to the existence of a line of weakness in a cliff face – e.g. a joint, crack that is eroded by the sea to form a cave. Hydraulic action and abrasion are particularly responsible for making the cave bigger. Rock is relatively hard or it will simply fall. If there are two caves on either side of the headland, continued erosion will result in a hole being formed, joining the caves to form an arch. As further erosion takes place, the arch will eventually collapse, as it cannot be supported. The seaward end of the arch will form a sea stack – an isolated piece or pieces of rock, separate from the headland. Level 1 (1-2 marks) Basic statements with limited sequence e.g. sea attacks the rock, hollow is formed, gets bigger and rock above falls. Level 2 (3-4 marks) Clear, more developed answer with clearer, more complete sequence and more appropriate terminology e.g. waves attack a headland and erode a crack in the rock. A cave is formed due to abrasion. This gets bigger and forms an arch which collapses leaving a sea stack. Level 3 (5-6 marks) Detailed, well developed answer with clear and complete sequence; appropriate terminology, clearly links sequence to landform

e.g. waves attack a crack in a headland. This is enlarged to form a cave by the pounding of the waves compressing air in the rock face and abrasion where material carried by the water is flung against the cliff. In this way, the cave is made bigger and, if there is one on either side of the headland, an arch will result when they join. Continued erosion will wear away the rock supporting the arch and this will collapse. This will leave an isolated piece or pieces of rock separated from the headland – a sea stack. 6

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Q25. (i)

Diagram should show land/coast, beach, sea and direction of prevailing wind. Particle should be shown with movement up the beach an angle and labelled swash; down the beach at right angles to the coast and labelled the backwash; and movement overall of the material along the beach labelled as direction or longshore drift. 1 for sketch and 2 x 1 for labels. 3×1 3 AO1 – 1 AO2 – 1 AO3 – 1

(ii)

Deposition occurs when there is too little energy to transport material and so it is left behind. This occurs where the coast is sheltered and so waves are not very powerful; where constructive waves are present it can occur when too much material is being carried – where there is a large supply of sediment being brought down by rivers; where there is high coastal erosion nearby; where groynes are placed on the beach. 3×1 or 1+(1+1) 3 AO1 – 3

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Q26. (a)

3 × 1 for labelling any 3 valid landforms – arrow must make contact with feature for mark. Landforms such as headland, cliff, cave, arch, wave-cut notch. 3×1 AO2 – 1 AO3 – 2 3

(b)

Waves erode the base of the cliff via hydraulic action and abrasion. A cave forms as a crack / weakness is exploited by the waves. On a narrow headland, continued erosion extends the caves backwards and once it breaks through the headland, an arch forms. Further erosion at the base widens the arch. Eventually the roof of the arch will not be able to be supported by the rock below. This collapses to leave a sea stack – an isolated pillar of rock, now detached from the headland. Level 1 (Basic) (1–2 marks) Simple points. Order not correct – jumps about.

Sequence may be incomplete. The sea erodes the bottom of the cliff. An arch forms. Eventually, this collapses to leave a sea stack. Level 2 (Clear) (3–4 marks) Complete, clear statements. Statements are developed and linked. Sequence and formation of a stack is complete and clear. Waves erode a crack in a headland. This leads to a cave forming due to hydraulic power and abrasion. Over time, the cave gets bigger and finally breaks through the headland to form an arch. Weathering of the roof and erosion at the base widen the arch. A point comes when the roof cannot be supported and this collapses. This results in the formation of a sea stack – an isolated pillar of rock – once attached to the headland. AO1 – 3 AO2 – 1 4

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Q27. (i)

4×1 Arch Cave

Stack Wave cut platform 4

(ii)

Level 1 Basic (1–3 marks) Basic understanding of process (names of processes with no real explanation) and incomplete sequence. The sea hits the cliff and it is eroded forming caves and arches. Eventually the arch gets bigger and collapses leaving a stack. Level 2 Clear (4–5 marks) Some clear link between processes and features and an understanding of the sequence of erosion. The force of waves hitting the bottom of the cliff causes cracks and caves to develop. The waves carry sand and this speeds up erosion when it hits the cliff. Where land sticks out into the sea, the caves on each side break through to form an arch. With continued erosion, the arch collapses, leaving a stack. 5

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Q28. (i)

1 mark – breaking down/rotting/decay of rock by the action of the weather 2nd mark – some development beyond basic definition. Might include: – named example / rotting of rocks – some explanation of an example – mention of chemical processes – In situ – acid rain – not just rain

(ii)

1 mark – wearing away/removal of rocks by water or wind 2nd mark – name of specific process – explanation of specific process 2

(iii)

Level 1 Basic (1–2 marks) Basic description of how erosion is changing the landscape. The sea bashes against the cliff and it begins to fall apart. Caves are formed where the sea hits the cliff and these get bigger and bigger, eventually the cliff collapses. Level 2 Clear (3–4 marks) Clear understanding of processes or sequence of erosion or incomplete understanding of both. The sea hits the bottom of the cliff and this erosion wears the cliff away, forming caves. Continued erosion of caves through the cliff forms an arch which eventually collapses, leaving smaller stacks. Level 3 Detailed (5–6 marks) Detailed understanding of processes and sequence of erosion. Use of technical language. The base of the headland is attacked by waves. The force of the waves, hydraulic action, and material being thrown against the cliff, corrasion, creates caves at the base of the cliff. As the caves become larger and break through the headland an arch is formed. Continued weathering and erosion of the arch leads to roof collapse, leaving stacks. Eventually the whole headland will be eroded away leaving the base of the original feature – a wave cut platform. 6

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Q29. The diagram shows a number of hard engineering strategies. Revetments that are built along the line of the cliff but in front of them, and groynes at right angles to the cliff as well as rock armour where huge boulders are placed at the base of cliffs. Other hard engineering strategies can also be used such as sea walls which are specifically mentioned in the specification and the candidate's own case study can be used to answer the question. There should be a focus on the costs of hard engineering strategies, such as initial high cost – e.g. £6 million for a km of sea wall, the fact that it is not a one-off cost as maintenance is needed as these and boulders are pounded by waves, that they can be seen as spoiling the appearance of the area and, in the case of groynes especially, interfering with natural processes and having unwanted effects further along the coast. Benefits should also be noted – the success rate in achieving protection, the presence of promenade on the sea wall in tourist resorts, the attraction of tourists by keeping the beach in place, security in the knowledge that people’s homes are safe and plans can be made in the long term. Candidates can use the diagram as a trigger for ideas which they develop or to include either strategies or case study material – any approach is valid. Level 1 (Basic) (1 – 4 marks) Describes hard engineering strategies. Simple statements may be in random order.

Hard engineering involves building revetments – the fences shown in the diagram along the bottom of the cliff and also those at right angles – groynes. This means that the foot of the cliff is protected and the beach kept in place. Rock armour is also present near the lifeboat station which is where boulders are piled at the foot of the cliff. Level 2 (Clear) (5 – 6 marks) Begins to discuss either costs and / or benefits. Statements are developed and linked. Specific reference to the diagram and / or own knowledge. The groynes placed at right angles to the cliff at Happisburg are expensive and can cost £10,000 each. A number are needed along the beach so a lot of money is needed. They can also interfere with the movement of the sand along the beach. While the area where they are found will keep its beach, areas further along the coast will have no material and so their beach will disappear. This may threaten people’s homes. Level 3 (Detailed) (7 – 8 marks) Discusses both costs and benefits. Diagram is purposefully used for ideas and these are targeted to question. Statements are detailed and linked. Specific reference to the diagram and own knowledge. The rock armour placed at the foot of the cliff is expensive – up to £4000 per metre but this is nowhere near as expensive as a sea wall which can cost £6 million for just a km. This is a huge amount of money for something which will protect the coast effectively, but which will also need maintenance to make sure that it is in a fit state to protect the area behind it. These measures give people peace of mind, knowing that their homes will not be threatened. Groynes try to keep sand in place and stop longshore drift. This is a benefit for people living where the groynes are found as if it is a seaside resort, it means tourists will keep coming and people’s incomes will be safe. However, it is a different story for people along the coast as the starving of the sand to these sites may increase erosion and cause houses and businesses to be lost. It is a question of weighing up pluses and minuses and accepting that there are likely to be some winners and some losers with these measures. AO1 – 3 AO2 – 3 AO3 – 2

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Q30. Near the beach, the vegetation is dominated by grasses – there is more than one species as seen by the different colours / leaves. One grows taller than the other. Vegetation cover is incomplete – there is much sand exposed. Further from the sea, the cover is complete and there is more variety. Grass is present in smaller quantities and there are more small shrubs present. Level marking Level 1 (basic) 1–2 marks Simple, separate listed points. Some reference to the photograph(s). There is a lot of sand present near the sea. Grasses are growing. Inland, there are shrubs. Level 2 (Clear) 3–4 marks Points are developed and linked. Pictures / changes can be visualised. Specific reference to the photograph(s). There are large gaps in the vegetation cover near the sea. Further inland, the cover is complete. The main vegetation is grass near the sea. There seem to be two types

as the leaves are different colour and they are different heights. Further inland, there is much less grass and taller shrubs present. AO1 – 1 AO2 – 1 AO3 – 2

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Q31. (i)

Simple copy (word for word with nothing else) of annotations on the figure – NO MARKS Level 1 Basic (1–4 marks) Basic ideas which are largely copied from the resource. Some awareness of how managed retreat works for 4th mark. Some of the land is allowed to flood and this means the water can spread out. Marshes can develop and trees will grow. Also an earth bank has been built which stops water moving inland. Level 2 Clear (5–6 marks) Clearer idea of how managed retreat uses the natural environment to protect inland areas. Managed retreat means that some land can be flooded but this allows that land to absorb most of the water from storms and when higher land is reached it provides a natural barrier. It means that large defences are not needed and the land itself is used to protect inland areas. Level 3 Detailed (7–8 marks) Detailed appreciation of how managed retreat can act as a natural defence. Managed retreat allows floodwater to encroach on the land up to where the land is naturally higher. This gives more space for wave energy to be absorbed. As salt marsh and vegetation develops it provides a natural protection against storms. An earth bank is also built. This is a natural looking feature that provides protection in the event of a severe storm. 6

(ii)

2 x 1 mark or 1 x 2 marks (developed point) 1 mark – more wildlife/more trees/vegetation/nature reserve/less damage to environment/specific environments (saltmarsh) no visual pollution 2 marks – ‘different environments can develop which are good for wildlife’ – ‘different environments develop which are good for birdwatchers' – ‘does not damage the environment like hard engineering schemes’ 2

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