GCSE GEOGRAPHY Revision Questions Paper Three Geographical Applications SKILLS QUESTIONS Note: questions get progressively more demanding as you move through. Mark schemes for each question can be found at the back of the booklet.
Q1. Study the graph, which shows how the forested regions of the world changed between 2005 and 2009.
(a)
Which region of the world had the greatest rate of deforestation between 2005 and 2009? ___________________________________________________________________ (1)
(b)
State the number of regions of the world where the rate of deforestation was greater than the world average rate of deforestation between 2005 and 2009. ___________________________________________________________________ (1) (Total 2 marks)
Q2. Study Figure A, a 1: 50 000 Ordnance Survey map extract of part of the coast of south west England. Figure A
(a)
Using Figure A, match the coastal feature below to the correct grid reference. Shade one circle only. Choose from the following grid references: A 673398 Coastal feature
B 669421
C 668428
Grid reference
Wave cut platform (1)
(b)
What is the straight line distance between Warren Point (6642) and Bolt Tail (6639)? Shade one circle only. A
1.8 km
B
2.4 km
C
3.0 km
D
3.6 km (1)
(c)
Suggest one reason for the uneven shape of the coastline shown in Figure A. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (1)
Study Figure B, a photograph of Bolt Tail shown in grid square 6639 Figure A. Figure B
(d)
Using Figure A and Figure B, in which direction was the photographer facing when the picture was taken? Shade one circle only. A
North east
B
North west
C
South east
D
South west (1)
(e)
Name one process of erosion that may affect these cliffs. ___________________________________________________________________ (1) (Total 5 marks)
Q3. Study the figure below, a graph showing changes in the world’s rural and urban population from 1950 to 2050 (predicted).
Using the figure above, which two of the following statements about the world's rural and urban population are true? Shade two circles only. A
The rural population grew fastest between 2000 and 2010.
B
The urban population grew more rapidly than the rural population between 1950 and 2000.
C
The urban population is expected to grow more slowly than the rural population from 2015 onwards.
D
The urban population increased by over 2000 million between 1950 and 2010.
E
The world’s total population doubled between 1950 and 1980. (Total 2 marks)
Q4. Study the choropleth map showing the percentage of the urban population living in slums in African countries (2010 estimate).
(a)
Complete the map using the information below. Estimated percentage (%) of urban population living in slums: Tanzania – 80% (1)
(b)
What is the estimated percentage of urban population living in slums in Ethiopia? Shade one circle only. A
Above 90%
B
81-90%
C
70-80%
D
Below 70% (1)
(c)
In how many countries shown on the map is it estimated that between 81–90% of the urban population live in slums? ___________________________________________________________________ (1) (Total 3 marks)
Q5. Study the map below showing the location of ten of the world’s top ten megacities (2014).
(a)
On the map, add the names of the two megacities to the correct boxes. Use the information in the table below. Megacity
Latitude
Longitude
Lagos
6 °N
3 °E
Sao Paulo
24 °S
46 °W (1)
(b)
Which one of the following is the correct latitude and longitude for Jakarta? Shade one circle only. A
21 °N
52 °E
B
30 °S
157 °E
C
6 °S
106 °E
D
33 °N
75 °E (1) (Total 2 marks)
Q6. Study the scattergraph below showing the link between GNP per head and the percentage of people employed in agriculture in selected countries.
(i)
Plot the following statistics on the scattergraph above. GNP per head (ÂŁ 000s)
Percentage of people employed in agriculture
2
80 (1)
(ii)
What is the relationship between GNP per head and the percentage of people employed in agriculture shown in the scattergraph above? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (1)
(iii)
Why is the use of a single development measure such as GNP per head not a good way of measuring a country’s level of development? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (2) (Total 4 marks)
Q7. A survey measured the quality of life in three different areas within a city in a more developed country. The figure below gives information about the three areas surveyed.
(i)
Complete the graph below. The graph shows the total quality of life score for the three areas in the figure above.
(2)
(ii)
Complete the following paragraph. Use the figure above. Choose the three correct terms from the list below. 40
highest
B
50
lowest
C
The survey showed that Area ____________________ had the highest quality of life, scoring a total of 36 out of a maximum of ____________________ . Area A had the ____________________ score in each of the four categories. (3)
(iii)
Suggest one type of information, other than that used in the figure above, that could be used to measure the quality of life in urban areas. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (1)
(iv)
Explain why your chosen type of information would be useful. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (2) (Total 8 marks)
Q8. Study the figure below, an isoline map of air pollution levels. The map was produced for a GCSE Controlled Assessment investigation on traffic pollution levels in Central London.
(a)
Complete the isoline for air pollution level 6 on the figure above. (2)
(b)
Give two features of the distribution of air pollution shown on the completed map. 1. _________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 2. _________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (2)
(c)
Air pollution is one problem caused by high levels of road traffic in towns. Describe one other problem caused by high levels of road traffic in towns. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (2)
(d)
Explain how the problems caused by high levels of road traffic in towns can be reduced. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Extra space _________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (4) (Total 10 marks)
Q9. The figure below shows the amount of desertified land and the level of desertification in three continents.
(i)
What is the total amount of desertified land in Asia? Circle the correct answer. 250 million hectares
500 million hectares
750 million hectares (1)
(ii)
What percentage of the desertified land in Asia is classed as moderate? Circle the correct answer. 21%
51%
81% (1)
(iii)
Give two differences between Africa and South America shown on the figure above. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (2) (Total 4 marks)
Q10. One hundred people were asked what they thought was the main problem in Shrewsbury town centre. The graph below shows the results of the survey.
Complete the graph. Use the information below. Traffic congestion = 38 people Parking = 24 people (Total 2 marks)
Q11. Study the graph below. It shows the percentage of earthquakes that occurred in states of the USA (1974–2008).
(i)
Complete the graph. Use the information below. California = 24% (1)
(ii)
What percentage of the earthquakes occurred in Hawaii? Circle the correct answer. 5%
7%
15% (1) (Total 2 marks)
Q12. Study Figures 1 and 2. Figure 1 is a map showing the areas of Inner and Outer London. Figure 2 gives the population of Inner and Outer London between 1801 and 2001. Figure 1
Figure 2
Year
Inner London (Millions)
Outer London (Millions)
1801
1.0
0.1
1841
2.0
0.2
1881
3.9
0.8
1921
4.4
3.0
1961
3.3
4.8
2001
2.8
4.1
(i)
Give two ways that the population of London changed between 1801 and 2001. 1. _________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 2. _________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (2)
(ii)
Circle the two urban zones in the following list which are part of Outer London. CBD
Suburbs
Rural–Urban fringe
Inner city (2) (Total 4 marks)
Q13. Study the grid below.
(i)
A commuter travels by car from her home near Fulford (612485) to her work at the castle (607514). Mark on the grid above the likely route taken by the commuter. (2)
(ii)
Mark with an X on the grid above a place where the commuter may meet traffic congestion. Suggest why traffic congestion occurs at that point. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (2)
(iii)
What is the distance of this journey to the nearest kilometre? Circle the correct answer. 3km
13km
30km (1) (Total 5 marks)
Q14. Study the table below ‘The growth of cities’. (Ten largest cities – 2015)
POPULATION (millions)
CITY
MEDC/LEDC
LATITUDE
1970
2000
2015 (Estimate)
1
Tokyo
MEDC
36°N
17
27
28
2
Mumbai (Bombay)
LEDC
19°N
6
18
27
3
Lagos
LEDC
6°N
4
13
24
4
Shanghai
LEDC
31°N
11
17
23
5
Jakarta
LEDC
6°S
3
14
22
6
São Paulo
LEDC
23°S
8
17
21
7
Beijing
LEDC
40°N
7
14
18
8
Mexico City
LEDC
20°N
9
16
18
9
Kolkata (Calcutta)
LEDC
23°N
7
13
17
10
New York
MEDC
41°N
14
16
16
(Figures are approximate.)
(i)
Which of the following cities had the largest increase in population between 1970 and 2000? Circle the correct answer. Mexico City
Tokyo
Mumbai (1)
(ii)
Which of the following cities is predicted to have the largest increase in population between 2000 and 2015? Circle the correct answer. Lagos
São Paulo
Beijing (1)
(iii)
In which city is the population predicted to stay the same between 2000 and 2015? ___________________________________________________________________ (1) (Total 3 marks)
Q15. Study the figure below which gives information about why people move to cities in LEDCs.
Using the information in the figure above, complete the bar chart below and the key to show access to safe water in urban and rural areas.
(Total 5 marks)
Q16. Study the figure below, an isoline map of air pollution levels. The map was produced for a GCSE Controlled Assessment investigation on traffic pollution levels in Central London.
(a)
Describe the pattern of air pollution shown in the figure above. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (2)
(b)
Air pollution is one problem caused by high levels of road traffic in towns. Describe one other problem caused by high levels of road traffic in towns. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (2) (Total 4 marks)
Q17. Study the scattergraph below showing the link between GNP per head and the percentage of people employed in agriculture in selected countries.
(i)
What is the relationship between GNP per head and the percentage of people employed in agriculture shown in the scattergraph? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (1)
(ii)
Why is GNP per head not a good indicator of a country’s level of development? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (2) (Total 3 marks)
Q18. The figure below shows the amount of desertified land and the level of desertification in two continents.
Describe the differences between Africa and Asia shown on the figure above. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ (Total 4 marks)
Q19. The figure below shows a climate graph for an area of tropical rainforest.
(i)
Complete the figure above. Use the information below. Average monthly temperature in December = 26 °C (1)
(ii)
Describe the patterns of rainfall and temperature shown in the figure above. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (3) (Total 4 marks)
Q20. Study the figure below, which shows changes in average global temperatures from 1850 to 2007.
Describe the changes in average global temperatures shown in the figure above. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Extra space _____________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ (Total 4 marks)
Q21. The figure below shows the percentages of earthquakes that occurred in states of the USA (1974–2008).
(i)
Complete the pie chart and key in the figure. Use the information below. California = 24% Hawaii = 7% (2)
(ii)
What percentage of the earthquakes occurred in Alaska? _______________________________ % (1) (Total 3 marks)
Q22. Study the grid below.
(i)
A commuter travels by car from her home near Fulford (612485) to her work at the castle (607514). What is the distance of this journey to the nearest kilometre? ___________________________________________________________________ (1)
(ii)
Mark on the grid above, the likely route taken by the commuter. (2)
(iii)
Mark with an X on the grid above a place where the commuter may meet traffic congestion. Suggest why traffic congestion occurs at that point. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (2) (Total 5 marks)
Q23. The figure below shows estimated population change in a number of cities.
(i)
Which of these cities is predicted to have the largest increase in population between 2000 and 2015? ___________________________________________________________________ (1)
(ii)
Use the figure above. Compare the estimated population changes of cities in more developed countries with those of cities in less developed countries. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Extra space _________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (4)
(iii)
Give two reasons why people in less developed countries are attracted to urban areas. 1. _________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 2. _________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (2) (Total 7 marks)
Q24. Study the figure below, a compound graph showing the amount of carbon produced in different parts of the world.
(i)
Which country will be producing the largest amount of carbon in 2100? ___________________________________________________________________ (1)
(ii)
Describe the changing pattern of carbon emissions shown in the figure above. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Extra space _________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (4) (Total 5 marks)
Q25. Study the figure below, which shows the population change of an inner city area in an MEDC between 1901 and 2001.
Suggest reasons for the population changes shown on the figure above. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ (Total 4 marks)
Q26. Study the table below ‘The growth of cities’. (Ten largest cities – 2015)
POPULATION (millions)
CITY
MEDC/LEDC
LATITUDE
1970
2000
2015 (Estimate)
1
Tokyo
MEDC
36°N
17
27
28
2
Mumbai (Bombay)
LEDC
19°N
6
18
27
3
Lagos
LEDC
6°N
4
13
24
4
Shanghai
LEDC
31°N
11
17
23
5
Jakarta
LEDC
6°S
3
14
22
6
São Paulo
LEDC
23°S
8
17
21
7
Beijing
LEDC
40°N
7
14
18
8
Mexico City
LEDC
20°N
9
16
18
9
Kolkata (Calcutta)
LEDC
23°N
7
13
17
10
New York
MEDC
41°N
14
16
16
(Figures are approximate.)
Use the table above to compare the growth of LEDC and MEDC cities. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ (Total 4 marks)
Mark schemes Q1. (a)
One mark for the correct answer: Central America. No credit for stating more than one region. AO4 = 1
(b)
One mark for the correct answer: Six/6 (regions). AO4 = 1
[2]
Q2. (a)
One mark for the correct answer: B 669421. No credit if two or more answers shaded. AO4 = 1
(b)
One mark for the correct answer: B 2.4 km. No credit if two or more answers shaded. AO4 = 1
(c)
Accept reference to the effect of: • • • •
direction of dominant waves (1) differences in offshore gradient (1) differences in rock type and gradient, e.g. some rocks are stronger than others resisting wave attack (1) structural differences, e.g. faulting and jointed structures (1).
Answers must apply understanding of coastal factors to interpret the resource. No credit for description of the coastal features or for explanations relating to different types of waves. AO3 = 1
(d)
One mark for the correct answer: B North west. No credit if two or more answers are shaded. AO4 = 1
(e)
The process only has to be named. There is no requirement to explain or describe the process. Likely to state hydraulic power (action) (1) or abrasion (corrasion) (1). Allow solution or corrosion. No credit for attrition. AO1 = 1
[5]
Q3. One mark for each correct answer:
B
The urban population grew more rapidly than the rural population between 1950 and 2000
D
The urban population increased by over 2000 million between 1950 and 2010.
No credit if three or more statements are shaded. AO4 = 2
[2]
Q4. (a)
One mark for correct shading for Tanzania: Lines as shown in key for 70–80% (accept hatched lines in any direction). AO4 = 1
(b)
One mark for the correct answer: A above 90%. No credit if two or more answers shaded. AO4 = 1
(c)
One mark for correct answer: two / 2. AO4 = 1
[3]
Q5. (a)
One mark for correctly labelling both me.g.acities, Lagos and SĂŁo Paulo. No credit if only one is labelled or if two are labelled but one is incorrect.
AO4 = 1
(b)
One mark for the correct answer: C 6 &de.g.;S 106 &de.g.;E. No credit if two or more answers shaded. AO4 = 1
[2]
Q6. (i)
Correctly plotted point.
1 AO3 – 1
(ii)
The higher the GNP the lower the percentage employed in agriculture/ negative relationship/correlation. 1 AO3 – 1
(iii)
1×2 or 2×1 Only gives an average figure. The wealth may be concentrated in an elite. May not reflect the situation in all parts of a country. Does not give any indication of the quality of life in a country. 2 AO1 – 2
[4]
Q7. (i)
1 mark for each completed bar (2 × 1) Must touch appropriate line somewhere but not touch line above or below. 2
(ii)
1 correct – 1 mark B 2 correct – 2 marks 40 3 correct – 3 marks Lowest 3
(iii)
Could be social/economic/environmental data. Be aware not to credit data shown in the figure. Do not accept data collection or presentation methods. Any single appropriate idea (focus can be More/Less Developed urban areas) e.g. – access to clean water – employment rates – space/density – health information – education data – death rate/infant mortality – quality of environment – life expectancy – ownership of consumer goods – access to services 1
(iv)
Should be linked to (iii).
1 mark – basic explanation – shows people have a better quality of life – shows an area has a lot of deprivation 2nd mark – some development/picks up idea of usefulness – health data suggests levels of disease might be lower in some areas (1) so money could be put into healthcare (1) 2
[8]
Q8. (a)
Completed line – 1 mark for going through the 6 and 1 mark for the two occasions where the line needs to go between 5 and 7. Maximum 1 if the candidate’s line does not join up at both ends to the existing 6 line. AO3 – 2 2
(b)
2×1 Highest pollution in the centre / around Oxford Circus. Highest pollution along road / less pollution away from the roads. Steep drop in pollution levels near the centre. More gradual decline further away from the centre. High pollution levels in a linear pattern along Oxford Street. AO2 – 2 2
(c)
1 × 2 No marks for air pollution or acid rain. Accidents due to people trying to cross the road. Time wasting during journeys to work because of traffic jams. Road rage and noise. Congestion without some qualification, not creditworthy. AO1 – 2 2
(d)
The candidate’s answer must show how the solution may impact on the effect of road traffic, which is likely to be environmental but accept other aspects such as social or economic. Level 1 (Basic) 1–2 marks Simple statements with little or no link between the proposed solution and the effect of traffic reduction or management. Maximum 1 if merely a name of solution. Maximum 1 for a list. Pedestrianisation will reduce the number of cars entering the CBD. Increased use of public transport will reduce the number of cars on the road. Annotation •
L1 Simple statements
•
L1 Name of solution only
Level 2 (Clear) 3–4 marks Linked statements showing how the solution will reduce the impact of road traffic in cities. Pedestrianisation will mean that there are fewer traffic accidents because cars and pedestrians will not be in the same area. More people going by public transport will reduce the number of cars on the road, which means less money and time will be lost by people being caught up in traffic jams. Annotation •
L2 Clear link of solution to traffic management AO1 – 4
4
[10]
Q9. (i)
1 × 1 750 million hectares 1
(ii)
1 × 1 51% 1
(iii)
2 × 1 Amount greater in Africa/less in S. America (or states figures – must include units (millions of hectares)). Proportion of strong/extreme greater in Africa/less in S. America (or states figures). More light/moderate desertification in South America (or states figures). 2
[4]
Q10. 1 mark for each bar (2 x 1) [2]
Q11. (i)
1x1 For bar correctly positioned at 24% 1
(ii)
1x1 7% 1
[2]
Q12. (i)
2×1 Both areas have increased between 1801 and 2001. There has been a greater increase in Outer London. Both areas have decreased between 1961 and 2001. No credit for a mere repeat of the figures. If both gone up or increased MAX 1. Qualification required for second mark. 2
(ii)
Suburbs. Rural-Urban fringe. 2
[4]
Q13. (i)
correctly positioned portion of route. 2
(ii)
correctly positioned X at junction / position inside inner
ring road (1) and correct reason for chosen point, e.g. narrow roads in old core, arterial routes meet, bringing traffic from several directions, etc. If route in (i) is wrong, credit correct junction, etc., shown and accept a valid reason. 2
(iii)
3km 1
[5]
Q14. (i)
Mumbai (or Bombay) 1
(ii)
Lagos 1
(iii)
New York 1
[3]
Q15. 2 × 2 for each of Mozambique/Pakistan + 1 mark for key (accept words city/countryside in key). Horizontal line must touch graph line. Max 2 bars if accurate but not shaded. [5]
Q16. (a)
1 × 2 or 2 × 1 Emphasis on pattern, there is a general decrease outwards from Oxford Circus / centre. Air pollution is higher along the roads. Steep drop in pollution levels near the centre / middle, some gentle further away. High pollution levels in a linear pattern along Oxford Street / Regent Street. AO3 – 2 2
(b)
1×2 Nothing for air pollution. Accidents due to people trying to cross the road. Time wasting during journeys to work because of traffic jams, road-rage, noise pollution. Congestion without some qualification not creditworthy. AO1 – 2 2
[4]
Q17. (i)
The higher the GNP the lower the percentage employed in agriculture/negative relationship/correlation. 1 AO3 – 1
(ii)
1×2 or 2×1 It is only an average figure and does not indicate variations between different parts of a country or between different strata of society. It is based only on economic factors,
unlike HDI which takes in social factors which gives a better indication of the inhabitants’ quality of life. 2 AO1 – 2
[3]
Q18. 4 × 1 Amount greater in Asia less in Africa (1) states figures (1). Proportion of strong/extreme greater in Africa less in Asia (1) states figures (1). The description of the level of desertification must be expressed as a greater/lesser proportion or percentage. Do not accept ‘there is more extreme desertification in Africa’ but accept ‘there is a higher proportion/percentage of desertification in Africa’. Accept ‘there is more moderate desertification in Asia’ – as this is true. Max 2 amount of desertified land. (Description (1) use of figure (1)) Max 2 level of desertification. (Description (1) use of figure (1)). [4]
Q19. (i)
1 × 1 correctly positioned line at 26°C. 1
(ii)
3×1 Highest rainfall Jan-May (1), up to 450mm or ranges 300-450mm (1). Lowest rainfall June-Dec(1), range 90-175mm (1) (85mm). Rainfall varies throughout the year (1) annual range 90-450mm (360mm) (1). High annual total (1) or over 2000mm per annum (1). High/constant temperatures all year round (1) range 26-28°C or 2°C (1), always 26°C or above (1). Max 2 temp/max 2 rainfall. Reject ‘the hottest period is Jun/Jul/Aug’ or ‘the hottest temperature is 28°C’. There must be some reference to constant/high temperatures throughout the year. 3
[4]
Q20. Temperatures have clearly fluctuated. The overall trend has been one of increase. This has not been gradual. Until approximately 1977, temperatures worldwide were below the 1961-90 average. They were below to varying extents – the lowest being 13.5 in 1910 and the highest 14.0 in 1940. After 1940, temperatures fell but not to the same level as previously, being about 0.2 to 0.3 lower than average. The rise since 1977 has been stepped and has reached above 14.4. Recently the steepness of the rise has reduced. Level 1 (Basic) (1 – 2 marks) Simple, separate listed points. May be step by step with detail on limited parts. Evidence may be present, but seen in context of above. Temperatures start off below average. They drop during the 1850s. It gets a bit warmer during the 1860s and 1870s. Then it goes cooler again during 1880s. From 1910 the temperature gets warmer. It almost gets to the average by 1940. Then it gets colder again. It gets warmer during the 1950s. In 1980 it reaches the average. During the 1980s and 1990s the temperatures are above average.
Level 2 (Clear) (3 – 4 marks) Points are developed and linked. Has an overview of trends. Uses evidence to support trends being observed. Temperatures fluctuate, but overall they have increased. They were below the 14 degree average until 1980. Then they went above and have generally increased to about 0.4 above the average. There is a slight decline at the end of the graph. Between 1850 and 1950 temperatures were always below the average, but to varying degrees. It was colder during the 1850s and 1860s and them between 1900 and 1920 than the other years. 1920 was the coldest at about 13.5. AO1 – 1 AO2 – 1 AO3 – 2
[4]
Q21. (i)
2x1 For segments correctly positioned at 24% & 7% (1) key (1). 2
(ii)
1x1 57% (+/-2) 1
[3]
Q22. (i)
3km. 1
(ii)
correctly positioned portion of route. 2
(iii)
correctly positioned X at junction / position inside inner ring road (1) and correct reason for chosen point, e.g. narrow roads in old core, arterial routes meet, bringing traffic from several directions, etc. Accept a valid reason if the X is not located correctly, e.g. function. 2
[5]
Q23. (i)
Lagos 1
(ii)
Level 1 Basic (1–2 marks) Basic points about: More developed – stable Less developed – rapid growth Max Level 1 – repeating data with limited comparison. Max 1 mark if only MDC or LDC considered. Level 2 Clear (3–4 marks) Identifies basic differences between MDCs and LDCs. Accurate use of data to back up points. 4
(iii)
(2 × 1) Credit two correct responses if on the same line. Any two points which could include push/pull factors. MAX 1 for reversed point (jobs in city/few jobs in countryside). No marks for simply stating ‘push/pull’ factors. Be aware of double crediting (‘services’ and then ‘school’) 2
[7]
Q24. (i)
China. 1 AO3 – 1
(ii)
There should be an appreciation of the overall pattern. Generally there has been an overall increase in the amount of carbon produced. China shows the largest increase. Western Europe has remained fairly constant. USA slight decline. Level 1 (Basic) (1-2 marks) Simple lifts from the graph without any overall appreciation of pattern. Max L1 if no reference to changes to individual parts. In 1990 it was 7 billion tons. In 2100 it will be 20 billion tons. It is increasing. Level 2 (Clear) (3-4 marks) Linked statements with an appreciation of pattern. There must be reference to individual components on the graph. Between 1990 and 2100 the output will increase by 13 billion tonnes. China will show a 10x increase. The contribution by the richer countries will lessen and an increasing contribution will come from the poorer countries which are rapidly industrialising. 4 AO3 – 4
[5]
Q25. Level marking Level 1 (Basic) 1-2 marks Can consider the Inner City decline or growth of suburbs. Simple statements largely describing the graph with limited attempt of explanation, or very simple explanation. It declined and then went up. The lowest point was in 1981. People move out to the suburbs/it was too crowded/the city expands. 1
Level 2 (Clear) 3-4 marks Linked statements, which go beyond the graph and show some appreciation of the changes. Must show explanation. Must refer to whole graph for top of L2. There has been slum clearance or comprehensive redevelopment in the central areas and so the population has gone down Gentrification sometimes leads to some movement back into the central areas to balance the movement out. People have moved out of the central areas because of the decline of inner-city industry. There has been growth in the suburbs with the building of peripheral housing estates.
This has meant that there has been development of the rural-urban fringe. People like to live in the outer areas because it is more pleasant and they are able to commute to work in the centre. 3
[4]
Q26. Level 1 (1-2 marks) Basic idea about LEDC rapidly growing/MEDC slowly/static/quotes data Maximum Level 1 if comparison between MEDC’s or LEDC’s Level 2 (3-4 marks) Uses data to express change. Credit similarities and differences. [4]