Physical Education (A level) Skeletal & Muscular Systems C Jones Please note that you may see slight differences between this paper and the original.
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Candidates answer on the Question paper. OCR supplied materials: Additional resources may be supplied with this paper. Other materials required: • Pencil • Ruler (cm/mm)
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES • • • • • •
Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes above. Please write clearly and in capital letters. Use black ink. HB pencil may be used for graphs and diagrams only. Answer all the questions, unless your teacher tells you otherwise. Read each question carefully. Make sure you know what you have to do before starting your answer. Where space is provided below the question, please write your answer there. You may use additional paper, or a specific Answer sheet if one is provided, but you must clearly show your candidate number, centre number and question number(s).
INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES • The quality of written communication is assessed in questions marked with either a pencil or an asterisk. In History and Geography a Quality of extended response question is marked with an asterisk, while a pencil is used for questions in which Spelling, punctuation and grammar and the use of specialist terminology is assessed. • The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. • The total number of marks for this paper is 46. • The total number of marks may take into account some 'either/or' question choices.
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Answer all the questions.
1.
Fig. 1 shows an athlete performing an upright row.
Fig. 1
i.
Complete the table below for the athlete’s shoulder joint whilst the bar is being raised.
Joint
Joint Type
Movement
Agonist
Antagonist
Type of Muscular Contraction
Abduction
Shoulder
[4] ii.
The upright row requires a strong force of contraction. Which is the main muscle fibre type recruited during this exercise? [1]
2.
Fig. 1 shows a person using a resistance machine to increase leg strength.
Fig. 1 Complete the table below for the knee joint moving in the direction of the arrow. Joint
Synovial Joint Type
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Movement
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Agonist
Antagonist
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Knee [4]
3.
Consider the following statements: “A concentric contraction of the biceps brachii causes extension at the elbow.” “A concentric contraction of the pectoralis major causes horizontal flexion at the shoulder.” i.
Which one of the following is true? Put a tick (✔) in the box next to the correct answer.
☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
A. Both statements are true B. The first statement is true, the second is false C. The first statement is false, the second is true. D. Both statements are false
[1] ii.
Which one of the following muscles contracts during the forced expiration of air? Put a tick (✔) in the box next to the correct answer.
☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
A. Diaphragm B. Rectus abdominis C. External intercostals D. Scalene
[1] iii.
During the cardiac cycle, which one of the following describes the correct sequence for a healthy heart? Put a tick (✔) in the box next to the correct answer. A. Atrial diastole; ventricular systole; ventricular diastole; atrial systole B. Ventricular systole; atrial systole; ventricular diastole; atrial diastole C. Diastole; atrial systole; ventricular systole; diastole D. Systole; atrial diastole; ventricular diastole; systole
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☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
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[1]
In order for a muscle to contract, one or more motor units will be stimulated and will follow the ‘all or none’ law. iv.
Describe the structure of a motor unit.
[1] v.
What is the ‘all or none’ law?
[1] vi.
What is the effect of stimulating more motor units?
[1]
4.
Fig. 1 shows a swimmer performing the front crawl.
Fig. 1
i.
Complete the table below for the swimmer’s ankle joint. [3] Joint
Joint Type
Ankle ii.
Movement Plantar Flexion
Agonist
Antagonist
Give three ways in which a warm up would affect the speed and strength of skeletal muscle contractions.
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[3]
5.
Name one agonist and one antagonist at the ankle joint at the point of take-off during a vertical jump.
[2]
6.
Compare isotonic and isometric muscle contractions.
[2]
7(a).
Explain, using sporting examples, how the predominance of each muscle fibre type in performers may impact on their performance.
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[4]
(b).
Fig. 6 shows the upward phase of a shoulder press.
Fig. 6 Complete the table below to show the movement that takes place at the shoulder joint during the upward phase.
Movement
Agonist
Antagonist
Type of contraction
[4]
8(a).
Fig. 1.1 shows an acrobatic movement in gymnastics.
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Fig. 1.1 i.
Complete the table below to identify the movement and agonist muscle at the left and right hip during this skill. Movement
Agonist
Left hip Right hip ii.
[4 iii.
Fig. 1.2 shows a discus thrower in action.
Fig. 1.2
Identify the predominant muscle fibre type used by the discus thrower to achieve maximum distance. [1] iv.
Explain how the function of this fibre type suits the performance of a discus throw.
[2]
(b).
i.
Describe the nervous stimulation of a motor unit.
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[2] ii.
Describe the frontal and sagittal planes of movement and give a sporting example for each. Frontal
Sagittal
[4]
END OF QUESTION paper
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Mark scheme Question
Answer/Indicative content
Marks
Guidance
Accept 1.
Do not accept Synovial
2. trapezius = BOD 3.
Pectorals or pecs = TV
4.
Isotonic = TV
4 marks for 4 from:
1
i
1.
ball and socket
2.
(medial) deltoid
3.
latissimus dorsi / pectoralis major
4.
concentric
Examiner’s Comments 4
Fig. 1 shows an athlete performing an upright row. Complete the table below for the athlete’s shoulder joint whilst the bar is being raised. (table required) Joint Type / Agonist / Antagonist / Type of Muscular Contraction. This was generally well answered, although only a relatively small percentage of candidates achieved maximum marks; with the majority achieving 2 or 3 marks out of the 4 available. Nearly all candidates could identify the shoulder as a ball and socket joint and most managed to identify that the agonist muscles were working with concentric contraction. The names for the agonist and antagonist muscles involved in abduction of the shoulder were less well known.
Accept Do not accept type 2c 1 mark for 1 from:
1.
ii
fast twitch/ Type 2 / fast glycolytic /FG / Type 2b /
Examiner’s Comments 1 The upright row requires a strong force of
fast oxidative glycolytic/ FOG / Type 2a
contraction.Which is the main muscle fibre type recruited during this exercise? This question was answered well with a very high percentage of candidates identifying a type 2 muscle fibre type. Total
5 Use professional judgement in spellings of muscles in pt
4 marks for 4 from:
3 and 4 2
4 1.
Hinge
2.
Extension
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3.
Rectus Femoris / Vastus Lateralis / Vastus
4.
Synovial on own
1 Synovial hinge
Medialis / Vastus Intermedius Biceps Femoris / Semimembranosus /
2
Semitendinosus
3 Quads with correctly named Quadriceps muscle (must be first on own if list) 4 Hamstrings with correctly named Hamstrings muscle (must be first on own if list)
Examiner’s Comments
Fig. 1 shows a person using a resistance machine to increase leg strength. Complete the table below for the knee joint moving in the direction of the arrow.
Synovial Joint Type / Movement / Agonist / Antagonist
This was generally well answered, with a healthy percentage of candidates achieving maximum 4 marks. Two marks out of 4 were most frequently achieved. Nearly all candidates could identify the knee as a hinge joint and the movement as extension. Candidates who failed to score on the agonist and antagonist muscles did so for two main reasons; firstly due to lack of knowledge and secondly due to identifying the agonist as the “quadriceps” or “quads” and the antagonist as the “hamstrings” or “hams” which was too vague (TV) Total
3
i
(C) The first statement is false, the second is true
ii
(B) Rectus Abdominis
iii
(C) Diastole; atrial systole; ventricular systole; diastole
4 1 (AO2) 1
iv
v
(consists of) a motor neurone and a number of muscle fibres (When stimulated) all the fibres within a motor unit contract completely or not at all
(AO1) 1 (AO1) 1 (AO1) 1 (AO1)
Both parts to be included for mark.
Answer must cover both ‘all’ and ‘none’ element.
1 vi
Increased strength / force of contraction
Total
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(AO3) 6
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Accept
Do not accept
1. 2. 3.Anterior Tibialis 3 marks for 3 from: Mark first response in box only
4
i
1.
Hinge
2.
Gastrocnemius / Soleus
3.
Tibialis Anterior
3
Examiner’s Comments
Responses to this question were variable. It is evident that the type of joint at the ankle is not as well-known as for other joints. However, a large number of candidates correctly chose hinge joint. Many candidates confused the agonist and antagonist, a common mistake was to get them the wrong way round! Candidates need to be reminded that only the first response in each box will be marked
Do not accept
Accept
Muscle warms up
1. 2. Faster / quicker / strength of contraction
3 marks for 3 from: Mark first three only
1.
Increased temperature of the muscle
2.
Greater force or speed of muscular contraction/
3.
Increased elasticity or increased flexibility or
increased contractility
6. Speeds up impulses in motor neurones
increased range of movement (of the joint or tissues)
ii
4.
Reduced viscous resistance / reduced viscosity
5.
More efficient muscular contractions / greater
of muscles
3
7.
economy of movement 6.
Increased speed of nerve transmission
7.
Greater speed of (muscle) relaxation
8.
Increased motor unit recruitment / improved
9.
Increased coordination between antagonistic
motor unit coordination
Bigger or larger contractions
8. Increased synchronisation of impulses
pairs 10. Increased enzyme activity / energy production Examiner’s Comments
This question was answered accurately by a high percentage of candidates with many achieving maximum marks. The most common error was repetition of “warm up” from the question. Once again, candidates’ attention should be drawn to the question command – ‘give three ways’ and thus only the first three attempts will be marked
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here. The main points hit were 2 and 3. Lots of candidates went for increased viscosity and not reduced. Temperature was often not linked to muscle. Weaker candidates commenting about heart and blood flow.
Total
6
Two marks for:
5
agonist – gastrocnemius / soleus antagonist – tibialis anterior
Total
2 (AO2)
2
Two marks from:
1. 6
(isotonic) contraction causing movement or change in length of muscle
2.
(isometric) contraction without movement or no
2 (AO1)
change in muscle length
Total
2
Four marks for:
1.
Slow twitch / ST for endurance / stamina. E.g.
2.
Fast oxidative glycolytic / FOG for muscular
footballer can last 90 minutes without fatigue
Sub max 2 if no sporting examples.
endurance. E.g. gymnast can complete a 7
a
strenuous floor routine without tiring 3.
Fast (glycolytic) twitch / FT / FTG for speed /
4 (AO2)
Sub max 3 if one example. N.B. Candidate may explain effect of low percentage of each fibre type.
power / strength. E.g. High jumper can produce explosive strength needed to jump over bar. 4.
Mix of fibre types would benefit a games player, providing a combination of speed, muscular endurance and stamina
Four marks from:
Type of Move- Agon- Antaconment ist gonist traction b
abduction
deltoid
conlati- censsitric musor dorsi isotonic
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4 (AO3)
Do not accept: shortened versions of muscles e.g. lats
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Total
8 Accept: Psoas Major / Iliacus
Movement
8
a
i
Agonist Left 2. 1. Flexion hip Iliopsoas 4. Right 3. Gluteus hip (Hyper)extension maximus
Do not accept: Gluteals / Glutes / Gluteus medius / Gluteus Minimus 4 (AO3)
Examiner’s Comments Responses to this question were variable. While many were able to access the marks for movement required, they were unable to correctly name the agonists or wrote them the wrong way round. Muscle names were quite often spelt inaccurately. Do not accept: Fast Twitch on own / Fast oxidative / FOG
ii
1. Fast glycolytic / FTG / FG / Type II(b)
1 (AO2)
Examiner’s Comments Generally answered well. Many learners achieving a BOD for fast ‘glycotic’ instead of glycolytic. ‘Fast twitch’ on its own was judged ‘too vague’. Each point must be explained, so both parts of
Two marks from:
answer are needed. Look for linking words e.g. ‘which 1.
(force) High / large force of contraction
means’ or
produced therefore high strength / high power
‘therefore’
produced / discus travels further greater distance / stays in the air for longer iii
2.
(speed) High / speed of / quick / fast contraction produced therefore discus
2 (AO2)
Look for two answers in one sentence (Speed and force of contraction high so the discus travels further)
released at high speed / explosively /
Examiner’s Comments
accelerates quickly / high power produced /
Mixed responses largely due to exam technique in
discus travels further greater distance / stays in
general for this question – knowledge was often quiet
the air for longer
good but did not explain the point and therefore could not be credited with two marks.
Two marks from:
1.
2.
(Electrical) Impulse / Stimulus causes an action
Accept any order as long as it doesn’t hinder
potential / travels down the axon
understanding Do not credit: ‘All or none’ on its own
Release of sodium / NA+ (ions) causes Examiner’s Comments
depolarisation 3.
Neurotransmitter or acetylcholine (ACh) is released / travels across synaptic cleft / binds
b
i
with receptors in the sarcolemma
2 (AO1)
Point one from the Mark Scheme was awarded frequently on this question and then some also gained point 3.
4.
If the electrical charge is above threshold
Weaker students sometimes hit point 5 indirectly, while
5.
Impulse stimulates / innervates motor unit /
often some key words were used but not always in
muscle fibres / causes wave of contraction /
context. There were quite a lot of potential things learners
6.
causes muscles to contract
could write for this answer. Learners seemed to get 0 or
‘All or none’ law means all fibres within motor
2. Many were writing a lot and using extra paper for this
unit contract (or none contract) / in an ‘all or
question.
none’ fashion
ii
Four marks for: (frontal)
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2 (AO1)
Even if description is incorrect credit any correct examples.
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2 1.
Divides body into front and back / anterior and
(AO2)
Examiner’s Comments
posterior portions (vertically) / abduction and
2.
adduction occur in this plane
Was generally answered well although often learners got
e.g. lateral raises or cartwheel
the planes the wrong way around. Good examples, with the large majority using star jump and bicep curl. Very often learners went into a great amount of detail with their
(sagittal)
example which became confusing and thus ‘too vague.’ 1.
2.
Divides body into left and right parts /
Also some weren’t accurate enough, for example ‘kicking
(vertically) / flexion and extension / plantar
a ball’. A high proportion believed the movement
flexion and dorsi-flexion occur in this plane
occurred in the way the body was split e.g. frontal, split
e.g. biceps curl or forward roll
front and back therefore movement front to back (flexion/extension). Some got frontal/sagittal the wrong way around, or were very vague in their descriptions. A few attempted diagrams but these were usually not clear enough to score points 1 or 3.
Total
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13
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